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In a play that so clearly focuses on the conflict between reason and emotion, it is a relief to find that the parallels so often drawn between these traits and men and women have been discarded. In Much Ado About Nothing Shakespeare has turned the stereotypes on their heads to deliver to the audience a play that is not only insightful into the ways in which men and women interact, but that also challenges the audiences ill-founded preconceptions. Indeed, at the end of the play, when Benedick reflects that "...man is a giddy thing.", this can be regarded not only as a reference to humankind, but to men in particular. The series of events that has previously unfolded has led him to believe that men, and not women, are the species that are fickle, reactive and emotional.

The world of Messina is, evidently, a self-contained one, concerned less with the outside world than the preservation of its own superficial values. In fact, the only glimpse we are given of the world outside Messina is in the opening scene, when Don Pedro and his companions return from war, and even here the main characters appear to be more concerned with the fact those lost were "none of name". The inhabitants of the town are isolated, and thus concern and amuse themselves with fashion, leisure, wit and, importantly, courting. These activities demand of spectators little more than mere observation and this appears to be the standard way of gaining the respect of others. Whilst the men seem to attempt to win the adoration of the women through sport and use of wit, Hero can be seen as something of an ornament, and indeed this is how she is perceived. When asked by Claudio if he took note of Hero with more than a passing interest, Benedick's response is unmistakable:

"I noted her not, but I looked on her."

The emotive, instinctive action of "looking" requires no reasoning and appears to be typical of the status quo. The world of Messina has a glossy veneer, and it is this that leads the main characters to show their susceptibility to deception, as judgements founded without thought or reflection are tantamount to mere guesses. Fashion and wit are deceptive tools, and are used thus by the characters. They give first impressions, conveying an impressive appearance, but that is all, as Borachio notes, perceptively:

"Seest thou...what a deformed thief this fashion is..."

Indeed, reliance upon appearance and how things seem to be at first glance inevitably leads to a detachment from reality and leaves one vulnerable to misjudgement and deception. In Act 4 Scene 1 Claudio questions his own discernment, asking rhetorically:

"Is this the Prince's brother? Is this face Hero's? Are our eyes our own?"

In the world of Messina, where what is observed is assumed to be true, truth and falsity can become confused, and belief in what the characters see can become fragile. However, the men in the play seem to be less aware of this than the women and in Act 2 Scene 3 the susceptibility of Benedick is shown up and we become aware of how easily his perception can stand in the way of reality. His opinions shift dramatically from talking of marriage scornfully at the beginning of the scene, saying that, "man is a fool when he dedicates himself to love", to only moments later exclaiming, triumphantly:

"...I will be horribly in love with her."

Here Benedick shows himself to be not only fickle and unpredictable, but also remarkably inconsistent. The deception of Beatrice in Act 3 Scene 1, on the other hand, despite her expression of an apparently similar response, shows her to be consistent, steadfast and most certainly not "giddy". She believes what she has heard "better than reportingly," and therefore is aware of Benedick's qualities and ability to love without needing to be told, emphasising her ability to deduce things for herself, and to disregard appearance. However, both characters are deceived, and therefore perhaps fail to use their reason, to some extent. Certainly Benedick's response (and some might argue Beatrice's as well) is emotional and instinctive, and we see a conflict between reason and emotion which is hugely significant throughout the play.

The capacity to maintain an appropriate balance between reason and emotion appears to evade every character at some point during the play, except, I feel, Beatrice. She shows herself throughout to be steadfast, loyal and, certainly in contrast to most of the other characters, notably consistent. It is her that we look to in order to draw comparisons with other characters' reactions and responses. In Act 4 Scene 1, she shows not only loyalty to and faith in her close friend Hero, but also certainty and credence in her own convictions. Leonato's response to Claudio's accusation is unambiguous and explicit, as he takes what he is told to be the truth, showing absolutely no belief in his daughter and saying:

"Death is the fairest cover for her shame/ That may be wished for."

His reaction is intensely emotional, and is reinforced by awareness of his own status. Beatrice, on the other hand, shows an ability to deduce the truth through a refined balance of reason, commitment to her friend, and instinct. She is aware of the fact that, as a woman, her views are not valued in Messina (she is considered by the men, "a rare parrot-teacher" who repeats herself and talks little sense) and recognises that "were [she] a man", this would not be the case. However, she uses her ability with words and reason against Benedick in order to get him to fulfil her wish of having Claudio killed. Through her perception and an understanding of the society she believes that the "gallant" men are mere "valiant dust", concerned more with the status and image that goes with being a warrior than actually realising this facade. She tells Benedick bluntly:

"...men are only turned into tongue, and trim ones too."

By this she is implying that, as sharp and quick witted as he may be, he is in reality all talk and no action. This scathing remark shows not only a remarkably perceptive insight into how men work, but also a capacity to use reason and intelligence in order to manipulate others, an aptitude shown by no other character in the play.

In analysing the play, and when one takes note of the critical role that not only Beatrice but also Hero plays in it, it seems evident that in Messina the men are the more emotion driven of the species, and women the more reasonable. Certainly this challenges stereotypes that have existed for thousands of years in the west, and Shakespeare can be said to have been well ahead of his time. As I have already discussed, Beatrice represents the perfect amalgamation of emotion and reason, and is almost the epitome of stability, emphasising the giddiness of the other characters. But I feel that Hero, perhaps in a subtler, more understated way, plays a great part in this.

Away from the vigilant eye of social expectation she shows herself, similarly to Beatrice, to be capable of manipulating language and using her reason and logic in order to persuade and influence others. She is instrumental in the planning of the efficient deception of Beatrice in Act 3 Scene 1, evidently using harsh, hard-hitting comments as a tool against her, as Beatrice wails:

"What fire is in my ears?"

In contrast, Don Pedro, Leonato and Claudio's ostentatious attempt is unplanned, ad hoc and full of mistakes that would be viewed as irredeemable, were it not for the fact that the men in the play have already shown themselves to be emotive and impressionable, as can be seen when, barely moments after "noting" Hero early on in the play, Claudio proclaims:

"That I love her, I feel."

Even the name Hero appears to give her parity with the supposed male heroes of the war and at the end of the play we witness her showing the qualities that are required for one to be named as such. At first glance, Hero's acceptance of Claudio (again) appears to show ignorance and a lack of comprehension of the deficiencies of a patriarchal society in which women are willingly subservient. However, while Claudio shows that he has learned nothing from the ordeal, referring to his wife-to-be as a commodity that he must "seize upon", it is Hero who shows composure, self-awareness and conviction. To refuse to marry Claudio would be to question the foundations and fundamental beliefs of Messina, and so her self-sacrifice can be seen not only as heroic but also as strikingly controlled, level-headed, and essentially reasonable. She makes a definite distinction between "now" and "then", showing certainty and assurance:

"And when I liv'd I was your other wife, and when you lov'd, you were my other husband."

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In the final moments of the play, when Benedick proclaims his desire to marry, saying that there is "nothing to any purpose that the world can say against it" Shakespeare is seeking to convey a similar certitude and integrity developing within Benedick to that previously shown by Hero; one that has thus far been absent in the nature of any of the male characters. Benedick's perhaps more overt heroism can be put on a par with that of Hero and is perhaps more recognised, as it is he who appears to give the play its buoyant ending by vowing to marry Beatrice, love his cousin Claudio and, regarding Don John, "devise thee brave punishments". But it must not be forgotten that, had Hero refused Claudio's hand in marriage, none of this would have been possible. In addition to this, the quite remarkable transformation of Benedick's character can be attributed overwhelmingly to Beatrice, who has shown herself throughout to be unwavering, virtuous - and indeed the absolute opposite of "a giddy thing".

