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In the coming of age novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee portrays many characters in various ways, but none more insidious than Mayella Violet Ewell. Mayella is the story’s boldest antagonist. She is a static character who undergoes no inner change throughout the story, although is one of the most influential characters. This character demonstrates imprudent and inequitable actions, such as accusing an already maltreated, innocent black man of raping and assaulting her. Mayella acts in such a disgusting and unjust manner because her father has compelled and provoked her to do so. Mayella is a misled, immoral, motherless child who is beaten by her alcoholic father, Robert Ewell. In an attempt to attain power in a shabby, pitiful, existence, Mayella costs an impeccable man his life. Despite the sympathy one feels for Mayella Ewell, her sinful choices and decisions cause her to be portrayed as fraudulent, compulsive, and cowardly toward some of the most charitable citizens in Macomb County.
Get original essayMayella Ewell illustrates herself as fraudulent when she repeatedly bursts into tears with an attempt to attain people’s pity or because she is aware that the validity of her responses are questionable- "Mayella stared at him and burst into tears." (Page 240) and also because she lies about an immaculate defenseless man to the jury, correcting her self and making adjustments to her answer frequently, such as when she says, "No, I don't recollect if he hit me. I mean yes I do. He hit me." (Page 248.) Mayella inflicts abhorrence upon innocent Tom Robinson when she claims that Tom had beaten and assaulted her; this causes every white man within the illiberal boundaries of Maycomb County to rebel against Tom’s lawyer, whom is also the story’s illusive beneficial protagonist, Atticus, and become more affronted with black man. There are many discrepant assumptions that could be made about the reasoning behind Mayella’s fraudulent actions, but one to be strongly considered from decisions characterized by throughout the novel are many involving her Father, Robert, whom was a drunk and rapacious man. After having witnessed his daughter with Tom Robinson, he was enraged; he raped and assaulted his daughter. Since he could confirm that Robinson was on his property, Robinson was an easy target. Tom was a black, male, in the vicinity, and since it is a small town, he determined that Tom might have had a police record. Bob Ewell was certain that the one advantage he would have to Tom Robinson in a town of prejudice and discrimination, was being white. Consequently, Mayella was compelled to lie against an innocent man, to guard her family from nuisance.
“She did something every child has done- she tried to put the evidence of her offense away from her. But in this case she was no child hiding stolen contraband: she struck out at her victim – of necessity she must put him away from her – she must destroy the evidence of her offense. What was the evidence? Tom Robinson.”(20-43-44) Her desire to destroy a crippled man accused of raping her when it is physically impossible causes her to be thought of as compulsive. Mayella performs a role for public consumption that of the poor innocent white woman attacked by the evil black man, who must be protected by chivalrous white men. (Shmoop) Despite Mayella’s imprudence as an Ewell, in accusing a black man, she’s able to access the privileges off white southern womanhood. Perhaps Mayella Ewell does not see the apparent injustice with what she did, just that she got caught, and is now attempting to do damage control with her father by lying to the court so he does not receive any consequences. While people believed it was Robinson, Mayella gained positive attention as the poor white woman raped by the insidious black man.
Throughout the book, there’s a tension between what Mayella is and what she needs to be to justify the condemnation of Tom Robinson. Mayella makes cowardly decisions as she is pressured by society and refuses to stand up for what is right. In order to convict Tom, the jury must believe in, or atleast pretend to believe in, the fragile, helpless girl who gets taken advantage of by Tom, rather than the desperate lonely woman who desires him. (Shmoop) Among the trash in the Ewell yard, there is one spot of beauty “Against the fence in a line, were six chipped-enamelslop jars holding brilliant red geraniums, cared for as tenderly as if they belonged to Miss Maudie Atkinson, had Miss Maudie deigned to permit a geranium on her premises. People said they were Mayella Ewell’s” (17.64) This suggests that Mayella aspires to be better than her surroundings, to acquire something bright in her dull world, to strive for higher things. But whatever Mayella’s hopes and dreams are, she is far too cowardly to go about obtaining them the right way.
Mayella’s unawareness of her compulsiveness, fraudulence, and cowardliness causes one to feel almost sympathetic for her. Mayella Ewell is pressured by society to display herself as a compulsive prejudice white woman. She displays fraudulence as she lies against a helpless innocent black man to a prejudice jury and portrays cowardliness as she refuses to stand up for what would humanely be considered as just. Many characters are portrayed throughout the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, but none more deceitful than Mayella Violet Ewell.
Beginning in 1927 and running through 1932, the Hawthorne Studies took place at the Western Electric Company’s Chicago Plant, who employed mostly women who assembled telephone equipment. The number one objective of the Hawthorne Studies was to examine how different work conditions affected employee productivity. When Mayo first began, he experimented with the plant’s physical environment, adjusting lighting and humidity, later moving on to changing the hours worked, break times and lengths, and finally the leadership style of the manager/management (Boundless, 2016).
Get original essayStudies lasted for nearly six years, Elton Mayo became famous for a small portion of the experiment, which included six female workers in the Relay Assembly Room. During this portion, Mayo’s staff sat in the Assembly Room with the women and took note of everything they did, all the while talking with the female workers, keeping them up to date on the experiment and asking them about themselves. Mayo then started with carefully controlled changes over the course of four to twelve weeks. The changes included adjusting the lighting in the room, adjusting the time at which breaks were taken and the length of the breaks, as well as the time the workers were able to leave work. Under most of these conditions, Mayo found that work productivity increased. Only when too many breaks were introduced, did production fall. Mayo found that by adding too many breaks, he was actually halting the rhythm the workers were in (The Hawthorne Experiments, 2017).
When Mayo began to go through the experiment results, he noticed that Assembly Room results seemed out of place and illogical.
At the time, the belief was that people worked purely for money and to make a living.
Mayo realized that was not the case.
He discovered work was a social atmosphere and the behavior and interaction of employees, managers, and/or observers affected productivity.
Mayo also discovered that the physical conditions, such as lighting and humidity did not affect productivity as much as the recognition and attention they received.
Increased production was due to the workers being observed and not because of the condition changes.
When workers feel valuable and noticed, their work performance increased (The Hawthorne Experiments, 2017). In addition, the Hawthorne studies gave way to a more open and trusting environment that put greater emphasis on groups rather than just individual.
A cross-cultural meta-analysis of how leader emotional intelligence influences subordinate task performance and organizational citizenship behaviour. Introduction: In this study, we analyze the adequacy of one specific characteristic, passionate insight (EI), in various social settings. The second real reason for this examination is to test the pioneer EI-subordinate employment execution relationship, utilizing meta-explanatory systems to acquire the most exact appraisals of impact sizes and of incremental legitimacy. Here they have analyzed the pioneer EI—devotee execution as far as both errand execution and OCB (hierarchical citizenship conduct). National culture tremendously affects the setting where work jobs are performed; subsequently, it is basic to inspect the multifaceted legitimacy of EI.
Get original essayResearch has additionally demonstrated that EI decidedly impacts how much exiles encounter general living, interactional, and business related culturally diverse alteration. The thought that inclinations for authority styles differ extensively by culture is additionally bolstered by the GLOBE investigation of 62 social orders. Therefore, they trusted that pioneers’ utilization of EI may likewise fluctuate significantly crosswise over societies, and that social qualities should fill in as essential arbitrators of pioneer EI to adherent connections. Through a procedure of passionate virus, the positive inclinations exchange from the pioneers to their devotees. George (2000, p. 1034) additionally contended that sincerely keen pioneers are great communicators, and states, "the precise articulation of feeling guarantees that individuals can successfully speak with others to address their issues and achieve their objectives or goals. " Thus, candidly savvy individuals (because of their better correspondence and enthusiastic expressivity) are seen to be higher on administration and will probably rise as pioneers. There are commonly 10 speculations made in the investigation:
Practical Implications: Honing mangers should focus on the culturally diverse ramifications that are recognized in the present examination. Some social standards make EI particularly valuable for expanding adherent errand execution and OCB (e. g. , high power separate, collectivistic, ladylike, high vulnerability shirking, long haul situated, and restriction societies). In spite of the fact that the impacts of pioneer EI might be more essential in a few societies than in others, the impacts of pioneer EI are still measurably critical in each culture. These outcomes are reliable with the examination which has demonstrated that all societies concur that a few qualities exist, yet that how much they impact pioneers' practices is dependent upon social settings. Consequently, when allotting pioneers to work in different societies, MNE ought to think about the fit between pioneers' level of EI and the significance of EI in that culture.
