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For many years, IPCC is generally known for its role of providing reports that serve as internationally accepted authority due to them having the agreement of leading climate scientists and the consensus of the concerned governments (Ravindranath, 2010). To this effect, the IPCC has successfully produced more than four reports alongside a number of special reports and greenhouse gas inventory guideline. Specifically, the Copenhagen Climate Convention of 2007 was preceded by the IPCC assessment report 4 which was most influential in changing global opinion about climate change (Barker and IPCC, 2007). However, the panel has recently been subjected to controversies due to its reports considered as being sourced from reports outside the scientific journals (such as report from World Wildlife Fund). This report analyses IPCC with the aim of determining whether the organisation can be regarded as being important as a leading international body for assessing climate change. The report adopts the hypothesis that the IPCC is an important body in presenting reports that help in assessing the climate change, though the reports are faced with some controversies. The report begins by analysing the establishment of IPCC, its role in the assessment of climate change, the accomplishments of IPCC in contributing to climate change assessment, and the areas under which IPCC has not been effective. Besides, the report will define assessment and climate change as the key words in the discussion.

Climate change is one of the most significant global environmental challenges that is facing humanity and thus has deservedly received a collective attention from non-governmental organisations, industries, policy makers, mass media, citizens and of course the scientific community. The significance has been accorded to climate change due to its irreversible and long-term consequences to human and natural ecosystems, therefore, warranting a global response (McLean et al., 2012). It was in 1988 whereby while developing responses to this need of addressing climate, the United Nations, at the request of member governments, pioneered the setting up of intergovernmental panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Consequently, this scientific intergovernmental body (IPCC) was established under the auspices of the two United Nations organisations; United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) (Tol, 2011). IPCC assess technical, scientific and socio-economic information that is relevant for understanding the risks of climate change, especially the change, which is as a result of human activity. Assessment in this sense is the process by which experts, who are independent, engage in reviewing and synthesizing available technical and scientific knowledge that is needed by policy makers to help make decisions relevant to climate change (Moss et al., 2010). According to Pachuri et al. (2014), it is the reports from IPCC that form the basis for support of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate (UNFCCC), which is the principal international treaty on climate change. In party, this makes ICPC important aspect to analyse with regard to its relevance on climate change policy implementation.

IPCC works to prepare the reports of assessing the impacts of and vulnerability and adaptation to climate change (IPCC, 2014). As Solomon (2009) had indicated, climate change is as a result of rising fossil fuel burning and land use changes that have emitted and are continuing to emit large quantities of greenhouse gases into the earth’s atmosphere. These gases have caused global warming (Increases in average global temperature, increases in oceanic temperature and oceanic acidity and changes in cloud cover and precipitation). This will lead to wide-ranging effects on the environment and socio-economic and related sectors, agriculture and food security, human health, and terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity. Due to such consequences, the worldwide local climate variability influences people’s decisions on political, social and economic and personal conditions besides affecting on their lives and livelihoods (O’Flaherty, 2015). Despite human beings having adapted to variables around them for centuries, the local climate variability is changing at a relatively high speed than people have previously experienced (Tol, 2011). Consequently, there is need for sensitizing people on how climate change can be reduced and the need for adapting to future changes. Majorly, adaptation has been the mostly needed as the climate change is prevalent over the years.

As defined by Ravindranath (2010), adaptation is the process through which societies can make themselves better prepared to cope with an uncertain future. Based on this definition, getting adapted to climate change involves making appropriate adjustments and changes as a way of taking the right measures to reduce its effects. Societies have a variety of opportunities and options to adapt; behavioural change at the individual level such as reducing water use in times of drought, technological mechanisms such as increased sea defenses or flood-proof houses, better water management, various insurance options, improved risk management, and biodiversity conservation (Budescu, Por and Broomell, 2012).

Basically, the speed at which change is happening is urgent which requires that the vulnerability of communities to such change is reduced and the capacity to adapt is increased besides national adaptation plans being implemented. For countries to understand their local climate better and be able to predict the local climate change, they need to have access to data available from other regional and global networks in addition to having adequate operational systematic observing networks (Hulme et al., 2010). Thus, the participation of the global scientific community, which can best happen at the systems based in the United Nations, is essential for a comprehensive assessment of science and literature of climate change. This is the rationale behind the need for institutional response from an international panel, and in this case IPCC which provides the basis for concerted international action to mitigate climate change and to adapt to its impacts.

The assessment of climate change involves synthesis of knowledge on the past and current global, regional and national level greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and projections including; the role of GHG in the projected climate change, modeling ocean-earth-atmosphere and attributing causes, the impacts of climate change on natural and socio-economic systems along with an assessment of mitigation opportunities and adaptation strategies, their costs and benefits and the related technologies and policies (Ravindranath, 2010). In respect of this, IPCC has working groups (WGs) that focus of a number of aspects as detailed by Assessment (2007): There is the first working group (WGI) that deals with the projections, physical science and attributions of climate change. The second working group, (WGII) assesses the impact of climate change on socio-economic systems, natural ecosystems as well as the vulnerability of the systems and potential adaptation strategies. The third group (WGIII) deals with examining technology and policy options of mitigating climate change along with assessing the related costs and benefits. Finally, there is GHG inventory task force that prepares the GHG inventory guidelines for easy estimating and reporting of GHG emissions by countries. To this end, the panel has released four assessments reports; the first assessment report in 1990, the supplementary report of 1992, the second assessment report (SAR) of 1995, third assessment report (TAR) of 2001, fourth assessment report (AR4) of 2007 and the fifth assessment report (AR5) of 2014.

To begin with, the first and the second assessment report was prepared by WGI and in summary it indicated that the substantial increase in greenhouse gases is as a result of emissions resulting from human activities and this leads to additional warming of the earth’s surface. The balance of evidence provided in the reports suggests human influence on global climate. In their calculation, the WGI exhibited confidence that, for more than half of the enhanced greenhouse effect, carbon dioxide has been responsible. This report further predicted that global mean temperature will rise by 0.3 Celsius degrees per decade during the 21st century in a business as usual scenario (Assessment, 2007). As such, they predicted that global mean temperature will increase as a result which is consistent with climate models which projected global warming as a result of Green House Effect. Besides the information and predictions, this report contributed significantly to the formation of UNFCCC (Vasileiadou et al., 2011).

