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Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. Discussion
3. Conclusion
4. References

Introduction

In this essay I seek to argue that Locke and Hobbes have the same conclusion that there must be a government to rule the people but they just don’t have the same premises and argument as Locke is a classical Liberal meaning that unlike Thomas Hobbes, he believes that humans by nature are self-interested and rational as opposed to Thomas Hobbes that humans are self-interested and irrational. Hobbes believes government must have absolute power and authority.

Discussion

A state of nature refers to what life would be like without government laws, police and other things that makes the state. Hobbes believe that life in the state of nature is solitary, nasty, poor, brutish and short because Hobbes argues that humans by nature are irrational and have a desire for power and self-preservation and that we will use any means possible to fulfil these desires. He also argues that the world does not contain enough resources to sustain and satisfy everyone therefor meaning in a world with no government life would be totally horrible since everybody will be fighting for resources, power and self-preservation the war of all against all. A film called Lord of the flies is a good example without strong leadership to rule over the kids they do whatever it takes to survive.

On the other side Locke has a different views on that Locke argues that in a state nature because we are rational, we will be able to work out for ourselves how best to live our lives and what will benefit us the most there will be enough resources to go around and satisfy everyone and in the most part we will live a good and peaceful life. However, because we are self-interested, we will impose on the freedom of others what is called “the nature of law”. The law of nature is a set of national rights that Locke says all humans should have. The law of nature states no person may subordinate another or harm his or her life, health, liberty or possessions.

Locke argues that we should help one another when doing so does not cause harm to others. Without government we would have to enforce the law of nature ourselves however this is going to lead to problems because we won’t be able to get fair punishment without being bias. If we deal with punishment ourselves then what is there to stop us from confusing punishment with revenge and to severely punish those we hate. The same could be said or the other way around what is there to stop us not punishing those we like and are friend with. (Locke, 1689)

Furthermore, punishment maybe hard to carry out for example if a theft steal my crops and I go to punish him there is nothing stopping the theft from ganging up and taking back revenge on me but the only way I could than stop him is to get an even more powerful source to go and punish his gang. I might as well let the theft get away with it than to go through all the hustle of trying to punish him. Because of this Locke says there needs to be a government to act as a judge giving justice without implement bias unlike Hobbes however Locke says this is as much power by the state should be allowed to have any more power such as trying to introduce laws to businesses and individuals which limit liberty and be unjust but the question is having total liberty and freedom a good thing.

Hobbes says the government must have absolute power and authority. His only obligation is to is to protect state from outside danger and prevent danger from arising events he must therefor have strict rules and justice. (Hobbes, 1651) This is where their conflict lies between these two philosophers. I would have to agree with Locke the government can not have absolute power because the country will become a dictatorship which will lead to abuse of power as the dictator misuses his power at the expense of other citizens.

Conservatist such as Hobbes disagrees with Locke imagine what it would be like if we allowed half of the population of the state to get drunk every night it would be horrible many people would be horrible many people would not turn up for work in the morning because of hang overs they have, health services would be full of people with alcohol related issues and the streets at night would be chaotic since everyone is drunk and unsociable therefore conservatists argue that government need to impose strict rules as well as sort out dispute over the state in order to keep law and order and make sure its subjects are under control.

John Locke did respond to this by saying that freedom is a good thing since by allowing people to be free and live an autonomous life certain truths and knowledge would be uncovered. For example, by letting people be free and therefor choose to get drunk every night the truth by getting drunk every night is not good for society with be uncovered therefor meaning people mutually agree not to get drunk every night if laws are in placed to stop people from trying out new ways of living life.

Locke would say that certain truths are being denied from being found out it may be the case but life in society would be better if half of the population got drunk every night the only way to find out according to Locke is to let people try it out for themselves and by that because they are rational they would choose the correct and best in life. Hobbes argues that if the government fails to obtain his power civil war will break out and the government falls.

Conclusion

In a nutshell I have considered both Locke and Hobbes' arguments which some conflicted with each other but they both have the same conclusion which is there must be a government to rule although they have different “terms” which is Locke says the government can rule but not have absolute power whereas Hobbes says the government must have absolute power and authority. I disagree with Hobbes on the bases that if the government has absolute power there are high chances that the government will abuse this power and become a dictator oppress and supress the people or even promote their own favourites and interest. The population is never happy with that government. There must be a government to enforce the law in a country, but he must not have absolute power.

References

1. Hobbes, T. 1651. Leviathan. Bennet (Ed.) http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/ (Extracts)
2. Locke, J. 1689. Second treatise of government. Bennet (Ed.) http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/ (Extracts)

Starting with the early life of John Quincy Adams he was Born on July 11, 1767, in the city of Braintree (which is now called Quincy), Massachusetts, and was the second child and first son of John and Abigail Adams. As a young boy, John Quincy was a witness of the battle of bunker hill. When he was ten he went with his father on a diplomatic mission to France. Later he studied at several European universities becoming fluent in seven languages. Adams returned to Massachusetts in 1785 and went to Harvard College, graduating two years later. He then studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1790, after which he set up a law firm in Boston.

As a young lawyer, Adams wrote articles protecting the neutrality policy of George Washington’s presidential administration talking about the war between France and Britain in 1793. In 1794, Washington appointed him as a U.S. minister to the Netherlands. After his father John Adams was elected president in 1796, he made his son minister to Prussia (now Germany). Before going to Berlin, Adams married Louisa Catherine Johnson, whom he met in London (she was the daughter of the American ambassador there). sadly, the couple would suffer the loss of three children–a daughter in infancy and two sons in adulthood some sources reported it to be a largely unhappy match.

After John Adams lost the presidency to Thomas Jefferson in 1800, he recalled John Quincy from; When the younger Adams returned to Boston in 1801 he reopened his law practice. The following year he was accepted to the Massachusetts State Senate, and in 1903 the state legislature chose him to serve in the U.S. Senate. Though Adams, like his father, was thought to be a member of the Federalist party, on one occasion he voted against the Federalist Party line on several issues, including Jefferson’s unlucky Embargo Act of 1807, which greatly threatened the interests of New England merchants. He soon became alienated from the Federalists – then led by Alexander Hamilton, a political opponent of his father’s – and came to detest party politics. Adams gave up his Senate position in June 1808 and went back to Harvard, where he got a job as a professor.

In 1809, President James Madison called Adams to come back into diplomatic service, appointing him ambassador to the Russian court of Czar Alexander I. While in St. Petersburg, Adams witnessed Napoleon’s invasion of Russia and later the removal of the French army after that great attack. Meanwhile, the war had broken out between the United States and Britain (now known as the war of 1812), and in 1814 James Madison called Adams to Belgium to arrange the Treaty of Ghent, which put an end to the War of 1812. John Quincy Adams then began serving (following his father’s footsteps) as U.S. minister to Great Britain; his son, Charles Francis Adams, would go on to have the same position during the Civil War.

In 1817, President Monroe hired Adams as his secretary of state, as part of his attempts to build a cabinet with balanced sections. Adams earned many diplomatic accomplishments in this position, including discussing the joint occupation of Oregon with England and obtaining Florida from Spain. He also had another position as the chief architect of what is now known as the Monroe Doctrine (1823), which was an attempt to prevent further European attacks or invasion in Latin America by declaring U.S. defense over the entire Western Hemisphere.

