Our Previous Samples

With this section, it instructed me that my primary learning style is the perused and compose learning styleInstead of "perused and compose," the correct term is "reading and writing.". I likewise utilize sound, and at time notes yet that generally use as I'm taking in the styleThis sentence is unclear. It could be rewritten as "I also use audio and notes, but those are primarily used when I am learning a new style.". By and by, that is gainful to me. I concur with this present part's data I wound up taking the little test the main test week one that demonstrated to me that IThe sentence is missing an article before "main test week one." It should read "I ended up taking the little test in the first week, which showed me...", as most every other person I'm certain, utilized all the learning styles. Be that as it may, my perusing and composing was my most astounding scoreThe sentence is missing a verb. It should read "However, my highest score was in reading and writing.", trailed by material/sensation, sound-related/verbal and visual/realisticInstead of "material/sensation," the correct term is "kinesthetic," and instead of "sound-related/verbal," the correct term is "auditory/verbal.". Me a sorry visual/designsThis sentence is incomplete and unclear. It could be rewritten as "I am not very good at visual/design tasks.". I do appreciate the recordings and recording everything and go over everything again and again till I take care of business. What I trust I have learned is to not to construct my choice with respect to routine but rather to think about it and to confront challenges head-on. Regardless of whether I am dubious yet to locate the fundamental factor to plan from and ensure that I generally make enough time to arrange myself so there won't be and intricacy to consider. Ensure the I generally assess all outcomes, so my choice will noteworthyThe sentence is missing an article before "I always evaluate." It should read "Ensure that I always evaluate all results...". Continuously have an elective routine just if something up. Try not to give any close to home issue a chance to impact what you attempting to doThe sentence is missing a verb. It should read "Try not to let any personal issues affect what you are trying to do.".

Motivation in our time is discussed more and more often, we have also created an article listing the best motivational quotes. In my day by day ponders, I have recognized my learning style which is perused and compose. For instance, I record every one of the inquiries on my notebook then I take notes while perusing for every taskInstead of "perusing," the correct term is "reading.". Read and compose learning style has helped me to finish my assignments on timeThe sentence is missing an article before "read and compose." It should read "The reading and writing learning style has helped me finish my assignments on time.". Some of the time the neighbors are boisterous at home. For instance, neighbors playing uproarious music and it makes it difficult for me to focus on my investigations. It is imperative to me to have a calm report condition it essential to my scholastic achievementThe sentence is missing a verb. It should read "It is imperative for me to have a calm study environment as it is essential to my academic achievement.". I utilize innovation in my every day contemplates for scholastic achievementThe sentence is missing an article before "every day." It should read "I utilize technology in my everyday studies for academic achievement.". For instance, I have utilized the online devices, workshops, instructional exercises, and assets on my University of Phoenix understudy site approaching the Center of Writing Excellence and required section readings, recordings to finish week after week assignmentsThe sentence is unclear and could be rewritten as "I access the Center of Writing Excellence and required section readings and videos to help me complete my weekly assignments.".

In Reflections on the Revolution in France, Edmund Burke described the effect a complete perversion of social order had on its citizens. He watched as the French Revolution shredded a monarchy, publicly slaughtered tens of thousands, and replaced the old order with a new one. Burke described how this fresh structure decimated the minds of many, so set in their ideals of social roles that a radical change could only drive them mad. Their resistance to a new ideal tore through their beliefs and shoved them to the brink of insanity. This same effect can be seen in the mind of Shakespeare's King Lear. A man, an archetypal king, who was so immersed in his ideals of hierarchical social roles that any deflection from these roles pushed him to the outreaches of his mind. He had very little concept of the more natural human bonds that exist between people, the bonds that Shakespeare so beautifully defines. Because of this, when the roles he invests his life in shatter, Lear can only grasp the rung of insanity. From this insanity, however, he discovers the natural bonds that stretch longer and much more deeply between humans. King Lear's madness was a passage that destroyed his ideal of the social role and replaced it with the discovery of the more natural human bond.

To understand this delineation, one must first comprehend Lear's ideal of the social role. He is a king, or better yet, the king. Upon entering the play, Lear states, 'Attend the lords of France and Burgundy, Gloucester.' (I,i-34) His first words are a command, and are replied with, 'I shall, my lord.' Lear is to be unquestionably obeyed. His appearance in the entire first scene is grandiose. He makes large commandments, pulling out a map of his lands and dividing them between his daughters like a god. He even refers to himself in the implied collective, using the words 'we, us, and our to refer to his own actions: Tell me, my daughters/ Which of you doth love us most,/ That we our largest bounty may extend... (I,i-51-52) He is ultimately self-centered, and justifiably so. Monarchical social roles hold the King at the very apex. His most apparent views of this hierarchy in roles are seen within the request just quoted. Lear demands that his daughters publicly display their competing love for him through speech. It is a ridiculous request from anybody but a King. What he is asking is inherently good; he is a father looking for the natural love his daughters should hold for him. However, he is attempting to embrace this love through the lens of his social ideals; that is, his daughters should express this love as subjects to their king. King Lear is obviously immersed in the ideals of a hierarchical order and the social roles this implies, the rejection of which will lead directly to his descent.

The descent into madness begins with the replies to the aforementioned request. His first two daughters respond with loquacious, false speeches about their unquenchable love for their father. Lear is extremely pleased by this, as the speeches fit his idea of his social role in relation to his daughters. These two daughters, Regan and Goneril, feel nothing for the natural human bond and are merely filling their roles. They receive their prize. Cordelia's response, however, is far from filling a duty. When asked what she can say to draw a more 'opulent' response than the other two, she merely states, 'Nothing, my lord.' (I,i-88) Lear is infuriated. She is asked to explain. I love your majesty/ According to my bond, no more nor less...You have begot me, bred me, loved me. I/ Return those duties back, as are right fit,/ Obey you, love you, and most honor you. (I,i-93-97) She does not respond as a king's offspring, but only through her 'bond' as a loving family member. It is an honest response, one Shakespeare uses to define the natural relationship between a father and daughter. Lear, however, cannot accept this and quickly banishes her from his life. He disclaim[s] all my paternal care,/ Propinquity and property of blood,/ And as a stranger to my heart and me/ Hold thee from this for ever. (I,i-111-14) Though he loved Cordelia the most, her rejection of a social ideal caused Lear to forever loathe her. Cordelia's rejection, and Lear's inability to accept it, was his first step onto the slippery slopes of insanity.

Other rejections of set social roles soon follow. When his most loyal companion Kent steps out of his role as merely a subject and argues with Lear's rashness, he is exiled. Lear will not accept argument; 'Come not between the dragon and his wrath.' (I,i-122) In a matter of a few passages, Lear loses his most loving and loyal companions. And only because a couple characters stepped outside of his social ideals. He then requests that his two 'loyal' daughters house him and his hundred knights for the remainder of his life. This retention of knights despite his retirement furthers his downfall. His daughters will not house him along with a retinue of obnoxious knights. They do not follow their role as princesses to a king by disallowing this retinue. The fault here, however, lies largely with Lear. Trying to explain his need for the knights, he states, 'O reason not the need! Our basest beggars/ Are in the poorest thing superfluous./ Allow not nature more than nature needs,/ Man's life is cheap as beasts's.' (II,iv "259-261) Lear cannot accept life without affirmation of his place in the hierarchy. There is no reason for the knights other than his impenetrable idea of social order. Without this order, humans are merely beasts. This idea will change after his madness, but now he is destroyed. Regan and Goneril, lacking any type of natural familial bonds to their father, connive against him: 'O, sir, to willful men/ The injuries that they themselves procure/ Must be their schoolmasters. Shut up your doors.' (II, iv-297-299) This is not something one should say about a king, and certainly not about a father. They are acting as machines, embracing no love for their own father. Neither social role nor natural bonds are seen within the evil. And it rips Lear apart.