Then, the third report indicates significant information on vulnerability and adaptation. Firstly, the report informed that the species and ecosystems are vulnerable to climate change and other stresses. As mitigation, the report suggests a reduction of green house gas emissions especially from the perspective of human action, which will then lessen the pressure on human and natural systems. As adaptation to climate change, the report suggest reducing adverse effects through things such as building levees in response to the rise in the sea level (Stocker, 2014). Essentially, the information in the third report addresses mitigation opportunities and vulnerability that has been cited in literature as part of the main responsibilities addressed by climate change assessment panel. Further, the fourth report, AR4, has received enormous attention from policy makers, industrialists, citizens and the media. Besides indicating that there is increased global warming and likely increase of impacts of climate change, the report directs industrialised countries to reduce emissions by 25-40 percent by 2020, the need for reducing warming to below 2 Celsius degrees, the need for early peaking of GHG emissions globally (Change, 2014). In essence, the reports address mostly of the theoretical requirements of such assessment needs that were the subject of forming the IPCC panel.

To begin with, there was unsubstantiated finding in the AR4 report that crop yields in Africa will decline by about 50 percent by 2020 which then formed the basis for demanding for adaptation funding by African delegates at the Copenhagen Convention. This finding can be said as not based on adequate robust scientific literature but was solely based on the study published by International Institute for Sustainable development. This finding is criticised mainly because the predicted rate of decrease is considered highly abnormal considering it is such a dramatic change in such short period (Pachauri et al., 2014). While IPCC had, in the early part of the chapter, indicated climate variability and climate change as the causes of the decrease, the issue got oversimplified later and climate change was them indicated as the only cause for such decrease. This cast doubts over the report of the IPCC and the capacity of the institutions to foster international coordination in mitigating climate change.

Further, the WGII chapter on the Asian Continent mentions that the Himalayan glaciers are receding faster than in any other part of the world and that there is the likelihood of it disappearing by 2035 if the present rate of the earth’s warming continues. When the climate skeptics took over this issue, they seemed discrediting IPCC as well as the science itself (Tol, 2011). On this aspect, IPCC agreed that the finding was not based on the science evidence that is substantiated as it was sourced to WWF report that was in turn based on the interview published on the British Science Magazine (O’Flaherty, 2015).

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Conclusion

From these cases of decline in Africa yield and Himalayan glaciers and some other inconsistencies, climate skeptic and other quarters can discredit IPCC as an important leading body for assessment of climate change. However, the reports that have been produced by IPCC shows that most of the body’s assessments have been proven right therefore being instrumental in informing national and international climate policy options. For instance, it has been found that there is continuous increase in global worming much of which is contributed by human activity. Further, the suggestions that industrialised countries should contribute to reducing global worming by reducing GHG by 25-40 percent by 2020 is realistic. Moreover, the reports, especially the fourth report was largely adopted in the 2007 global climate convention at the Copenhagen showing the agreements of governments on the significant of the body. As such, the IPCC is still important as an international body for assessing climate change despite some of the controversies that have faced it.

Table of contents

1. Introduction
Objectives
2. Analysis
3. Recommendations

Introduction

The Kalamazoo River oil spill was the worst oil spill in Michigan’s history. Well over 800,000 gallons of crude oil were spilled from an Enbridge pipeline in a creek upriver, and subsequently flowed downriver, causing devastating effects to the surrounding areas and the river’s ecosystem itself. It is clear that Enbridge dropped the ball, and that the entire situation was avoidable.

The spill received a quick response from governmental agencies. The Michigan Department of Environmental Quality partnered with the United States Environmental Protection Agency, as well as local agencies, to develop a plan to manage and restore the afflicted area, and to inform the community on the process. They released reports on the effects and the timeline of the effort.

As far as the spill goes, the cleanup management is straightforward: get every last drop of oil out of the river. The management of the aftereffects, however, is more complex. The questions that have to be answered include how the species of the river can rebound, and how the situation can be ultimately prevented from ever happening again. These are complicated questions and they have many different potential solutions.

Objectives

This paper addresses the initial effects of the crude oil spill in the Kalamazoo River, in terms of the environment as well as the economy. From the perspective of different governmental agencies, it describes the timeline of the management process. Lastly, it explores potential management and restoration options to ensure this situation never happens in the future.

Analysis

An interesting note, to start, is that the Kalamazoo River oil spill was the first ever tar sands oil (diluted bitumen) exposure in freshwater. This confused scientists, as they did not actually know what the short and long term effects of this would be. They turned to prior research on oceanic oil spills, as well as the ecological consequences of heavy metal in water (closest research to diluted bitumen) and their effects on the environment to accurately predict what would happen. The immediate effects they observed were essentially as expected. The surrounding residents were concerned about drinking water. They found that some of the groundwater supply was contaminated, but not to a dangerous level according to state standards. An immediate economical effect was the recreational value of the river, as it was immediately closed to boating, swimming, fishing, and other water activities that local residents previously enjoyed. It was opened a year later with the assurance that the oil is not toxic, and it was safe to be exposed to. Residents were wary, however, because the river was still dirty and not desirable for recreation[1]. Furthermore, one thing that scientists are sure of is that oil is eventually biodegradable, and does evaporate and break down into different chemicals. Evaporation of the oil put chemicals into the surrounding air, and showed devastating health effects on the residents immediately next to the river. The community reported headaches, dizziness, rashes, fatigue, and even more serious effects such as seizures Two health reports were released, one exploring the effects of oil vapor exposure, and the other examining the effects of being submerged in the oil. People were worried about long-term effects, however, and demanded a long term health study be conducted following their actual health issues through the next few years[2]. Scientists were unsure if this would be a long term consequence (luckily, it was not). There was some property damage, albeit not a huge scale, especially near Talmadge Creek (the initial starting point of the spill). Homes reeked of benzene, and yards were flooded with oil as it bubbled from the sediments up to the surface. The Calhoun County Department of Health reported an evacuation of 30-50 homes in the area[3]. A few years later, in 2013, the EPA released a report on the updated status of the river. They explained that the surface oil was completely removed, however, there was still an estimated over 100,000 gallons of oil trapped in the underlying sediment. This was problematic, because they could not easily remove it without adverse impacts to the ecosystem. Also, sediments move pretty quickly downriver as the river pushes them along. This caused concern for the sediments reaching Lake Michigan, where the river ultimately ends up[4]. The wildlife in the river was obviously affected heavily, as many fish and insects were killed by the lack of oxygen, as well as birds being covered in oil. It is clear, based on these studies and reports, that the immediate effects of the spill were detrimental, but the long-term effects are manageable and not extremely consequential.