Table of contents

1. Natural Enemies
Hymenopteran ParasitoidsPredatorsFungal Control Against Bark BeetlesPinus Wallichiana Branches Used in the ExperimentsFungal Species Used in the TreatmentFungal Treatment of Bark Beetle Adults (Petri Plate Assay)PhotographyStatistical Analysis

Natural Enemies

Studies on important natural enemies associated with bark beetles were followed as per the standard methods adopted by Dahlsten and Stephen (1974) and Narendran et al. (2001) with little adjustments.

Hymenopteran Parasitoids

For recording the seasonal incidence of hymenopteran parasitoids associated with bark beetles viz., I. stebbingi, P. major and P. scitus experiments were conducted during 2015–2016 in Nowpora village (33°61.078' N, 075°18.700' E, elevation 5920 ft.) in Anantnag District, Jammu & Kashmir. The samples were collected for a period of two years (from April to November 2015 and from April to November 2016). After every month ten branches (1–8 cm in diameter, 20–50 cm in length) by careful observation were cut from host trees (P. wallichiana) naturally infested with bark beetles. The sample branches were brought to the laboratory and kept in rearing boxes made up of glass fitted with white muslin cloth for the possible emergence of parasitoids(Figures 2–4).. After every ten days emerged parasitoids from infested branches were counted and some branches were also debarked to examine the activities of parasitoid stages associated with bark beetles. The same procedure was followed throughout the year and the parasitoids collected were listed and the proportion of a particular species out of the total (i.e., dominance coefficient) was determined. The coefficient of dominance of a parasitoid species was calculated as follows:

During year 2016, the same sampling procedure was followed and the dominance coefficient (%) was determined as per the above formula.

Predators

For recording the seasonal occurrence of predators associated with bark beetles viz., I. stebbingi, P. major and P. scitus, experiments were conducted in the same aforementioned study area. The samples were collected for a period of two years (from April to November 2015 and from April to November 2016) with the interval of 15 days between the successive sampling instances. Since three aforementioned bark beetle species occupy different parts of the host tree, three wooden frames (sampling units) were made available, one for each species. The dimensions of the wooden frames were 0.06 m2, 0.10 m2 and 0.16 m2 for P. scitus, P. major and I. stebbingi respectively. After every fifteen days, a total of thirty samples were taken (ten from each species) from severely infested logs, first by marking the bark surface by using wooden frames, then by carefully debarking the sample area occupied by each species (Figs. 3–4). Data of each predator species with its associated host beetle stage were recorded. The same procedure was followed throughout the year and the predators collected were listed and the proportion of a particular species out of the total (i.e., dominance coefficient) was determined as per the aforementioned formula used for parasitoids for both years.

Fungal Control Against Bark Beetles

Studies on use of entomopathogenic fungi against bark beetles was followed as per the earlier standard methods adopted by Batta (2007) and Jakus and Blanzee (2011)

Pinus Wallichiana Branches Used in the Experiments

Naturally infested branches of P. wallichiana were collected during 2017(April to November 2017) from a severely infested pine stand located in Nowpora village (33°61.078' N, 075°18.700' E, elevation 5920 ft.) in Anantnag District, Jammu & Kashmir (Figure 1) and forest check point, Tangmarg (340 03.797' N, 074024.948' E, Elevation 7552 feet) in Baramulla District, Jammu & Kashmir (Figures 1¬¬¬¬–3). The infested branches were selected after observing bark beetle infestations (Figure 4–5). The sample branches were transported to the Animal House, Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir in plastic boxes for the evaluation of fungal treatments against I. stebbingi.

Fungal Species Used in the Treatment

The commercial bioprepration of three entomopathogenic fungi viz., B. bassiana, M. anisopliae and L. lecanii were obtained from Green Life Biotech Laboratory, Somanur, Coimbatore, India. Experiment was performed from April to November 2017. A total of 90 branches naturally infested with bark beetles, categorized into five groups (G1–G5), were used in the experiment for each bark beetle species. Each replicate represented three infested branches and six replicates per experimental treatment were used for each bark beetle species (Table 1). The used insecticide was cyclone (active ingredient: Chlorpyriphos 50% + Cypermethrin 5%).

The fungal preparation was diluted in water: 1ml biopreparation/1000 ml water with four drops of a common detergent as a wetting agent. Each fungal suspension contained 1.0 × 109 spores of fungi in 1 ml. The fungal suspensions were applied with a hand sprayer at 500 ml per log (Table 1). High volumes of fungal suspensions were used for effective treatment so that suspensions would penetrate spontaneously after application. After 10 days nine branches from three treated replicates in each group were carefully debarked and the percentage mortality of each bark beetle species were calculated and compared (Table 1). The same procedure was applied for calculating percentage mortality of each bark beetle species after 20 days of treatment.

Fungal Treatment of Bark Beetle Adults (Petri Plate Assay)

In this method a total of 15 petri dishes containing filter papers were used; three replicates were maintained for each treatment. The treatments were performed by applying two rapid jetting sprays standardized at 1.0 ml per replicate using a small calibrated hand sprayer (1 liter capacity) equipped with a nozzle suited to low-volume spray application (Batta, 2007). In each petri dish 40 adults of each bark beetle species were introduced before spraying. The same spray volumes (1 ml per replicate) were applied in the other treatments (Table 2). The mortality percentage from each treated group was evaluated after 2, 4 and 6 days after treatment. This mortality was shown either by the lack of movement of treated adults within five minute period of continuous observation or by the appearance of mycelial growth on the bodies of dead adults. The beetles were then incubated in petri dishes under humid conditions for one week to promote mycelial growth with the conidia and the conidiophores on their bodies.

Photography

Photographs during the field study were taken by using Canon PowerShot SX60 camera fitted with macro lens (Raynox MSN-505, 37mm). Analysis of digital images was done by using ImageJ analysis software (Version 2006. 02.01). For morphometric description of collected predators images were taken from haplotype with a Leica DFC295 camera attached to a Leica M205A Stereozoom binocular microscope. Multiple images with different focal levels were combined into a single image using Leica Automontage Software (V4.10). Measurements were also taken from the type specimens with Leica Automontage Software. All the specimens are deposited in the Museum, Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar.

Statistical Analysis

The data obtained during the present study were tabulated and graphically presented as per the required statistical methods. Arithmetic mean, Variance, Range, Standard Error and SD (Standard deviation) were used to analyze the data. The correlation between maternal galleries and fecundity of females was analyzed by Karl Pearson’s correlation method. Head capsule width of different larval instars was used to calculate total larval instars by Dyar’s ratio (Dyar, 1890). Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS (Version 10.00).