The social order crumbles. He is no longer a king; in the blistering tempest, 'Here I stand your slave/ a poor, infirm, weak, and despised old man.' (III,I-19-20) A social role reversal begins to twist Lear's mind; as the fool states, '...thou mad'st thy/ daughters thy mothers...' (I,iv-164-165) The reversal seen in his family spreads through Lear's mind. In one of the most inherently ironic scenes of Shakespeare, a once-powerful king is bearing a wild storm with only a fool and a lying subject. Lear is self-destructing into madness: 'The tempest in my mind/ Doth from my senses take all feeling else/ Save what beats there...' (III,iv-12-14) His realization that he is not at the top of a pyramid has shattered him. Shakespeare's epitomizing speech of role reversal is given through the fool's mouth:

When priests are more in word than matter;

When brewers mar their malt with water;

When nobles are their tailor's tutors,

No heretics burned, but wenches suitors

When every case in law is right,

No squire in debt nor no poor knight;

When slanders do not live in tongues,

Nor cutpurses come not to throngs;

When usurers tell their gold I field,

And bawds and whores do churches build-

Then shall the realm of Albion

Come to great confusion.

Then comes the time, who lives to seet,

That going shall be used with feet. (III,ii-81-94)

The speech portrays the ultimate reversal. The fool, a symbol of wisdom throughout the play, describes the crumbling social order that is so structured in the king's mind. Lear's entire world has been flipped, his ideals crushed, and he certainly has come to great confusion.

And then he changes. The madness that penetrates Lear's core enlightens him. In the first acknowledgment of anybody else's feelings that come from Lear's mouth, he says, 'Come, your hovel./ Poor fool and knave, I have one part in my heart/ That's sorry yet for thee.' (III, ii-71-73) It's a momentous occasion; Lear has found a human bond between himself and his fool. He speaks not as a king to his subject, but as one friend to another. He tells Kent, 'When the mind's free/ The body's delicate.' (III,iv-11-12) The king knows he has discovered something new, something even more powerful than ranks, roles, and order. When he steps inside of the hovel, he sees the ragged condition a poor, insane man. Another epiphany smacks him: 'How shall your houseless heads and unfed sides,/ Your looped and windowed raggedness, defend you/ From seasons such as these? O, I have ta'en/ Too little care of this!' (III, iv-31-34) A powerful revelation for an English king... A man who so shortly before cared only about his power and kingship now condemning himself for the conditions of the poor! Lear's madness hasn't been cured, it has altered him to a state of clarity. When asked by the fool to tell me whether a madman be a gentleman or a yeoman, Lear replies, 'A king, a king.' (III,vi-10-11) The poor man, whose life he earlier referred to as cheap as beasts, is now ordained with the title he once held so dearly for only himself. He is discovering the equality between humans, and the natural bonds that exist. He has realized that, Through tattered clothes small vices do appear;/ Robes and furred gowns hide all. (IV, vi" 162-3) This statement is in stark contrast to his defense of the hundred knights. The robes and furred gowns of his life, his kingship, hid from him the true bonds that exist within humanity. His idea of social order devastated, Lear's new perspective is one of love, respect, and friendship.

Lear then applies this discovery of natural bonds to his most loving daughter. In one of Lear's most heartfelt speeches, and in a moment of clarity, he tells Cordelia,

Be your tears wet? Yes, faith. I pray weep not.

If you have poison for me, I will drink it.

I know you do not love me; for your sisters

Have (as I do remember) done me wrong.

You have some cause, they have not. (IV-vi-72-77)

He has realized his horrendous mistake. His only feelings for his daughter are those of love. She is not the daughter of a king; she is his only love. He dreams about spending the rest of his life in prison, 'We two alone will sing like birds in the cage./ When thou dost ask me blessing, I'll kneel down/ And ask of thee forgiveness.' (V,ii-8-11) His earlier metaphor for himself as a 'dragon' is diminished to a 'bird'. The ideal of the King and his followers has been utterly decimated, and all that' left is a lonely father craving his daughter's love and forgiveness.

Keep in mind:
This is only a sample.

Get a custom paper now from our expert writers.

The passage through madness was one of enlightenment. Like those watching the destruction of the social structure during the French Revolution, Lear saw his structured world crumble and those he thought close reverse their social roles. More importantly, the kingship he held so dearly was revealed to be a false idea. Lear realizes that 'nature's above art in that respect' (IV, vi-86) Natural bonds are more important than artificial ones. Shakespeare isn't denying the importance of the social bond; in fact, as Kent's character depicts, social order and bonds are vital. However, complete adherence to these 'roles', with no respect for the more natural bonds between fellow humans, is ultimately destructive. We must embrace our natural love for another before we can respect the inherent structure of all societies - or possibly use that love to shatter this structure.

Table of contents

1. Origin of the Myth and Supporting Evidence
2. Evidence Against the Myth
3. References

The idea that people could be left-brained and right-brained is ubiquitous—there are 200 million results on Google, a best-selling book by Daniel Pink, a BuzzFeed quiz, even Oprah describes herself as a “right-brained” person. However, there is actually no such thing as right-brain or left-brain dominance. The human brain is divided into two hemispheres that are connected to each other by the corpus callosum. Depending on the task, there are only localizations where more of one hemisphere is activated than another. These hemispheres each have assigned tasks that control movement and receive stimuli from the opposite side of our body. In other words, the left hemisphere controls the right side of our body and also receives sensory inputs from the right side of our body. Our brain is highly interactive, and there is a much more complicated exchange than the myth implies its functions to be.

In a study conducted in 2016, 78.5% of the pre-service teachers who participated accepted the validity of hemispheric dominance even when there have been other recent studies that prove cerebral functions require the use of both hemispheres (Dundar & Gunduz, 2016). There is currently no evidence linking hemispheric dominance to learning; however, it is the second most believed neuromyth, only after learning styles (Dundar & Gunduz, 2016). Additionally, brain-based learning has influenced the way curriculum is developed (Society for Neuroscience, 2009) and teachers may unknowingly incorporate many other neuromyths in their pedagogy. The lack of neuroscientific expertise in many educational institutions can result in the adoption of “brain-based” learning methods, all while not realizing its pseudoscientific nature. In fact, people are more likely to believe in claims that have embedded marketing buzzwords such as “brain” and “neuroscience” (Lindell & Kidd, 2011).

The prevalence of this myth, especially in the education sector poses dangers. For one, students may be taught material in methods that are not actually effective. Since “right-brain/left-brain” teaching methods have not been validated, nor have supporting evidence (Bruer, 2002), it would then be completely erroneous to adopt a “right-brain/left-brain” teaching. The consumption of this belief can be restricting and limiting in thinking that people’s capabilities and personalities are predicted by a split-brain point of view. The internalization of this neuromyth could impact people’s sense of self-efficacy and may even be a cause for self-fulfilling prophecies (Bandura, 1994).

Origin of the Myth and Supporting Evidence

In the 1800s, pioneers Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke showed that language production and comprehension are governed by two distinct brain regions, which came to be known as Broca’s and Wernicke’s area. Broca and Wernicke’s study suggested that language is controlled by the left side of the brain. This finding became the foundation of Robert Lewis Stevenson’s “Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde” in 1886. He explored the duality of human nature in his work by introducing the idea of a logical left brain in the character of Dr. Jekyll competing with an emotional right brain in the character of Mr. Hyde (Waters, 2017).

With the dawn of the twentieth century, the whole left-brain right-brain obsession went relatively quiet until the 1960s through Roger Sperry’s split-brain experiments that awarded him the Nobel Peace Prize in 1981. The original study that purported this myth was done on participants whose brain functions were not at all typical in the first place--its intended purpose was to find more about epilepsy (Lienhard, 2017). Much of the original work of Sperry, who discovered the functioning differences between left- and right-brain hemispheres remain valid, but have been extrapolated--the conclusions are taken to an extreme, creating misunderstanding in thinking that is unsupported by literature and spread by popular media: New York Times Sunday Magazine published an article in 1973 titled “We Are Left-Brained or Right-Brained” and Harvard Business Review published an article in 1976 titled “Planning on the Left Side and Managing on the Right.” When reputable agencies are spreading this myth under the guise of self-improvement, a new psychology theory emerges that ultimately buries the truth in misconceptions.