The government response to the spill was quick, although it was a long process. The Michigan DEQ and the EPA immediately teamed up to solve the issue, as well as clean up the site. The day of the spill, July 26 2010, the EPA mobilized a team consisting of the MDEQ as well as local agencies. Meetings began discussing cleanup teams and methods of containment. They had to move fast as the oil quickly approached Lake Michigan, but they were able to contain it 80 miles from the tributary that flows into the lake. The EPA knew the public was confused and angry at the whole situation, and they did a good job at keeping the community informed. They held many public forums to update people on the status of the effort, as well as get their opinions on the matter. After declaring it a Superfund site, EPA heavily targeted Enbridge, the oil company responsible for the spill. They issued orders for them to help clean it up, as well as finance a majority of the expenses. By 2013, it was decided that the surface oil was mostly gone, but the oil in the sediments remained. The solution to this was dredging the soil. Dredging the soil meant using huge net-like mechanisms to disrupt the soil and allow the oil trapped beneath it to bubble to the surface of the water. Once on the surface, it gets cleaned just like it did initially. After the dredging project completed by the end of the year, the EPA discontinued its primary involvement with the site, and handed it over to the MDEQ[5]. The DEQ’s next steps after being handed the primary oversight position were simple: restore the Kalamazoo River back to its state pre-spill. They teamed up with the Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Governor Rick Snyder to facilitate this plan, which mainly consists of giving Enbridge orders on restoration[6]. The restoration efforts are continuing to this day.

The governmental response overall was up to standard. The EPA responded the day of and got a team together to sort the problem out before it got substantial. The trade-off here is that while a lot of wildlife was lost and ecosystems were heavily damaged, the impact on humans was relatively minimal. It definitely could have been a much worse situation, especially if the oil would have reached Lake Michigan. That would have caused exponentially worse effects than it did. The more important question to answer is what preventative measures can be taken to ensure that this never happens again. Oil spill occurrences have gone way down since the first pipelines and freighters began transporting it. However, there are still areas where pipes are old and fragile, as well as misinformed pipeline operators (the cause of this oil spill in particular; the workers thought it was a false alarm at first). The immediate solution to the old pipes problem is an infrastructure upgrading project. Although costly, replacing 50 plus year old pipes that are well past their expiration date would prove to exponentially reduce the chance of spills and ruptures. The arguably better, large-scale solution would be to start phasing out these old pipes and transition to renewable energy sources in the areas where the oil is ending up. This would ultimately reduce the risk of a spill to zero. The problem with this solution is that it is long term, and there is still the risk of spills occurring during the transition period. As far as the worker problem is concerned, automation is an option. The technology exists, and the alarms could be better monitored and understood this way as well. The trade-off is a loss of employment for current workers, however. Furthermore, the renewable energy idea can apply to kill two birds with one stone and get rid of the need for pipeline operators in the first place. This would, again, put them out of employment, but job opportunities in renewable energy would open up, and their skills would easily translate to this area. Through these prevention options, the risks of oil spills will continue to drop, and will reach zero in the near future. It is a matter of getting policy makers and interest groups on board, and then setting a plan going forward.

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Recommendations

The significance of this report is that it shows the observed impacts of a crude oil spill of this caliber (diluted bitumen) for further use in the event of a future tar sands oil spill. It also evaluates the successes of the governmental agencies in their responses, which provides a framework of how to handle situations like these in the future. The potential prevention solutions will be relevant in the very near future as the pipes get older and the oil supply gets closer and closer to complete depletion.

Introduction

The authors use literary elements to directly communicate with their readers. Literary elements make a story interesting and enjoyable to the readers. In the story “A Good Man is Hard to Find”, the author, O’Connor uses various literary elements to highlights the consequences of failing to conform to societal rules (O’Connor, 2015). This paper discusses literary elements employed by the author to portray the theme of the story through the use of conflict, setting and characterization.

In the story, there is an element of conflict between the good and the evil. In the story, the protagonist, the grandmother is portrayed as a person who follows the rules of the society (O’Connor, 2015). She has the positive behaviors which has enabled her to avoid wrong doings thus potential consequences. On the other hand, there is the evil person; the misfit who does not follows the rules of the society. Conflict in this story does arise in the story when the grandmother tries to shape the behaviors of the misfit. The use of conflict in the story highlights the need to make right choices failure to which there are consequences.

Setting is also another literary element employed by the author to portray the theme of the story. The story was set in Atlanta, and it portrays various societal norms during that particular time (O’Connor, 2015). The setting further portrays state infringement of civil rights which triggered civil rights movement which demanded for change. The setting reflects a changing world and criminal activities in the society. The setting support the assumption that rules can be broken at times on justifiable grounds. The advocacy for equal rights was as a result from harsh rules imposed in the society where everyone had to conform to failure to which there were consequences.

O’Connor employed characterization to portray the theme of the story through the main characters the grandmother and the Misfit (O’Connor, 2015). The author describes misfit as a bad person with criminal past but on the other hand is a religious person. On the other hand, the grandmother is a character who portrays moral superiority in the story. The grandmother supports the assumption that if you do good things and conform to all societal rules then you would abstain from different forms of punishments. Misfit portrays the difference between religious rules and ethical rules (O’Connor, 2015). It clearly shows that one must follows societal rules regardless of religious beliefs and background.

Conclusion

In conclusion, in every society, there are individuals who follow the rules while others does not abide to such rules. Despite the fact that there must be rules which governs the conduct of the people in the society, such rules must be fair to everyone to avoid oppressing some groups in the society. The short story by O’ Connor depicted how rules affect different people in the society. It also highlights grounds when the society can demand for change in the case where they are oppressed by the laws.

Nike vs Adidas Shoes

In the world today, it may be difficult to generalize beyond the visuals of Nike and Adidas shoes. Statistics reveal that Adidas shoes were out in front of Nike for a given period of time due to its collaborations with other designers from various companies. Nike continued to rely on the expertise of its internal designers, a factor that has led to Nike stepping up its game ahead of Adidas shoes in global lifestyle hot spots such as in New York and Las Angeles. With almost equivalent commitments to excellence among the two shoe companies, Nike shoes seems to be taking the lead in terms of athletics preferences and personal preferences from a majority of people.

Most often, the most significant attributes that are considered by consumers in a product are comfort and fit, alongside other personal attributes. Nike shoes are shaped and built in a manner that makes them feel very comfortable and fit. While other people prefer Adidas shoes, many people have confessed that Nike shoes lasts goes longer than that of Adidas. Again, the cushioning technology of Nike Air shoes makes the shoes is an added advantage in the manufacture of lightweight shoes that are softer and bouncier that the Adidas shoes. However, softer and bouncier shoes mean more work for the Nike Air shoe company as compared to the work done by Adidas Company. It may prove difficult to strike a balance between perfect shoe quality and the energy return (Leach).

While Adidas branded shoes are very good, Nike shoes are still the best option for athletics use. Apparently, Nike has put in a lot of money in trying to expand its market proportion. Nike currently produces football boots whose qualities are comparable or even advanced than the Adidas soccer boots. The individual preferences determine what brand someone would purchase in the market. Most likely, many people would go for the Nike shoes because of the comfort they provide (Leach).