Table of contents

1. Results and Discussion
2. Host range
Laboratory bulb testsGreenhouse tests

Results and Discussion

Isolation, identification and frequency of fungi associated with infected lilium with root and bulb rot

Two hundred and thirty-seven fungal isolates belonging to five genera and nine species were recovered from diseased lilium showing root and bulb rot symptoms collected from different fields located at Qaluobia Governorate. The isolated fungi were identified as Aspergillus niger Tiegh (3 isolates), Fusarium moniliforme J. Sheld (10 isolates), F. oxysporum Schltdl. (100 isolates), F. roseum Beck (20 isolates), F. semitectum Berk (11 isolates), F. solani (Mart.) Sacc. (16 isolates), Pythium spp. (Pringsh.) (45 isolates), Rhizoctonia solani Kühn (30 isolates) and Rhizopus arrizhus Fischer (2 isolates). Data in table (1) indicate that the most dominant fungi were F. oxysporum (42.14%), followed by Pythium spp. (18.99%), R. solani (12.66%) and F. roseum (8.44%). Meanwhile, Rh. arrizhus recorded less frequency (0.84%). These results are in agreement with those obtained by Hilal et al. (1992); Wright (1998) and Ciampi et al. (2009) who found that 20% of the isolated fungi from calla bulbs was Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. and 80% was F. oxysporum Schltdl. On the other hand, Mordechai-Sara et al. (2014) reported that leaf chlorosis, wilt, root and bulb rot of lily plants grown in commercial greenhouses in Israel are predominantly caused by Rhizoctonia AG-A, Pythium oligandrum and Fusarium proliferatum. Also, Lakshman et al. (2017) stated that eight fungal isolates were recovered from necrotic roots of Easter lilies (Lilium longiflorum cv. Nellie White) and grown in a field located at the U.S. Pacific Northwest. The eight fungal isolates identified by sequencing and molecular phylogenetic analyses based on their ITS rDNA region. Five isolates were identified as Fusarium oxysporum, two as F. tricinctum, and one as Rhizoctonia sp. AG-I.

Solated fungi, i.e. oxysporum, F. roseum, R. solani and Pythium spp., infecting lilium was determined under greenhouse conditions. Fig. (1) shows that F. oxysporum (31.25 and 37.50%, 30 and 60 days after planting, respectively), followed by Pythium spp. (18.75 and 37.50%, 30 and 60 days after planting, respectively), was the most virulent ones. F. roseum (18.75 and 25.00%, 30 and 60 days after planting, respectively), followed by R. solani (12.50 and 25.00%, 30 and 60 days after planting, respectively), was the lowest ones. These results are in agreement with those obtained by Hilal et al. (1992), Schineider et al. (2001), Elewa et al. (2001), Chase (2005), Palmero et al. (2014) and Mordechai-Sara et al. (2014) who reported that artificially inoculated lily plants with each of R. solani AG-A, P. oligandrum, F. oxysporum and F. proliferatum resulted in chlorosis on low leaves 7 days after inoculation. Eight weeks later, symptoms became more severe and accompanied by wilting.

Host range

Two trials were carried out to test the capability of the tested fungi, i.e. F. oxysporum, F. roseum, R. solani and Pythium spp. to infect tulip, lilium, iris, calla and freesia either to bulbs in laboratory or greenhouse on developed plants:

Laboratory bulb tests

The ability of the tested fungi to infect bulbs of tulip, lilium, iris, calla and freesia was determined under laboratory conditions. Data in table (2) show that the tested fungi differed in their pathogenic potentialities to infect the bulbs of the tested plants. F. oxysporum was the most virulent one, resulted in 83.33, 91.66, 83.33, 25.00 and 83.33% disease severity to the tested plants, respectively. Pythium spp. followed by F. roseum occupied the second rank. R. solani was the lowest pathogenic fungus, giving 25, 25, 16.66, 8.33 and 25% disease severity, respectively. Moreover, lillium bulbs were the most susceptible to the tested pathogens, especially F. oxysporum, being 91.66% disease severity. Meanwhile, calla was the lowest susceptible one (Table 2). The high susceptibility of lilium bulbs to infection may be due to the characteristics of its bulbs, which have no dry scale structure (tunica) for protecting the bulbs from the external factors. Also, lillium bulbs have higher moisture content than other geophytes, and they have thicker and succulent scales, thus, it is easy for the pathogens to penetrate into cells through the scales (Sirin, 2011).

Greenhouse tests

Under greenhouse conditions, the capability of the tested fungi, i.e. F. oxysporum, F. roseum, R. solani and Pythium spp. to infect tulip, lilium, iris, calla and freesia was determined. Data in table (3) show that the four tested fungi differed in their pathogenic capabilities to infect the tested bulbs. F. oxysporum and Pythium spp. were the most aggressive fungi on all tested bulbs, since they gave the highest infection percentages. On the other hand, lilium and iris were the most susceptible ones, while calla bulbs were the less susceptible ones. These results are in agreement with those obtained by Wright (1998) and Ciampi et al. (2009). Elewa et al. (2001) reported that testing susceptibility of some bulbous ornamental plants to infection by F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli revealed that freesia and iris were the most susceptible hosts (100% infection), while lilium and tulip were the lowest ones.

Alternative against a number of pathogens for effective and sustainable disease control management of several flower bulbs (Lu and Chen, 2005 and Luzzatto-Knaana and Yedidia, 2009). In this study the efficacy of two commercial bioformulations and two chemical inducers against lilium and calla root rot caused by F. oxysporum was estimated by counting the percentage of the infected plants 60 days after planting. Data in table (4) indicate that all the tested treatments significantly decreased the disease incidence and increased the survived plants in comparison to the untreated control. The decrease in disease percentages in relation to the untreated control ranged from (9.90 to 40.00%) in lilium plants and from (15.33 to 66.66%) in calla plants. The increase in the survived plants ranged from 16.50 to 66.66% and from 10.0 to 40.0%, in lilium and calla, respectively. Bio cure-B and followed by Bio cure-F were the best treatments at significant level, while Chito Care was the lowest effective one. These results are somewhat in agreement with those obtained by Elmer (2006) who reported that Benzo (1, 2, 3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothiolic acid (BTH) protected corms of gladiolus (Gladiolus hortulanus) from attack with F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli. Also, Liu et al. (2008) reported that application of cell suspension of Bacillus cereus strain C1L as soil drench 24 h before inoculation with Botrytis elliptica reduced disease severity by (40%) in Lilium formosanum seedlings. Also, Sirin (2011) confirmed the potentiality of T. harzianum in controlling R. solani on lilium plants under in vivo conditions.

Integrated effect of some commercial bio-formulations and chemical inducers on lilium root rot under greenhouse conditions

This experiment was conducted to determine the integrated effect of the tested inducers and biocontrol formulations, Bio-Cure–F and Bio-Cure-B on lilium root rot control. Data in table (5) show that dipping bulbs of lilium in formula of the tested biocontrol agents and treated with any of the tested chemical inducers as soil drench immediately after planting significantly protected plants from Fusarium root rot. The integration between P. fluorescens and any of the tested inducers was more effective than integration between T. viride and the same inducers in relation to the disease incidence percentages. Potassium silicate in combination with P. fluorescens was the most effective treatment, which resulted in the lowest disease incidence percentage, being 31.25% (Table 5). These results are in harmony with those obtained by Mishar et al. (2000); Abdel-Monaim (2008); Kidane, (2008); El-Mohamedy et al. (2014) and Khalifa et al. (2016). Elmer (2006) evaluated the efficacy of pre plant treatments of gladiolus corms with combinations of acibenzolar -S - methyl (ASM) and biological or chemical fungicides for suppression of Fusarium corm rot. He found that corms treated with ASM produced 48% more marketable flower spikes than untreated corms and the value of the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was reduced by 12%.

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However, chemical fungicides Medallion Reg 50WP (fludiozonil) and Terranguard TM 50WP (triflumizole) reduced AUDPC by 27% and 23%, respectively, and none of the biological fungicides were effective. Improved plant resistance to diseases by silicon (Si) applications has been reported for different crops. Because of pathogenic fungi penetrate the host through the epidermal cell wall; Si deposited in these walls may act as a mechanical barrier. Recently, research prove that the production and accumulation of antifungal phenolic compounds such as lignin and activation of defence related enzymes, including chitinase and 1,3-glucanase may also be involved (Smith-Linda et al., 2005). On the other hand, fungi causing symptoms of Fusarium wilt can survive in the soil in a dormant state for many years by forming resistant spores called chlamydospores. Like many other pathogenic soil borne fungi, in order to infect plant roots, their dormant units must be stimulated by molecules present in seed and root exudates. Without the release of such stimulatory molecules, in most cases, root infections hardly take place (Kidane, 2008). Also, silicon may reduce or delay spore germination and fungal growth indirectly by reducing amino acid and starch formation, which promote fungal growth (Takahashi, 1995 and Kidane, 2008).