In relation, the “Interpreter Phenomenon” is a concept introduced by Sperry’s student, Michael Gazzaniga. While performing his initial experiments, Gazzaniga and his colleagues observed patients when left and right hemispheres could no longer communicate. They were shown an image within the right visual field that maps to the left-brain hemisphere and were able to give an explanation. However, when the image was presented to the left visual field, the patients were only able to point to objects similar to the image. Gazzaniga interpreted this by hypothesizing that even though the right brain could see the image, it needed the left brain to generate a verbal response, thus characterizing the left hemisphere as “inventive and interpreting,” compared with the “truthful, literal right brain” (Gazzaniga, 2015). This statement, without proper understanding of brain processes can easily be misinterpreted and oversimplified. Sperry (1984) himself warned the public: “…experimentally observed polarity in right-left cognitive style is an idea in general with which it is very easy to run wild…it is important to remember that the two hemispheres in the normal intact brain tend regularly to function closely together as a unit.”

To say that an individual is left brained or right brained is incredibly false, yet the results of Perry’s study and others have been misunderstood to link brain lateralization with individual personality traits, even the mental states of others. The oversimplification of a complex neuroscience process could just be a result of our human instinct to understand things that which we do not, characterizing ideas and embracing simplified narratives despite warnings. There is no perpetual tug-of-war within the brain—the hemispheres are systems and should be viewed as such.

Evidence Against the Myth

Brain scans show no evidence of sidedness, instead there was actually activity on both sides of brain, depending on the task (Nielsen, Zielinski, Ferguson, Lainhart & Anderson, 2013). This study looked at 3D pictures of over 1,000 people's brains and measured the activity of the left and right hemispheres, using an MRI scanner. Results showed that both sides of the brain are engaged in cognitive processes, supporting lack of selective simulation in brains (Lindell, 2011).

One of the most widely held beliefs within the left-brain vs right-brain myth is creativity being a “right-brain” process. Further perpetuated and one of the most popular ideas is that the right brain is the center of imagination and that “right-brained” people are more creative that their left-brained counterpart. This has been refuted as both sides of the brain are involved in tasks requiring creativity (Runco, 2004, p. 665). The “interpreter phenomenon” as previously discussed, shows that it is naïve to portray the left hemisphere as incapable of creativity especially when logical tasks require creativity and creativity can also be rooted in logical reasoning even when people in creative careers show greater interaction in both sides of brain than those in non-creative professions (Gibson, Folley, & Park, 2009).

Brain lateralization is a multifaceted and ongoing process by which differing regions of the brain “specializing” the functioning of specific behaviors and cognitive skills. Indeed, the brain does have two hemispheres, but they have a complex working relationship and always operate with other areas of the brain (Noggle & Hall, 2011). It is important to note that laterization has no link to personality traits. Hence, no one is fully right-brained or left-brained (Sperry, 1961). Laterized functions in the healthy brain, such as language, can even be rewired into the other hemisphere, especially if the patient is very young. Increased laterization and plasticity is seen both before a child develops the activity and even after the function has begun to develop (Ressel, Wilke, Lidzba, Lutzenberger, & Krägeloh?Mann, 2008) and can go on to live normal lives. Children with brain damage to their left hemisphere are able to continue language development and damage is undetectable by age 7 suggesting that even when one side is not working correctly, the other side will “take over” tasks to achieve cognitive processes as a unified system (Lindell, 2011; Reilly, Bellugi, & Wulfeck, 2004).

Keep in mind:
This is only a sample.

Get a custom paper now from our expert writers.

The simplicity that tasks are dominated by one side of the brain is a notion unsupported by science—even the study that was the basis of this popular lore did not necessarily apply to normal functioning brains. There are two hemispheres that each play critical roles in executing tasks; one side of the brain isn’t more creative, nor more logical, nor more analytical—some of these functions may be localized in one hemisphere, but their overall function is not reliant on solely one hemisphere because the hemispheres are not isolated from one another. The classification of brain functions in simple oversimplified dichotomies (“left-brain vs. right-brain”) is the reason this myth exists, one that largely ignores the intimate working relationship of a system that is the human brain.

References

1. Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 71-81). New York: Academic Press. (Reprinted in H. Friedman [Ed.], Encyclopedia of mental health. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998).
2. Bruer, J. T. (2002). Avoiding the pediatrician's error: How neuroscientists can help educators (and themselves). Nature Neuroscience (Supplement), 5, 1031–1033.
3. Dündar, S. and Gündüz, N. (2016), Misconceptions Regarding the Brain: The Neuromyths of Preservice Teachers. Mind, Brain, and Education, 10: 212-232. doi:10.1111/mbe.12119
4. Gazzaniga, M. S. (2015). Tales from both sides of the brain: a life in neuroscience (1st ed.). New York, NY: Ecco.
5. Gibson, C., Folley, B. S., & Park, S. (2009). Enhanced divergent thinking and creativity in musicians: A behavioral and near?infrared spectroscopy study. Brain and Cognition, 69, 162–169.
6. Lienhard, D. A. (2017, December 27). Roger Sperry’s split-brain experiments (1959–1968). Embryo Project Encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://embryo.asu.edu/handle/10776/13035.
7. Lindell, A. K. (2006). In your right mind: Right hemisphere contributions to human language processing and production. Neuropsychology Review, 16, 131–148.
8. Nielsen J.A., Zielinski B.A., Ferguson M.A., Lainhart J.E., Anderson J.S. (2013). An evaluation of the left-Brain vs. right-brain hypothesis with resting state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging. PLoS ONE 8(8), e71275. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071275
9. Noggle C.A., Hall J.J. (2011) Hemispheres of the Brain, Lateralization of. In: Goldstein S., Naglieri J.A. (eds) Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development. Springer, Boston, MA
10. Pines, M. (1973) Two astonishingly different persons inhabit our heads. The New York Times Sunday Magazine. from https://www.nytimes.com/1973/09/09/archives/we-are-leftbrained-or-rightbrained-two-astonishingly-different.html
11. Reilly, J., Losh, M., Bellugi, U., & Wulfeck, B. (2004). Frog, where are you? narratives in children with specific language impairment, early focal brain injury and Williams Syndrome. Brain and Language, 88, 229–247.
12. Runco, M. A. (2004). Creativity. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 657–687.
13. Society for Neuroscience (2009, June). Neuroscience Research in Education Summit: The Promise of Interdisciplinary Partnerships Between Brain Sciences and Education. University of California, Irvine. June 22–24, 2009. http://www.ndcbrain.com/articles/SocietyforNeuroscience-EducationSummitReport.pdf
14. Sperry, R. W. (1961). Cerebral Organization and Behavior.  Science, 133, 1749–1757. http://people.uncw.edu/puente/sperry/sperrypapers/60s/85-1961.pdf
15. Sperry, R.W. (1984). Consciousness, personal identity and the divided brain. Neuropsychologia, 22, 661-673.
16. Waters, E. (2017). Waters, Elizabeth: The left brain vs. right brain myth. [Video file]. Retrieved from https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-left-brain-vs-right-brain-myth-elizabeth waters#discussion

Introduction

Close your eyes and picture being stripped of every possession you have worked for. From everything you have ever known, including your dignity and freedom. Forcibly marked with a yellow star, branding you as inferior, marking you as an open target. Verbally harassed and physically attacked without cause. No longer valued as a human, but equal to that of a sewer rat. You are forced to hide, knowing it is only a matter of time until you and your family, are taken to be executed. You live in constant uncertainty and fear. There is no one to turn to. Everyone is your enemy. How do you protect your loved ones from being murdered? How do you survive? This horrific scenario is not fictional. Anne Frank was one such girl, forced to go with her family into hiding to remain safe from certain death at the hands of the Nazis. As we are gathered here today, I am delighted to unveil Lluis Ribas's portrait of Anne Frank. Looking at the distance, Anne is not focused entirely on what is in front of her but rather to the future and the opportunities it holds. In this portrait, Anne is depicted as a girl looking at the positive, not stuck in the negative, fixated on her thoughts. Over the years, Anne’s powerful words and insights that were captured in her diary, have offered encouragement to millions living amid war, violence, injustice, and fear. Her courage, bravery, resilience, and optimism in the face of such overwhelming adversity continue to be an inspiration to generations today.