Since EI is generally esteemed, associations should at present select and prepare for EI in each culture. Pioneers' EI has been appeared to impact subordinates' activity states of mind in earlier research. The present investigation adds to earlier research by demonstrating aggregate confirmation that pioneers' EI is additionally decidedly identified with the two subordinates' errand execution and OCB, two results of most extreme significance to authoritative execution. Our discoveries additionally exhibit that pioneers' self-report EI and blended EI anticipate subordinates' assignment execution well beyond identity and psychological capacity tests. Likewise, pioneers' capacity EI, self-report EI, and blended EI anticipate subordinates' OCB well beyond identity and psychological capacity tests. These amazing discoveries propose that associations ought to consider utilizing EI evaluations while enlisting pioneers. In addition, MNE may likewise need to prepare chiefs in enthusiastic abilities and aptitudes as an approach to build work execution and helping practices. Research has discovered that individuals can be prepared to adjust their conduct to fit the social setting. Similarly, preparing in enthusiastic skills may enhance pioneer execution in those societies where subordinates particularly esteem candidly canny authority.
Conclusion: For a considerable length of time, researchers have been asked to incorporate proportions of the five-factor show and subjective insight as normal controls in their investigations. Given the quantity of meta-investigations that demonstrate the incremental legitimacy and generous relative significance for EI over an extensive variety of results, maybe it is time now for researchers to routinely incorporate EI measures. Counting EI measures may much of the time increment the general consistency of the analysts' models and give more noteworthy understanding into whatever phenomena is under investigation.
A Multilevel Perspective on the Effectiveness of Work-Related Training Introduction: Training is among the most unavoidable strategies for improving the execution and efficiency of representatives. A huge number of observational investigations have been led to guarantee a capably prepared workforce and to improve representatives' learning execution. A definitive inquiry is, how might we augment the viability of hierarchical preparing activities? To address this inquiry, analysts have illuminated the effect of the hierarchical setting, the course plan, singular contrasts, and preparing intercessions on preparing results. To propel this writing space, we present preparing commitment hypothesis—a delineation of the worldly to propel this writing area, we present preparing commitment hypothesis—a portrayal of the transient arrangement of occasions at numerous levels of investigation that add to preparing adequacy. the hypothesis is progressive to such an extent that the phases of objective endeavouring are conceptualized from the large scale, among individual, and inside individual levels of investigation. Moreover, preparing is successful when by far most of workers finish preparing, associations get an arrival on their speculation, and hierarchical execution increments because of preparing. Conceptualizing Multilevel Predictors of Training Effectiveness: A natural normal for associations is that procedures happen at a few levels of examination. This has such across the board acknowledgment that it is a maxim that associations are staggered frameworks.
There are large numbers of levels inside an association, including people, dyads, casual and formal workgroups, work units, divisions, HR frameworks, top-administration groups (TMTs), and the CEO. There are extra levels of examination outside the association, including ventures, network partners, and monetary frameworks. we will allude to the full-scale level, instead of the hierarchical level, while examining develops and forms that are subjectively not quite the same as the individual level of investigation. we allude to the miniaturized scale level, we are analyzing forms that happen inside the individual and between people. At the inside individual level, we address the progressions that happen inside a man as he or she experiences the preparation procedure. We conceptualize preparing commitment as happening in three stages—objective foundation, prioritization, and industriousness. This system recognizes that preparation commitment is an effortful procedure that happens after some time and is influenced by inner and outer powers that can block or improve conduct change. Goal Establishment: The objective foundation area contends that both large scale forms and between-individual procedures influence inside individual objective foundation. The procedure starts with setting up vital preparing activities, which influence an extensive variety of preparing attributes, including whether the preparation subject is lined up with the business methodology, in the case of preparing is conveyed with innovation or classroom guidance, and the level of help for preparing. Preparing activities likewise influence how representatives are educated about preparing openings and whether correspondence passes on that preparation is a significant chance or an order forced upon workers. Also, social demonstrating influences the objective foundation process, to such an extent that representatives regularly endeavour to achieve a similar objective compose as their companions and administrators. Together these variables influence the quality of preparing activities, and workers set up dominance objectives. when preparing activities bolster preparing commitment, while workers set up finishing objectives when preparing activities neglect to help preparing commitment.
Representatives' subjective capacity and self-viability likewise influence inside individual objective foundation. Psychological capacity positively affects self-adequacy, and workers will probably build up authority objectives when they have high self-viability, though they will probably set up culmination objectives when they have low self-viability. Authority and finishing objectives at that point in a roundabout way influence preparing adequacy through asset distribution and self-managed learning. Goal Prioritization: In general, the cross-level objective prioritization writing recommends that a basic indicator of whether representatives hesitate or endeavour to achieve working environment objectives is their good faith, and dedicating time to preparing is fundamental for preparing viability. Therefore, asset allotment (an inside individual process) intervenes the impact of reliability (a between-individual variable) on preparing viability. In addition, the impacts of good faith on asset distribution and preparing adequacy are directed by the preparation culture. We depend on situational quality hypothesis to clarify the cross-level balance of this interceded impact. Solid circumstances elucidate which conduct is esteemed and propel workers to take part in conduct that agrees with the association's main goal. A durable culture where the HR framework, administrators, and associates are steady of preparing speaks to a solid circumstance. Along these lines, workers assign assets to preparing and take in the course content, lessening the impact of individual contrasts on asset portion and preparing viability. Conversely, vague hierarchical messages that are liable to singular elucidation speak to a feeble circumstance. This outcomes in generous inconstancy in conduct, and individual contrasts (as opposed to hierarchical objectives) foresee representatives' conduct. In this manner, conflicting messages passed on by the HR framework, directors, and associates allow singular contrasts to apply a solid impact on asset designation and preparing viability, to such an extent that less upright workers may ceaselessly get hindered with quickly satisfying undertakings and apportion couple of assets to preparing, diminishing preparing adequacy.
Goal Persistence: Suggestion three centres around the transaction between markers of objective ingenuity at the full scale (rewards and authorizes), between-individual (inspiration to learn), and inside individual (self-controlled learning) levels of examination and is delineated on the correct side of Figure 1. Inspiration gives the drive that representatives need to start self-controlled learning and persevere when they experience hindrances to getting prepared abilities. In this way, at the tirelessness period of objective endeavouring, self-controlled learning intercedes the impact of individual contrasts in inspiration to learn on preparing viability. Besides, the impacts of inspiration on self-direction and preparing adequacy are directed via preparing prizes and endorses. Without a preparation remunerate framework, singular contrasts in inspiration to learn substantially affect self-directed learning and preparing viability. The absence of a preparation compensate framework speaks to a frail circumstance, fortifying the impact of individual contrasts on close to home decision (Bowen and Ostroff, 2004; Mischel, 1973). Conversely, impetuses for finishing preparing, taking in the substance, or exchanging the material limits the impacts of individual contrasts in inspiration to learn, with the end goal that by far most of workers partake in preparing and endeavour to accomplish the related motivating forces. Consequently, inspiration has a more constructive outcome on self-direction and preparing viability without remunerations and assents.
Conclusion: Training engagement theory provides a multilevel account of the processes that predict training effectiveness. Billions of dollars are spent on preparing every year trying to exploit the upper hand that can be accomplished by keeping up a capable workforce. However existing speculations centre around a tight part of the preparation space, giving an uncertain photo of the plenty of components that add to preparing adequacy and how the bits of the riddle fit together. To propel this writing area, preparing commitment hypothesis offers a delineation of the worldly succession of occasions at different levels of investigation that add to preparing viability. This thorough record is significant for explaining the procedures that add to the achievement or disappointment of authoritative preparing programs.