In 1824, Adams joined a five-way competition for the presidency with two other members of Monroe’s cabinet, and most of New York and a few districts elsewhere were for Adams, but lost to Andrew Jackson (who was with Pennsylvania, the Carolinas and most of the West) in both the electoral and popular votes. For the first time in U.S. history, however, no candidate received most of the electoral votes, and the election was determined by the House of Representatives. Jackson’s advocates raged against this “corrupt deal,” and Andrew Jackson himself resigned from the Senate; he would again join the race for the presidency (successfully) in 1828.

With his new role as president, Adams dealt with solid hostility from the Jacksonians in Congress, which possibly explained his generally few substantive achievements while in the White House. He suggested a progressive national program, that included federal funding of an interstate system of roads and the assembly of a national university. Reporters, especially Jackson’s advocates, insisted that such advancements overreached federal authority limits according to the Constitution. The Erie Canal was finalized while Adams was in office, connecting the Great Lakes to East Coast and enabling a flow of products such as grain to Eastern markets. Adams also looked to provide Native Americans with land in the Western side of the U.S., but like many of his plans, this failed to find votes in Congress.

Up for election again in 1828, Adams was hurt by assertions of corruption and judgment of his domestic program, among other problems; he lost severely to Jackson, who attained most of the southern and western votes. he became only the second president in U.S. history to fail to win a second term; the first had been his own father, in 1800. He retired to private life in Massachusetts only briefly, winning election to the House of Representatives in 1830. He served as a leading congressman for the rest of his life, earning the nickname “Old Man Eloquent” for his passionate support of freedom of speech and universal education, and especially for his strong arguments against slavery, the “peculiar institution” that would tear the nation apart only decades later. After suffering two strokes, Adams died in 1848, at the age of 80.

Dalton Trumbo is perhaps best known for his Communist viewpoints and for his involvement in the HUAC committee in Hollywood and for his work in the movie industry. However, Trumbo’s novels are widely regarded as some of his best work. In one of those esteemed and probably best-known novels, Johnny Got His Gun, Dalton Trumbo uses a third-person point of view and stream of consciousness-like syntax to characterize the exceptionally complex and changing relationship between the young man and his father.

Trumbo’s book is structured in an exceptionally unique way. The most striking aspect of its structure is Trumbo’s extensive use of flashback. The passage about the main characters fishing trip with his father is an example of Trumbo’s use of flashback, as it is written in a reflective point of view of the young man on a camping trip with his father and his friend. “They had been coming to this place ever since he was seven,” says Trumbo, “Now he was fifteen and Bill Harper was going to come tomorrow… Tomorrow for the first time in all trips together he wanted to go fishing with someone other than his father (Trumbo). While the third-person point of view somewhat isolates the reader from the situation, it also makes it more interesting in that it emphasizes just how groundbreaking the situation is in their relationship. In other words, the third-person point of view amplifies that the boy is growing up and is breaking away from the once close relationship he and his father had once shared. The use of third person point of view likewise highlights a striking generational gap between father and son. On one hand, the son wants to wake up “Early in the morning” to go “Fishing” with his friend Bill Harper. On the other, his father, who is presumably old, tired, and somewhat boring, “Doesn’t want to go fishing” as he’s tired and “[Going to] rest all day” (Trumbo). Not only does point of view illuminate a generational difference, it also characterizes the changing nature of their relationship. That is, they were once best friends who did everything together, but now are growing apart as the boy grows up and becomes his own person, not needing the once invaluable support and attention of his doting father.

Additionally, Trumbo uses stream of consciousness-like syntax to characterize the evolving relationship of father and son. This is especially evident when Trumbo says, “For a while his father didn’t say a thing. Then he said why sure go along Joe… A little later [he asked if] Bill Harper [has] a rod?” to which the son responded that Bill doesn’t have a rod (Trumbo). The boy’s father in turn tells his son to “take my rod and let Bill use yours” as he wasn’t going fishing with them and thus had no use for it (Trumbo). The fact that the boy’s father gives his son his prized pole, the “only extravagance his father had in his whole life,” is a kind of symbolic passing of the torch between father and son (Trumbo). In other words, the pole is a symbol for both the newfound independence and freedom of son and for the changing nature of the relationship between father and son (from loving and almost mutualistic to loving yet independent). Similarly, Trumbo’s use of such fast-paced, stream of consciousness-like syntax during which the boy’s fishing trip is described at the end of the passage underscores the boy’s happiness for his new freedom and the changing nature of his relationship with his father when Trumbo says, “He got up and gave Bill his road and took his father’s for himself…” (Trumbo). The boys then went to their fishing trip, hoping that they catch something and yearning for an experience without adult supervision, again showcasing the power of a single fishing pole.

In effect, the son is becoming his own person who doesn’t particularly need his father anymore. And through the use of third-person point-of-view and symbolism, Trumbo not only makes the aforementioned evident, but also makes it clear that the two, even though the son is becoming his own man, will always be close to each other and will still have a good relationship no matter what happens in their lives, which is underscored when the boy ironically destroys his father’s pole, signifying that the father’s broken trust in the boy and foreshadowing the gruesome fate of the boy.

Works Cited

Trumbo, Dalton. Johnny Got His Gun. New York: L. Stuart, 1970. Print.

Johnson & Johnson began as a small family owned company, founded by three brothers. They began with an innovative, somewhat radical idea that medical products used to treat wounds and injuries should all be sterile. When they created this company, the Johnson brothers never imagined the success they would experience. Through generations of new innovations and product creations, Johnson & Johnson has been able to shape the United States economy and have far more influence than they ever imagined.

Johnson & Johnson began when one of the three brothers, Robert Wood Johnson, heard a speech by Joseph Lister, a believer in antisepsis production. Lister felt that ready-to-use surgical dressings would be far safer and more sterile than the products used on the spot by doctors and nurses of the time. James Wood Johnson, Edward Mead Johnson, and Robert Wood Johnson took this idea and put it into production, releasing their first ready to use surgical dressings in 1886. The company became officially incorporated in 1886, and took off from there.

Since their incorporation in 1886, Johnson & Johnson has become the largest, most influential health care company. Starting with a small headquarters based in New Brunswick, NJ, Johnson & Johnson expanded to Canada in 1919 and to England in 1924. In the 1940s and the 1960s Johnson & Johnson continued experiencing tremendous international growth spanning from places such as Zimbabwe all the way to Portugal and Spain. In the 1980s, they began merging and acquiring new companies to aid in their rapid expansion.

Besides just trying to make a profit, Johnson & Johnson has made countless efforts to conduct their business ethically, influencing society in a positive way. The first example of these efforts was the creation of their disaster relief program in 1906, which sent volunteers and trains full of medical supplies to San Francisco within hours of their big earthquake and fire in order to assist with providing aid for the victims and survivors. In addition, in 1982, Johnson & Johnson received tremendous praise for their extraordinary handling of the Chicago Tylenol murder situation. After a few bottles of Extra Strength Tylenol were tampered with and laced with potassium cyanide in Chicago, seven people died from consumption of the pills.