The courage Anne exhibited while hiding in the secret annex shows her determination to go on. She knows that leaving the attic will likely result in her death. She is trapped and scared, yet she is courageous enough to go on. These are all situations in which she shows courage. While she endures these frequently, her hope for the future never fades, and her enduring spirit is the quintessence of courage. Anne states that “I want to go on living even after my death! I can shake off everything if I write; my sorrows disappear; my courage is reborn.' She never allows the dismal situation around her to quench her love of life. Her words resonate with many people around the world, shaping her as a perfect role model for many generations.

If you look close enough, you can find many different themes in Anne Frank. But one that really stuck out to me was the idea of persistence. Her story shows that with persistence, you can get through any struggle and overcome any obstacle. Perseverance comes to those who keep their heads up when times get tough, stay positive, and adjust to difficult situations. This itself is the definition of perseverance. Anne Frank, in many ways, was a modern woman in her time and still serves as a role model for us today. She showed many that she was able to persevere through mockery and violence. And, despite all that was working against her, she succeeded. She lived like a teenager, right down to her own self-doubt, but also found an opportunity in adversity. As she put it, “Beauty remains, even in misfortune.” Reflecting on her previous life as a pampered middle-class kid, she wrote, “It’s a good thing that, at the height of my glory, I was suddenly plunged into reality. . .. I look back at that Anne Frank as a pleasant, amusing, but superficial girl, who has nothing to do with me.”

Conclusion

The atrocities that Anne Frank endured throughout her life did not tarnish the way she saw the world. Enduring more than most of us would in a lifetime leaving a story, a legacy. One that still lights fires in the hearts of those who read it. Her great optimism in the face of overwhelming adversity demonstrates her willingness to see the good in humankind. Saying, “In spite of everything I still believe that people are really good at heart... I see the world gradually being turned into a wilderness, I hear the ever approaching thunder, which will destroy us too, I can feel the sufferings of millions and yet, if I look up into the heavens, I think that it will all come right, that this cruelty too will end, and that peace and tranquillity will return again.” Courage. Optimism. Persistence. That is her legacy. It's in anyone if you have the eye to see it. Shall we start?

Table of contents

1. Discussion
Framework of analysis
2. Methodology
FindingsRecommendation
3. Conclusion

The article titled “Youth, Social Media and Cyberbullying Among Australian Youth: Sick Friends” was produced by five authors named Pam Nilan, Haley Burgess, Mitchell Hobbs, Steven Threadgold and Wendy Alexander. The article is published on the Journal of Social Media + Society in year 2015. The article depicts research pertaining to Australian youths and the teachers about social media use as well cyberbullying. The highlight of the article is regarding adversarial peer relations online and school’s bullying policy combats cyberbullying. There are two vital fields for Australian youth which are the school and social media available online. The author interprets the data in the article by using Bourdieu’s Theory consisting productive notions of field, social capital and cultural capital. As for the background overview, the author explained the common terms used in the article which are bullying, cyberbullying, young people and new media.

Discussion

According to Ringrose (2008), bullying is an act of behavior to harm another human being repeatedly with intention where the victim will face difficulties to defend himself or herself. On the other hand, cyberbullying is defined as an aggressive act or behavior online by using electronic medium against a certain group or an individual repeatedly across the time (Smith, 2012). The author recognized several characteristics that distinguish cyberbullying and offline bullying which are technological expertise, possibility to remain status as anonymous, relative distance, the complexity of bystander role, indirect provident of status gained and struggles to escape from harassment. Price & Dalgleish (2010) exaggerated the impact of cyberbullying were invasion of private domain of an individual. Other negative consequences are through offline environment; receiving mean and distressing personal attacks, public shaming and humiliation as well on online environment; hacking an individual accounts and device, impersonation and feeling stress to respond hatred remarks posted to their social media account. The author also cited Weinstein and Selman (2014) that stated the act of meanness and cruelty such as online impersonation, personal attacks, public shaming and humiliation are migrating to digital platform. It was found that digital gadgets gave both positive and negative implications in the context of communication to the teenagers, depending on the usage of gadgets within themselves. Based on a study conducted by Patchin and Hinduja (2006), they found that young people aged under 18 years old was reported having experience being disregarded, insulted, mockery, threatened, pestered, teased, and having bad rumors spread about them. The author inferred that technology affordance enhance the tendency of continuous, personal suffering due to cyberbullying.

Referring to the prior study by Tapscott (1998), he found that technology has influenced the way of young people thinking. On the other hand, Buckingham (2013) mentioned that the digital generation nowadays is the young people and his view on the situation contradicts Tapscott’s view as he opposed that the technological concept is diffused in the new media is an augmentation of face-to-face social interactions. Online technologies often depend on the setting of public and privacy boundaries. Thus, personal secret posted online may become widespread to a massive crowd for their source of hilarity to crease up at other people insecurities. Peer dispute that occurs online can lead to physical fights in the schoolyard. The author found that young people valued their friendship in the virtual life, hence the saying by Livingstone (2008) goes by “Friendship has always been made, displayed and broken”. In the relative perspective of offline peer social status, there are two status in the context of friendship; winner and loser. The offline peer interaction can erupt to cyberbully due to misusing opportunity of being close to a peer and portraying relational unfriendliness.

Pertaining to schools dealing with cyberbullying, Erdur-Baker (2010) highlighted that the activities of peer bullying is beyond the perimeter of schools. The main issue by the school in curbing cyberbullying appears from traditional belief on what cause the bullying to occur. Slonje, Smith & Frisen (2013) identified two criteria in standard definition of bullying that fumble with cyberbullying which are repetition and power imbalance. The author cited a source from Vandebosch & Van Cleemput (2009) that claimed repetition norm is vital in the case of cyberbullying due to constant nature of certain medium of electronic communication. In terms of power imbalance, the physical strength and age has become the measurement especially among boys. But, cyberbullying does not often associate with physical coercion. The act might not occur online but the threats to do so may come along.

In the aspect of gender differences, the author has made an initiative to engage with both male and female by conducting discussion among teachers and young people. In regards with uncertain finding for both genders, the author has found out that gender dissimilarity was not a major cause for each gender to be the bully or the victims. There are various responses received pertaining to the study. A school teacher stated that cyberbullying is usually something girls did. This statement is similar to an empirical study by Slonje et al. , (2013) that identified girls cyberbully more than boys did. Meanwhile, results of an observation study informed that boys are more involved in bullying which the victims are among girls (Li, 2006) that the view is completely against study reports produced by Erdur-Baker (2010) that claimed boys cyberbully radically more than girls. Hence, it is obvious that gender differences do not permit the capability for an individual to be involved in bullying and cyberbullying. In addition, countenance and consequences of bullying are resolve differently by male and female (Ringrose, 2008). Referring to findings by Hutzell & Payne (2012), the author mentioned that bullying among boys usually includes upholding masculinity that exerts through physical assault. Contradictory to female, they usually use secretive and discriminatory approach to proclaim dominance over female peers. Another additional approach of girl’s bullying is by spreading gossips and slanders, fat-shaming and the most worrying matters closely related to their behavior is “bitchiness” that is an act of sustaining power and status by using malevolence that can be defined as being hateful or nasty that purposely to cause emotional harm.