Table of contents

1. Difficulties in solving Team Conflicts
2. External and internal forces and resistance
3. Challenges health care and safety

Management is one key aspect that many people, organizations, and managers find a number of challenges and as a result, fails to achieve their goals and aspiration due to these difficulties. It is important to understand that management is not an easy task. Managing work, health care, and safety involve working with people who are supposed to support by following rules and regulations needed to achieve the work. In this regard, managers and organizations are forced to come up with proper strategies a task that is no very easy to achieve (Keller, 2017,56). This paper presents reasons Why are managing work, health, and safety challenges for people managers and organizations.

Managing work involves working with people to ensure some organizational objectives are achieved. Managers always have their share of parks and rewards once the works they supervised is completed successful (Pinto, 2015.753). Due to this advantage, managers and organization always stand a better position of influencing and changing the attitude of the employee. Managing work however in some cases do not offer satisfaction and may have a different expectation. Managers always expect that every team should reach their goals without much effort, but this is not always the case. It is important to know that being an organization or a manager means dealing with hard or tough issues (Brewster et al., 2016). The tough issue ranges from employees performance, employee compensation or maintains organization policies. Below are the challenges managers and organization face when handling. Below are reasons why managing work and health is challenging for the people, managers, and organizations.

Dealing with low work performance has always been a major source of organizations and managers problems. This problem is usually caused by lack of proper staff of staff selection lack of qualified staff needed to do the work. Due to this inefficiency, the managers end up getting unexpected results. Secondly, the managers get the problem when demonstrating the expectation to those staff employees.

Difficulties in solving Team Conflicts

Team conflict is a situation where there is a misunderstanding between two or more employees. Most organizations want their employee and their partners to cooperate with each other. When one employee comes to the manager with a complaint about his or college, it puts the manager in a very difficult situation. The manager may not have any proper way of arbitrating such case because he has to treat the entire employee equal. Managers and organizations need to put a clear difference between a task and a personal conflict (Galleries & Leidner, 2014, 287). Task conflict is health enclosure they provide an alternative idea on how to do something while the personal conflict is based on the selfish nature of an employee. Organization or managers find it very challenging to differentiate the two types of conflict because no investigation takes place when such matter arises. Another type of conflict that makes managers and organization finds it hard to manage work is the peer conflict. Peer conflict involves confrontational arguments. Many managers are not tolerated and may not accept the argument by the employee. When an organization has such confrontation the amount of work done will not correspond to the expectation.

Burn out is another difficulty most managers face when managing work. It is important to keep perspective on the important things in life apart from work. Most managers’ fails to take a vacation because they want to improve their work conditions because of this, managers get burnout and as a result loose work morale. Continuous work is also caused by the fact that the manager always has a lot of pressure when forced to achieve their goals. Most managers don’t get job satisfaction, and this is a major source of burnout. The organization also face a lot of challenges in managing work and tamped due to their relationship with their partner. Partners so times may oppose some organization policies and changes that may result in a positive change within the organization. When this happened, it will be difficult for the organization to achieve its goals. Managing work needs coordination among the partners.

Resources is usually needed to achieve the organizational goal and expectation. Managers and organizational management face a lot of challenges because they have a lot of challenges in getting the recourses. A manager may request the resource to do some work. Getting the resource may be difficult simply because of beurocracy or because the resource is not available. These may demoralize the manager, and he may not achieve what to achieve hence the difficulty in management. Organizational management achieves collective responsibility of both the board of directors and the management. However, there are some cases where the board of director fails to have a good relationship with the managers, and this puts the management in a situation where they cannot work effectively.

External and internal forces and resistance

Both organization and manager find it hard to manage work due to internal, external resistance. These are from people or manager who may feel the organization policies do not favor them. This resistance put the management in a difficult situation and may hinder their ability to manage. Some decision made by the organization may be threatening to some people, and they will react in such a way that the organization finds hard to deal with them. Managers and organization will have several challenges in handling such resistance (Finkelman, 2015,759). Another form of resistance is the resistance is the external resistance. This resistance is informing of government policies that do not favor organizational operations. Due to this, managers will face many challenges in managing work.

Culture is another problem that makes most organization and managers have sleepless nights. Organizational management is driven by culture and organization Culture is the direct behavior that managers and the employee have towards the business owners. Culture has a way of affecting the manager’s attitude (Du & Bhattacharya, 2015, 785). Organizational culture may change the attitude of a manager from positive to negative. For instance, a new manager may come with a very positive attitude, energized and ready to prove his competence. However in case the culture does not support and empower him, then this moral will automatically die. A company or the managers with strong values faced a lot of challenge in managing work because at some point, the values will be tested and the ethical question may arise in proper market-related research. Such questions may go against the manager’s values and ethics. This may cause a serious challenge to the manager and the organization as a whole.

Challenges health care and safety

Managing health and safety are challenging because it involves being able to apply consistent workplace policies. It is also difficult to work with the department, supervisors, human resources and other entities within the organization. Healthcare requires a lot of attention and investment. The government has a responsibility of making sure that there is proper health care in the country (Singh & Paithankar, 2015,765). Managers and organization face problem and difficulties in managing healthcare due to consistency interference by the government. Many organizations also face a lot of question because they fail to follow the government policies in health and safety measures.

Health and safety management involves many risks that the organization should accept. This risk gives an organization, a manager or even an individual a lot of report during management. Financial challenges are one of the key reasons for anxiety among the organization, and this makes it difficult for the organization of people to manage and achieve its business strategic operations (Galleries &Leidner, 2014,754). The government has a constantly shifting focus on health reimbursement, and this change in focus causes a big problem when it comes to management because the managers or people may not be able to focus on different issues at the same time but are only able to focus on one aspect of health at a time. While maintaining these changes, the government also requires that the health risk management should be able to show a resource that has been saved. In most cases, this always proves difficult to show therefore making health risk management difficult to manage.

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The final reason why is managing work, health and safety challenging for people managers and organizations is the fact that many organizations and managers lose the bigger picture of the objectives. The manager needs to understand where the work fits at a higher level once of whom this the managers can speak very intelligently and deliver quality services based on the expectation.

Table of contents

1. Introduction
Competition Network and SecurityBig Data AnalyticsCorporate Social Responsibility
2. Conclusion
3. References:

Introduction

An organisation is carried out by various complex inter-company processes taking place simultaneously. The processes too keeps on changing with time which arises lots of problems in the organisation. These inter-company processes are a driver of economic evolution and provide a critical managerial challenge for the individuals and companies involved in business. Managerial challenges are the bottlenecks the managers and the administartors of an organisation face while running the organisation.

(Abrahamsen, M., Ha?kansson, H., 2012) As per common knowledge managerial challenges are usually of 2 types Internal environmental and external environmental challenges. The internal environmental challenges consists of challenges like employee motivation, operating process, supply chain management whereas the external enviromental challenges consists of challenges which are faced on a macro level by all competitors like political, environmental, legal, social, economic, technological (PESTEL).