Although it was largely believed to be an incidental occurrence, focused in Chicago, Johnson & Johnson chose to pull all of their capsules off the shelves and issued a nationwide recall on all of their Tylenol products. Rather than worry about having to recall 31 million bottles, valued at $100 million, Tylenol chose the ethical route, protecting the safety of the American people. Although their stocks dropped during the scare from 38% to 5%, the media praise they received for their handling of the situation helped them to rebound within a year. This is an amazing recovery, as many companies would have gone bankrupt from this incident.

Further putting ethics ahead of profit, Johnson & Johnson has a mission to maintain an environmentally friendly company. They have drastically reduced their water use, energy use, and waste. They have recently changed the type of packaging they use in their plastic bottles due to harmful chemicals discovered during the manufacturing process. Working with the EPA, Johnson & Johnson is striving to set a good example for other companies and reduce greenhouse gases. Striving to consistently help the American people is a serious goal, and Johnson & Johnson even went as far as registering the Red Cross as the U.S. trademark symbol for all medicinal and surgical plasters. This design has been recognized worldwide.

Today, Johnson & Johnson is the largest producer of Pharmaceuticals and medical devices, and is recognized as number 6 on the list of the Best Big-Company Stocks for Growth and Income as of 2008 and reported a market value of $181,615.1 million. They are third-largest biologics company in the world with 250 companies operating in 57 companies and employing 119,400 people. Currently, forty percent of their sales come from the pharmaceutical division but with the expiration of many patents in the upcoming decade, Johnson & Johnson expect sales in this division to drop down to thirty percent with the other ten percent being redistributed to their other divisions, mainly diagnostics and new product development.

In conclusion, Johnson & Johnson started off as a small family owned company with a mission to provide safe medical supplies to the injured and sick. The three Johnson brothers never imagined the monstrous influence they would have on both the medical industry and the United States economy. A largely successful company, that markets and develops such products as Pharmaceuticals, Medical devices, health care products, toiletries, and other items, they stand for ethical business responsibility in the marketplace. Johnson & Johnson’s mission, as they state, to invest in medical products, provide effective and compassionate healthcare, and discovering and developing new products while using accountable business practice has not only created a very successful corporation but has influenced and helped millions of consumers worldwide.

Most teenagers today have difficulty with finding who they truly are or trouble with developing who they are from lack of attachment to parents, low self-esteem, absence or negative influence of adults, and lack of acceptance in a positive peer group. Society tells us to just be ourselves, whether it is talking to someone you have a crush on or going into a job interview. While society may be giving us good advice, it might not feel like it is our true selves. When we are talking about who we are, it is basically how that particular person perceives thier behaviors, abilities, and unique characteristics. When today’s society can implement these things into their lives they can be more happy and live better lives when we truly know who we are. We can boost confidence and be more courageous. It all comes down to a mindset, and how we put ourselves into positions. With this being said Jon Krakauer is someone who not only writes about a person who had found who they were, but he has found it in himself as well. Jon Krakauer uses psychoanalytical conflicts in “Into the Wild” to express individualism, amplify self-reinvention, and emphasize transcendentalism.

Individualism is something people can try to find in life but can also struggle with due to not being confident or just not being able to bring themselves to achieve it. “My point is that you do not need me or anyone else around to bring this new kind of light in your life. It is simply waiting out there for you to grasp it, and all you have to do is reach for it.”(Krakauer 46). Individualism is something that Jon Krauker finds within himself and believes that McCandless found on his adventures in “Into the Wild”. Sometimes you may wait or others may wait on someone else or something to start that new journey or find what makes them unique. When Jon Krakauer wants you to know with that quote is that you do not necessarily need an outside motivation or force to find your real self. Going to reach out and find that sense of individuality can create opportunities and a new way to look at life.

Part of individualism is sometimes taking a risk. It may not seem appealing or something fun but the risk is something that Jon Krauker really does have hindsight in. He has written in a book about climbing Mount Everest and some challenges take risks, but it all builds character. “make a radical change in your lifestyle and begin to boldly do things which you may previously never have thought of doing, or been too hesitant to attempt. So many people live within unhappy circumstances and yet will not take the initiative to change their situation because they are conditioned to a life of security, conformity, and conservation, all of which may appear to give one peace of mind, but in reality, nothing is more damaging to the adventurous spirit within a man than a secure future”Some risks of McCandless, the main character from “Into the Wild” were, leaving his beloved and hard-earned car he always wanted in the desert. He strategically did this to make sure his journey and adventure across the country wouldn’t end from his family or police finding out and potentially stopping him.. Another example is McCandless’ whole idea of even leaving his family and everything he owns to go on this journey. This can be attributed to this type of risk factor he has about him. With his actions like these, he really exalts this type of courage and trust within himself which ultimately helps develop his character over time. (Krakauer 45). In this letter, this is McCandless explains that sometimes you may have to go through things that you may not feel like or think about doing because of whatever circumstances there may be. It explains in a little bit more detail his reasoning behind his motives and beliefs of what and why he did these things. The ultimate risk was McCandless making the decision to leave everything behind and go on the adventure across the United States and more. Without this, the whole reason for Jon Krauker writing this point of view and explanation of this adventure and amazing story would not have happened.

Along with McCandless, Krauker also loved being in nature. His view on transcendentalism was outstandingly strong. Transcendentalism is how someone connects with nature and how they view society. Sometimes they feel they need to extortionate people and that people should live as simply as preferably possible. While Krakauer represents this outstanding view of the world he shares this with McCandless. Krakauer and McCandless are both great examples of transcendentalists who both represent this with their actions, thoughts, and motives. The ideas of both Krakauer and McCandless present a strong transcendental view. In the wilderness, Krakauer states that McCandless hates receiving gifts and never gives gifts to others except in certain circumstances. Chris’s thinking strictly follows the definition of transcendentalism, knowing that society and social elements can corrupt people. Therefore, he tries to avoid doing so. Krakauer also represents an element of transcendental thought, but it is not as extreme as Chris McCandless. John states that he needed to climb during his teens to help in the fog. Jon also states that everything in nature stands out more brilliantly. Jon’s thinking reflects a different definition of transcendentalism: his obsession with nature is on a personal level from an early age so he grew into it very naturally. Transcendentals naturally enter in order to escape the basicity of society. This also fits into a romantic ideal, as John is clearly fascinated and fascinated by the beauty of nature. These ideas also lead to many of the bizarre and bizarre things that both Krakauer and McCandless do, which leads directly to transcendental thinking.

With McCandless leaving this brought many opportunities to really test his real meaning and strength to go against the material things in life. Jon Krakauer writes about how the “materialistic” things in life don’t really affect happiness. McCandless also said, “he would shortly donate all the money in his college fund to OXFAM America, a charity dedicated to fighting hunger.” (Krakauer 19). What this is saying is that he does not care about the materialistic things in life. He gave all his money from college to people in need. This also shows his selflessness and character. He does not need things such as money, cars, or fancy materials to achieve his pure happiness.

Going into this mindset of becoming himself he needed to be isolated. He felt at one with nature and was able to connect with it. What isolation does is when people are with themrselves and themselves only, they can experience things that are eye-opening but mainly discover parts or characteristics they may have been hiding within themselves without a way to exalt them. “It is true that many creative people fail to make mature personal relationships, and some are extremely isolated. It is also true that, in some instances, trauma, in the shape of early separation or bereavement, has steered the potentially creative person toward developing aspects of his personality which can find fulfillment in comparative isolation.”(Krakauer 49).