Framework of analysis

In the framework of analysis, the author used theory by Bourdieu’s Field and Forms of Capital. The forms of capital can be divided into two which are social capital and cultural capital. Bourdieu’s concept about fields is defined as an accumulation of system, rules, categories, arrangements and positions that when all is combined will establish an objective hierarchy. To simplify the meaning, fields are where the occurrence of problems take place, or it is a site of struggle. In the context of young people and cyberbullying, cyberspace and school are the “fields” because it is where the act of bully done either through online or physically conducted. Other than that, social capital is the aggregate of the actual or potential resources which are linked to possession of a durable network of more or less established relationships of mutual acquittance and recognition (Bourdieu, 1986). The author comprehends social capital addressed the linking connections between individuals that exist and maintain mutual understanding within the fields of cyberspace and schools. Thus, individuals that are appreciated, admired and reputable than others gain more amount of social capitals or followers. It is closely associated with trust, confidentiality and loyalty highly valued. On the other hand, culture capital is a knowledge pertaining to a right social insight, desires and fashion sense that regard to a privileged cultural position in the fields. For instance, a teenager with low knowledge of cultural capital relating to social media may unaware of setting of the application or completely clueless on how it works. Due to lack of cultural capital, the teenager is being mocked, teased and labelled with names by the individual with high social capital.

Methodology

The methodology for the topic cyberbullying within young people at school and their emotional comfort is a qualitative research approach was used to enable real-time interaction or face-to-face explanation. The method conducted was a semi-structured interview. Before the actual interview is carried out, a draft of interview was piloted to test the effectiveness of the method. The outcome of the draft interview was reviewed, and improvement of questions was inserted to the list of question relating to the experience and the sequence of questions will be asked. The first question during interview is interviewee is asked about their definition of bullying and cyberbullying. The question was followed with have they witness the situation before and lastly pertaining to their personal experience and involvement if they have ever been bullied or become a bully. The demographic scope of interview was a total of 10 students with an equivalent proportion of gender respectively aged 15-18 years old and also participation from a male and female teacher to generate opinion from educational perspective. The location of interview conducted was at an undisclosed Catholic High School situated in urban area of New South Wales, Australia.

Findings

Since it was a qualitative research, the responses received from the interviewees varied from one and another. Several samples of results on every question is collected in the research. The findings pertaining to the definition of bullying and cyberbullying is explained and summarized by the author. Key agents include the pupils who bully, victim and teachers who try to break it off. Relating to the Bourdieu’s theory, the struggle in order for the capital is started in attempts to maintain social and cultural capital by practicing bullying unknowingly. As for the victim, the obstacle is to survive in the social stakes while accumulating as much social and cultural capital to tackle the negative impacts. A female student inferred bullying as making somebody else feel worst and putting themselves down which can cause self-hatred that can occurs once or repeatedly to a victim from the same or different people. Meanwhile, definition of bully according to School X is a repeated behavior by a more powerful person or group that the act may intend or unintendedly to hurt, injure, embarrass, or torture a weaker person that can come in form of physical, verbal, physiological or social. The interviewees point of view about cyberbullying is approximately linked with face-to-face bullying. A male student explained the act by using the concept “comfort zone” which is the personal space that is invaded by the bully. The male student statement coherently supports the findings by Wegge, Vandebosh and Eggermont (2014) regarding to contemporary school bullying. The presence of social media can induce peer infuriate by refuting harassment replies between the field school and the field of the online peer platform. One of the student interviewees repeatedly claimed that cyberbullying is worse than face-to-face bullying because other people can get involve and cause the social media platform of the victim be at risk and cause the victim to do something bad to themselves. Majority of the students as well the teachers agreed that cyberbullying cause so much negative effects because it can affect the victim to live in fear and distress.

Recommendation

The subject of cyberbullying is currently identified as a subset under bullying in the school of conducted study. It is recommended for the subject cyberbullying to be under its own limelight as a particular form of harassment with different possible capabilities and potential to affect the student among young people in Australia. The author also suggested for the students and teachers to equipped themselves with guidance pertaining to report and encounter the issues of cyberbullying. Besides that, the creation of discussion session during existing personal development classes on cyberbullying that emphasis on social capital and symbolic violence should be introduce in school for exposure especially among the students.

Conclusion

It can be recapitulated from the article that cyberbullying has the possibility to affect the student’s safety because according to a quote by Tokunaga (2010), “it follows you home from school”. This statement is in conjunction with findings by Papacharissi (2014) that stated online technologies can breakdown public and private domains. Besides, school authority plays an important element in dealing with parts attached to cyberbullying such as spreadability, deniability, anonymity and permanence. The social media troopers of cyberbullying facilitated their escaping of bullying penalties at school and they avoided responsibility upon their online action at ease. Matter that has become concern faced among the victims is the fact that students preferred to hide their tormenting social network woes away from adults. In my opinion, it is a worrying issue because the side effect could affect the victim physically and emotionally. The victim could expose themselves to self-harm and suicide due to peer pressure issues.

Keep in mind:
This is only a sample.

Get a custom paper now from our expert writers.

Meanwhile, their emotional thoughts are unstable due to mental distortion they faced online on the social media platform. If their judgement is clouded with depressing and suicidal thought, they could live in poor state of mental health that will turnover their life. In my personal opinion about this article, it is well written by the author which give a beneficial output for the readers. There was sufficient amount of citation and source used by the author to support the study. The article is comprehensive with packed examples and explanation about what cyberbullying and bullying are all about. It gave the readers an insight of the situation of the matters discussed by the author. For improvement purposes, it is suggested for the author to differentiate the topic and subtopic of the article for clear understanding for novice researchers.

Commonly when we talk about drugs, these are the only two types that come into our mind.

1. Legal drugs.
2. Illegal drugs.

Here we will briefly explain both types. Effects of both on consumers and their examples.

A legal drug is the intoxicating drug which is completely legal or not commonly prohibited by the drug laws. For instance, medicines are legal drugs. They are acceptable as they abide by the drug laws and thus doctors have the liberty to prescribe them. The medical stores as well have the liberty to sell them and people can buy them without any doubt. But in different nations laws are different so the same drug could be legal in one state and illegal in another.

These drugs stimulate the body functions, due to which the activity of the body and the brain speeds up. Generally, they are used to boost up the person and fill him/her with the high spirits. The person feels energized and active after having these stimulants

Stimulants Could Be Of Various Types:

• Caffeine: It is a mild stimulant and is widely used in beverages such as tea, coffee, soft drinks and other carbonated drinks. It is also a part of some chocolates and no doubt, it fills you with energy instantly.
• Nicotine: It is most common in tobacco products. In various countries, there is an age barrier on buying the cigarettes. The only country in which tobacco is completely prohibited is Bhutan.

These drugs take control of the mood swings in a person. The people who take the hallucinogens hallucinate. They observe the things that are actually not there and they hear what is never said. They lose their ability to think and are occupied by the strange thoughts. Salvia is a legal drug which is a hallucinogen, and has effect up to several minutes.

These Are Manufactured World Widely:

• The Hawaiian baby wood rose, also known as the elephant creeper.
• The Peruvian Torch cactus contains the chemical “mescaline”. Many states use it for religious purposes.
• Blue Egyptian Water Lily has the capacity to induce stimulation in the various mental functions. There is enhanced visual perception and mild closed-eye visuals.

The drugs that take the person down and make him feel low are termed as depressant drugs. These drugs are used in medical conditions where the patient is too aggressive or too anxious. Taking the depressants in such a case slows down the person’s activity and people feel relaxed. They feel drowsy and sleepy. They do not feel stressed and their head feels light. Inhalants are common depressants which have powerful psychoactive effects. The effects last for a short period of time. They are sniffed or huffed.

Illegal drugs are drugs which have limitations on their ownership or use by a government, and are illegal in certain situations (meaning a person is not allowed to have them). Not everyone who tries a drug once will develop an addiction, although they are playing with fire if they use any of these harmful illegal drugs. An individual’s genetic makeup, social surroundings, family structure and even personal income play a role in his or her chances of developing a drug addiction.