Task Versus Relationship Conflict, Team Performance, and Team Member Satisfaction: A Meta-Analysis. Introduction: This investigation gives a meta-examination of research on the relationship between relationship strife, assignment struggle, group execution, and colleague fulfilment. Reliable with past guessing, results uncovered solid and negative connections between relationship struggle, group execution, and colleague fulfilment. As opposed to what has been proposed in both scholastic research and early on course readings, notwithstanding, results likewise uncovered solid and negative (rather than the anticipated positive) connections between errand strife, group execution, and colleague fulfilment. As anticipated, clash had more grounded negative relations with group execution in exceptionally mind boggling (basic leadership, venture, blended) than in less intricate (generation) errands. At long last, undertaking struggle was less contrarily identified with group execution when errand strife and relationship strife were feebly, instead of unequivocally, connected. The meta-examination covers the period that starts with the production of the spearheading study by Jehn (1994) and closes with the Academy of Management Conference in August 2001. The examination distributed preceding 1994 utilized general proportions of contention without separating among errand and relationship struggle and hence was not fitting for the investigation. Numerous investigations incorporated into the present examination wrote about both assignment strife and relationship struggle, and many incorporated a proportion of group execution and in addition a proportion of colleague fulfilment. All investigations in the meta-examination estimated instead of controlled assignment versus relationship struggle, an issue we come back to in the Discussion area. In the previous 10– 15 years, there has been a move in the perspective of contention in associations as a distressing, troublesome occasion toward rather a more hopeful perspective of contention as conceivably useful and animating on the grounds that it surfaces issues that generally probably won't be considered. In spite of this idealistic view, be that as it may, our outcomes demonstrate that for group execution, both errand strife and relationship struggle are similarly troublesome. Notwithstanding when we considered the multifaceted nature and nonroutiness of gathering assignment as a mediator of the contention type– group execution connections, no single relationship seemed positive. Hence, our discoveries conflict with current reasoning that assignment struggle is useful for execution and that relationship strife is more regrettable than errand struggle for execution; rather, they bolster the data preparing point of view that proposes that while a little clash might be gainful, such beneficial outcomes rapidly separate as strife turns out to be more serious, psychological load builds, data handling is obstructed, and group execution endures.
The psychometric issue and additionally the issue of causality point to a restriction in the exploration incorporated into the current meta-examination. Our comprehension of the conflict – group execution relationship would profit massively from examine utilizing elective techniques to evaluate undertaking and relationship struggle. Research is required that watches and codes strife scenes in groups, going past simple self-report measures. Further, ponders on the refinement among errand and relationship strife could be incorporated with trial explore on struggle in basic leadership gatherings, which tend to demonstrate beneficial outcomes of contention on the nature of cooperative choice making. Assignment struggle had a more positive relationship with group execution when errand and relationship strife were feebly instead of emphatically corresponded. Low connections amongst assignment and relationship struggle may reflect abnormal amounts of inside group trust, and in this manner permit errand strife to run a generally valuable (or if nothing else less ruinous) course. This finding is reliable with look into demonstrating that undertaking struggle runs a generally useful course when groups have high as opposed to low levels of mental wellbeing, when there are standards of transparency and when strife is unequivocally prompted by methods for a contentious third party. It ought to be noted, in any case, that notwithstanding when connections among errand and relationship strife were powerless, assignment struggle still had a critical negative connection with group execution. This recommends just at moderately large amounts of inside group trust, receptiveness, and mental security can errand struggle have any beneficial outcomes on group execution. Maybe the most clear reasonable ramifications of the present discoveries is that group pioneers, guides, and facilitators ought to put resources into helping the group to analyze the kind of contentions that develop and show colleagues how to deal with these contentions. At the point when relationship clashes develop, group execution and colleague fulfillment are in danger, and methodologies to relieve and dispense with relationship struggle are required. At the point when undertaking clashes develop, group execution may profit yet just when the contention is overseen productively and groups have large amounts of receptiveness, mental wellbeing, and inside group trust. Techniques encouraging this are probably going to help the group profiting from assignment related question.
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Get custom essayConclusion: The present outcomes were especially clear about the connection between assignment struggle and relationship strife from one viewpoint, and group execution on the other: No contrasts between the two sorts of contention were recognized, and both have a direct and negative connection with group execution. This finding ought not be taken as decisive proof that contention does not have a utilitarian side to it or that contention can never be sure. Or maybe, ebb and flow discoveries recommend that in a few undertakings, struggle meddles not exactly in different errands, and in future research more accentuation ought to be put on how colleagues deal with their assignment and relationship clashes. Struggle may have positive results under quite certain conditions, and we have to recognize those conditions in new research. While sitting tight for these examinations, in any case, it appears to be sheltered to quit expecting that, though relationship struggle is negative to group execution, undertaking strife enhances group execution. Obviously, it doesn't.
Many women all over the world have been known to be victims of breast cancer. The seriousness of the disease is known to surpass many diseases known in the history of man. Various remedies have however been sought following advancement in technology. Women suffering from breast cancer are mostly treated with chemotherapy. However, according to Lesiuk, (2015), chemotherapy is known to impact negatively on the cognitive function of women such that factors such as working memory as well as attention are reduced. The grey matter in such patients is also said to undergo a reduction in the process of subsequent radiation and chemotherapy treatments. Nonetheless, mindfulness-based music therapy has proved to be a potential remedy by alleviating the negative effects of the treatment and slowly improving the affected cognitive abilities. A pilot study was carried out with an aim of determining how MBMT impacts on the attention of breast cancer patients subjected to the treatment.
Get original essayThe pilot study explores how MBMT can be employed as an effective tool to reduce attention-related problems as well as mood distress that results from the chemotherapy treatment for breast cancer. According to Patel, et al. (2015) women who are undergoing this type of treatment are associated with chemobrain condition which refers to the neurocognitive deficit. A study on chemotherapy treatment effects on women suffering from breast cancer indicated reduced visual and verbal processing as well as the reduced speed of info processing as well as other critical psychomotor abilities. The treatment is also associated with a reduction of other cognitive abilities (Reuter & Cimprich, 2013). Brain imaging techniques indicated that the grey matter in patients that have undergone the treatment significantly reduces. The changes in the grey matter were however not observed in the breast cancer patients who have not undergone chemotherapy treatment. Patients always report poor memory retention as well as fatigue which is the most disruptive complaint. These complain are part of the concern for healthcare providers
The study intended to investigating the impact of MBMT on specific moods of breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment as well as the effect of the same on the attention of the participant, the aims were subject to measure by POMS-BF and CPT II, version 5 consecutively. The design used was descriptive and longitudinal and at the baseline, there was a collection of demographic info. 8 subscales were used in attention measuring at two points in time where the first measurement was made at the baseline and the second after completion of the study. POMS-BF was used in the measurement of the mood at the beginning and the end of every weekly session. The theme of every MBMT session differed every week and the study was conducted according to the theme of the week. A participant’s research approval was provided by Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center; a branch of University of Miami. The University also individually provided the approval. The program ran for four weeks and the participants received a one-hour individualized MBMT session carried out in a cozy music room in the university. Also, there was the administration of homework in every session which involved written reflection and mindfulness attitude matching the weekly theme as well as a music listening exercise all which lasted for 15-20 minutes.
A different music CD created by the author was provided to the participants every week and then the POMS-BF administered immediately prior to and after the session in order to measure their mood. To measure attention, the CPT-II was administered at the beginning of the initial session consecutively to the fourth session and all the participants completed the four weeks MBMT sessions. According to Stew, (2011), Graham’s traditional focus on the breath was foregone and the participants underwent a 5-7 minutes advice to focus on the sound and music rather than the breath. However, the MBMT program is highly detailed involves lengthy descriptions surpassing the findings as explained here. The program was also administered to a small number of people. Nonetheless, it involved detailed participants info which was used to assess the progress of the 4 weeks program administration which was associated with the results obtained. It was also administered individually rather than in a group thus every participant’s response was measured and evaluated accordingly. Despite the program being detailed, the methods used were not sophisticated which makes it easy to understand.
Fifteen female participants were involved in the study. The inclusion criteria involved those that were fluent in English as well as women suffering from breast cancer in their first to third stages of the disease and undergoing chemotherapy treatment. Those with prior cognitive impairments were excluded. However, the 15 participants used were not adequate for the study. This is because different people respond differently to chemotherapy treatment as well as MBMT program. These disparities can only be identified when a large sample size with different characteristics is used. In this case, the results obtained were general. Also, people at different stages of cancer might as well respond differently to chemotherapy treatment as well as the MBMT program.