With isolation, there will be a time a self-reflection, and overall the whole point of finding your true self might be having to reconstruct yourself. Self-reinvention is something that can tie back into your mental train of thought and your whole lookout and perception for life. Jon Krakauer makes this kind of mental reflection and self-fortitude on actually reinventing your personality the way you really want it to be. McCandless did change his name which is a part of self-reinvention. He changed his name to Alex instead of Chris. This is why when writing, his name, is referred to him as just McCandless because it is easier than to say Chris or Alex and then explain. When someone changes their name, it completely changes the person that they are. Without a name, there is no person to put things to or a different person that has a totally different background. Without self-reinvention, you may never get to experience the real person you are meant to be.

Jon Krakauer was born April 12, 1954, in Brookline, Massachusetts. Krakauer is a famous American authorwriter and mountaineer. He writes famous and best-selling non-fiction books including — Into the Wild; Into Thin Air; Under the Banner of Heaven; and Where Men Win Glory: The Odyssey of Pat Tillman — also writing a number of magazine articles. He was a member of a fateful expedition to summit Mount Everest in 1996, one of the deadliest disasters in the history of climbing Everest. Jon Krakauer was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, as the third of five children. His father Lewis Joseph Krakauer was a Jewish man, and his mother Carol Ann Krauker was a descended Scandinavian Unitarian woman. From the age of two Krakauer was raised in Corvallis, Oregon. Kraukers father introduced him to mountaineering at around the age of eight. His father was relentlessly competitive and ambitious in the extreme and placed high expectations on Krakauer, wishing for his son to attend Harvard Medical School and become a doctor, ‘life’s one sure path to meaningful success and lasting happiness.’ He played tennis at Corvallis High School and graduated in the class of 1972. He then went on to become a student at Hampshire College in Massachusetts, where he received his degree in Environmental Studies in 1996. In 1977, he met a former climbermountaineer Linda Mariam Moore and asked her to marry him in 1980. They lived in Seattle, Washington, but moved to Boulder, Colorado, after he released and published Krakauer’s book, “Into Thin Air”. This book is about Jon Krakauer’s point of view and perspective on reaching the top of Mount Everest which was a huge accomplishment, but it came with some very traumatizing events.

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In the mind of humans, young adults are taught to dream big. Maybe all society today needs to do is dream with the purpose of what the individual really wants. Society can be fearful, but this is what drives the outliers to become different and be great to achieve multiple accomplishments. Without fear, change never happens, and without change, life passes by. Jon Krakauer writes in a psychoanalytic way and implements transcendentalism by showing that connecting with nature can help with finding peace, exemplifies that self-reinvention can be a way to help with finding inner personality, and prioritizes individualism as the main demonstration for finding the true identity people today. Not just in writing but in life, society can be the real and most likable version of themselves.

Works Cited

1. Emerson, R. W. (1841). Self-reliance. Boston, MA: James Munroe and Company.
2. Haidt, J. (2006). The happiness hypothesis: Finding modern truth in ancient wisdom. New York, NY: Basic Books.
3. Heath, C., & Heath, D. (2013). Decisive: How to make better choices in life and work. New York, NY: Crown Business.
4. Krakauer, J. (1996). Into the wild. New York, NY: Villard Books.
5. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370-396.
6. McLeod, S. (2020). Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html
7. O'Connor, K. (2018). How to be yourself: Quiet your inner critic and rise above social anxiety. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.
8. Riso, D. R., & Hudson, R. (1999). The wisdom of the enneagram: The complete guide to psychological and spiritual growth for the nine personality types. New York, NY: Bantam.
9. Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person: A therapist's view of psychotherapy. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
10. Seligman, M. E. P. (2012). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. New York, NY: Free Press.

Jordan is a country that should be a must see on everyone’s list of places to go and explore. Jordan has a long deep history through what seems like the beginning of time although it did not official gain recognition as an independent country until 1946. It is situated geographically at what can be called the crossroad to the Middle East. Africa, Asia and Europe all had to travel through the boundaries of Jordan. Being situated in this location means that Jordan was at the center of everything to share and absorb multiple cultures throughout the centuries. Here I will discuss the different aspects of what makes up Jordanian culture.

To truly understand the culture of Jordanians you must first know a little about their history. Jordan has a long history of changing hands as different people spread out to conquer new lands. The earliest evidence of people in Jordan can be dates to the Paleolithic Period, a time frame of 500,000 -17,000 BCE. It was not until the early Bronze Age that we have written documents that show Jordan was trading with Egypt and Mesopotamia. Jordan would later fall under the rule of Babylonian, The Persian Empire, Umayyad Empire, Abbasids, Fatimids, Ayyubid, Mamluks and finally the Ottoman Empire.

Jordan did not officially exist until after the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the end of World War One. Winston Churchill invented Jordan in 1921 and was under Britain’s rule as a colony. Britain organized and trained one of the best Arabic armies ever created who were called the Arab Legion. In 1948, this Legion was so effective that they captured the eastern half of Jerusalem and much of the country’s land. The leader of the newly recognized country was King Abdullah, a tribe leader that was installed by Britain. Due to power struggles with Saudi Arabia and Egypt, King Abdullah had a better relationship with Israel towards the end of his reign. King Abdullah was eventually assassinated outside of a Mosque on July 20th, 1951.

After the death of King Abdullah, his grandson, King Hussein ruled the kingdom for more than 40 years before losing a battle with cancer in January 1999. While ruling, Hussein great strides to further Jordan’s future. Alliances were made with specific countries like the United States, Israel and Britain which provided economic resources, military weapons and relief aid. This was seen as a negative by other Arab nations but necessary for the progression of Jordan. Jordan now holds a joint military exercise/competition each year where more than 30 different nations come to participate and show their allegiance to each other.

One of the more interesting thing about all these conquerors was that a nomadic tribe abandoned their way of life and settles down. This tribe was known as the Nabateans and they settled in a place they called Petra. This is the largest tourist attraction for Jordan and souvenirs can be bought in any part of the country. This area is so popular as the Nabateans were skilled craftsman and constructed the entire city by carving into the sand stone cliffs. Houses, tombs, ministries, and places of worship were decoratively carved.

One of the most famous and inspiring thing about Jordan is the art that is produced. Some of the main areas that are concentrated with art is Irbid, Amman and the world famous Madaba. Most of the art work that you will see in Jordan is that of your classic Muslim designs. Mosques are decorated elaborately with geometric designs throughout the entire building. Embroidery, pottery and mosaic designs are some of the most sought-after forms of art to purchase.

Mosaic is an ancient art form by which an artist will press small pieces of colored ceramic into a wet plaster. They could spend years depending on the size of the design and the picture of which they were designing. Mosaics were very popular during the Byzantine-Umayyad period which was around the fifth to eight century AD. This art work was popular with showing maps, people, villages and are great for detailing the past for scientist. Madaba is considered the home of mosaics and even have an institution whose only job is to continue teaching people this specific art form (U.S. Department of State, 2018).