Although marijuana is the most benign drug, it certainly can cause changes in the brain to the point of addiction. Marijuana isn’t seen as being physically or chemically addictive, but many health experts agree that it can be psychologically addictive. Roughly 10 percent of people who use marijuana will become dependent on it, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Marijuana addiction can lead to mild withdrawal symptoms, such as irritability, sleep difficulties, restlessness, physical discomfort and decreased appetite. Long-term use of marijuana has been found to decrease the volume of grey matter in the brain, while a longitudinal study in New Zealand found that teens who started and continued using the drug regularly lost an average of 8 IQ points by mid-adulthood.

Crack, also known as crack rocks, is the purest form of cocaine available and is smoked through a glass pipe. It causes the user’s brain to release large amounts of dopamine, which results in intense feelings of pleasure and a burst of energy for about 10 minutes. Some users become addicted to crack the first time they try it. Crack cocaine and powder cocaine have similar chemical compositions and effects, but crack causes a stronger, faster high, albeit one that lasts for a shorter amount of time. Crack abuse became a national crisis in the 1980s and early ‘90s, although crack users make up just a small percentage of overall cocaine users today. U.S. federal law is harsher for crack than it is for cocaine, particularly for those who are found distributing the substance.

Cocaine, like many other drugs, affects the amount of dopamine in a person’s brain and causes intense cravings for more of the substance. Snorting cocaine powder causes a rapid, intense high and builds up a tolerance quickly. Coming down from a cocaine high can cause depression, edginess and irregular sleeping and eating patterns. Cocaine use also carries the risk of heart attack, stroke, seizure and respiratory failure. Long-term use can lead to psychosis and hallucinations. Every month, somewhere between 1 million and 2 million Americans typically use cocaine. Annual cocaine deaths in the U.S. have hovered around 5,000 since 2011, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Heroin users instantly get a “rush,” and after a time, cannot experience any good feelings without using it. Addicts get intense cravings while going through withdrawal. Heroin is a semi-synthetic substance that is extracted from the opium plant, making it a member of the opioid class of drugs. Heroin is generally taken via needle injection, although pure forms of the drug can be smoked or snorted. Many heroin users got their start by being prescribed a legal opioid painkiller and then craving a similar, likely stronger effect once the prescription ran out. Opioids such as heroin are responsible for nearly 20 percent of all admissions for drug and alcohol treatment in the world.

Works Cited

1. Johnson, D. (2018). Drugs: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press.
2. Nelson, L. S., & Perrone, J. (2018). The Opioid Epidemic. New England Journal of Medicine, 378(5), 491-493. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1714529
3. Volkow, N. D., Koob, G. F., & McLellan, A. T. (2016). Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction. New England Journal of Medicine, 374(4), 363-371. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1511480
4. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2019). Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
5. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2021). Drug Facts: Cocaine. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/cocaine
6. Center for Substance Abuse Research. (2021). Heroin. Retrieved from https://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/heroin.asp
7. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2021). Drug Facts: Marijuana. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/marijuana
8. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2021). Drug Facts: Hallucinogens. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/hallucinogens
9. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2021). Drug Facts: Nicotine and Tobacco. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/tobacco-nicotine
10. World Health Organization. (2018). Management of Substance Abuse: Information sheet on opioid overdose. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/information-sheet/en/

Why Crypto

Cryptography is the art of writing or solving codes. These codes are used to convey messages to allow for secrecy and security. It has been used for centuries mainly for militaristic purposes. Kings would send spies into enemy territory who would use discreet code words to speak safely with their allies. Washington and the founding fathers had their own spy network who used crypts written by Ben Franklin (mostly) to communicate safely while under the British’s eye. Today our militaries use cyphers and encryptions to exchange delicate information safely over the internet and in person. Cryptography was an important aspect during WWII that ultimately helped decide the war. Messages were sent through telegraph wires using complex codes and keys by both sides and it was a constant battle of “who knows what?” Today the same battle goes on but nowadays it’s mainly done through the internet. Nowadays, rather than using morse code and large coding machines that could decrypt messages we instead use the internet and complicated programs and algorithms in order to protect our vital information. Any regular person could be hacked almost anywhere in the world and sometimes find a hacker or preventing a security breach easier said than done. Similarly, it is not always easy hacking into someone’s network. Sometimes countries and government agencies attempt to spy on dangerous criminal organizations or even on each other attempting to break their target’s encryptions.

The two “worlds” shown in “Cryptonomicon” are of WWII and today. Wartime was far different back then with less prepared and disciplined soldiers often fresh out of school or even just off the streets to enlist. The officers often abused opium and slept with hookers when they were off. This is embodied by the character Frick who Shaftoe had a conflict with while aboard his ship. Rather nowadays actions such as those would most likely be reciprocated with a Court Marshall or some other form of military discipline. Also the soldiers of that time often used racist language when regarding Chinese people. They had regularly referred to the shoe shiners, bag boys, Chinese soldiers or even regular Chinese man as “Coolies” and their fighting style “Chop-Suey”. Nowadays soldiers would be a bit more careful with their terms because of codes of conduct and discipline expected of you as well as the fact that if you were to be recorded saying racial slurs then probably the world would know by the next day due to the internet.

Apple versus the US Government

A major legal conflict being monitored by the media recently has been the conflict between Apple and the FBI. a terrorist that organized and conducted a mass shooting use an Apple iphone to plan and make calls in the months prior to the attack but had stopped backing up his info to the cloud. Due to this the FBI needs to hack into the phone in order to see if there was any vital information on the phone pertaining to any terrorist organizations or upcoming attacks. The issue is that the FBI is currently unable to hack into the phone without risking the permanent loss of all information on the phone. Due to this, the FBI is requesting that Apple should make a “key” that would be used to allow the FBI the ability to hack into the phone. Apple however is refusing to do so because they feel that it would then be able to be used to hack into all Apple devices. Apple iphones are encrypted with a 256 bit encryption that ultimately affords any user security that their device is safe from hackers however if this key were to be made, Apple feels it would pose a huge risk to this security system and put all of it’s users at risk. Craig Federighi said in a statement "In just the past 18 months,hackers have repeatedly breached the defenses of retail chains, banks and even the federal government, making off with the credit card information, Social Security numbers and fingerprint records of millions of people." In addition to personal data, Federighi also brought up the possibility of terrorist organizations being able to hack personal devices. "Our nation's vital infrastructure —?? such as power grids and transportation hubs —?? becomes more vulnerable when individual devices get hacked, criminals and terrorists who want to infiltrate systems and disrupt sensitive networks may start their attacks through access to just one person's smartphone." Federighi said that the encryption represents "the best data security available to consumers," making it "so disappointing" that the FBI is pushing against its technology.”

Adversely, the FBI wants Apple to comply and doesn’t believe it would be as catastrophic to security as Apple states it would be. A federal judge had ruled that for the sake of national security, Apple should assist the FBI by giving them a “key” that could be used to hack into the San Bernadino shooter’s iPhone. Apple says that this would be a major breach to security a violation of privacy for millions however the FBI claims that this data key would be kept safe and that they only want to use it to get into this one phone. They claim that this wouldn’t put millions of iPhone users at risk to cyber attacks. The FBI says that rights won’t compromised if Apple was to comply to the FBI’s request and gave a number of reasons as to why Apple should comply to their request and why Americans wouldn’t be at as much risk as Apple claims they would be. Firstly, the main reason the FBI believes Apple should help them unlock the phone with this “key” is because the key itself would only identify with that single iPhone. This means that the key would be unable to unlock other iPhone models, only the one and possibly other iPhone 5s. Secondly, the FBI is fully content with the software being created exclusively within an Apple facility and that the phone would be unlocked their as well. The phone itself would never have to enter the government’s custody. Thirdly, even if the FBI was to obtain the software and want to use it, they would need a search warrant in order to do so. Lastly, The FBI has given Apple the option of using an alternative means to hack into the phone and has offered to pay whatever it takes to do it. In other words, it doesn’t care about the software, just getting at Farook’s texts, contacts, emails and photos.