The researchers and clinic nurses who explained the researcher’s MBMT program details to the 15 participants were involved in the study. The researcher then employed a descriptive and longitudinal design of study where the POMS-BF and the CCPT II, version 5 were used to measure the participant’s mood and attention consecutively. Eight subscales were also used to measure attention. Various music CDs were provided to the participants according to the program’s requirements. The nurses at the hospital employed ethics when they took time to explain the purpose of the program and its content and also only made use of the willing participants rather than making everyone who fits in to participate. The program also made use of a schedule so that the participants can find the time to engage in it. Nonetheless, placing all the participants in the music room could make some uncomfortable since they would feel that their privacy has been jeopardized. Also, the researcher authored the music CDs that were provided to the participants without considering how the participants feel about the type of the music they never chose. Some might be uncomfortable with the music on the provided CDs.
The MBMT program was just a pilot study and the limitations identified can be used to improve it in order to reach a level where it can be used as a remedy for the stated problem. The study did not consider the home and work life stress of the patients as well as all the stages of cancer. This study made use of only a small number of participants who cannot represent the response of the general population. The number of cycles of chemotherapy treatment and the element of time was not considered which might affect the results. The program was only administered individually and all aspects of study such as employing it in a group were never considered. The time that each individual spent on the program also varied which led to a lot of average. Future research can involve making use of more participants with all stages of cancer and home and work life stress being considered to minimize generalization. Also, considering the cycles of chemotherapy is necessary in order to be aware of the differences that may exist in the results obtained from each individual. The time that each participant spends in the program should also be made equal to reduce errors. Also, checking the results of the same in a group is also necessary for comparison so that when all the factors are considered, the most precise results can be obtained.
Statistically, it was found out that the type of theme of each session did not vary the mood of each individual on each subscale. However, mood change was observed in each subscale across all the sessions (F [5, 65] = 20.83, p < 0.001). The mood states of all the participants improved across the sessions to the end. Fatigue was also said to have significantly reduced compared to other negative mood states. The pilot study is therefore said to have enhanced attention over time which coincides with the findings of Chiesa & Serretti, (2009). Music making and passive music listening were also identified as a good way to capture attention. Generally, the MBMT program was successful in improving the negative mood thus reducing anger, depression, tension, fatigue and confusion in women suffering from breast cancer and undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy treatment (Pinto & Trunzo, 2005). Additionally, activity and vigour of the participants were improved. After the program, the participants reported that they were able to have better sleep, have reduced stress and feel relaxed which creates the essence of mood alterations through the use of MBMT intervention (Trondalen & Bonde, 2012). The findings, though not fully, fall under above average credibility since the study was conducted on the right participants, appropriate tools were used and the findings statistically analyzed to produce the results. Also, all the rules of conducting a research were followed. The findings therefore fully answered the research question
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Get custom essayA pilot study involving a Mindfulness Music Based Therapy was carried out to investigate the effect of the therapy on women suffering from breast cancer and undergoing Chemotherapy treatment. Chemotherapy treatment is said to have a negative impact on the cognitive ability of such patients. However, the research proved to be far more resourceful since the participants in the study indicated reduced stress, reduced fatigue and anger as well as improved concentration and vigour after undergoing the program. If more research can be done ( equating the time the participants use in the program, carrying the same research in a group rather than individuals, using a large number of participants and taking into account the cycles of chemotherapy treatment of the participants as well as their home and work stress) and the factors considered lead to the same results as those obtained in this pilot study, then the practice can be implemented and integrated into the system of improving the cognitive abilities of women suffering from breast cancer and undergoing chemotherapy treatment. Nonetheless, MBMT proves to be a potential remedy to the reduced cognitive functions on women suffering from breast cancer and undergoing chemotherapy and radiation treatment
In The Crucible play, Arther Miller amplifies the theme of fear and hysteria in Salem's community. Though this theme runs throughout the play, it is especially apparent after the witch trials start. The play starts with the girls dancing in the woods and getting caught. This directly leads to Betty being ” paralyzed” by the Devil's spirits, although this is not quite the truth. The play then intensifies with a snowball effect that turns into heated hysteria. On the other hand, McCarthy spoke the Enemies from Within Speech during the Cold War. His Speech began with what he described as a shift from peace towards war. However, then it describes communists as terrible enemies who are unyielding in their quest to spread their ideology and that the communist threat is growing. McCarthy deployed the Speech with much rhetoric to stoke fear and mistrust. Although The Crucible is vividly compared with McCarthyism throughout the play, upon closer examination of the true aspects that Miller shapes within The Crucible, one can see that the fear and mass hysteria are cruel side effects of the society present in Salem, Massachusetts, at the time.
Get original essayFirstly, both the Crucible and McCarthy's Speech display that no matter who someone is, they can still get caught up within society's corrupted ways. Once this occurs, there is no going back without facing corruption in one way or another. The first piece of evidence that supports this is a quote from McCarthy's Speech of which he states, ”…can there be anyone who is so blind as to say that the war is not on?…. Anyone who fails to realize that…this is the time for the showdown… (and) unless we face this fact, we shall pay the price …(because of)… those who wait(ed) too long.” A literary device that McCarthy used in his Speech is hypophora. He asks the country's citizens if anyone can ignore the corruption going on, leading him to answer that they will have to pay the consequences for ignoring the corruption if they do not act soon. McCarthy also used foreshadowing to aid in fear of what will happen if they do not act in time. This was an effective way of motivating the country's citizens to realize the severity of the situation and take control before it was too late.
Additionally, the second piece of evidence that supports this is a quote from The Crucible, of which Giles states, ” I never had no wife that be so taken with books, and I thought to find the cause of it, d'y'see, but it were no witch I blamed her for… I have broke charity with the woman (my wife)…” A literary device that was used in the Crucible is Tone. The tone that is most apparent in this quote is of despair, regret, and fear. Arther Miller used these moods to help show the crude trials' effects on the accused and their loved ones. Along with the literary device soliloquy, this quote is of Giles expressing his thoughts and emotions over Salem's occurrences. These devices' uses were an effective way of showing the reader, along with having them feel, the emotional effects that the witchcraft trials resulted in.
Additionally, both the Crucible and McCarthy's Speech display how society's corruption has led to the fear and hysteria within people and how it has blurred the lines between good and evil. The first piece of evidence that supports this is a quote from The Crucible, of which Hale states, ” There is a misty plot afoot so subtle…I have seen too many frightful proofs in court — the Devil is alive in Salem, and we dare not quail to follow wherever the accusing finger points!” A literary device that Arther Miller uses in this quote is tone. As Hale is making this remark, he expresses it in a rather weary, dark tone, giving the reader a better sense of the mystery and fear behind what is going on in Salem. Another literary device used is imagery. The phrase a ” misty plot so subtle” aids in creating the play's leery, fearful setting, which allows the reader to better understand the character's feelings. These devices' uses were an effective way of creating the setting and situation to match the darkness of it.
Additionally, the second piece of evidence that supports this is a quote from McCarthy's Speech, of which he states, ” At war's end we were …the most powerful (nation) intellectually and morally. (We)… could have been the … shining, living proof that civilization was not yet ready to destroy itself. Unfortunately, we have failed miserably and tragically to arise to the opportunity.” A literary device that McCarthy used in his Speech is imagery. McCarthy describes the country as a utopian society by stating that it is ” shining, living proof” of society's hope. This helps to show the hysteria when the actual situation of corruption is contrasted with a hopeful situation. Additionally, this is also an example of juxtaposition. McCarthy uses two different narratives of what the country is and has accomplished to bring about the feeling of fear and hysteria over ” failing.” These devices' uses effectively illustrate the situation to the country's citizens and make them want to fix the ” failure” of maintaining a bright and shining country.
It can be seen within the Crucible play and McCarthy's Speech that fear and hysteria are vividly present in each society. Both Arther Miller and McCarthy use such vital literary devices to bother to persuade and influence the audience and their messages' overall theme. They both wanted to spread the knowledge of the corrupted ways and try to find a way to emphasize the fear within the context. Given all of this, It is clear from the hysteria and fear that these types of societies will continue to have corruption occur until something changes to fix this.