Competition Network and Security

The world is globalised resulting in increasing competition. The organisation needs to analyse their performance not only financially but even technologically to keep up with customers demand. With the advance of information technology (IT), it has been able to transform the capability of organizations and industries into competitive advantages. The issue of firms investing in IT has received increasing attention in recent years. (Tang, C.-P., Huang, T.C.-K. & Wang, S.-T., 2018) With time, the organization grows and expands and hence the efficient functioning is one of the most crucial challenge which managers face. Internet of things (IOT) is the network of various devices within an organization, which leads to safe, secure and proper functioning by keeping all parts and people of the organization connected.

Big Data Analytics

According to Tan, K.H. (2018), companies usually use data analysis to accurately figure out the changing environment, which will affect the company's competitive position and detection of new business opportunities. As cited in Ahmed et al (2017), the three main types of analytics, namely descriptive analytics, predictive analytics and prescriptive analytics. Descriptive analytics refers to what has already occurred, predictive analytics refers to what is likely to happen next, and prescriptive analytics means what should be done to achieve more optimal solutions. Big data analysis have eventually become the core element of differentiating the organizations competencies, productivity and new business opportunities.

Corporate Social Responsibility

The organizations currently believe "customer is king". Its important and good that organizations have started believing that they need to give back the society, customer and environment whatever they have taken from the world. Austin, 2000; Pirsch et al., 2007; Varadarajan and Menon, 1998, classified Corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities into three broad categories based on the corporation’s strategic goals: philanthropic (a charitable donor– recipient nature), promotional (enhances mutually beneficial relationship exchanges) and value-creating (integrated into firms’ mission and core business agenda).

Conclusion

These new types of business are possible because of an ability to reach customers through digital retail platforms, and, as importantly, because supply chain management platforms make it possible to identify producers and organize a supply chain (Lisa, 2015). These managerial challenges are a part of organizations operating cycle. Every organization in particular span of time has to go through some managerial challenges. These challenges act as stepping-stones for an organizations growth and development. If there are challenges, there are innovative, creative and easy solutions available for ensuring the smooth functioning of an organization. In my opinion managers should foster the environment keeping in mind the customers and employees needs to get rid of the problems they face.

References:

1. Ford, D. and Håkansson, H. (2018). managerial challenge. [ebook] Available at: https://www.impgroup.org/uploads/papers/8194.pdf [Accessed 3 Oct. 2018].
2. CHEN, X., HUANG, R., YANG, Z. and DUBE, L., 2018. CSR types and the moderating role of corporate competence. European Journal of Marketing, 52(7-8), pp. 1358-1386.
3. FALLAH HAGHIGHI, N., HAJIHOSEINI, H., RAMEZANPOUR NARGESI, G. and BIJANI, M., 2018. Gap analysis of current and desired states of entrepreneurship development components in the field of ICTs in Iran. Technology in Society, 54, pp. 101-110.
4. TAN, K.H., 2018. Managerial perspectives of big data analytics capability towards product innovation. Strategic Direction, 34(8), pp. 33-35.
5. TANG, C.-., HUANG, T.C.-. and WANG, S.-., 2018. The impact of Internet of things implementation on firm performance. Telematics and Informatics, 35(7), pp. 2038-2053.
6. Nambisan, S., Siegel, D., & Kenney, M. (2018). On open innovation, platforms, and entrepreneurship. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 12(3), 354-368.

Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. Invasive Species
Asian CarpMountain pine beetlesEarthwormsMusselsCane toads
3. Conclusion

Introduction

An invasive species is any kind of organism that enters into a new ecosystem and begins to negatively alter the region. Such negative consequences of invasive species include harm to the surrounding ecosystem and alterations to the habitat of the organisms already living there. Native species are generally well armed to handle the defense against other native species; when an invasive species comes along, however, native organisms are not prepared to handle unfamiliar competitors. Even worse than harm to the environment, invasive species can wreak havoc on the economy and even the health of humans. As stated by the National Wildlife Federation, a species is labeled as invasive if they “grow and reproduce quickly, and spread aggressively, with potential to cause harm”.

Immediate threats that follow the arrival of an invasive species include preying and competing with native animals, causing or carrying disease, and preventing native species from reproducing. Indirectly, invasive species may also alter the food web by destroying or replacing original sources and consequently providing little to no food source for the wildlife.

Invasive Species

Asian Carp

Some invasive species are brought into new locations to serve a purpose, like the Asian carp, but eventually become a species that is invasive. Asian carp is a common term for a group of fish that include bighead, silver, grass, and black carp. These fish were originally brought to the Southern United States to clean out algae and vegetation from aquaculture ponds and sewage lagoons in the 1960s. Environmental causes such as floods were reason that these fish were able to escape into the wild where they began to eat plankton that many other fish needed as food. As noted on the New York Invasive Species website, “Asian carp can consume 5 to 20 percent of their body weight per day… and can reach 110 pounds… dominating native fisheries in both abundance and in biomass”. Severely impacting the food web, these carp easily outcompete native fish for fish. Even further, the elimination of plankton-feeding fish takes away prey important to predatory fish in such waters. Today, the Mississippi and Illinois River systems are now made up of more than 95% of the biomass in some areas of the Mississippi Basin.

In contrast to the accidental flow of Asian carp into the wild, most invasive species are spread accidentally through human activity. The goods we use travel around the world very quickly, and these goods will often times carry species from other places into new regions. Generally, aquatic organisms travel in ballast tanks of ships and on the propellers of smaller boats. Insects can travel in the wood of shipping palettes and crates, and some invasive species start as nothing more than intentionally or accidentally released pets. Higher than average temperatures and changes in the rain and snow patterns will also enable some invasive plant species and mountain pine beetles to move into new areas.

Mountain pine beetles

The mountain pine beetle is a small bug that only grows to become about 4--7 millimeters in diameter and spreads through the movement of firewood and other wood products. Mountain pine beetles’ key to survival in parts of North America are warm summers and mild winters; this ensures that the insect not only survives, but a continuation of infestations that lead to outbreaks. These beetles affect mainly lodgepole and ponderosa pine trees, but are not shy to other pine species as well.

Mountain pine beetles affect pine trees by laying eggs underneath the bark of the tree. With the entrance of beetles under the bark, they also introduce blue stain fungus into the sapwood that prevents the tree from repelling killings the attacking beetles with tree pitch flow. Tree pitch flow happens in infected trees; “they convert a large amount of starch to sugar, which causes a flow of water from the soil into the tree by osmosis” (Kimmerer, 2014). The blue stain fungus also blocks water and nutrients from being transported throughout the tree. On the exterior of the tree, large masses of resin, called “pitch tubes,” form where the beetles have entered. Between the mountain pine beetle larvae feeding on the tree and the fungal colonization, the host tree is dead within a few weeks of an attack.

Earthworms

Another example of an invasive species is earthworms. “All of the earthworms… in the Great Lakes region are exotic; most are European” and were brought here by settlers in the mid-1800s. Today, earthworms are continually transported through the dumping of unused fish bait, the movement of compost and mulch, and any other movements of soil. Recently, researches have collected data on the dramatic changes in native hardwood forest ecosystems that have been invaded by exotic earthworms. These changes include losses of native understory plant species and tree seedlings, changes in the soil’s structure, and a decline in the availability of nutrients that the soil offers.