It seems obvious that most people can observe the superiority in Nike shoes in the running and basketball categories. The large market share of Nike shoes in the category bears the fact out as most people now go for Nike shoes at the price points. Nike Shoes Company spends a lot of resources in designing and developing their products while Adidas Shoes Company is noted to be investing heavily to file lawsuits for companies that produce similar products. In the fashion industry, Nike is an American company and Adidas a Germany company despite its global reach. However, athletes need to try out different shoe brands to find out which one works best for them (Skipworth).

Adidas shoe brand does not implicate a singular brand message to consumers yet the shoes are all over the place. The company has been spotted as a number one sponsor to many football clubs globally. However, Nike is still dedicated to athletes, sporting activities and performances that enhance fitness. The shoes have the brand message that anybody can be an athlete; thus the top level performance of the shoes. Nike has tried to secure its position in the market in other areas while it has not reached other areas around the globe (Skipworth).

In conclusion, it is no secret that the Adidas and Nike shoe companies are no friends. The companies revolve around lawsuits, endorsing superstars and poaching different designers in an attempt to have a positive impact in the global market. Nike shoes are manufactured to fit sporting activities while Adidas shoes are widespread globally.

This essay will mostly deal with the movie “Pride”, directed by Matthew Warchus, through Marxism and Marx’s theory of alienation. The major emphasis is on the theory of alienation throughout the movie, with the somewhat introduction to Marxism. Even though Marxist theory is about the concept of capitalism in a society as the nation as a whole, and the effects that it has on the lower classes, so called “working class”, this movie is much more about alienation and how that lower class feels being alienated by how their government treatment and how they must stand up against it and stand together to overcome everything and achieve their goal. Where the LGSM group is bound together by the same cause they share, they all pretty much set a goal they want to do and they will not stop until it is completed. Off course, there are a lot of movies that have a great representation of Marxist theory of capitalism and social commercialism but this movie is a great representation of both, capitalism and the influence it has on society in creating the alienation that Marx talks about. Marx’s theory of alienation was served as the workers device of freedom, and fighting against capitalism and the wages they were given, and also the source for being more happier in the working environment, which at the time was destroyed by the capitalistic regimes.

Critical analysis of Marx’s theory of alienation in the movie “Pride”

During the UK Miners’ Strike of 1984-85, an unexpected ally showed the support for the miners. The Strike had been led by Mark Ashton (Ben Schnetzer), which with the support of Lesbian and Gays Support the Miners (LGSM) pushed the beginning by collecting money in order to help the union workers. Mark and his friends held buckets and chanted the name of their organization, outside of the bookstore “Gay is the word”, while some donated at least something others spit on them. After all those humiliated situations, Mark takes the situation in his hands, and makes his friends to continue with their organization, because the only people who were treated worse by the British newspapers, than homosexuals were the miners. “If anybody knows what this treatment feels like,” Mark says, “It’s us.”(Walters n.d.)

On a side note there are other themeswhich show up in the movie such as: One is devoted to the women-only splinter group Lesbians Against Pit Closures; growing awareness about HIV and AIDS is another thread, with Mark being confronted with an ex-lover being infected and dying, whilst he himself distancing himself from the others because he suspects he is infected as well; Joe's growing involvement in the activist group and his coming out resulting in him leaving home and breaking ties with his parents and family; Siân becoming more aware of her own talents, and realizing with the help of Jonathan that she can be more than just a mother and housewife; hostility towards the gay community “Gay’s the Word” is targeted by vandalism several times. But the most important message of this movie is that meeting someone of a different race, gender, orientation or status is a lot more informative, honest and enriching than experiencing them from the safe sanctuary of a TV set's depiction or favorite website’s description of them. In doing so, one can make a difference for oneself and the world at large. We are not that different from one another, and we could use all the help we can get. Or as they say in the movie “Solidarity Forever” or should I say sing it due to songs of solidarity (Billy Bragg’s mighty rendition of There Is Power in a union).

Karl Marx's hypothesis on alienation depicts the antagonism of individuals from parts of their species-substance as a result of living in a general public of overlaid social classes. The separation from the self is an outcome of being a careless bit of a social class, the condition of which bothers a man from their mankind.For Marx, the historical backdrop of humanity had a dual viewpoint: It was a background marked by expanding control of man over nature in the meantime as it was a past filled with the expanding distance of man. Distance might be depicted as a condition in which men are overwhelmed by strengths of their own creation, which go up against them as outsider forces. The thought is vital to the greater part of Marx's prior philosophical compositions and still advises his later work, although no longer as a philosophical issue yet as a social wonder. The Marx asks:“In what conditions do men extend their own particular powers, their own particular esteems, upon items that escape their control? What are the social reasons for this wonder?”(18Ma)

The gay network is as of now estranged from, as it's found in a motion picture, everything even their family have relinquished them and best way to feel as they have a place some place is with find other individuals simply like them and be distanced together. Indeed, even Marx recognizes that people are social creatures. Over the span of history, to guarantee singular survival, social orders have composed themselves into bunches who have unique, essential connections to the methods for creation. Now we can notice The LGSM group as one class (the working class) and the society (the societal group) and make the difference between the two. One is always in the pits and the other one is the winning side. Now we can understand why LGSM group did what they did because not that long ago they were beaten by the cops and criticized by the press, as Mark said in the movie “Not that long ago we were on that side. They are just as us”. Nobody should be allowed to do that to other people, this is seen in a movie where a short interview with Margaret Thatcher is displayed and reporter asks her why won’t she back down on how she’s acting against miners, and she replies “I’m not in a position to be a softie, I’m in a kind of work where that is not acceptable”. This is why a character such as Mark was the backbone of this movie with his encouraging, and his leadership. Mark says that even though we have no money we have a lot of spirit and will and if we can back up our fight with money we sure as hell can, with our spirit and will. This is important because Marx says this: “In a capitalist world our means of survival is based on monetary exchange, therefore we have no other choice than to sell our labor power and consequently be bound to the demands of the capitalist. [The worker] "Does not feel content but unhappy, does not develop freely his physical and mental energy but mortifies his body and ruins his mind. The worker therefore only feels himself outside his work, and in his work feels outside himself". "Labor is external to the worker", it is not a part of their essential being. During work the worker is miserable, unhappy and drained of their energy, work "mortifies his body and ruins his mind".