In this essay, the usefulness of Weber’s theory of rationalization would be analyzed with the social phenomenon in Hong Kong, which is the industry of tutorial schools. It aims to see how Weber’s theory could be used to explain the phenomenon and its limitation.
Get original essayWeber’s theory would be outlined and McDonaldization mentioned in the reading would be also outlined as it is one of the illustrations of rationalization in modern society in Ritzer’s view. Then, how Ritzer argues that McDonaldization would be conformed to the formal rationality would be discussed, to explain the establishment of tutorial schools in Hong Kong and its popular trends among students today. Finally, the limitation in applying Weber’s theory to the explanation of tutorial school and his view of the “iron cage” to society would be discussed.
Before discussing how formal rationality and rationalization could be used to understand social phenomena, Weber’s theory of rationalization and Ritzer’s thesis of McDonaldization which extends Weber’s theory would be first described.
According to Weber, the actions of social actors are theorized into four types. They are practical rationality, theoretical rationality, substantive rationality, and formal rationality. Practical rationality is finding the most appropriate means by calculation for the practical end involved in daily life. Theoretical rationality is theorizing precise and abstract concepts with cognitive process and intelligence to find the mean for the end. Substantive rationality is choosing the mean by one’s values for the end. Formal rationality is employing the best means to a particular end by applying rules, regulations, and laws.
Rationalization is the process that which rationality becoming increasingly dominant in society. Formal rationality is being dominated over the other among four types of rationality. Rationalization discussed in the essay means the domination of formal rationality being increasing in modern society. The ultimate illustration to explain formal rationality and the “ideal type” of formal rationality in Weber’s theory is bureaucracy, as it is best represented five elements of formal rationality, which are efficiency that uses the best way to achieve the goal, calculability emphasizes things could be quantified, the predictability that is things expressed the same anywhere and anytime, controllability that emphasizes the uncertainty could be controlled and the irrationality of formal rationality that there is irrational consequences within the system of formal rationality. Irrationality means the process or outcome of rationalization could undermine rationality.
Weber has a pessimistic assumption of a future society that is increasingly dominated by formal rationality. The operation of a society guided by formal rationality could lose control or even control people. People could not stop or escape from it as the rationalizing forces in society also increasingly dominated the action of people. This call “iron cage”.
Ritzer proposes his point about McDonaldization based on Weber’s theory trying to better describe social phenomena of formal rationality in recent. Ritzer illustrates rationalization by McDonaldization while Weber illustrates rationalization by bureaucracy. He thinks that bureaucracy may be replaced by fast-food restaurants. McDonaldization is the operation of the fast-food restaurants that shows the elements of formal rationality and is growing rapidly and expanding in different industries. Its growth and expansion show the process of rationalization in modern society. Following Weber’s theory, Ritzer also thinks that rationalization could cause irrationality and people become closer to the “iron cage”.
Ritzer mainly used the operation and product of McDonald's to explain the elements of McDonaldization of society.
Fast-food restaurants pursue efficiency which finding the best way to goals. McDonald's operates with the most efficient way, such as turning customers into unpaid labor. In this way, McDonald's could achieve maximum productivity but useless expense and labor. In McDonald's, customers need to queue and order the food by themselves, to choose and add the ingredients for their burger by themselves, and to clean their trash by themselves. Ritzer also gives examples in other industries. For example, gas stations with all automated procedures which customers have to fill gas tanks on their own, and automated teller machines for customers to withdraw money by themselves.
Fast-food restaurants emphasize calculation and quantity. They measure and quantify the product. Many fast-food restaurants use “Big” or “Large” to show the number of their products. Examples, the Big Mac of McDonald's and Triple Whopper of Burger King. Moreover, fast-food restaurant calculates accurately their product such as the weight of ingredients and cooking time of food. Ritzer also gives the example of USA Today which provides a great number of short stories instead of a quality-oriented long story to explain the emphasis of quantity not only find in the fast-food restaurant.
Fast-food restaurants ensure the predictability of their products. With the example of McDonald's, people could enjoy the same Big Mac anytime and anywhere. Another example is movies. Movie producers tend to continue to produce a successful movie in the past rather than a completely new movie, as previously successful movies could increase predictability.
Ritzer explains it with the replacement of people by nonhuman technology. Human has human error and uncertainty, which causes mistakes due to their judgment or emotions. Replacing humans by nonhuman technology can increase the controllability as they do not have human error and lead to greater control. For example, fast-food restaurants buy raw materials such as chicken from factory farms instead of family-run farms. It is because factory farm is run by nonhuman technology and it is easier to control the quantity and the size.
Ritzer thinks that McDonaldization has irrationality of rationality like bureaucracy. Although McDonaldization has the advantages of formal rationality in the sense mentioned above, it could lead to inefficiency and dehumanization. Dehumanization means a rational system not no longer serves for humans and it excludes and even destructs the humanity of people who are involved in the system. For example, people need to wait for a long time in lining up to order food in McDonald which turns to be inefficient, the food of McDonald's is unhealthy and the trash produced by McDonald's destroys the ecological environment which turns to be dehumanizing.
As mentioned above, McDonaldization is a way of presenting the rationalization of society in recent years. Apart from the fast-food restaurant showing the principles of formal rationality and rationalizing in modern society, more and more industries are rationalizing and they conform the five elements of McDonaldization mentioned by Ritzer. The following would analyze this phenomenon by the illustration of tutorial schools in Hong Kong.
Hong Kong's education system emphasizes good grades and scores students reach in school examinations and HKDSE. It reinforces businessmen, teachers, and students focusing on how they can use the best means to achieve the goal of getting good grades, which being dominated by formal rationality. Exam skills such as time management and answering questions accurately are important for students to get a good grade. It is difficult to teach knowledge and exam skills at the same time in regular school. Therefore, tutorial schools that advertise teaching good exam skills with the efficient ways such as dismantling question types and providing standards of answers for helping students to get a good grade such as getting 5** in DSE have emerged. These tutorial schools have rules and regulations to operate and to find the best way of helping students to reach good grades.
This kind of tutorial school is popular in modern society as formal rationality and rationalization of society have reinforced students to attempt these tutorial schools to obtain exam skills. In the sense of formal rationality, students need to choose the best and most efficient way to obtain great results in examinations under the education system. In other words, the elements of rationalizing tutorial schools encourage students to attempt tutorial schools for the goal. Students believe that learning exam skills in tutorial schools is the best and most efficient means to achieve their goals under the institution and education system. Research showed that over 80% of students join tutorial schools for learning exam skills. Students reflected that teachers of tutorial schools can more focus on exam skills and tips to strengthen their exam capability.
From the perspective of tutorial schools, they are a high division of labor to increase the efficiency such as registration by the front desk and teaching and preparing teaching materials by the tutorial teachers, so that tutorial schools could operate with the most efficient way. From the perspective of students, they could learn exam skills in the most efficient way as the tutorial schools would provide tips in understanding and answering questions to students.
There are two examples that show how tutorial schools involved calculability, counting students who get good results in DSE and calculating the probability of certain question types tested in DSE. As said in the part of McDonaldization, quantity usually is treated as big and large. Some tutorial schools especially chained tutorial schools would provide the information of how many of their students get 5** in DSE to show that they have a large number of students who could get good grades in examinations. Also, teachers of tutorial schools would calculate the probability of question types appearing in the heretofore exam to predict the questions will be tested in the next exam.
Tutorial schools are predictable because the customers which are students could predict what they can obtain in the tutorial schools, which is learning exam skills, no matter they join which tutorial school, which subject, and which time period of tutorial class.
Tutorial schools use nonhuman technology to replace some activities conducted by people originally for greater control. For example, tutorial schools use a computer to replace humans. Students are asked to swap their class periods online via the website of tutorial schools if they cannot attend the original class period, instead of going to the counter personally. This could prevent human mistakes as there may be mistakes made by employees of the counter such as filling in the time incorrectly and causing a mess of management.
There is the irrationality of tutorial schools, such as causing dehumanization. The original intention of education is to impart knowledge to the next generation and enhance their wisdom and skills to contribute to society. However, the establishment of tutorial schools is not helpful or even undermines this purpose. The aim that testing knowledge by the personal skills and ability of students to deal with the exam are eliminated since tutorial schools would teach identical test-taking skills and model answers.