Because of the mixing and breaking up of the soil, earthworms are able to directly alter the soil’s chemistry. In areas that were previously free of earthworms, fallen leaves and other forest litter were taken care of by fungi and bacteria, a process that is much, much slower than the that of earthworms. This build up on the forest floor serves as a home to “thousands of microorganisms, spiders, insects, and fungi that all support the unique plant communities in these forests” (Hale, 2013, p. 5). Also important, this layer serves as perfect grounds for the seeds of plant species, most of which take up to two years to fully germinate. However, when earthworms are introduced, they eat through this layer, taking out this spongy forest floor and making it more difficult for plants to lay down roots. As a result, the diversity and population of native forest plant communities can decrease dramatically. Animals are also affected my earthworms: the loss of the forest floor takes away habitats and food sources for animals such as “nesting birds, small mammals, amphibians, reptiles, insects and spiders”. In areas with high populations of white-tailed deer, plant regeneration from feeding deer is slow and earthworms only worsen the issue.

Mussels

Another invasive species includes the quagga and zebra mussels, which are aquatic invasive species native to eastern Europe; they originated in the Ukraine and Russia, respectively. Ballast water tanks from transoceanic ships are thought to be responsible for the extended spread of quagga and zebra mussels. These mussels have caused great amounts of suffering to the ecosystems they have entered. To begin, these organisms only grow to be the size of about a fingernail. However, they clog water intake structures like pipes and screens, greatly increasing the cost of maintenance for water treatment and power plants. Ecologically, quagga and zebra mussels can potentially kill native freshwater mussels by attaching to their shells and killing them and by outcompeting the native mussels. As these mussels encrust the bottoms of lakes and rivers, native aquatic arthropods that need soft sediments for burrowing are displaced; this has even “lead to the collapse of amphipod populations that fish rely on for food and the health of fish populations has been severely affected”.

These mussels have also been associated with avian botulism outbreaks in the Great Lakes. Birds are infected with their own type of botulism, Botulism type C, which is concentrated in aquatic invertebrates that filter feed sediments or water. This has caused the death of tens of thousands of birds.

Cane toads

Intentionally introduced to Australia in 1935 to help fight against cane beetles killing off sugar cane crops, cane toads have become to be known as an invasive species. Failing to regulate the cane beetles, these toads instead began to hunt native insects. There was an initial release of 3,000 toads into the wild, but the populations in Australia have grown to be in the millions. They are now also found in south Florida and throughout the Caribbean.

In addition to eating and decreasing the population of native insects, cane toads are poisonous throughout their entire lifecycle; predators of the toads are vulnerable and die rapidly after ingesting these toads. While their predators die quickly, the cane toads are quickly reproducing. Females can lay 8,000-30,000 eggs at one time, and these eggs hatch within two to three days. In comparison, most native Australian frogs lay about 1,000-2,000 per year. As the cane toads become adults, they may compete with native animals, particularly for shelter. “A 2004 study showed that cane toads ruined one-third of nest attempts of ground-nesting rainbow bee-eaters by usurping their nest burrows and preying upon their eggs and young nestling” (“The Cane Toad,” 2010). There is unlikely to ever be a large-scale method available to control the invasive cane toad population across Australia.

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Conclusion

In conclusion, invasive species enter into unfamiliar regions and take over the existing ecosystem in a way that affects entire food chains. Through both intentional release and unintentional transport, these species enter into natural habitats and take over. For native species, this means the loss of food supply, shelter, and nutrients, and over time, a permanent change in what was once known.

Manfred, in the dramatic poem of the same name, written by Lord Byron, is a character that possesses many flaws. As Manfred mourns the loss of his beloved sister, it is revealed that their incestuous relationship was deemed illegal by and disgusted their society. As a result of this as well as his sister’s passing, Manfred attempts to commit more social and legal crimes such as suicide, witchcraft and the conjuration of spirits. Although Manfred is depicted as a man void of righteousness and morality, he also portrays qualities that justify and negate some of his actions. These choices prove that he is not made of pure darkness and attempts to redeem himself. Despite having committed acts that alienated him from society, Manfred demonstrates the redemption of his true character through his guilt for his sister’s death, his determination to attain justice for her and his overall courage expressed through the arc of his redemption.

In inadvertent contribution to his atonement, Manfred demonstrates guilt and regret. Being part of this forbidden relationship, the story’s protagonist understands that he too had a role in his sister’s death. Unfortunately, he understands this far too well and is overcome with guilt throughout the entirety of the play. Feeling responsible, he attempts several times to expel these feelings to no avail. Manfred is left nearly hopeless and unable to live with the pain he has caused to both his love and himself. “But grief should be the instructor of the wise; Sorrow is knowledge: they who know the most Must mourn the deepest o’er the fatal truth” (Act I, Scene I, 10-12) Here, Manfred explains that he becomes increasingly troubled the more he lingers on the issue. As he thinks and understands more, his guilt and sorrow are only amplified. Among these feelings are regret. An emotion that does not appeal to his negative actions but instead combats them. Although Manfred has already committed these crimes and social injustices, he demonstrates the newfound good in him though his disagreement with his previous actions. Being incapable of undoing what has already been done, he is determined to negate these actions and redeem himself.

As a result of his guilt, Manfred attempts tirelessly to attain justice for what he believes he caused or punish himself as a result. His determination is generated by a self-induced moral obligation he feels to satisfy his newly adopted sense of righteousness and humanity. The first instance of this is shown in the first scene of the play. When Manfred summons the seven spirits, he demonstrates just how desperate he is for closure. Even after failing at this, his perseverance is shown in his refusal to back down. Arguably his most effective attempt involves his suicide. As Manfred is on the verge of jumping to his death off a cliff, even then, he validates this as an act of redemption. “For the wind’s pastime - as thus - thus they should be - In this one plunge - Farewell ye opening heavens! Look not upon me this reproachfully-” (Act I, Scene I, 112-114) As Manfred is about to end his life, he expresses his idea to both end his suffering and serve justice for his wrongs, an act even some of the best people would refuse to engage in. The most important line here is the last. He begs the heavens to not look on him so reproachfully, meaning Manfred understands that he himself has changed. He uses the word “reproachfully” here as a way to exhibit the good in him, thus veiling the bad. Manfred tells the heavens to regard him as the man he so desperately tries to become and not who he had previously been.

In order to commit many of the acts necessary to prove his redemption, Manfred has expressed a great deal of courage and bravery. Two of the most prominent here are his attempted suicide and his death. Proving Manfred’s redemption involved tasks most would not even consider. His willingness to jump to his death for example, demonstrated just how dedicated he was and that no amount of fear could dissuade him from pursuing justice. This bravery can be seen on an even larger scale during the final scene. As Manfred defends his integrity against a literal demon, denies the Abbot’s urges to save his soul and ultimately his own death, Manfred’s bravery is truly shown as one of his outstanding qualities. “Old man! ‘Tis not so difficult to die.” (Act III, Scene III, 173) Accepting his demise was a bitter yet crucial step in his journey to show his redeeming bravery. In Manfred’s last sentence, he uses his final breath to embrace death instead of running from it, proving that his courage truly has no limits.

Although Manfred has been involved in acts society find atrocious, he ultimately proves that he his, as a whole, good. This can be shown, in a way, though Manfred’s sincere guilt for his sister’s death. Due to this grief, his sheer dedication is justified by his desperation to attain righteousness. Through this perseverance, the protagonist exposes his courage through even the most horrifying scenarios. In order to make both himself as well as society believe that he is in fact a good man, Manfred exhibits these redeeming qualities, some only dream of embodying.

Summary

The two stories “The Queen of Spades” and “The necklace” talks about human obsession with money. The queen of spade story opens up by criticizing the game of cards among the group of junior army officers. This criticism is based on the past lesson of Tomsky grandmother who lost great fortune years earlier while playing cards. According to Pushkin (1834), there are similarities between the younger and older generation when it comes obsession with money.