The production content, direction and form are imposed by the entrepreneur. The worker is being controlled and told what to do, since they do not own the means of production they have no say in production, "labor is external to the worker i.e., it does not belong to his essential being. A person's mind should be free and conscious, instead it is controlled and directed by the capitalist, "the external character of labor for the worker appears in the fact that it is not his own but someone else's, that it does not belong to him, that in it he belongs, not to himself, but to another"(18Ma). This implies he cannot uninhibitedly and precipitously make as indicated by his own mandate; work's shape and course have a place with another person. Presently we truly do not recognize what the LGSM aggregate improves the situation living, aside from Gethin and Jonathan who run the book shop, so we can state that money related framework isn't everything to "our survival". The dubious use of Marx's hypothesis of distance is in the plan of an investigation of different exercises outside the circle of work, which we attempt through decision instead of need.The more the world of work confronts us as hostile, exhausting and miserable, the more people pour their energies into their lives outside work. Maybe this is why they are trying so hard to fight against the society and help themselves as much as miners did to community. The miners are also happy with what they do, Cliff (Bill Nighy) has a wonderful speech about the mining pits and says that without them there would be no country and those pits are miners and vice versa.

Throughout the movie he shows his pride of being a miner, and this has nothing to do with a fact that Clif is also gay, as every other miner, they see it as their family heritage and they say it with pride. When they have their meetings a lot of miners from other cities have part as a whole community because they represent one group of people and it wouldn’t be too far-fetched to say that they represent a social class of their own. Now in alienation of the worker from other workers Marx sees it in another light: The capitalist economy's arrangement of the relations of production provokes social conflict by pitting worker against worker, in a competition for "higher wages", thereby alienating them from their mutual economic interests; the effect is a false consciousness, which is a form of control exercised by the capitalist bourgeoisie through its cultural hegemony. Furthermore, in the capitalist mode of production, the philosophic collusion of religion in justifying the relations of production facilitates the realization, and then worsens, the alienation (Entfremdung) of the worker from their humanity; it is a socio-economic role independent of religion being "the opiate of the masses".

All through the movie we see people from everywhere throughout the UK and them battling for a similar reason with no distinction between themselves. People are not intrigued by religion, age, governmental issues, sex, and so on as long as you came to battle with them for the reason. This is seen toward the start of the movie where Mike hands the pennant to Joe without knowing him, disclosing to us that he came here to walk and make the wisest decision. We can also see that older people have changed their way of understanding, Gwen makes a strong relationship with “her lesbians” and promises them that she will do a lot more for herself as a woman. Many things and people have changed due to this activist group and this a fact because this movie was done based on a true story, although not all of it was pictured on the movie but its main points are there. Now as Hegel and Marx indicated that the term alienation denotes self-alienation to be estranged from one’s essential nature.

Therefore, alienation is a lack of self-worth, the absence of meaning in one’s life, consequent to being coerced to lead a life without opportunity for self-fulfillment, without the opportunity to become actualized, to become Self. Maybe this is true if you are alienated but what happens when you are joined with other people who are alienated? Joe had no self-worth until he joined LGSM; the absence of meaning in one’s life is seen in Gerthin’s way of life but that changed when went with them to Wales and was persuaded by Hefina to go and visit his mother with whom he didn’t speak for 16 years; consequent to being coerced to lead a life without opportunity for self-fulfillment this is perfect for Sian where she is also persuaded by Jonathan not to waste her beautiful mind because she has a gift and she should use it for many young people with mind just like hers die each and every day and she should not waste that gift. At the end of the movie we were shown that she did go to university and got her degree and ended up being a first woman to represent Swansea East and one of only eight woman MPs from Wales. All of the movies characters were alienated through one way or the other but they have overcome that alienation through unity and solidarity and I believe that this is most important point of this movie in itself.

Alienation can be overcome by restoring the truly human relationship to the labor process, by people working in order to meet people’s needs, working as an expression of their own human nature, not just to earn a living. “Our attempts to express the creativity of which capitalism has deprived us cannot negate the totality of alienation.”(Cox 1998)” The eradication of alienation depends on the transformation of society as a whole. However we organize our personal lives and leisure time, we cannot individually fulfill our collective ability to shape the natural world we live in. Lifestyles and leisure activities cannot liberate us from alienation, or even create little islands of freedom in an ocean of alienation. As alienation is rooted in capitalist society, only the collective struggle against that society carries the potential to eradicate alienation, to bring our vast, developing powers under our conscious control and reinstitute work as the central aspect of life. As Marx wrote in Capital, “The veil is not removed from the countenance of the social life process, the process of material production, until it becomes production by freely associated men and stands under their conscious and planned control”.

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Conclusion

Marxism is really important for people of today, mostly because now more than ever we see how societies tend to see the working class people to make themselves richer and poor poorer. This movie has a great story on how to understand and read between the lines the secrets it pretty much hides. Movies like these pretty much teach us how capitalism works, and what working class needs to do in order to survive alienation. Alienation can be overcome by restoring the truly human relationship to the labor process, by people working in order to meet people’s needs. Working in this movie is connected with every kind of ideological view, where working is painted as an expression of the human nature, not just to earn a living. As alienation is rooted in capitalist society, the collectiveness as shown throughout the movie is the greatest picture of overcoming this issue of alienation, where the developing power under our conscious control will be the central aspect of every life.

One of the most atrocious actions humans have done to one another was slavery. Judging and persecuting others because of their skin tone to then forcing them into doing unthinkable tragedies and abuse, to make a profit is the most cruel and unbelievable act. Slavery effected millions of people and created trecherous lifestyles for most African Americans throughout this time.

Slavery and servants throughout America were a multitude of races, however, African Americans were the most discriminated against. Since the first slaves that started to be shipped to the colonies, African Americans started to become and be thought of as the inferior race. With this mindset, this created many problems and unbelievable difficulties to assimilate normally into our culture, that even today people of color are still battling. There were many painful, humiliating and inhumane ways that were employed to maintain slaves status and keep them working for the rich white man. All of the many families that were effected by slavery had an extremely difficult family life that was shaped and influenced by oppression. These families were constructed and and the will of their malicious masters and paid heavily consequences for their actions that their masters deemed inappropriate. An awful reality that torn this family life apart, was that children were sold away to other places and torn from their families only to be put to work at extremely young ages. From these young ages, these slave owners made sure that their slaves were illiterate, and that they could not read or write from fear of a resistance if they learned these skills. Some slaves were able to escape these barriers and did learn basic literacy skills. Not many were able to, but those that did shared their gruesome stories and allowed true treatment of slaves to be known to the rest of the world.