Weber’s theory of formal rationality and rationalization has explained how the institution and social structure lead to the formal rational action of people. However, the theory could lead to the disregard of alternative angles to analyze the trend of joining tutorial schools. Apart from the rationalization leading students are guided by formal rationality to attempt tutorial schools, there are students who are not guided by formal rationality but substantive rationality to obtain extra knowledge and learn subjects better for self-improvement shown in the research. Weber’s theory of rationalization does not explain these particular cases about people’s actions.
I agree with Weber’s point that we are being locked into the “iron cage” of formal rationality. A formal rational system has relatively more advantages than other rationality even though it has irrationality. There will be more and more organizations being rationalized and guiding people to act by formal rationality. Formal rationality will increasingly dominate how we think and act along with rationalization as people are willing to act by formal rationality because of its advantages. The tendency of rationalization of society would be inevitable, thus the “iron cage” of formal rationality would be also inevitable.
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Get custom essayAlthough Weber’s theory has limitation in explaining the phenomenon of tutorial schools which omit the alternative perspective to explain the phenomenon, it could explain the rationalization of tutorial schools in Hong Kong and how the action of students is guided by formal rationality when the theory is applied in the case of tutorial schools.
From the beginning of the 20th century until the present day, new inventions of technological advancements that have the purpose to help mankind has been continually growing and increasing. Food industries have also adapted their technological advancement when it comes to serving food, especially with fast-food restaurants. McDonald’s is one of the first fast-food chains and the one that introduces the “Speedee System Service”. This type of system was not only used by the food industries but also by the whole society. Now in schools where students are mostly using a laptop or phone to do their exams, assignments, and other written activities, schools prefer this kind of system because it is more efficient by not needing teachers to check the work and just have a program for the job. This system started from a restaurant with the purpose of achieving quantity over quality and having technology replace humans to do the jobs, but it became so effective that other parts of the society adapted this system for achieving the same reason. The way of service has dramatically changed and consumers are forced to adapt to that change. It spread throughout society.
Get original essayAlthough it has many advantages, the system of Mcdonaldization has many disadvantages when it comes to human quality of work and should be minimized from being used by the consumers.
The concept of McDonaldization is a term coined by American sociologist George Ritzer. It was first introduced in his book McDonaldization of Society. This concept refers to a kind of rationalization of work, production, and consumption. It became popular and rose to prominence in the late 20th century. Its purpose is to make work to be more efficient and consistent by dispensing with superfluous equipment and technology. It first started in the food industries like the fast-food chains were literally the concept’s name comes from, McDonald’s. This concept to make food services more efficient, consistent, and faster has also been adapted by other institutions and sectors in society. It was seen as a big success by other large companies and corporations so they incorporated this idea on their products and services to the extent of almost losing the capability to evolve and create new things or ways. This concept was not only adopted by the producer but also mainly by the consumers. The consumers were the key to the concept's success because when it was first introduced they actively participate in this kind of service due to its new existence that amazes a lot of people. But unfortunately, our society will be almost conquered by this concept and will soon fall into its deep trap.
This concept has great consequences if it continues to spread into other parts of society. It creates environments that are very dehumanizing and reduce the quality of products and services. It is a very destructive system where humans are being forced to live in this kind of state or system. The fact that it is an efficient system is true but it doesn’t mean that more is the merrier. In this case, the process in which services and products are being made doesn’t have the quality it should have. The qualities that should provide safety, skills, value, and greatness. It is said that ten unskilled gunmen are no match with a master of a sword. This idea was incorporated to us by big companies with only one purpose of having a big profit rather than serving people the best.
This system creates a void where everyone has a routine that is programmed to us since we were born and everyone should be afraid of what it might do or affect the next generation. It has so many consequences when it comes to food services like the health of the consumers where there are more obese individuals now than at any other time in our world's history because it lures people to eat unhealthier food. This unhealthy lifestyle creates an unhealthier body that is more prone to diseases. But this problem doesn’t only reside in the food industry but also in other parts of the society like in universities, the military or police force, and even in churches. We should be concerned that this influence in our lives has more consequences than advantages. We are continually evolving, our technologies are far more advanced than ever before and will also continue to evolve, but our human nature and qualities are slowly being erased and fading simultaneously with the advancements of our society.
McDonaldization is the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world. This influence doesn’t just put people’s health in danger but also degrades the quality of work and products from other sectors. The advantage that one could see in McDonaldization in today’s modern society is how quickly a task can be done, so customers get the product, service, or food they predictably want and get on the next task they have. Furthermore, to achieve predictability, a rationalized society emphasizes discipline, order, routine, and consistent operations. Which in return offers control over the situation or people. The disadvantage that comes with this system would be the quality of the product or services because companies that use this kind of system simplify their products and services. Like in the food industry where it first originated, instead of using healthier food, the company will buy the cheapest food to have more quantity and cook faster meals. Not just fewer ingredients for the meal but also the chemicals and preservatives they use to enhance the longevity of their product and also the taste of it. Thus not having the traditional restaurant quality, where there is preparation going into every ingredient and having healthier and fresher food products.
In universities where the system tasks their students to do the same job and pass it like everyone else, McDonaldization can be seen. When you first try to enter the university, entrance exams will be required that you need to pass for you to qualify into entering and enrolling in the university. Exams like this don’t test the creativity and smartness of students, it only creates pressure for them. Same method, same exam, same activities, and just the same environment every semester for every student. A school's purpose is to enhance the students' talent, skills, and uniqueness for them to achieve their dreams and not to create the same graduates that are imaged in just one standard. They do not produce talented, skilled, and passionate students but just robots who are tasked to perform in society the same way as their predecessors did.
The system of McDonaldization influences many sectors in society and it continues to dominate around the world. Consequences from this system are present but not really being noticed by the people or even the mainstream media. Some people may not notice it, but some are just really ignoring it because of their agendas. It threatens not only our safety but also our foundation, the creativity of humans of doing great feats. Things don’t become great overnight, a rock is crushed and heated for thousands of years to become a diamond. It takes patience and time to create magnificent things, we don’t just consume and create things just for the purpose of having more. Quality over quantity because it is worth the wait to produce more meaningful, safer, healthier, and high-quality products, services, or even people.
The system of McDonaldization has the purpose to raise the efficiency level of work, products, and services by large companies. It started with the food industry but through the years it was slowly influencing other sectors in the society. At first, it was just a way to present new techniques to lure customers in but it becomes an ideology that spread throughout society. It has big consequences for society especially the future generations because they will live at a time where everything is done through machinery and just be motivated by technical standards and time pressure. A kind of world that gives more importance to quantity than quality. Due to our nature of wanting more, it will consume our society to produce more but with less safety and low-grade products and services. In the book of George Ritzer where he expounds and elaborates on McDonaldization, he stated that even though we think that this system will give us more, the truth is it just makes everything lesser. Efficiency, abstract, predictability, control, and calculability have replaced traditional, spontaneous, and the rule of thumb methods on our society. It produces more but it creates a vacuum that sucks in every quality that makes us humans.
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Get custom essayRecommendations to enhance the findings of this study and to furthermore elaborate on the negative impacts of McDonaldization in our society.
As a technique to minimize expenses, McDonald's keeps up their production procedures when they enter new countries yet oftentimes adjusts services of product choices to the transcendent practices of the facilitating nation. McDonald's was one of the principal organizations to esteem the significance of local social practices and customs. This has enabled them to adjust the concept of internationalization, which is more promptly satisfactory than that of institutionalized globalization. Indeed disguise has progressed toward becoming so engrained in McDonald's way of life that they have built up the term 'McDonaldization', which is the procedure by which the standards of the fast food restaurant are coming to rule an ever increasing number of parts of American culture and also whatever is left of the world. A standout amongst the most unmistakable cases of McDonald's adaption to neighborhood sustenance inclinations is its difference in menu items to fit in with nearby nourishment accessibility.
Get original essayMcDonald's keeps up strict controls for its providers to furnish their clients with steady and safe items in each of its eateries. On the off chance that providers cannot meet these requirements, McDonald adjusts a vertically incorporated production network in a few nations despite the fact that it is not their standard practice in the United States. This makes it less demanding for McDonald's to get to crude materials in specific nations (Personal.psu.edu, 2017). For instance, in Russia, the organization buys their meat through a certain procedure because of neighborhood directions that do not agree to their standard procedure. In spite of the fact that McDonalds tends to utilize their institutionalized procedures in many nations, they adjust when important to meet lawful and social desires.