Humans do risks what they have in the quest to become rich within a shorter time. This obsession with money has lifetime consequences. On the other hand, the necklace story narrates a story of a young woman, Mathilde Loisel, who was obsessed with wealth (1884). She had a dream of marrying a rich person but in the end she ended up marrying a copyist, who was not considered rich by those days’ standards. Mathilde failure to satisfy her obsession with wealth subjected her to a traumatic life (Maupassant, 1884).

Lessons learned

There are lessons that we can learn from these two stories. In the queen of spade, the lesson we can learn is that humans are never satisfied with the wealth that they already have. They are willing to risk their fortunes in order to gain more wealth. Furthermore, we learn a lesson that there are things that should be valued in life rather than money which are peace and independence (Pushkin, 1834).

Therefore, humans must be contented with what they have already rather than struggling to achieve things which are nearly impossible. In the Necklace story, the lesson we learn is that we should stay focused on our current lives rather than the being obsessed about the future which can be unpredictable. In addition, not all things in life go well as expected, especially when it comes to the matters of relationship and wealth.

These stories have similar lessons. The game of cards is similar to our lives. Life is a gamble because it can never be predicted on how it would end. Just like gambling, you can never predict on whether you would succeed or not. Therefore, instead of focusing about the next move, it is important to concentrate on what you already have and the issues at hand. Both stories highlight the consequences of human obsession with money or wealth.

In Thomas Mann’s Death in Venice, Mann explores the struggle between impulse and logic through the symbolism of luggage presented throughout. The luggage Aschenbach clings to represents the dominance of logic over his impulses, and the effects societal restrictions exert upon his natural instincts. The evolution of Aschenbach’s relationship to his luggage illustrates his natural progression away from the influences of social restrictions and his gradual embrace of innate impulses.

Mann demonstrates Aschenbach’s gradual change of lifestyle by initially asserting the values luggage represents through associations, comparisons, and contrasts. The first instance of luggage is introduced when Aschenbach arrives at his original vacation destination, a remote island, by a motorboat that carried “him and his luggage in the misty dawning back across the water” (Mann, 15). Mann groups Aschenbach and his luggage as linked entities on the motorboat through imagery of Aschenbach located in proximity to his luggage, but also through the form of the text by placing the two subjects in close proximity on the page, in order to demonstrate his attachment to luggage. Luggage also acts as interference brought from civilization into the seclusion and remoteness of the vacation island. The misty surroundings and the uncertainty in direction and destination demonstrate Aschenbach’s short-sightedness regarding his future and desires, and his inability to make the best decision.

Mann then reinforces the fact that luggage is an extension of societal values by depicting “those of the second class” that sat upon their “bundles of luggage” and associates luggage with the standards of modern society (Mann, 16). As Aschenbach rides in the gondola on his way to Hotel des Bains, he not only admires the “coffin-black” seats of the vessel but also praises the gondola seat as “the softest… most relaxing seat in the world” (Mann, 20). The connection between the coffin black color and relaxing qualities establish death as a luxurious escape from the overwhelming stresses of daily life and the ultimate relaxation. Aschenbach’s seat on the gondola is “opposite his luggage, which lay neatly composed” in order to emphasize the contrast between the relief death presents, and the order, obligations and responsibilities represented by his luggage on the polar opposite side of the spectrum (Mann, 20). After the bellhop brings the luggage into Aschenbach’s hotel room, Aschenbach approaches a window and stands looking out at the sea, hearing only the “rhythmic beat upon the sand” (Mann, 24). The separation between the interior of the hotel room, where luggage is situated, from the outside world of nature is a parallel to Aschenbach’s struggle between confinements from societal standards and his natural instincts. Through comparing and contrasting luggage with imagery of society, the ultimate relief of death, as well as the relaxation and freedom of nature, Aschenbach’s luggage is the ultimate symbolism for the constraints established by societal values, and his overwhelming use of logic in his decision-making.

As Aschenbach’s journey in Venice progresses, the physical distance between Aschenbach and his luggage increases and Aschenbach gradually confronts the values luggage represents such as societal restrictions placed upon his life. Aschenbach’s progression is foreshadowed when the gondolier informs him that he cannot bring luggage to the vaporetto and Aschenbach retorts: “I may want to give my luggage in deposit. You will turn around” (Mann, 22). The use of an exotic language for the name of the destination represents the cultural difference of a foreign land, and its effect on distancing Aschenbach from his luggage, old customs, and burdens of responsibility. Aschenbach’s indecision towards the placement of his luggage and the repeated change in direction emphasizes his confusion regarding whether he should consult his logic or instinct in terms of decision-making. En route to the Venetian hotel, Aschenbach ordered his “luggage [to] be taken to the Hotel des Bains” in a separate handcar as the first physical separation from his luggage in Venice (Mann, 23). Hotel des Bains also translates to Hotel Bath, introducing imagery of Aschenbach using his time in Venice to cleanse himself of old inadequate lifestyles and leave anew. However, Aschenbach doesn’t comfortably embrace a lack of luggage until his decision to leave Venice and the bellhop warns him that the car is leaving soon, to which he passionately responds “good, then it might go, and take this trunk with it” (Mann, 36). Aschenbach’s irritation with the heavy time constraints prevailed and revealed his preference for a leisurely lifestyle, and his lack of luggage only reinforces the newfound relaxation and frustration towards obligation and restraints.

As Aschenbach leaves Hotel des Bains with only his light hand-luggage, Aschenbach laments on the brevity of the trip and his encounters with Tadzio, and “quite unusually for him, he shaped a farewell with his lips, he actually uttered it” upon seeing Tadzio (Mann, 36). The repeated mention of time emphasizes Aschenbach’s gravitation away from filling his time with responsibility and obligation, and his pursuit for leisure time, where Aschenbach gains the freedom to become sole influence of his actions. The more time Aschenbach spends in Venice, the more physical distance is established between Aschenbach and his luggage. His attitude towards his luggage also shifts from an initial dependence to enjoying a newfound, unburdened freedom. The transformation of Aschenbach after the departure of his luggage is emphasized by his embrace of his spontaneity in voicing a farewell to his unrequited obsession, Tadzio. The transformation endowed Aschenbach with aggression, the ability to take action, and act upon his inner desires without the restraints of logic and a society that condemns his obsession for Tadzio.

Aschenbach demonstrates the completion of his transformation by revealing his homosexuality and love for Tadzio, a feat impossible without utilizing his newfound instincts, independence and aggression. The evolution of Aschenbach’s relationship to his luggage ultimately allows Aschenbach to pursue his love for Tadzio without constrictions of society and demonstrates the random, uncontrollable nature of love, and illustrates the permanence of both societal pressures and innate natural instincts, and how dependence upon logic is ultimately an obstruction to human autonomy. Aschenbach’s progress is proven by two parallel events that brought his transformation full circle. When Aschenbach first entered Hotel des Bains, he refrained from unpacking; an action that shows logic is still the dominating reason within his head as well as his excessive use of caution. Also, by not unpacking, Aschenbach acknowledges the inevitable departure from Venice and a return to the mundane.

During his second stay in Hotel des Bains, after his lost trunk has been returned, Aschenbach takes full advantage of his second opportunity and shows his disregard for the constrictions within his life by considering his debacle “so happy a mischance… then the lost trunk was set down in his room, and he hastened to unpack” (Mann, 40). Since the luggage has been returned, it shows that the social order is still in place, however, the social forces have lost its influence over Aschenbach as demonstrated by his unpacking. The physical distance established between Aschenbach and his luggage, as well as the emptying of his suitcases through unpacking shows that logic no longer holds dominance over Aschenbach’s impulse. Aschenbach is free to pursue his natural desires by embracing his obsession for Tadzio without the pressures of having to conform to societal values.