Weaving is an art form that has been famous within Middle East countries for centuries. Nomadic Bedouin tribes would weave these as they traveled. The colors popular for weaving were orange, black, red and green. When these tribes started to settle down thanks to modernization and the need to not travel, women slowly stopped weaving. Jordanians started to realize this art form was dyeing and started working towards a way to save it. With the help from other organizations there is now the Bani Hameeda Project. This project encourages women to weave and provides supplemental income for both urban and rural women.

Another dying art form in the Middle East is glass blowing. This is mostly the case because of the amount of time and energy that must be put into learning the craft. The art starts with getting a clump of glass and blow into a hallow pipe while manipulating the shape you are producing. This form of art is slowly moving from the northern city of Hebron down towards Amman. Glass bottles filled with sand are another popular use for these bottles. Jordan has over twenty naturally occurring shades of sandstone. With these different colors there is no need for the utilization of dyes. Some say that Mohammed Abdullah Othman of Petra was the first to do this and that everyone else is only imitating him.

Jordanian cuisine is a must for anyone traveling in the region. It is often regarded as the best Arabic food in the region. Whenever someone is invited to a house or a gathering you are not expected to bring anything. The person that invited you is your host and they provide anything and everything you might need. It is also custom to eat everything that the host provides you. The national dish is called Mansaf and is a traditional Bedouin specialty. The dish is seasoned lamb that is cooked in dried yogurt. It will commonly be served on a large platter with an abundance of rice and sprinkled with various types of nuts. This dish takes hours of preparation and is commonly only served during special occasions like anniversaries, weddings, birthdays and other important social occasions.

Embroidery is an important art that is centered around Jordanian women and has started to see a rise in the fashion industry. Utilizing skilled needlework and Middle Eastern prized fabrics they can create beautiful jackets and the even more popular ball and wedding gowns. At almost any time during the week you can see these gowns at five-star hotels at wedding or other celebrations. This has a simple root of where it came from. Traditionally Jordanian girls would be judge on their skill. Embroidery has begun to transition from clothing to other common household items like cushions and curtains. The traditional colors range from purple, maroon, pink with additions of bright gold, green and orange. Some of the common images are flowers, feathers, triangles and common Arabic geometrical designs.

The Jordanian population consists of roughly six and a half million people. The major language spoken is Arabic and the most common religion being Islam. The most well-known holiday that is celebrated by all Islamic followers is that of Ramadan. Ramadan typically last for 30 days and always falls on the ninth month of the Islamic calendar. This means that is always changing year to year. This time is for you to self-reflect, going to a mosque, feel closer to god and pray five times a day. During the daylight hours it is forbidden to eat, drink, chew gum, spit in public, have sex and must wear long sleeve shirts and pants if in public. In some countries even foreigners have to abide by these rules or face a heavy penalty from officials. Jordan is more progressive and does not enforce these rules.

Laylat Al-Qadr is when the Prophet Muhammad recited the first verses of the Quran. It typically fal on the tenth to last day of Ramadan and is an important time for people to attend a mosque, read the Quran and ask for forgiveness. Eid Al-Fitr marks the end of Ramadan. On the last day when the sun is over the horizon celebration consumes the whole country. Large dinners with people sharing food and celebrating is common practice on this day. The holiday Ashura is different in the eyes of Shia and Sunni Muslims. Sunnis see this day as a celebration of when Moses and his followers were saved from the Egyptian Pharaoh. Whereas, Shia Muslims see this day as a time for mourning. The reason for mourning is that is it believed to be the day the grandson of Prophet Mohammad was murdered in 680 A.D.

As all of these holidays you can see that almost every major holiday in Jordan is Islamic which was brought to Jordan under Ottoman rule. That does not mean that other religions do not exist within its borders. Being situated next to both Palestine, Israel and other neighboring Arabic countries puts Jordan in a unique situation. Within Jordan the population is very accepting of other religions especially Christianity and even Judaism. To Jordanians as long as you believe in god is important to them. People know that Islam, Christianity and Judaism all believe in the same god but just have different way of worshipping him.

It is not uncommon to see a Mosque and a Christian church next to each other and people greeting each other upon passing. Jordan though, still being a Muslim nation does have Islamic values within its legal system but are some of the most lenient of other Muslim nations. An example is that women in Islamic law inherit half the amount a man does. This law applies to not only the Muslims within Jordan but all religions. One of the most common Islamic law that you still see to this day in Jordan is the separation of sexes. Women and men keep to their own groups and do not interact with each other unless they are married or family. Women also still cover up but not to the extreme as other countries like Saudi Arabia.

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Jordanian culture is one that has long deep ties throughout history. As the crossroads between the Middle East, Asia, Europe and Africa many different cultures have had an influence on Jordan and Jordan has influenced them. Jordan is at the center of what is considered the Holy Land and not only has ties to Islamic traditions and customs but also that of Judaism and Christian. Traditions of making art with you hands like weaving, mosaics, glassblowing, embroidery are all be preserved and are seeing a rise in popularity even during the 21st century. Jordan is also making great strides to preserve ruins like the Roman city in Jerash, Nabatean city of Petra and Ottoman castles as these are all things that show where Jordanians have come from and who they are.

Works Cited

1. Al-Dabbas, M., & Malkawi, S. (2018). Jordanian cuisine: Cultural significance and impact on tourism. Journal of Culinary Science & Technology, 16(1), 39-49.
2. Al-Fraihat, D., Joy, M., & Sinclair, J. (2020). Jordanian women in the workforce: Cultural barriers and opportunities. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 40(3/4), 432-448.
3. Al-Qawasmi, J., & Shuayb, S. (2016). Jordanian art: A reflection of cultural identity. International Journal of Art and Art History, 4(2), 45-54.
4. Bessaiso, N. (2017). Jordanian traditional crafts and their socio-cultural significance. International Journal of Heritage, Tourism, and Hospitality, 11(1), 24-37.
5. Department of Antiquities of Jordan. (n.d.). Petra: The Rose City. Retrieved from http://www.visitjordan.com/Wheretogo/petra.aspx
6. Gray, L. (2019). Art and identity in Jordan: The role of cultural production in shaping national narratives. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 46(2), 207-223.
7. Marashdeh, L. S., & Tayem, A. A. (2018). Jordanian women and traditional embroidery: Cultural heritage and empowerment. Gender Issues, 35(2), 125-142.
8. Schmidinger, T. (2019). Jordan's balancing act: Foreign policy between the US and Russia. Orient, 60(4), 15-23.
9. UNESCO. (2018). Jordan: World Heritage Sites. Retrieved from https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/jo
10. Zureikat, D., & Awwad, M. (2021). Islamic festivals and cultural tourism in Jordan. Tourism Recreation Research, 46(2), 187-199.

Josef Mengele was a "so-called" scientist who killed many Jewish people in the Holocaust. He was a German doctor who lived his life to continue his studies at all costs.

Josef Mengele was born on March 16, 1911 in Günzburg, Germany to a somewhat wealthy family of five his father was founder of the Karl Mengele & Sons Company which is A producer of farming machinery. He graduated High School in April of 1930 and went on to study medicine and philosophy at the University Of Munich. In 1935 he got his P.H.D. in Anthropology. In January 1937 he conducted genetics research at the institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene in Frankfurt. He had a particular interest in twins when researching which was a stepping-stone to what he will do in Auschwitz.