There are an insurmountable amount of cases and stories that come out of this time period that involve stories of mistreatment, abuse and the over atrocities that slavery has brought. All of these stores contain vital information of the past and a look on how terrible these people were treated. However there are two very well-known and important stories that are shared and carried on through time as to understand better of what really went on. The first known and passed down story is called “Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass”. This narrative shows the oppression and the details of it that Fredrick Douglass had to endure on his escape to freedom. Throughout his narratives, he introduces the reader to his firsthand account of all the brutality he endured along with the humility and pain that all slaves are put through. He identifies the inhumane practices the malicious masters and slave owners performed on slaves, including himself. A large point that he brings up is how the only crime this mass of people committed to becoming slaves is being born with a different skin color. Many times he describes the pain and suffering that him, along with all others, had to endure, and how he went about his quest for freedom to get away from this terrible treatment. A tremendous struggle that he persisted through to gain literacy. This was one of the most difficult tasks, because from the youngest age, slaves were taught to forget about their origin or anything else that revolved around this such as family and even as far as making them forget when they were born. This was instilled into the slaves for the same purpose and illiteracy was, to make it inconceivable to form an uprising or rebellion with other slaves. Douglass elaborates on how masters were the utmost cruel to their slaves and forced them to go without necessities such as clothing, food and even sleep. He shows the true depth of this cruelty from the beatings with no offences and how the American industries flourished taking advantage of slavery and not treating these pepole as humans, but rather as property. He does touch on the barbaric actions masters would even take to rape their slaves and force them to bear children with terrible punishments if they did not abide. It is a true feat that Douglass was able to endure all of this to a point where he was able to expose slavery for how it was and share his personal life experiences.

The next novel that truly outlines the horrific actions of this time is an autobiography by Harriet Ann Jacobs called “Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl”. This autobiography encompasses her narration of her experiences she endured as a slave, but how she was determined to share her struggles to educate the rest of the African-American community along with showing the world the abuse that was really happening. This truly allowed for those to think again and start to pursue the decline of slavery. She aimed to gain sympathy and show white people what slavery was truly doing ot those of color. She uses an alias, Linda Brent, to be able to write about her own experiences and show the world what its actually like to be a slave and so she doesn’t expose her true identiry for showing the true side of slavery. Along with Fredrick Douglass, her story shows the true butality of slavery and how slavery and slave owners destroyed the lives of countless individuals and families. She gets into and addresses much of the same cruelty that Douglass stated. From the gruesome masters who abused their slaves and imposed unthinkable punishments and living conditions.

Slavery has been one of the most inhumane acts that humans have done to one another that is permanently life altering and changes lives. With the terrible intentions of not teaching slaves to read or write for rebellious purposes, there is not a plethora of these stories that exist of what life was really like in these times. So the stories we do have that survived this time period are very important in learning how slavery truly was and how it changed peoples lives.  

Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. Film analysis
3. Conclusion

Introduction

Most modern romantic comedies all follow a very simple, but proven model that we all know, that we all can relate to, and that will continue to sell us tickets. Boy meets girl, boy falls in love with girl, and crazy things happen along the way. These movies rarely give the viewers much of a challenge in watching the movie; most times the only questions the viewer thinks about are just some form of “How will so-and-so react to this new event?”

The main characters are thrust to the forefront almost immediately, along with clear presentations of their personalities and feelings, and aside from the occasional conflict (which is usually resolved by the end), the happy feeling you get while watching the movie lasts until the end. Very little thinking or analyzing is required in watching this type of film. What was shown is exactly what it is supposed to be, and nothing more is shown than is needed. This rather unforgiving generalization of the genre known as the romantic comedy absolutely applies to Valentine’s Day, the film I chose to discuss, but only in terms of bare basics.

Film analysis

This film is much more intuitive; it is almost like a murder mystery in the way it has you trying to figure out who is connected to who and how everything will end up. But it does it all without being confusing, and still leaves you with that fuzzy feeling when you finally walk out of the theater doors.

Valentine’s Day takes place over the course of a typical Valentine’s Day in Los Angeles, and follows almost 20 different characters throughout the day, showing how they are managing on the holiday. However, these characters are not just random samples from the LA population, but they are all related in some way to each other. Some people are more directly related than others, but there are only a few characters that don’t run into most of the others at some point during the movie. These connections are revealed slowly throughout the movie, with some coming at the very end.

The main character, played by Ashton Kutcher, is Reed Bennett, a florist who owns the most popular flower shop on Valentine’s Day. Aside from him and Julia Fitzpatrick (Jennifer Garner), a third grade teacher and Reed’s best friend, all of the other characters share relatively equal screen time, and the story jumps from one person to another continually. In fact, if not for certain clues it would be very difficult to rank the characters in terms of importance.

It is clear that Reed and Julia characters are the most important for a couple reasons. They both have very kind and giving personalities, and are very easy to get connected with. For example, in one touching scene, a young boy tries to buy a dozen roses for his valentine from Reed’s shop which normally costs $55, but all he has is 15, and Reed gives him the roses anyway. No other characters elicit such a strong emotional response from the viewer as constantly as these two characters do, so they stand out the most.

Also, more importantly to the structure of the film, they at the center of complicated web of characters present in the movie. Reed sells or delivers flowers to many of the movie’s characters throughout the movie, and Julia is the teacher to a couple of the children characters, whose parents or babysitters are other significant characters. You can trace any character back to either Reed or Julia through no more than 2 degrees of separation, which is less than you could do with all of the other characters.

However, the main aspect of narrativity in the film, and the most interesting part of the movie, was trying to figure out who was going to end up with whom, and what secrets certain characters were hiding, and this mainly happened with the secondary characters. Throughout the film I was constantly wondering if Jamie Foxx was going to end up with Jessica Biel, or if Patrick Dempsey was going to break off his relationship with Jennifer Garner, or who the little boy’s valentine was. Every new scene brought a new flurry of questions, and coming up with theories and discussing them with my friends during the movie was a key source of enjoyment throughout the film. There were times when I almost didn’t want to know the answer, yet I was very excited whenever I was right about one of my theories.

It seems that this little game of questions that went on during the movie was done entirely on purpose. The scenes were fashioned in a way that not too much of anything was revealed at any time, so you were always thirsting to know more about how certain characters were connected or what was going to happen next. Because there were stories for so many characters, scenes would rarely go on for longer than five to ten minutes apiece before switching to another storyline, and only the main characters got chunks of time longer than that in a row. This type of setup allowed for many more questions to be asked, and for the most part, more interest to be generated.

Conclusion

That is why I found the film so interesting. The entire film was a puzzle, albeit a fairly simple one, and because of that it held my interest the entire time. Add that to the standard qualities of a romantic comedy and you’ve got an interestingly complicated film that still remains to be light-hearted and fun, largely due to the subject matter. But either way, it actively engaged my narrativity in more ways than one.

Creating a story world is a narrative technique often used by authors to help situate the reader into the world of the literary piece. Detailing story worlds are a crucial part to most literary works because not only does it help the reader visualize whatever he or she is reading, but it also enables the author to construct a mood surrounding the story. In the non-fiction work, “After Life” by Joan Didion, Didion uses the narrative technique of story world by building ordinary story worlds to juxtapose with non-ordinary situations, and in doing so demonstrating that life can have unexpected twists of events which can be hard to grasp.