The process of how Aschenbach lost his luggage is also crucial. The trunk had been placed with the wrong luggage before morning, and is “on its way in precisely the wrong direction” (Mann, 38). Mann’s emphasizes that the loss of luggage was a random occurrence that Aschenbach could not possibly control in order to create a parallel to the random nature of attraction, love, and sexuality. All three sentiments are based upon natural instincts and similar to the lost luggage, cannot be controlled. Also, since the luggage is heading in the completely wrong direction, it shows that the values represented by luggage such as social influence and a fear of impulse has led Aschenbach astray in the past, but after his transformation, Aschenbach’s path is free from the influence of those values. As a result of Aschenbach’s new disregard of logic and standards of acceptable social conduct, Aschenbach’s hidden sexuality begins to emerge. When his trunk is first removed, Aschenbach “answered with some heat” (Mann, 36). The mention of heat evokes imagery of passion and sex. The freedom from restriction results in “a reckless joy, a deep incredibly mirthfulness shook him almost as with a spasm” (Mann, 38). The reckless joy shows freedom from control and the deep spasms act as sexual imagery, in order to associate his independence as the source of his realized homosexuality and embrace for his love of Tadzio.

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Only when Aschenbach has been freed by his luggage, Aschenbach loses his obsession for order and reason and gains the ability to place the importance of his own natural instincts over that of the opinions of society; as demonstrated by his pursuit of Tadzio. Throughout life, “luggage” is always present in the form of flaws, insecurities, and outer influence. However, people need to be able to overcome and “lose” their luggage in order to embrace inner desires and bring to fruition the goals of highest importance.

In the book “Man’s Search for Meaning” by Viktor E. Frankl, he talked about ways of finding meaning in life. One of which he talked about was creating a work or doing good deeds. One can ask what is their purpose in life, what is the meaning of their existence? And a lot of people have failed, or yet to understand, what the meaning of life is to them. Everybody in has a purpose and concentration of their existence in life, but how can you tell? For some people, it is creating, or inventing, or generating something that can stand greatly and meaningful in someone else’s life.

For most people, their purpose in life might be to help others, in this sense doing good deeds, how can we tell if one is doing good deeds? Some people can’t tell how involved they are in other people’s lives. For example, taking care of the old, helping the homeless, reaching out to those people suffering from tragic situation or natural disaster; these are things people consider to be there purpose in life. Frankl also talked about how he was able to help people in the camp who was thinking of committing suicide to get out of it. This can be said to be his purpose, to help these people who really needed help to define themselves.

In many religions, people try to serve others through the belief in God. They believe if you do good to someone, good things tend to happen to you. Which can easily be said to be the law of karma. Doing good in life is one of the ways people tend to find their purpose, in Frankl’s book, he talked about how some of the guards were nice to the slaves and as to how the slaves saw them. Good deeds can be another way of defining one’s self worth. You can internally hold yourself above others based on the different charitable acts that you have accomplished throughout your lifetime. This inflated self-worth can last through many tribulations and is not sought after in vain or falsely supported. In the modern world, charitable acts don’t always come from a place pure of heart, or even of a background to find one’s purpose. Instead, theses deeds could be only to inflate one’s image to the public eye, or to reference to when trying to impress peers or employers.

Another way that people dedicate their lives with through a specific work, accomplishment, or service. They will find one thing that they thrive under and will truly sanctify the rest of their thoughts, deeds, circle of peers, and topics of discussion underneath of it. This sort of mindset can include inventions or programs. So, for example, an inventor can base their entire worth of their life over the invention that they were successful in making. Even if aspects of this person’s personal, financial, romantic, social, or even educational backgrounds of life, they can look back to this one foundational accomplishment and nothing else matters. They can still see themselves as wildly successful and can always base their self-worth over this one instance.

Frankl gives us an anecdote over the purpose of tragedy as well. In this book, we are told the story of a man in deep mourning over the loss of his wife. He was so distressed that he asked Frankl why did this have to happen to him? Why did his wife have to die before him? Why was he left in misery mourning her loss in n hellish existence of a concentration camp? He fraught over these many questions and could do nothing but keep asking why. Frankl helped this man by simply asking him if he would rather his wife die after him and be left in the miserable position he was in. He stopped and answered no. The suffering man then realized the silver lining in his wife’s death. She was not left to endure life in the concentration camp without his companionship, love, and protection. Frankl then describes to this man that there was purpose in this awful occurrence even though it seemed nothing but purposeless and tortuous at first.

In the camp, a lot of people thought their life was over, they felt they did not have anything to live for anymore. Frankl was able to convince some of his fellow prisoners not to give up and challenge them to find their purpose. Through this a lot of them was able to hold on to the struggle and survive through it, where there were good deeds in the mind of some and others could think of having that freedom to go back home. But it was tough for they never thought they would see the day they will go home as they see a lot of people get flamed every day.

Frankl then informs us that he found his sole purpose in life throughout his experience in the concertation camp. He realized that the atmosphere he was in gave him the opportunity to help many hopeless people find the will to live during this awful time. Frankl was given the chance to save many suffering, innocent people from committing suicide because they didn’t understand what they did to deserve the predicament that they were in. He was a therapist to these individuals and found his purpose through this situation. Frankl realized that even though he was suffering as well, he now had a steadfast purpose with his knowledge, his skill, his social ability and understanding, and his overall life. Even though he was put in a hellish existence, he helped many people find hope. Frankl woke up every day with an aspiration to help others, to bring even a shred of hope and happiness to this beaten peoples’ lives. This shown that one can find their purpose even in the most desolate and horrid conditions. This all is based off their self-worth seen through works. Frankl knew he was making a difference in people’s lives each day, which in turn gave him a reason to get up each day. The pass off of hope kept many people strong even though a tortuous war experience.

Many people also base every single instance and work that stems from their lifestyle. They believe that whatever they do must back up their believe system and their in depth religious background. Glory and honor must always be given to their creator and god. When one believes this type of lifestyle is crucial, they also believe that every good or bad things is connected directly to how good they did in their last act or creation. If this type of believer does not feel as if they are doing a good job in this instance of their lifestyle they begin to feel purposeless and depressed.

When I am looking at my own life through the different ideals that Frankl discussed, I begin to see my long-term purpose more clearly. For me, coming to America was a huge step in my life and was a way to search for the mean of my own existence. I came to America as a teenage boy to play basketball and get a high school education. Where I am from, not many kids get the opportunity that I received. Because I was lucky enough to receive the lifestyle that I have, I was to be able to help other children back in my home country, Nigeria. I am planning to help kids like myself through a basketball program, by providing shoes and clothes that many of these children are in desperate need of, and also by helping in any way I can to strengthen the educational system of Nigeria. I feel as if my purpose is to use this opportunity that I was given to reach out to the kids of my home community through good deeds and creating a safe atmosphere for them to grow up in.

“Man’s Search for Meaning” shows us the different ways that man positions his lifestyle to be able to find his purpose to be alive. This included the purpose to create a work or do a deed, by experiencing something or encountering someone, and by the attitude we take toward unavoidable suffering. Frankl gives us his personal experiences within some of these categories and how we found his purpose within the suffering situations he found himself in. Finding the true purpose of your own life can happen at any time, we must be open to accept it and be ready to embrace it whenever it is made clear to us.