Mengele was accepted in 1943 to the Auschwitz Concentration Camp and immediately transferred to Birkenau. This was first intended to be a Slave Camp was soon made into a Death and Slave camp. Mengele thought of his time at the concentration camp as a way to continue anthropology and soon started conducting experiments on his patients. In late 1941, Hitler ordered all Jews that were unfit for work ordered to extinction. The Jews went through selection which most S.S. members thought was Stressful, While Mengele thought of it as fun and a chance to search for patients to conduct experiments on, namely twins. Mengele kept his reputation by using murderous policies, such as drawing a line on the wall of the children's block between 150 and 156 centimeters from the floor, Then sending those whose heads could not reach the line to the gas chamber.

Josef Mengele experimented on people with different color eyes, dwarfs, people with physical disabilities and twins, but he completely disregarded his patient’s health. His subjects were better fed, housed and clothed than the other sufferer's of Auschwitz only to have a harsh life afterward. Mengele had twins go under weekly check-ups to keep them healthy. He then amputated limbs unnecessarily, intentionally infected them with typhus, and transfused blood from one twin to the other. If a twin didn't survive a procedure the other one would be killed, because there was no need for it. Sometimes Mengele would sew twins together in order to try and create conjoined twins. Once Mengele's assistant rounded up 14 pairs of Gypsy twins during the night. Mengele placed them on his dissection table and put them to sleep. He then proceeded to inject chloroform into their hearts, killing them instantly. Mengele then began dissecting and noting each and every piece of the twins' bodies. Mengele sometimes injected chemicals into the eyes of children in an attempt to change their eye color. Twins undergoing his experiments didn't know what the objectives were. It is known that he had a special pathology lab where he performed autopsies on twins who had died from experiments.

Josef Mengele was sited several times after the holocaust. He was spotted in a Greek island and several spots in Germany. Josef finally died on February 7, 1979. He will forever be remembered as another horrible man of the holocaust.

Table of contents

1. Background
Joseph McCarthyThe Witch Hunt
2. Analysis
EthicsHypocrisy
3. Conclusion

While freedom is one of the base tenets of America since her inception, there have been times in history in which this concept was not necessarily upheld. In our more modern history, one of the most stark examples of this can be seen in the American quest to deter subversion and engagement in communist belief. Out of this determination to stop the spread of communism on the home front rose one of America’s most notable antagonists- Joseph McCarthy. Ruthless in his efforts to out domestic communist involvement, McCarthy terrorized the nation under the guise of patriotism

Background

Joseph McCarthy

A senator from Wisconsin, McCarthy rose to prominence following his deliverance of a speech in which he asserted that he held the names of 205 governmental employees which were associated with the Communist Party (Simkin, 2015). This metaphorically put him in the public spotlight; and in combination with the recent spread of Communism through parts of Asia, garnered him the position of chairman to the Government Committee on Operations of the Senate. It was during his time acting as chairman that his investigation into subversive activities ensued.

The Witch Hunt

The developments in Asia regarding the spread of Communism created a sense of urgency in protecting the homefront from subversion. McCarthy engaged in interrogation and investigation of people who were deemed a potential threat. The processes he and his committee utilized were hardly fact based, and the manner in which they were conducted earned the image of a witch hunt so to speak. Their quest to rid America of Communism was not limited to sniffing out people alone; McCarthy also had several thousands of publications removed from stores and libraries due to being written by people associated with Communism or because the content supposedly supported Communist ideology.

McCarthy’s reign of terror lasted for roughly two years, until he began questioning alledging communist infiltration of the United States Military. For the first time, his interrogations were televised, enlightening the public on the coercive and illogical proceedings that had been transpiring (Simkin, 2015). McCarthy’s inquiries reached the point that they were seen as more detrimental to society than Communism itself. Not only did the inquiry into the military effectively garner the condemnation of the President, but the court of public opinion found McCarthy guilty of being in many ways a malicious and unethical man.

Analysis

Ethics

McCarthy’s tactics in interrogation regarding communist association were at best unethical. He entered into each inquiry with the assumption that the interviewee was guilty, regardless of contradictory information; and was relentless in his attack until the individual named other people that were involved in the Communist Party (Simkin, 2015). What is so severe about this behavior is that it disregards the constitutional rights of the American people. Under the constitution, we as citizens are issued protections against the deprivation of liberty without due process. McCarthy’s tactics and deprieved those he accused of their rights to a just trial before being labled as guilty. Also, by censoring publications to the exent he did, McCarthy is arguably guilty of violating the First Amendment, Freedom of Speech. Not only is thiss unethical, but it is by all means illegal according to our justice standards.

Another ethical concern with how these proceedings were conducted by McCarthy is that there was no legitimate evidence to indicate credible accusations. The initial report that McCarthy used as the foundation for his campaign was issued by the Secretary of State four years earlier; and many of the individuals listed were not associated with communism, but instead indicated on the list due to perceived deviant behavior (Simkin, 2015). Additionally, the majority of subsequent names McCarthy produced were simply the result of coercing people into naming more people as being associated with communism. Today, we would look at this as merely circumstantial evidence or heresay; while McCarthy presented it as damning evidence.

In other ethical regards, it is arguable that Joseph McCarthy insighted an unnecessary panic regarding the domestic Communist threat. Of the 205 names he initially claimed to have, only about 50 were actually found to have any ties to the Communist Party. This exaggeration garnered him authority that would likely not have been given had he been more responsile in his initial reporting. In retrospect, this severely damages his credibility.

Hypocrisy

Many of the individuals accused initially were found to have no ties to Communism, but instead were found to engage in questionable behaviors such as alcoholism or deviant sexual behaviors. In the 1950’s this referred more to homosexual behavior instead of the types of deviancy we would think of today. Joseph McCarthy and other members of his committee were known to engage in homosexual relations; and McCarthy had noted alcoholic tendencies (Simkin, 2015). In this respect, it appears that he targeted a group of people that he easily could have been associated with.

Conclusion

The beauty of history is that it gives us the opportunity to look back and identify past issues and learn from them. When looking back on the era of McCarthyism and Joseph McCarthy himself it is easy to initially lable him as misguidedly “trying to do the right thing the wrong way”. However, upon deeper reflection, it is evident that this is not the case. McCarthy knowing violated tenets of our constitution and persecuted people unjustly. He essentially terrorized society with the looming threat of a devastating accusation and perpetuated an exaggerated concern to society. It is because of his willful disregard and irresponsible actions that we must not make excuses for him. Instead, we must accept that McCarthy was a blight in our post-WWII history; a demagogue who abused power to hold the nation in a persistant state of panic unnecessarily.

Table of contents

1. Descriptions of the Machiavellian leader
2. Joseph Stalin as a Machiavellian leader
3. Stalin and Machiavelli establish Totalitarian regimes
4. The social impact of both leaders
5. Conclusion

This paper includes a comparison between Joseph Stalin and the non- idealistic, successful prince created by Niccolo Machiavelli. Niccolo Machiavelli portrayed how this realistic leader should be in his book, The Prince. Machiavelli displays in his book some principles and qualities that he believes a true leader should have in order to maintain his power and influence for a long period of time. Leaders from all over the world, especially totalitarian leaders, read the book and tried to adapt its principles to their rule. One of these leaders was Joseph Stalin, who was believed to be a strong Machiavellian; according to Arthur Koestler’s Darkness at Noon, the main character stated that Stalin read 'The Prince' every night, which shows that most of Stalin's actions were actually based from his reading of Machiavelli's book.

