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Table of contents

1. Pros of College Education
2. Cons of College Degree
3. Conclusion
4. References

Introduction: Do you need a college degree to be successful? Essay on this question should analyze the pros and cons of college education, to understand whether college degree is worth it. Earning a degree is an essential step in one's life as it is a primary part of the American dream. Individuals believe that a college degree helps one to acquire a good job, buy a house, and raise a family. Colleges have increased the number of courses so that they can accommodate every individual who has a dream of attaining a college degree. Individuals who argue that a college degree is worth it contend that the graduates have a higher chance of obtaining bigger salaries, higher employment rates, and acquire more benefits than the high school graduates. Also, people believe that college degrees make individuals have more interpersonal skills that help them in the achievement of life goals. Also, some people contend that a college degree is not worth it due to the accumulation of college loans, which hinders graduates from saving after getting employed. For example, during colonial America, the colonial colleges were attended by the wealthy Puritans, who focused on the models of Scottish and British universities. These universities focused on the moral character and general education of students. Thesis statement: Therefore, due to the emergence of different universities and colleges around the globe, this paper will focus on whether a college degree is essential for getting a well-paying job.

Background: In the 1900s, institutions were developed to educate groups that were excluded by the ancient colleges such as blacks, immigrants, women, and the Roman Catholics. The black colleges were restricted to agricultural and grade schools, which offered minimal college-level education. For example, the colleges which were built on the western frontier of the United States had fewer populations that attended them. The goal of attending colleges during the 1900s was to gain a license of instructions that helped individuals to teach in public schools. In recent years, college education has become a significant investment that allows individuals to develop their skills and prepare for skilled jobs. Therefore, over the years, colleges have grown and increased, thus improving the quality of education offered to college students.

Pros of College Education

Topic sentence: Employers consider individuals with college degrees since they possess appropriate skills that promote the delivery of quality services. For example, individuals with strong communication skills can effectively communicate with customers, leading to the achievement of the company's goals. Lecturers in Universities try to nurture critical thinking skills through class presentations, taking notes, and writing of term papers. Also, college graduates want careers where they feel secure and satisfied. For example, college graduates enjoy employment benefits and higher income over high school graduates. Commentary: Therefore, individuals with college degrees possess appropriate skills that help them in the acquisition of job opportunities with high income.

Topic sentence: Consequently, college degrees allow graduates to become empowered, thus creating a developed sense of self. Evidence & citing: Besides the knowledge attained by graduates, they possess an understanding of various responsibilities that have an impact on their daily existence. Commentary: The graduates understand how different markets influence retirements and tend to comprehend the vital contracts. Also, college degrees enable graduates to manage and become familiar with their finances. Individuals with college degrees are self-worth and have pride in finding agency on how to change circumstances that lead to transforming societies. In the job market, college graduates give various ideas to employers that assist in decision-making.

Topic sentence: Additionally, college degrees make individuals enjoy an increased income than high school graduates. Individuals with a bachelor's or master's degree have a more significant opportunity of pursuing higher-paying jobs, which are considered as requiring advanced skills. There is a big gap between the earnings made by high school graduates and college degree graduates. Commentary: For example, high school graduates can earn an average of $30000 annually, while college graduates earn an average of $50000 annually. The wage given to individuals with a college degree increases significantly, thus making them financially stable. Therefore, one needs to have a college degree in case they are determined to earn a higher income.

Topic sentence: A college degree helps one to survive during hardship since they possess marketable skills, and their level of education is higher than others. Evidence & citing: In colleges, individuals gain an extensive knowledge base of how to survive during hardships, thus making one acquire life satisfaction. Also, graduates who attend a local college can maintain their current jobs while enjoying the benefits available for a degree holder. Commentary: The degree holders can make obsolete decisions that help in solving issues faced in life. Therefore, with a college degree, individuals can utilize every opportunity, thus earning a living.

Cons of College Degree

A bachelor's or master’s degree is not a guarantee of employment as people tend to struggle with searching for a job after graduation. Evidence & citing: Some of the college degrees are competitive in the job market, thus rendering one to become diverse. Also, individuals might end up having depression as they experience the challenges of acquiring a job. Commentary: For one to avoid such difficulties, they can do beforehand research about the marketable fields. Whenever students are choosing schools, one can consider colleges that will provide them with adequate skills they require to pursue a rewarding career. Therefore, the challenge of attaining a job can limit the success of college graduates and delay saving for the future.

Topic sentence: Consequently, students who study by the use of loans face difficulties after completing their college degrees as they live with loans to pay. Study loans force individuals to find extra income that can be used to clear debts. Also, one might cut the essential things in their lives and use the extra income to pay the debts. The loans hurt a person's retirement savings as one experiences difficulties to save. Individuals who start saving as soon as they begin working, their savings build' faster because of the compound interests. Also, as college graduate tries to clear their study loans, it can be hard to buy a home and grow financially. Commentary: Therefore, the use of study loans to clear a college degree makes it challenging for individuals to grow financially and develop themselves.