The advertising administrator utilizes these four groups to give more concentration to the market portion choice: existing clients, contender clients, non-purchasing in current fragments, new sections, to concentrate on showcase fragments. For serving synonymously to the current clients they are creating distinctive tariffs according to change in taste and inclination of their clients. They can incorporate upbeat value menu, drinks including milk shakes and cold beverages. McDonald's additionally positions itself as the pioneer in fast administration eateries. With a specific end goal to keep up their standard, they have begun showcasing to a more youthful group of people. Clients and non-clients alike will utilize the club McDonald's further bolstering their good fortune. The online points tracker and profile will add to the innovation paper (Sansar, 2013). Lastly, when promoting, they have never in their publicizing history utilized negative or comparison advertisements relating to any of their competitors; the promotions dependably concentrates just on the organization alone. Notwithstanding the standard media, the firm makes critical utilization of boards and signage supports donning occasions running from youth baseball to the Olympic Games. Perhaps McDonald's can offer food products with little cholesterol in the oil, to diminish the level of criticisms from people. Question 3
To standardize is to decrease to or to contrast and with a standard; decide the quality, value or nature of by comparison with a standard. It is additionally bringing into conformity with a usual; make uniform. The case of McDonald’s is different. Their products and services are not in uniform in every state. They try to fit in by offering products and services according to the different cultural norms of these states. More so, they do not purpose on providing quality products but producing a variety of products to satisfy the tastes and preferences of the people. Though their standardization methods are very impressive, they have changed my thoughts on standardization.
McDonald’s is the undisputed king of burgers. This has been the trend in the fast-food industry from their creation in the 1960’s to their massive growth in the 70’s, 80’s, 90’s, and now the new millennium. Over the past forty years, McDonald’s has fully taken advantage of their strengths but because of maturity in the fast food industry, more focus will have to be put on opportunities, weaknesses, and threats.
Get original essayThe first strength of McDonald’s has been their product strategy. Throughout the past three decades they have simply been a hamburger and fries Restaurant. Growing customer wants and needs along with increased competition has forced them to alter and improve their menu to better fit the environment. Factors such as growing competition and consumers becoming more health conscious have forced them to make these changes.
Today McDonald’s offers a wide variety of products that consist of 26 items. Breakfast items include biscuit sandwiches, Egg McMuffin, hotcakes and sausage, sausage McMuffin with egg, and scrambled eggs. Sandwiches include the Big Mac, cheeseburger, Crispy Chicken Deluxe, Filet-O-Fish, Grilled Chicken Deluxe, Grilled Chicken Salad Deluxe, hamburger, Quarter Pounder, and the Quarter Pounder with cheese. Dessert items include baked apple pies, chocolate chip cookie, hot fudge sundae, ice cream cone, McFlurry, and milkshakes. Other items on the menu include the apple-bran muffin, Chicken McNuggets, French fries, Garden Salad, Happy Meals, soft drinks, and other beverages.
Promotion has also been a strength for McDonald’s. They have always focused promotion around good food, friendly folks, and fun. They have also spent a considerable amount of money on promotional programs such as Monopoly, Happy Meals, and the Big Mac. In addition to these promotions, McDonald’s signed a ten-year contract with Disney combining promotions for food items with Disney movies. They also continue the successful Beanie Baby promotion that is credited as the company’s most successful promotion ever. On October 25 they introduced the American Trio Collection of Beanie Babies that celebrate the American Political Process.
In addition to promotion, McDonald’s has also been successful at placing restaurants in every available position. The increase of outlets per year has remained at 5% for the last two decades despite a falling increase in sales. In 1988 they had 10,167 restaurants, of which 7,567 were located in the United States. Throughout the 1990’s they have increased that number to 28,454 restaurants in about 120 countries. The table below gives the number of restaurants and sales per geographic region as of September 2000:
Location # Restaurants Sales (in millions)
United States 12,703 $5,051.4
Asia/Pacific 5,989 1,820.2
Europe 5,243 2,449.9
Latin America 1,983 456.2
Other Regions 2,536 734.7
Total 28,454 10,512.4
By expanding quickly into international markets, McDonald’s was able to arrive before competition and secure a plan for future growth opportunities. They recognized that the fast food industry was becoming diluted and began expansion into international markets before any one else. Being first in the international markets makes them first in the minds of international consumers. This is obviously important now that increasing sales are falling in the United States. Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Jack M. Greenberg said of their expansions, “Moving forward, we will pursue additional growth by intensifying our focus on building sales at existing restaurants.”
Along with expanding internationally, McDonald’s is moving into other brands of food and restaurants. They’ve acquired Chipotle Mexican Grill, Aroma Ltd., a coffee shop chain in the UK, Donatos Pizza, and Internet food-delivery service Food.com. These acquisitions will allow McDonald’s to move into growing non-hamburger markets while increasing product selection.
Even though McDonald’s has been extremely successful, there are still some weaknesses that exist within the company. Those weaknesses include past product and promotion concepts, performance of international divisions, and it’s U.S. expansion strategy.
For McDonald’s, the creation and implementation of new products costs millions of dollars. These millions of dollars have been spent on products such as the Arch Deluxe and McPizza, which no longer exist. Along with failed products is the constant change of promotions and slogans. Recently McDonald’s has launched its Made For You food preparation system designed to allow franchise operators to serve up fresher food with less waste. The problem has been that customers are complaining about longer waits in line. This definitely does not coincide with the fast-food image. The new cooking system is being introduce through McDonald’s $500 million “We love to see you smile” ad campaign.
Another weakness for McDonald’s has been with expansion in the United States. In the early 90’s they were expanding into airports, malls, and hospitals. This was in an effort to move from cities and suburbs that were already saturated. These new ventures proved to be unsuccessful and many have closed due to poor profitability.
Along with expansion in the U.S., some international markets have not been as successful as projected. Weaker foreign currency has impacted international divisions profitability. For example, European operating income fell to $313.5 million from $324.8 one year ago. This is a drastic decrease when compared to the drop in sales, which was down slightly to $2.45 billion, from $2.46 million. Luckily for McDonald’s the weaker international performance was offset by domestic sales.
The two greatest opportunities for McDonald’s are their expansion into other brands and international markets. First the expansion into markets like Mexican entries and pizza delivery allow them access to the fastest growing restaurant segments. This will allow them to have a better product selection and provide future domestic growth. Internationally, McDonald’s has the opportunity of penetrating further markets before competition. Their plan is to add about five restaurants each day as new restaurants are posting strong initial results and returns.
Another opportunity is with concept testing in domestic McDonald’s restaurants. The most recent are new diner and deli concepts that are to be tested in western United States. They will open three diner-style restaurants sometime after Jan. 1, 2001. The prototype will be built at existing McDonald’s but distinct from its existing fast-food offerings. This new concept will allow customers to order their food and then have it brought to their table by a server. The other concept is a deli-style menu, which will be added to the traditional McDonald’s menu. This concept will add deli sandwiches and soups to familiar Quarter Pounders, Big Macs, and other sandwiches.
The most obvious threats for McDonald’s are with their competitors. Now that they have expanded into other brands this list has grown greatly. Direct competitors with McDonald’s restaurants include Burger King, Dairy Queen, Hardee’s, Jack in the Box, and Wendy’s. Each of these competitors has expanded menu offerings that compete directly with McDonalds. Burger King is the number two hamburger restaurant and is developing a new strategy in hopes of taking the number one position from McDonald’s
Our first recommendation is to continue expansion into international markets. This is becoming more important now that competitors like Burger King and Wendy’s are beginning to expand overseas. For example, Burger King has restaurants in 57 other countries. McDonalds needs to continue to be first in international markets so that they remain first in the minds of international consumers. Although they need to continue this expansion, they need to focus on more developed countries that have a better ability and need to buy their products. This will help them against fighting weak foreign currencies and ethnicity problems. One entry method that could be used would be joint ventures with already existing foreign restaurants. This will help them better incorporate their product message with cultural and ethnic trends.