Descriptions of the Machiavellian leader

Machiavelli’s ideology tactfully depicted the real nature of humans. He bolsters the notion that humans are greedy, evil, and cruel by nature. He noted certain characteristics like being feared but not hated, always thinking of war, intelligent, appreciation of his nation, and using one’s own arms. Machiavelli argues in his book that an efficient leader must follow the concept of realism; a Machiavellian leader shouldn't be virtuous all the time because the world won't accept idealism in politics. A Machiavellian leader must be cunning, well-learned in politics, industrious, able to have both friends and enemies, skilled in both war and politics, and must possess leadership qualities; whatever decisions he takes or actions he makes, the ends justify the means. If we look in depth into the qualifications of a Machiavellian leader, we find that Joseph Stalin possessed most of these characteristics during his reign.

Joseph Stalin as a Machiavellian leader

Joseph Stalin was the leader and dictator of the USSR from 1922 to 1953. Under Stalin's rule, the USSR transformed from a low social status country to an industrial and military country. He was a totalitarian leader who ruled using his power to terrorize his citizens and make them follow his rules. Many wondered if Stalin represents the Machiavellian prince. Throughout his reign, he exhibited many Machiavellian qualities: a leader must always think of war, must be a miser, feared but not hated, and shouldn't be neutral on any topic; therefore, we believe that Stalin was a Machiavellian leader.

Machiavelli stated in The Prince, an efficient prince must be a military leader, and he must always think of war, even during peace; 'He should, therefore, never take his mind from this exercise of war, and in peacetime he must train himself more than in time of war...he must turn [peacetime] to his advantage in order to be able to profit from [it] in times of adversity, so that, when fortune changes, she will find him prepared to withstand such times.' Stalin was a general officer in the military and he always used the military to solve the USSR issues. He used the military to take the grains from peasants of Russia. He always thought of war with the USA like the Cold War and the war with the Nazis.

Machiavelli expressed in the book that the prince should be reputed as miser instead of being hated for being too generous; 'it is wiser to live with the reputation of a miser, which produces reproach without hatred.' Joseph Stalin had the reputation of being a miser because of the starvation policies he implemented on the peasants in order to rapidly industrialize Russia and implement the Five Years Plan. It resulted in a famine, but at the end the USSR became an industrialized, rich country.

Machiavelli wrote in his treatise that the prince should be feared but not hated to maintain order in his state; 'A prince must be nevertheless make himself feared in such a manner that he will avoid hatred, even if he does not acquire love; since to be feared and not to be hated can very well be combined.' Stalin was a totalitarian leader, so fear plays a great part in his rule. He made two purges and killed anyone that stood in his way, yet only a small part of the population hated him because he was one of the first people who acknowledged women's rights, he visited children's schools on a daily basis, he cared for his nation and tried to protect it as much as possible, and made positive changes in the USSR throughout his reign.

Machiavelli argued that the prince should always choose between two sides, especially during war; 'A prince is also respected when he is a true friend and a true enemy; that is, when he declares himself on the side of one prince against another without any reservation. Such a policy will always be more useful than that of neutrality; for if two powerful neighbors of yours come to blows, they will be of the type that, when one has emerged victorious, you will either have cause to fear the victor or you will not.' Stalin has shown this trait during WWII when he sided with the Allies and the US against the Nazis to achieve victory and maintain on the safe and the strongest side without changing his beliefs. Stalin also knew that the USSR was one of the most powerful countries in the world, so he had to choose wisely which side to be on in order for the world to notice how strong his country is, and considering the history of Germany, it always seemed that it always loses no matter how strong it is, so Stalin chose the Allies.

Stalin and Machiavelli establish Totalitarian regimes

Both leaders, Joseph Stalin and the Machiavellian leader, wanted to control and regulate all the private and public aspects in their countries. They aimed to establish full political, social, and cultural control over all the residents. There was no tolerance for any action that was non-beneficial to the state or the leader's goals. Indeed, there was an extreme repression towards all capitalistic businesses, labor union, religious building or figures, and political parties. According to Machiavellian leader's ideologies and absolute monarch, residents usually gave up their civil rights in exchange of security and safety from the government. Moreover, he argued that the state is 'merely an instrument' that can easily be manipulated for the benefit of the ruler and utilized 'whatever means' under his control to repress the residents. As for Joseph Stalin, he used methods of terror to keep his residents under his full control, terrified to break any of the strict rules displayed by Stalin.

The vast array of ideologies that was spreading during the time of ruling of Stalin and the Machiavellian leader was an obstacle in front of the controlling plans that were done. Their enemies' new ideologies were displayed as more dangerous than their enemies' weapons. Joseph Stalin once said 'ideas are more powerful than guns. We would not let our enemies have guns. Why should we let them have ideas?'

There is a significant difference between the steps taken by each leader to show display their work to their citizens. Joseph Stalin utilized propaganda which portrayed only the god deeds -with their finest details- done by him. Stalin was seen to be exaggerating in displaying his achievements. Therefore, the only choice he had was to utilize secret police and other terror tactics to repress the political cults against the perfect pictured he portrayed about himself. Moreover, freedom of speech and all political parties than his were regulated and restricted. Whenever Stalin found men or men's perspectives are obstacles to him, he killed them. He even quoted that 'death is the solution to all problems. No man- no problem.' However, the Machiavellian prince never announced any of his activities or plans' fine details. He just portrayed his activities and success in more realistic even though these activities might be done in an immoral and unethical way, supporting the ideology of 'ends justify the means'. Indeed, he followed the steps of Caesar Borgia and criticized Florentines. Borgia was a cruel leader; however, he was successful. On the other hand, Florentines was a loved leader, yet he was defeated in several wars and wasn’t successful as Borgia was.

Joseph Stalin saw his residents as three different classes. The 'commoners' were groups of peasant who worked under harsh working circumstances to accomplish the five- years plan and other economic plans. The “nomenklatura” is the high-level civil management or the middles class. And finally, the elites or the 'priesthood' were the organizers of Stalin's party. On the other hand, the Machiavellian leader wasn’t aiming to divide his residents into social classes; everyone worked for the benefit and the success of the leader regardless the gender, color, or religion.

The social impact of both leaders

Joseph Stalin had future vision or a plan for his society. Therefore, Stalin insisted on making enormous impacts on social aspects and making education a main core in Russia. For instance, literacy rates increased due to the compulsivity of education. Under Stalin, education was under the total control of the government from nursery schools to universities. Not only students but also peasants were forced to study the doctrines of the Communist party. Risking their jobs and facing prison or execution, some college professors and students questioned the Communist Party's ideologies. However, industrialization was revived as the students were obliged to study technical and practical subjects. Women gained their suffrage and other unalienable rights. Moreover, women were highly encouraged to join the working force and be households indeed. Not only inaugurating such a great social impact but also an economic impact, Stalin gave opportunities to women to work in industries to increase the domestic production. However, the living standard in Russia fell as there were harsh working conditions, famine, and low wages. Arts, culture, and religious scenes were totally banned as they were displayed as contradicting for the social picture drawn by Stalin. As for the Machiavellian leader, he had no future vision for his society. Consequently, the only concern for the Machiavellian leader was the safety and peace of the society itself. The Machiavellian leader aimed to gain this security regardless the means utilized either moral or immoral. He indeed wasn’t concerned much about any elements of a society except for the prince and the government. Niccolo Machiavelli quoted, 'Princes and governments are far more dangerous than other elements within society.'