By creating a story world consisting of “ordinary instan[ces]” (4), Didion is able to show how she was unable to grasp the surrealism of something unexpected happening in an expected situation. She says, “it was, in fact, the ordinary nature of everything preceding the event that prevented me from truly believing it had happened…” (4). In this quote, Didion says that she is unable to fathom the death of her husband because of how familiar the setting she was in is. She describes the setting as “home….[where] we were safe through the night” (7). The fact that Didian builds this story world as an ordinary home with ordinary activity such as sitting by the fire, and she juxtaposes this with the unexpected event of her husband going into cardiac arrest. Several times throughout the course of the paper, Didian explains in great details of her surroundings, from the hospital room, to her bedroom that she once shared with her husband. The way she constructs the stor worlds of these different scenarios give an impression of ordinary scenes that most people have probably experienced.

By creating this kind of familiar story world, where most readers would be able to resonate with the surroundings, Didian is able to express to the readers the shock she felt of having experiencing a surprising event. To further her point, Didian also describes the story worlds of “9/11”, explaining that when 9/11 happened, residents described the story world as being an “ordinary beautiful September day” (6). This shows that even in a familiar surrounding, people are subject to unexpected twists, which can leave them feeling “dumbstruck” (6).

Didian concludes her narrative by painting the story world of an ordinary scene that was familiar to her which was “the house...which [they] had lived when [they] were first married” (16). She describes the “swell of clear water” which her and her husband used to swim in. After creating that familiar surrounding, she ends it by saying that she anticipated “slipping into the sea around [her and her husband]”, and that she “did not anticipate cardiac arrest at the dinner table” (16), which shows that when one is used to a familiar surrounding, they do not fear unexpected events to happen. However, when unexpected events do occur, it can be shocking for those who are affected.

Introduction

We as heterotrophs rely on photosynthetic organisms for nearly all the organic plant matter that we consume for energy. Photosynthesis is one of the oldest and one of the most fundamental processes of life. ("BIO 1510 Laboratory Manual," 2015, 131) We study the process of photosynthesis because of just how important it is to our life. Theoretically, scientists that are able to understand the concepts of what plants need to produce what we need from them are then better poised to make more efficient plants in the laboratory. So what do these plants need? Well the photosynthetic process is composed of two chemical reactions. The light reaction and the Calvin cycle. The first set of reactions require light to proceed, and are sometimes referred to as the light dependent reactions, in it, color pigments on the plants leaves grab electrons and pass them along to a coenzyme known as NADP+, which is similar to NAD+ in aerobic respiration. The final process yields energy in the form of NADPH as well as ATP through the process of photophosphorylation. The second set of reactions, sometimes referred to as the light independent reactions, proceed as long as ATP and NADPH are available. The reaction grabs atmospheric CO2 and uses the energy molecules to convert it to an organic molecule for storage, commonly glucose because of its easy convertibility to more complex molecules. ("BIO 1510 Laboratory Manual," 2015, 131) In this lab we attempted to analyze aspects of the photosynthetic process from both the light dependent and light independent reactions.

The first experiment investigated the pigments involved with the process of photosynthesis. Using Thin Layer Chromatography, we analyzed four pigments found in organic matter, Chlorophyll A which is the primary pigment required for photosynthesis to occur, there is also the accessory pigments found in most plants, Chlorophyll B, Carotenes, and Xanothophylls. Their presence helps broaden the spectrum of light the plant can absorb, and the accessories are also the reason that leaves turn color in the fall. ("BIO 1510 Laboratory Manual," 2015, 133) As the temperatures lower the Chlorophyll A pigments which are blue-green die off leaving the Carotenoids which are yellow-brown. We expected our TLC strip to look similar to the one found on the back of the Bio lab book’s cover page.

Experiment two was designed to see the amount of oxygen the photosynthetic process releases when it is absorbing different lengths of visible light as well as the availability of CO2. From the background information we gathered from experiment one, we knew that blue-green was the actual color of Chlorophyll A, which is nearly 75% of all the pigments on the plant. ("BIO 1510 Laboratory Manual," 2015, 133) We made the hypothesis that blue light was going to be most effective, and then the red light behind that. When compared to white light, we said that the blue light would still be more effective because the only thing entering the blue light tube is the light that it can most efficiently process. This is why regular white light makes a good control. The other aspect of this experiment, CO2 availability can also be tested with the same exact procedure, just a different amount of the inhibitor that absorbs CO2 we predicted that the plant in this tube would produce less oxygen.

In experiment three we attempted to learn about the light reactions versus the light reactions qualitatively. By absorbing color difference when leaving the reactions to react in their respective environments, we hypothesized that we could see the reactions proceeding by the color change. We expected only the tube that was left in the light to change color. As the other three did not have the correct prerequisites for a light reaction. With one of the tubes being in the dark, the other having denatured chloroplasts, and the final one having no DCPIP. In order for the light reaction to proceed, it needs chloroplasts, access to light, and NADP+ or in this case the artificial DCPIP. ("BIO 1510 Laboratory Manual," 2015, 131)

The procedures for these three experiments can be found in the lab manual on pages 135 and 138 through 140. For experiment one note that the TLC sheet was 15cm long. For experiment two instead of every group or table doing every possible color and CO2 combination, we each only did one tube, analyzed it for an hour, and compared all of our results at the end.

Our chromatography strip is similar to the one on the back of the lab manual, however our xanthophyll is much closer to the origin, actually being the closest one. We also did not notice the presence of any degraded chlorophylls known as phaeophytins.

Discussion

This set of experiments was overall successful in gaining insight into the basics of the photosynthetic process. In experiment one we analyzed the individual pigments that make photosynthesis possible, while in experiment two we tested under which lighting circumstances those pigments are most effective. Finally experiment three was an attempt at gaining a qualitative look into the process of the light dependent reaction of photosynthesis.

Although we followed the procedure errors were made in the collection of our data, there were four large errors to make note of here, first the TLC sheet, when placed into the tube, did curve slightly into the solution at the bottom, this led to our solvent front being somewhat sideways, because of this it is important to note that the solvent front that we used for our measurements is the point in which the whole sheet was still wet and not the farthest point. The second error came in experiment two with the dataset White light with 0% NaHCO3 while the blue light was the hypothesized and expected result for the efficient production of oxygen, it ended up being that the tube aforementioned had a higher rate of photosynthesis. We have deduced that this was either the result of a measuring error or it came about from the fact that that tube had deionized water in it which has a higher oxygen content than normal tap water. Another error in experiment two resulted because the group that had the green tube did not take the initial weight of their biomass and as a result we were not able to calculate the photosynthetic rate of the green tube, this is shown on graph 1 in the results section. The final error has to do with experiment three, it is a result of the procedure telling us to use too much DCPIP in our trials. The twenty minutes of time was not enough for the chloroplasts to convert all the DCPIP and as a result no color change was observed in any of the tubes so our hypotheses could not be proven, one group repeated the trial with 1mL of DCPIP and got the results that our hypothesis was expecting, confirming that this was the error.