Personally, I try to stay neutral in big media conflicts but if I was asked whether I would support the FBI or Apple, I would say I’d lean more towards Apple. The reason I chose to be on Apple’s side is because while I do see the urgency in the FBI’s need to get into this phone, I feel that it would be a breach of security to create the “key” for the phone. Hackers have gotten into the private servers of government agencies before and if this key was to be created, they would very possibly be able to get their hands on it. Also, while the key may hypothetically only be for the iPhone 5 or even just that singular phone, seeing how the key works and was coded may give hackers an idea of how to create one for themselves. I understand that it may be unlikely or even be considered “impossible” but many times throughout history, hackers have managed to do things that have been considered impossible. I feel that if Apple and the FBI used an alternative means of hacking into the phone, I would support the FBI.

As for the characters in “Cryptonomicon”, whether or not they would support the FBI over Apple or vice-versa is a hard observation for me to make. Obviously, if you’re a Libertarian who believes the government should stay out of everything or even believe in anarchy, you would side with Apple. Avi, for instance, I feel would side with Apple due to his wanting to create a safe data-haven for the world’s hacker population. Adversely, I feel that characters such as Lawerence Pritchard Waterhouse and Earl Comstock would be on the FBI’s side. I decided this because of the fact that they worked for the protection of America at all costs so in a conflict between a corporation versus a government agency working to protect national security, they would side with the government agency. While I feel Lawerence Waterhouse would side with the FBI, I think Randy Waterhouse as well as the other members of Epiphyte, especially Tom Howard and John Cantrell, would all side with Apple due to their (mostly) Libertarian views.

The cannabis or marijuana industry is one of the fastest developing industries in the world, as trends point at more countries (which have previously criminalized the cultivation and processing of cannabis), moving towards adoption of the industry and its sub-sectors after realization of the potential socio-economic impacts offered by the industry. More notable has been an adoption of the industry by emergent novice African markets, were these new entrants in the industry are often driven by an awareness of the need to keep up with global trends and prospects to manipulate significant economic returns offered by this industry. These new players who are responding to this awareness often attempt at immediate participation in the industry through provisioning of some form of enabling environments and competitive alternatives that solicits strategic positioning in the global cannabis race in terms of investment and time effectiveness.

Their goal is at delivering viability and innovation in effort to fully exploit the opportunity. This entrepreneurial awareness however presents an immediate and subservient need for such countries to come up with new ground-breaking cannabis policy positions and frameworks that enable and encourage the establishment of the industry and this process is often confronted by a serious knowledge gap were research has attributed many problems and difficulties in establishing the appropriate legal actions and instruments to support the safe trade of cannabis which will not violate international law and which avoid the imposed barriers used to argue for the protection of society from illicit acts.

The process of developing a legal framework to adopt this industry has pointed towards processes of implementing knowledge from other parts of the world and identifying the best method of learning required to do so, given that each country faces unique challenges concerning the subject of substance abuse. An ethos of knowledge sharing, transfer, creation, adoption, implementation and learning that centres on development of appropriate legislative frameworks for cannabis is needed in these countries that have an interest to effectively establish their own Cannabis industry. As more African countries develop an interest to adopt this new and significant economic phenomena they seem unprepared for such ethos and remain subject to sensitivities of threats of dangers from substance abuse offenses reducing their efficacy in the rate of adoption of marijuana industries. This study will employ research to identify how African countries can reconcile the demand to participate in the establishment of Cannabis industries by developing appropriate and effective legislative policy with a clinical focus on international law, the law and protection of society and the law and attraction of investment. The study shall propose legal adoption strategies that can be employed for African countries with such industrial interests.

Background

In the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, and the 1988 Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, illicit substances are categorized by the World Health Organization in one of four schedules according to their dependency and harm inducing potentials. Cannabis which is scheduled under Schedule I substances is subject to the most stringent control measures according to these Conventions where for example the preamble to the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs states that its focus is the “health and welfare of mankind,” and that “addiction to narcotic drugs constitutes a serious evil for the individual and is fraught with social and economic danger.” To this effect, Article 4 of the convention limits “exclusively to medical and scientific purposes the production, manufacture, export, import, distribution of, trade in, use and possession” of illicit substances, and Article 36 requires state punishment for their possession, production, sale and delivery. Article 3 of the Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances specifically criminalizes possession of drugs and their consumption.

Trends

Most member countries of the United Nations are signatories to these treaties and are legally obliged to follow these Conventions and therefore do have local statutory policy’s which reflect on the tone of these treaties which have acted as a barrier to the introduction of drug industries such as the cannabis industry. This however is a development which over the years has seen numerous contestation and interpretation challenges given that firstly, the entire plant genus of Cannabis is scheduled in Schedule I when there several cannabis plant species which have different characteristics with respect to narcosis that have been unfairly scheduled together with the narcotic species during implementation of the convention by states. Although narcosis is the principle concern of the Conventions, which informs this scheduling procedure the conventions also remain insensitive to these differences limiting legislative actions to explore industrial and recreational uses of marijuana. Secondly there is a challenge on how nations enforce these conventions through criminal codifications as some employ the most drastic measures which need serious review. Countries do have some flexibility in implementing the UN drug-control conventions as all three conventions allow deviations if required by a country’s constitution.

Bolivia leveraged this exception by changing its constitution in 2009 to give its citizens the explicit right to use, produce and sell coca leaf, which nevertheless attracted criticism from the International Narcotics Control Board as an “unprecedented step” that was “contrary to the fundamental object and spirit of the Convention. While several countries have found means to comply with the letter of these international laws Portugal, for instance, diverts drug offenders away from typical criminal punishments, such as prison sentences, toward mandatory education classes, treatment sessions and fines.

The Netherlands continues to criminalize marijuana possession but does not enforce this law against people with small quantities. Other jurisdictions have legalized marijuana in ways that clearly violate the UN drug-control conventions, as such an example is Uruguay, which in 2013 became the first country to pass legislation allowing the production, sale and consumption of marijuana for commercial and recreational purposes. In the United States, Colorado and Washington have similarly created legal markets for marijuana under state laws, leaving the country in noncompliance with its international legal obligations despite the compliance intention of its federal government, this discrepancy arises from the unique constitutional division of powers in the United States that gives individual states primary control over criminal matters. Similarly these trends continue to spread around the world where in Africa, Lesotho has emerged as the first country to permit trials of marijuana production, while Zimbabwe has become the first African state to attempt to make some descriptive distinctions in it cannabis policy framework through Statutory Instrument 62 of 2018 to legalize marijuana.

In a speech to the United Nations (UN) General Assembly on April. 20, 2016, Canadian Health Minister Jane Philpott reiterated her government’s electoral promise to legalize marijuana, including for recreational use. Although this announcement has been widely celebrated in the public health community, such legislation certainly violates the UN drug-control conventions that Canada is legally obliged to follow. This federal government immediately took proactive steps to seek a reservation to the marijuana provisions of these treaties and to initiate their renegotiation in light of its legalization plans. If these diplomatic efforts completely fail, Canada will have to formally withdraw from these treaties to avoid undermining international law and compromising its global position.

Keep in mind:
This is only a sample.

Get a custom paper now from our expert writers.

Although efforts to decriminalize and even legalize marijuana could be helpful for public health if done right, these approaches violate the UN drug-control conventions, at least in spirit if not also in the letter of these laws. The spirit of international laws matters because the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties specifically requires countries to interpret conventions in light of their “object and purpose” lest all international laws unilaterally be made void of any real meaning. Canada may be less concerned with international laws when it comes to marijuana, but the country has an interest when these laws govern genocide, nuclear disarmament or human rights and cannot set a precedence encouraging other countries to do the same.

One of the most hotly debated topics in current national events is whether to completely legalize marijuana. The question of legalizing marijuana is common for essays topics, so in this paper we will take a closer look on it. The fact is that there are many reasons for the nationwide legalization of marijuana in America and some of them are mentioned in legalizing marijuana essays. There is no debate about the medical aspects of marijuana. However, the legalization of it will also help reduce the use and abuse of opioids. The economy would also benefit from the legalization of the current illegality of growing, selling, or producing this drug by the federal laws. A policy legalizing marijuana will bring medical relief to suffering people, impact the opioid crisis positively, and bring significant money into the economy.