Another recommendation for expansion is to establish product and brand awareness in other brands. This includes their recent acquisitions of Chipotle, Donatos Pizza, and Boston Market. These restaurants have the ability to be expanded throughout the United States and provide a large amount of sales domestically. This will be growingly important as sales in current McDonald’s restaurants flatten. These restaurant chains may also have the ability to be expanded internationally depending on their success in the U.S.
An opportunity that McDonald’s has not been taking advantage of is their environmental concerns. Recently McDonald’s was honored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for their conservation and recycling efforts. The EPA cited McDonald’s as the industry leader because of its continual review and evaluation of packaging materials. This is something that could be used in a promotional effort to better their image in consumers’ minds. It could be positioned directly against competitors to show that McDonald’s does care about the environment.
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Get custom essayMcDonald’s has done well with establishing a plan for future growth and expansion. As long as they continue to build awareness for their other brands, expand internationally, and better manage product introduction in existing McDonald’s restaurants, they will continue to be number one.
Violence has been around forever now. It’s everywhere. So what is violence? Violence is 'the use of physical force so as to injure, abuse, damage, or destroy.' Most will assume there is only one type of violence that people use, but there is actually quite a lot of different types of violence. One specific type of violence is gendered violence. According to the book “Fighting Violence Against Women: Laws, Norms and Challenges Ahead,” violence involving gender is a major issue globally that the United Nations has declared a violation of women’s rights and freedoms. This being said, however, men’s violence towards women continues on even in societies where women have formal and equal citizenship. However all this being said violence doesn’t always have to be gender-related, and can have many forms, such as youth violence. Violence takes place in everyday life and can’t always be avoided no matter how hard one tries. We have all come across violence at some point in our life and it has affected us all differently. Whether it was gender violence or racial violence, we all face some sort of violence in everyday life.
Get original essayI am one of the lucky ones because violence hasn't really affected my life, but I've witnessed a lot of the examples of violence among youth. That's why I choose "youth violence" as the topic of my essay.
Statistics Canada defines youth violence as any deliberate physical, sexual or psychological assault on another person (or persons) by one or more young people between the ages of 12 to 19 years. Youth violence is an ongoing social and health problem across communities everywhere. While the overall violent crime rate in Canada fell by 4% in 10 years, from 1997 to 2006, the rate of violent crime among young people has risen by 12% over the past 10 years and has increased by 30% since 1991.
Youth violence is a prevalent issue that appears to be witnessed regularly. Signs of violence among children and youth range from minor tantrums and subtle remarks to more severe physical and verbal assaults. Often, parents ignore violent outbursts believing that they are a natural and temporary phase in the child's life. However, aggressive behavior channeled negatively can influence many decisions that present a grim prospect.
The development of delinquency can be explained through a variety of factors in effect, including environmental issues such as poverty and social class, social risk factors associated with parental authority and peer pressure, individual risk factors linked with one’s mental and emotional state, and additional influences including a child’s neighbourhood and community.
Research shows that the more influences youth are exposed to, the greater the likelihood of a violent outcome. The role of peers influencing individual adolescent behaviour has been established as one of the strongest adolescent risk factor. Peers play a role in promoting behaviour and attitudes that are favourable toward violence. In some cases, young people are socialized in a gang culture that encourages attitudes towards crime. It is proposed that gang affiliation meets an individual youth’s needs for power, identification, self-esteem, socialization, and an overall sense of belonging. Exclusion and rejection may take place for a variety of reasons, and although it may not always be intended to cause psychological harm, the experience of exclusion may cause negative effects in terms of emotional and behavioural health, academic challenges, a decline in prosocial behaviour, and low self-esteem. Moreover, families appear to play multiple roles exerting an influence on children that may increase or decrease the risk of youth violence. Many of the best-established risk factors for youth violence are family- based, including dismissive parenting, inter parental violence, child abuse and neglect, inadequate discipline, and lack of monitoring by parents of children showing early signs of aggression. Factors associated with lower risk for violence among young people often suggest elements which embrace close bonds with supportive caregivers, effective parenting that is consistent and responsive to development, and families working in ways that are healthy, stable, well-managed and well-regulated for children. Ultimately, acts of violence among youth may be triggered through a lack of personal connections as well as social exclusion, for example, among peers and family.
Additionally, mental disorder is a risk factor that is significant for violence and may play a vital role in a violent teen’s life. Although mental and behavioural health issues do not directly cause young people to become violent, they increase the risk of violence for children as certain strains place them at greater risk of responding impulsively and aggressively in difficult social situations. In addition, research also suggests that young people seek comfort from those who welcome them and strengthen their sense of belonging. Thus, many young people have no choice but to turn to street gangs to fulfill their need for acceptance, belonging and self-esteem. Not only can youth with poorer mental wellbeing be drawn to gang-affiliation, for reasons such as loneliness and lack of support, but this affiliation can have a negative impact on mental health and often exacerbate current mental illnesses suffered by the youth.
Under the Youth Criminal Justice Act, youth are often referred to community service or other agencies that address criminal behavior. However, violence among youth increases health costs, criminal justice services, and welfare while reducing the value of the community and housing nearby (World Health Organization, 2016). Furthermore, there is little evidence supporting that incarceration, community service, boot camps, or other sources of rehabilitation have helped reduce crimes amongst youth. According to the World Health Organization, risk factors within individuals that lead to violence include hyperactivity, attention deficiency, and involvement in crime and intoxicants (2016). These risk factors that are found in many youths can be limited with the involvement of sports. Sports have taught many people basic life skills including time management, handling pressure, responsibility, and commitment. These skills can directly influence youth to the level of morality, preventing violent outbreaks. Rather than spending money on agencies that address violence, investing the same amount of money on prevention methods is more valuable and effective.
Incorporating sports programs at municipal recreation centers can be used to help reduce youth violence by shaping adolescents to make responsible and sensible decisions. Recognizing and unconsciously mimicking violence is similar to inherited disorders; it is impossible to avoid the gene of a disorder, but with the correct protective measures, it is possible to reduce the negative effects. For example, an individual with a family history of heart disease would make lifestyle choices to slow down the progression of the disease, such as avoiding smoking, exercising regularly, and maintaining a healthy diet. Similarly, research shows sports play a significant role in shaping behavior and developing self-regulation, the protective measure that is needed against violence.
Sports programs can also help promote a healthier lifestyle, potentially instilling the desire to make healthy choices that could last a lifetime. Sports improve physical, emotional and mental health that may ultimately contribute to more ethical behavior. Extracurricular activities have been proven to specifically target social skills, build confidence, improve self-esteem, create a positive attitude, and reduce drug use and problem behaviors. Although the comparison between youth involved in sports programs versus those who are not cannot be made, due to observer subjectivity and the lack of control over control variables, there is a positive correlation between extra-curricular programs and higher academic motivation, involvement, and achievement.
Ultimately, involvement in sports provide positive experiences for young people, offering elements that are not present in the lives of underprivileged youth and can therefore generate beneficial effects, if not directly on the prevention of crime, then certainly on other components that contribute to delinquency. It can be stated that organized sports programs can contribute to reducing youth crime as it is effective in improving one’s mental health state, providing feelings of self-confidence and self-esteem. Furthermore, the participation in sport can be seen as a form of social integration, allowing young people to develop feelings of connectedness and empowerment while establishing healthy relationships with others. Finally, the life skills learned through sport ultimately help to promote personal development while playing a part in preventing and reducing crime overall.
Violence in communities ruins the relationships that are built between people. As young children and adolescents are vulnerable to situations around them, whether it be prosocial or antisocial behavior, the rates of youth violence continue to rise.
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Get custom essayAs the rate of youth crime increases, the number of young people taking part in sport is decreasing quickly. Between 1992 and 2005, the rate of participation in sport among 11- to 14-year-old boys fell from 74% to 62% while participation rates among 11- to 14-year-old girls fell from 54% to 48%. This pattern has the potential to be altered if even a small percentage of government funding spent on disciplinary solutions to manage youth crime, like imprisonment, was aimed to involve more young people in organized sport. Investing into sport for juvenile delinquents may drastically diminish incarceration costs, decrease levels of distress for both youth and adults, as well as advance levels of development among the youth at risk. Through community and government support, disadvantaged youth will be granted the opportunity to transform their lives for the better as a result of the benefits obtained through sports programs and sport participation.