Topic sentence: The duration taken by students to complete their college degrees is long, thus increasing the cost of education. Students from humble backgrounds can experience difficulties to pay for their bachelor's degree due to its high cost. The duration taken by an individual to complete their studies limits their chances of getting employed early. Reducing the period in which one takes to finish their education makes them enjoy all the benefits that come with a college degree. Commentary: For example, an individual can be limited to getting access to the opportunities and life experiences that are related to college degrees. Also, the specialization in one’s career creates room for the career choices to become flooded, thus leaving most graduates unemployed. Through the increased unemployment rates among the graduates, they end up becoming depressed since they are not satisfied.

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Conclusion

Conclusion paragraph: To answer the question "Do you need a college degree to be successful?" this essay analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of college education. Since the pros of having a college degree outweigh its cons, a college degree is essential in the development of one's life. Colleges have increased the number of courses so that they can accommodate every individual who has a dream of attaining a college degree. Individuals who argue that a college degree is worth it contend that the graduates have a higher chance of obtaining larger salaries, higher employment rates, and acquire more benefits than the high school graduates. The advantages of college degrees range from getting appropriate skills that help graduates in tackling various tasks in the job market to obtaining an increased income at the job. Not to mention, individuals with college degrees have greater chances of securing job opportunities than high graduates. In turn, college degrees are expensive, thus making the college graduates take loans, which will facilitate them through their education. Repaying of college loans can take a longer duration, thus causing the individual to take long before they start saving for their retirement. Besides, as college graduate tries to clear their study loans, it can be hard to buy a home and grow financially. Therefore, students are encouraged to acquire college degrees since it is a lifetime investment, and it helps one in making obsolete decisions regarding their lives.

References

1. An, B. P. (2013). The impact of dual enrollment on college degree attainment: Do low-SES students benefit?. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 35(1), 57-75. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3102/0162373712461933
2. Bozick, R., & Estacion, A. (2014). Do student loans delay marriage? Debt repayment and family formation in young adulthood. Demographic Research, 30, 1865-1891. Retrieved from https://www.demographic-research.org/volumes/vol30/69/default.htm
3. Carnes, N., & Lupu, N. (2016). What good is a college degree? Education and leader quality reconsidered. The Journal of Politics, 78(1), 35-49. Retrieved from https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/683027
4. Ewert, S., Sykes, B. L., & Pettit, B. (2014). The degree of disadvantage: Incarceration and inequality in education. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 651(1), 24-43. Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0002716213503100
5. Harbour, C. P. (2014). John Dewey and the future of community college education. Bloomsbury Publishing, USA.
6. Hu, A. (2014). The health benefits of college education in urban China: Selection bias and heterogeneity. Social indicators research, 115(3), 1101-1121. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11205-013-0266-2
7. Page, L. C., & Scott-Clayton, J. (2016). Improving college access in the United States: Barriers and policy responses. Economics of Education Review, 51, 4-22. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272775716301248
8. Scott-Clayton, J. (2015). The role of financial aid in promoting college access and success: Research evidence and proposals for reform. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 45(3), 3. Retrieved from https://ir.library.louisville.edu/jsfa/vol45/iss3/3/
9. Wehman, P., Sima, A. P., Ketchum, J., West, M. D., Chan, F., & Luecking, R. (2015). Predictors of the successful transition from school to employment for youth with disabilities. Journal of occupational rehabilitation, 25(2), 323-334. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10926-014-9541-6
10. Zhan, M. (2014). The impact of youth debt on college graduation. J. Soc. & Soc. Welfare, 41, 133. Retrieved from https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/jrlsasw41&div=46&id=&page=

Introduction

Should follow an “upside down” triangle format, meaning, the writer should start off broad and introduce the text and author or topic being discussed, and then get more specific to the thesis statement.

Background

Provides a foundational overview, outlining the historical context and introducing keyinformation that will be further explored in the essay, setting the stage for the argument to follow.

Thesis statement

Cornerstone of the essay, presenting the central argument that will be elaborated upon and supported with evidence and analysis throughout the rest of the paper.

Topic sentence

The topic sentence serves as the main point or focus of a paragraph in an essay, summarizing the key idea that will be discussed in that paragraph.

Evidence & citing

The body of each paragraph builds an argument in support of the topic sentence, citing information from sources as evidence.

Commentary

After each piece of evidence is provided, the author should explain HOW and WHY the evidence supports the claim.

Conclusion paragraph

Should follow a right side up triangle format, meaning, specifics should be mentioned first such as restating the thesis, and then get more broad aboutthe topic at hand. Lastly, leave the reader with something to think about and ponder once they are done reading.