We can use these results from the lab to answer a real world question, one about a pesky weed that can ruin your camping trip and leave you itching for relief. Talking about the world population of poison ivy, which has a slightly different photosynthetic process then most normal plants. Poison ivy actually benefits from an environment more conducive to higher CO2. As a result the effects of global warming, releasing more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, is likely to increase the global population of poison ivy, as well as the average size of the plants. So in the future, be on the lookout for more aggressive populations of poison ivy on your nature hikes.

Millman (3) asserts that organization structure of a company has a great influence in its progress and relation to the public and employees. Management is influenced by structure of command from the employees to the management. An ideal design eases communication, promotes competition, and promotes innovativeness. The design of an ideal organizational structure is dependent on many factors, which both directly and indirectly relate to the organizational environment. Many intrinsic factors, however, have a great influence on the system an organization is designed. Each unit is headed by a department head that is answerable to the overall head of the organization. However, different organizations apply different structures that suit their functionality and the type of work. This paper, therefore, provides an analysis of organizational structure of Alibaba and management for organizations in the 21st century.

Alibaba is one of the leading countries in the world with operational branches in United States, India, China, Malaysia, Thailand, Turkey, United Kingdom, Japan, Vietnam, and Taiwan. A high number of customers in the different stores demands an organizational system that will enable the company satisfy the needs of its customers and, at the same time, realize profits from their services. The organization of the company is defined as a traditional VIE (Variable Interest Entity). The system is integrated into the operation of the company to propel it to success in the midst of other competitors (Picker and Wu 5). The VIE structure operates with other subsidiary organizations that monitor the flow of goods and the market systems in the different parts. For a complete cycle of relations within the organization to occur, the local companies work closely with the WFOEs (wholly foreign-owned enterprises). The management is done through 27 managers with no representation of the shareholders to the company such as SoftBank and Yahoo! The organization structure was designed to China’s companies with government licenses that did not allow them to operate in the international market get access to the markets in the global scene (Picker and Wu 5).

The application of the structure in Alibaba is using five companies that are given the jurisdiction to operate in the local markets. The biggest owners of the companies include the co-founder Jack Ma, executive Xie and Ma (Reuters 6). The local companies are used in the creation of a variable interest for a larger organization and are used in the assessment of the progress of the company in the different markets. The advantage of the structure is that the shareholders get to be integrated into the company’s progress with a contract that binds them in their agreements. Alibaba applies the VIE structure with the no assurance to their shareholders that the company will always progress with the interest of the shareholders prioritized. The company also does not assure them of ethically maintaining their agreements, and in case of a break out the company to settle the debts incurred.

The structure of the organization divides the different departments into sub-units each headed by a department head. The department heads are answerable to the manager of the branch and who is the overall decision maker of the branch. The division of the management of an organization into different smaller sectors helps attain a more competent work as compared to the traditional management structures. The division of the departments in an organization helps in the management through the sampling of information from the different departments within an organization. These divisions provide an organization with the ability to monitor the different sector and, at the same time, implement the policies that propel the organizations’ operations. Alibaba is divided into different sub-sections, which are overseen by managers as the head. Each of the managers heads a branch with the task of ensuring that the collective operation of the branch attains the set goals. The article is a representation of the approach that Alibaba has used in creating a market entry and maintaining their position compared to their competitors. The detailed definition of the VIE structure presents a glimpse of the operation of the organization and the relationship that the management has with the employees and the market. Efficient management system of the organization is a representation of the systematic system of relation between the CEO (Chief Executive Officer) and the different branches in the international market.

The market trends in the different places that Alibaba has opened up branches present different systems and approaches that are sensitive to the operation of the organization and the management of the different departments within the organization. Three key determinants are applied in determining the operation of Alibaba in the different markets it operates. The way the job is divided among the employees and the leadership system, the coordination of the different jobs, and the person who will make the decisions in the organization. The differentiation of work in the Alibaba follows a horizontal system with the employees answerable to the managers in their department. Therefore, communication is from the management either to the employees or from the employees to the managers. However, the channel follows that the employees pass information to the department heads, which then lets the manager know. After the decision had been made, the same channel is followed.

The local companies have been used as a local hub for the organizations operations, but with the incorporation of other international stores, the organization can operate with less tension and competition in the local markets. The structure is a link for the different stores of Alibaba all over the world giving guidance on what is expected of the different managers.

In conclusion, Alibaba is among the companies in the present generation still applying the VIE structure of the organization. The structure fits the company with a large international market that it serves and the high number of customers. Efficiency of the structure has enabled the Alibaba introduce its products in new markets and emerge as the leading suppliers and service providers. However, from time to time, changes are made in the organizational structure to help in determining areas that lack the improvement and the strategies to apply. The changes in the structure are done to ensure that the organization runs within the objectives set and can successfully propel the company to success. The structure is a system that has helped many companies effectively manage their operations in the global and local scenes with a huge return for the owners and the shareholders. However, the VIE structure has weaknesses that might cost the organization market position and its publicity leading to losses in their sales. Similarly, the structure gives the organization a direct system of administration and helps manage all the different stores.

Implications

Modern age management systems are based on the operations of the organization and not on the factors that might influence the changes. Therefore, in the case of a problem in the management and system of command, the different departments are unable to come to a unanimous solution to solve the problem. Conversely, management systems in the 21st century are designed with the capability to shift from time to time making the management prone to external forces that affect its operation. Similarly, the transformations of management systems have limited the flexibility of the structure to include other departments that might be created within the organization.

The report on Alibaba reflects on the different principles of management and efficiency in the organization of the company. The management system in the modern age is driven by organization’s size, the number of employees, technological prowess, and the functions of the company. Therefore, considering the case study of Alibaba, the vital components of an organization structure are highlighted. Adopting these different principles, into the modern businesses that portend to expand in operations saves the challenge of identifying the system of entering the market.

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Similarly, the strategies of Alibaba reflect on the different approaches a business may use in entering into the global markets. Similarly, report on the organizational structure of Alibaba is a representative of the complexity of the structure but if well maintained, the organization runs effectively. Efficiency in management is not dependent on the sophistication of the structure or the resources used, but the simplicity and ability to link the different systems and departments and work as a single unit. The successful application of the traditional management structure proves that modern organizations can still apply these structures in the management of their operations.