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Conclusion

As a recapitulation, Joseph Stalin has been proven to possess the qualities of a Machiavellian leader by multiple factors. The Machiavellian leader must being feared but not hated, always thinking of war, intelligent, appreciation of his nation, and using one’s own arms. Additionally, he must be cunning, well-learned in politics, industrious, able to have both friends and enemies, skilled in both war and politics, and must possess leadership qualities. Stalin developed most of these characteristics during his reign because of his strong belief in Machiavelli's ideologies. The most prominent features of Stalin that resembled a Machiavellian leader were being feared but not hated, his neutrality in politics, and his reputation as a miser in addition to his constant thinking of war. Both leaders wanted to establish totalitarian regimes, in which they aimed to establish full political, social, and cultural control over all the residents. There was no tolerance for any action that was non-beneficial to the state or the leader's goals. Both leaders, however, had different approaches in their ruling: Stalin always preferred using propaganda and relied on it for people to like him, but a Machiavellian leader prefers secrecy, especially in unethical manners which are justified. Joseph Stalin also preferred having visions in every action he does, yet a Machiavellian leader somehow chooses to focus on his reign only and what benefits him and his citizens at his time of ruling.

Stalin was a dictator of the U.S.S.R from 1929 until 1953. He rose from bitter poverty to become ruler of the country that covered one sixth of all the land area in the world. Stalin ruled by terror for most of his years in office. He didn't allow anybody to say anything about his ideas. Stalin killed all who had helped him rise to power because he thought they would threaten his rules.

Stalin was responsible for millions of deaths of Soviet peasants who discrased with his program called "Collective Agriculture" (government control of farms). Under Stalin's commands, the Soviet Union operated a world wide network of communist parties. By the time Stalin died, communism had spread to other countries. His style of rule became known as "Stalinism" and continued to influence many other countries.

The people of the soviet union began to hate Stalin, and most of the world was afraid of him. He changed the Soviet Union from once one of the most undeveloped countries to one of the most industrial nations. It became one of the military powers in the orld. During World War II, Stalin was an ally of Hitler, but Hitler betrayed Stalin, even before the end of the cold war, when non-communist countries joined together to try to stop communism.

Stalin was born on December 21, 1879, in Gori, a town near Tbilisi, in Georgia, a mountainous area in the southwestern part of the Russian empire. Stalin's real name was Losif Vissarionovich Djugshvil. In 19 12 he was adopted by a family with the last name of Stalin, which means "man of steel".

Stalin's father who's name was Vissarino Ivonovion Diugshvil. His profession was a local shoe maker. Stalin's mother who's name was Ekaterina Gheladze Djugashvil, worked as a washday. They lived in a small shack. Their first three children had died at birth, so Stalin grew as an only child. Stalin got small pox at the age of six which scared his face for life.

In 1888 Stalin's parents sent him to a little church school in Gori. He spent five years there, and became very intelligent child. Stalin got a scholarship to go to the religious seminary in Tbilisi. Stalin entered to study for the priesthood in the Georgian Orthodox Church.

When Czar Alexander III died, his son Nicholas II, became Czar. Alexander ruled with complete power. He closely controlled the press, restricted education, and forbade student organizations. Nicholas continued his fathers policies, and Russia made important economic and social progress. However it was difficult to solve this countries problems. The peasants where demanding more land, and all the small farms could not produce enough food for the millions of people that would die from starvation. The growth of factory workers went down because of long hours and little pay.

In 1889 Stalin joined a secret Marxist revolutionary group. The Tbilisi seminary, like many other schools was a center for the forbidden revolutionary ideas. In May 1899, Stalin was expelled for not showing up for an examination interest. His interest in Marxim probably played a part in his dismissal.

After Stalin left the seminary he got a job as a desk clerk. Within a year Stalin began his career as an active revolutionist. In 1900, Stalin helped organize a small May Day demonstration near Tbilisi. The demonstration was held to protest working conditions. In March 1901, the czar's police stormed Stalin's house. Stalin was not there so he escaped arrest. He left his job and joined the Marxist revolutionary underground movement that was getting popular in Russia.

Stalin got a job writing for a newspaper called "The Struggle". In 1882 Stalin got arrested and jailed for his revolutionary activities. Later Stalin got exiled to Siberia. Stalin escaped Siberia in January 1904. He returned to The Bolshevike.

Germany declared war in Russia in 1914 at the beginning of World War II. By the end of 1916 Russia was suffering bad because of the war. Finally on march 15, 1917 Cxar Nicholas II gave up the throne. A temporary government was set up by the liberals the next day. Lenin had a major campaign and became dictator of Russia.

When the Bolsheviks won the civil war in 1920 they started to rebuild the wreckage of the war. Lenin was not aware of Stalin's secret plan. By 1922 Stalin's growth became disturbing to Lenin. Lenin wrote a note to his secretary saying that Stalin must be removed from office. Lenin wrote that Stalin is too "rude" and disturbed personal relations, and abused the power of his office. Because Lenin's illness he was unable to remove Stalin. Lenin died in 1924.

The leading Bolsheviks finally learned of the note warning against Stalin, but they did not care. They believed Stalin that he would improve his behavior. Instead Stalin continued to build his own power. He cleverly used this power to destroy his enemies. In December 1929, the party praised Stalin on his 50th birthday. He became dictator.

In 1920 Stalin started the first five year plan to develop Russia economically. When the government began closing privet buisness and the production of the farm equipment became more vital. In 1929 Stalin ended private farming, and all the farms, arm equipment, and livestock were put under control of the government. But the farmers did not obey and destroyed most of the USSR's livestock and much of it's produce. As punishment Stalin sent many family's into exile, and killed millions more. The destruction of livestock and grain caused major starvation throughout out Russia. The economy move forward, but at the cost of millions of lives.

Stalin ruled U.S.S.R by terror. Stalin set up a system where millions of people where sent to exile or killed without trial. Stalin also turned over many industry to the police, who forced prisoners to work for them. Fear spread throughout U.S.S.R as neighbors where forced to spy on each other.

By the late 1930's Hitler was ready to take over Europe. On August 23, 1939, the U.S.S.R signed a treaty with Germany agreeing to go to war with each other. On September 1, 1939 Hitler attacked Poland, while the Soviet Union attacked the eastern half. The Soviet Union invaded Finland and November 30, 1939 and took over most of it.

By December 1940, Hitler decided to attack the Soviet Union. In two years the Germans unexpently attacked the Soviet Union. Just before winter, Stalin stalled the German army just before Moscow.

During early in 1953, Stalin prepared to replace the top ten men in the Soviet government. Apparently he was planning another great attack on Germany. Then on March 4, 1953 the Central Committee of the Communist Party said that Stalin had suffered a brain hemorrhage on March 1. Stalin died in Moscow on March 15, 1953