The author, Sandra M. Gustafson, has written a small biography on the literature writer Roger Williams. Gustafson immediately describes Williams as “the preeminent figure associated with freedom of conscience and religious liberty” (203). The literature piece written by Williams titled “From a Key into the Language of America” may give the impression to the reader that he felt compelled to write about the experiences he had witnessed concerning freedom of conscience and religious liberty toward the native American Indians (205).

In order to gain an understanding of Williams, the biography written by Gustafson is a compressed over view of his life. Gustafson continues to depict the character of Williams as one who writes about controversial topics or ideas. She includes during this time of American Literature that Williams “was a brilliant polemicist” and his “polemical writings on colonization and religion contributed importantly to the rise of popular print culture in England” (Gustafson 203). Gustafson includes Williams as “the son of a London merchant” and while in England he was influenced by a man who she describes as “a leading legal thinker,” Sir Edward Coke (203). According to Gustafson, Coke helped Williams to obtain his education from Cambridge University and after graduating Williams began taking holy orders (203). However, years later Gustafson adds that the Archbishop William Laud began to require that all clerics “pledge an oath of loyalty to the Church of England” thus contributing to the “Great Migration of Puritans to New England” (203). Gustafson illustrates for the reader the background information which portrays how people viewed Williams, some of his thought processes concerning his literature, and how he himself felt the attacks of freedom of conscience and religious liberty from the Church of England (203).

Williams wrote about how he had experienced enlightenment, the actual awareness of religious liberty. He informs the reader of his intent with this key piece of literature. Williams expresses his faith, hopes, and views so eloquently. He states, “by the assistance of The Most High to cast those materials into this key” (Williams 205). Williams informs that there are many different forms of language used by the native Indians. He also advises the reader that even though there are thousands of people with a different dialect, with the help of this key, that a man could “please the Father of Mercies to spread civility, (and in His own most holy season) Christianity” (Williams 205). Williams informs that he will discuss four topics; the names that the native’s go by, how they descend, their religion and customs, as well as how the Indians came to conversion (205). Williams began to get accustomed to the natives and soon realized that these people had their own beliefs about a God and their type of religious practices (206). As Williams details some of the accounts with the natives, he leads the reader to gain the understanding that these people are no different than the people of England (206-208). His key allows for one to empathize with these people, imagine sharing the gospel with the natives, and then letting them decide if they want to believe in the son of God, Jesus.

Jessica R. Stern has also written about Williams in the academic journal “A Key into the Bloudy Tenent of Persecution.” Stern explains, “Williams fully articulated his argument against religious violence and his manual for peaceful coexistence in two pamphlets he published” (579). She also states that his, “religious ideas determined his discussion of Native American culture” (Stern 579). Stern also discusses Williams life before migrating to America and how he was “dedicated to the cause of liberty of conscience from the time he landed in Massachusetts Bay” (580). Stern’s article further demonstrates how Williams argument for religious freedom developed from his own experiences with the native Indians of America.

In the book, On Religious Liberty: Selections from the Works of Roger Williams, the author James Calvin Davis, illustrates Williams as “America’s earliest pioneer for religious liberty” (1). Davis also states, “Williams commended freedom of conscience as being in the best interest of both religion and state” (1). Davis also discusses the many issues Williams experienced that gave him enlightenment as well as having conviction from his own thoughts about religion (1-2). Davis adds that Williams “insistence on absolute purity in worship sensitized Williams to the importance of protecting religious practice” (2).

In conclusion, the information provided from the key literature piece by Williams, the biography provided in the text book by Gustafson, the academic journal from Stern, as well as the book from Davis, all of these sources express the religious views that Williams shared. Williams himself experienced religious condemnation and he left England to have the freedom to share his views. Williams became enlightened when he realized that the native Indians also had their beliefs in a God. While sharing his beliefs, he began to see how other Puritan’s were demanding one type of belief system, thus awakening the need to defend the freedom of conscience and religious liberty for all people in this new land of America.

The Physician Assistant (PA) profession communicates knowledge inside and outside of their community specifically by using signs, symbols, and semiotic rules to achieve a mutual understanding with the particular person or group of people. Some duties of PAs are to examine patients, order diagnostic tests, and prescribe medicine. The PAs interpersonal and communication skills encompass many professional aspects within collegial relationships and patients and their families. These skills should demonstrate a compelling sense of interchangeable information to the patient and their families. In an interview conducted with Kara Benner a nurse employed at Michigan Medicine in the medical/surgical unit, this profession similar to a PA, will allow the reader to identify experience within the area of those professions to identify the level of professional used when communicating.