“A new study found that more than 62 percent of people who use medical marijuana do so to treat chronic pain”. And while most patients prescribed medical marijuana do it for chronic pain, it is also prescribed for treating many diseases and disorders. Such diseases as Alzheimer's disease, cancer, Crohn's disease, epilepsy, glaucoma, and multiple sclerosis as well as eating disorders (i.e.) anorexia, appetite loss, and wasting syndrome. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and schizophrenia, amongst other mental health conditions, can also be treated with medical marijuana.

The legalization of marijuana will not only help people find treatment for all sorts of medical issues but also will help to reduce opioid use. Many people are now prescribed opioids by doctors simply because they do not have a different way to treat their pain. “According to two studies recently published in JAMA Internal Medicine, the rate of opiate prescriptions is lower in states where medical marijuana laws have been passed'. When the doctor decides to take the patient off opioid pain medicine, or reduce the dosage, the patient has already become dependent on opiates. This causes them to look elsewhere for opiates to reduce their pain, primarily on the black market, adding to the opiate crisis,

A policy legalizing marijuana would help the economy in several ways. “The industry totaled more than $8 billion in sales in 2017, with sales estimated to reach $11 billion this year and $23 billion by 2022. There were more than 9,000 active licenses for cannabis businesses in the U.S. in 2017, with the industry employing more than 120,000 people”. Taxing marijuana would amount to many tax dollars but add to that the taxes from 120,00 or more working individuals and that would be a substantial boost to the economy while also creating jobs/As Colorado has already shown, a policy that makes marijuana legal creates much revenue from the taxation of marijuana sales and all the people gaining work related to that industry. “Colorado has surpassed $1 billion in tax revenue from marijuana sales since recreational use was legalized in 2014”. Another possibility for revenue is to create an exchange-traded fund. An ETF (exchange-traded fund) is an investment traded on the stock exchange. The Canadian fund “Horizons Marijuana Life Sciences Index fund has grown to €1.15 billion ($1.3 billion) becoming the 18th largest Canadian ETF, according to ETFGI. This is an Exchange Traded Fund (ETF) and marijuana was did not become legal in Canada until October 2018. In addition to this, the money and manpower hours now being spent to enforce the marijuana laws would be eliminated. Those dollars and manpower hours could then be used in drug education, treatment facilities, and other programs.

In summary, marijuana legalization would help doctors treat patients that would otherwise need painkillers, most of which currently prescribed are opiates. Legalizing marijuana would be financially beneficial to the country and its citizens from taxes and the money not spent to enforce marijuana laws. A policy legalizing marijuana would provide needed medical treatment for people, reduce the use and abuse of opioids, and create revenue from tax dollars that could then be utilized in other areas that need more funding.

References

• Grinspoon, P. (2019, June 25). Medical marijuana. Retrieved from https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/medical-marijuana-2018011513085.
• Harding, A. (2013) Medical Marijuana, retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/features/medical-marijuana-uses
• Heinrich, M. (2018, December). The National Cannabis Economy. Retrieved from ttps://www.jec.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/bf473de9-98bb-4465-a310-de992926409a/national-cannabis-economy-final.pdf
• Julig, C. (2019, June 13). Colorado surpasses $1 billion in marijuana tax revenue. Retrieved from https://www.denverpost.com/2019/06/12/colorado-marijuana- revenue-one-billion/.
• Mastroianni, B. (2019). Chronic Pain Top Reason for Medical Marijuana Use. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health-news/what-drives-patients-to-use-medical-marijuana-chronic-pain.
• Valdivia, A. G. (2019, March 11). The Economic Implications Behind The Cannabis Legalization Debate. Retrieved November 14, 2019, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/anagarciavaldivia/2019/03/11/the-economic-implications-behind-the-cannabis-legalization-debate/#4a1f3075c560

Should marijuanas be legalized? Essay on the issue of marijuana legitimization can be quite controversial, since it is one that has burdened the minds of legislators and marijuana supporters since the time its banned. There are many heated arguments on one side and the other, and the issue is incredibly questionable. Some say that it is an unethical drug that leads individuals to a life of crime. Also, others will say that marijuana can be medicinally helpful to you, and that its restriction causes more crime. In this essay, the legitimization of marijuana will be supported, as marijuana doesn't decisively cause any harmful impacts, and it can seriously lessen law enforcement costs. marijuana was first prohibited in 1937 with the death of the Marijuana Transfer Tax Act. Since that time, marijuana has been illegal, with the deal or purchase of cannabis making somebody subject to a hefty fine and perhaps prison time. Be that as it may, a developing legalization movement has been gaining ground toward lobbying for legalization, California making the initial move toward making it legitimate to sell marijuana for medicinal purposes. Numerous countries on the planet have legalized marijuana, including the Netherlands, Peru, and Spain under specific conditions.

There are numerous detractors to marijuana legalization, opposing arguments incorporate the idea that marijuana fills in as a gateway drug to harder drugs, for example, cocaine or heroin. To other people, the manifestations of marijuana causes drowsiness, slow reaction time and making it awfully simple for individuals to put themselves in danger, particularly in a vehicle. Additionally, there are people who believe that marijuana causes harmful impacts and is addictive, likewise with some other drugs. They see the selling and use of marijuana as a criminal demonstration, and as such the perpetrators should be punished. Other than that, legalization of marijuana use can really abridge crime instead of encouraging it. Due to marijuana’s illegal status, the only way that a person can get marijuana is through criminal methods such as involving with drug dealers who regularly smuggle it into the country, and have other markets and criminal pursuits other than marijuana smuggling. Because of that, it regularly leads a normally well-adjusted people to a life of crime on the spot just because that they need to smoke marijuana. If marijuana is legalized, there would be a protected, legitimate methods through which the person who needed marijuana would get it. It would lead to less cases of desperate people taking and engaging with people who have a crime background, which could result in violence, to get their marijuana.

Another reason to legalize marijuana is that, in addition to the fact that it is not addictive and harmful to your body, it can really give medicinal benefits. Medical marijuana is utilized for all way of aches and pains, just as illness from diseases, for example, glaucoma. There are even studies to show that the utilization of marijuana improves the wellbeing and health of those experiencing HIV and AIDS, just as cancer and numerous sclerosis. there are no convincing studies that express any health detriments that happen exclusively due to the use of marijuana, if it is used with some restraint as the same as with some other medication. as a result, since it isn't harmful, it should not be illegal to buy and use.

Next, the last point is that the legalization of marijuana would essentially lessen law enforcement expenses and make the equity framework more successful. There is as of now packing in prisons, and it has been demonstrated that individuals who are detained for lighter sentences can, following a prison stay, be more likely to proceed onward to more violent crimes. The prison culture forces them to get violent to fit in, and subsequently those habits can continue into the future. legalizing marijuana would prevent individuals whose only crime was purchasing, selling or using it from going to jail and stopping to be a productive member of the citizen. police officers could be saved generous time and effort pursuing down marijuana users and dealers, and their assets and time could be better spent bringing down violent criminals and the individuals who actively causes harm to other people. The expense to the citizen would be considerably less, as they would not be paying for additional individuals to be imprisoned constantly. There would be legitimate routes to fulfill questions among seller and buyer, and the FDA could direct the quality of marijuana to guarantee its safety.

So should marijuanas be legalized? Based on of the proof and logic introduced in this essay, marijuana ought to be made a legitimate drug. The lone purposes behind marijuana as yet being restricted are superstition and competition from powerful tobacco lobbies. They fear that the expansion of marijuana smoking would generously cut into their cigarette benefits. The legalization of marijuana would give medicinal help to the individuals who need it, set aside significant money in law enforcement and imprisonment expenses, and keep the individuals who simply look for marijuana from a daily existence of crime. There are no ill impacts to using weed, regardless of cases in actuality along these lines, there is no logical reason to keep it illegal. On the off chance that marijuana were made legal, a great deal of issues with the equity framework and the economy could be improved.