Communication is used in many different ways and by many different people. Communication is an essential skill to a physician assistant, a PA must be able to proficiently communicate information to their colleagues, but also their patients. To well communicate information to the patient, a PA must be able to interchange that knowledge in terms that the patient is confident with and understands. According to the School of Medicine Physician Assistant Program article, Physician assistants are expected to:

• Use effective listening, nonverbal, explanatory, questioning, and writing skills to elicit and provide information
• Appropriately adapt communication style and messages to the context of the individual patient interaction.
• Work effectively with physicians and other health care professionals as a member or leader of a health care team or other professional groups
• Apply an understanding of human behavior
• Demonstrate emotional resilience and stability, adaptability, flexibility, and tolerance of ambiguity and anxiety
• Accurately and adequately document and record information regarding the care process for medical, legal, quality, and financial purposes.

This profession encompasses various communication skills because by communicating, a PA is able to create an ethical relationship with patients and colleagues. Several important aspects that through communication patient care is enhanced is by providing information to the patient in a way they will comprehend and also includes, relationship building to ensure trust and supportive communication in cases where the patient is feeling emotionally distressed. Attaining these skills will prepare you for the PA profession and will help you gain insight on how to communicate within your profession and outsiders.

Communication is not only important as a PA but other professions and disciplinaries. Communication is a method of exchanging mutual understandings and being able to express yourself whether it be in a way a professional way or not. Communicating with a colleague is as much important as it is for PAs to communicate with their patients. The quality of communication that a PA has links with how well their job satisfies them. In Jennifer Anne Hohman’s article “The Importance of Communication in Your PA Career”, she wrote, “when communication at work is an issue, a key question to ask is whether you are in a toxic environment driven by hostile personalities. If you are — get out.” Her article suggests ways to improve communication at work as it provides a greater connection to colleagues as well as patients. In my interview Kara mentioned similar points to Hohman. She agreed that communication should not only be narrowed between the patient and their provider, but also within colleagues. Kara mentioned that in her line of work nurses are known for “eating their young.” This can be defined by how older/more experienced nurses can be hard on younger/newer nurses. For nurses and PAs this is an obvious form of intimidation which rises a lack of communication. With this being said communication at work doesn’t have to be something added to your list of struggles instead you could find a way to improve these misunderstandings and remember where you stand in place.

A principle of the PA profession includes confidentiality between the patient and the care provider. This affects the way a PA is able to communicate with others. When a patient is assured their privacy is protected it allows them to trust their care provider and communicate their medical problems furthermore. This also generates the patient to be more involved with their health issues regarding decisions, treatment, and adjustments. A big example in terms of patient confidentiality is when an adolescent in involved. There must be a balance between the information discussed with the patient (the adolescent) and the patient’s family. Though the patient is not old enough to make their own health decisions the PA should respect what they wish to be shared with their family; taking this into account the PA is able to restrain sharing information to the family to a certain degree about the adolescent’s health. Kara explained the process in which one can obtain information is by knowing the patients password; “If a parent calls asking about their child we ask them for a password which they will have told us on admission. This password will be in their chart. If they know the password they are allowed to get medical information about the patient. If not, we technically can’t even acknowledge that we are taking care of them.” The PA should be aware of who they communicate with about their patients and what people are around; this includes electronic, written, and verbal communication. It is unethical and illegal for a PA to violate patient confidentiality.

What about communicating with a patient who is very sick? Alike other professions PAs must provide compassion where patients are near the end of life. “PAs should provide patients with the opportunity to plan for end of life care. Advance directives, living wills, durable power of attorney, and organ donation should be discussed during routine patient visits.” (AAPA 2013) PAs should assure the patient that they will be cared for to an extent and they will not be abandoned. Using appropriate measures PAs should communicate patient progress and what to expect. When asked to describe a time where she had to communicate with a terminally ill patient Kara said, “I think you just have to take your time when talking and choose your words wisely.” When consulting treatment PAs must inform the patient to discontinue futile treatment and assure the patient understands this alternative. If it comes to it, a PA is not entitled to withdraw from life support, instead, the PA must communicate with the supervising physician and acquire an agreement in line with the health care institution policies.

A more unique form of communication for a PA is through an interpreter. When a patient does not fluently speak the language a PA knows it leads to a poor quality consultation. Even though an interpreter is recommended, if language becomes a barrier, communicating through an interpreter can be difficult. Some people wish to use a family member as their interpreter, but because professional interpreters have the ability to translate medical terminology, family interpreters are not preferred. From Kara’s experience communicating through an interpreter has been easy, but sometimes must rely on a family member in cases of emergency where there isn't time to call an interpreter. According to Emina Hadziabdic’s, Björn Albin’s, Kristiina Heikkilä’s, and Katarina Hjelm’s article “Healthcare staffs perceptions of using interpreters: a qualitative study” their study showed that “having a face-to-face, professional, trained interpreter, with a good knowledge of both languages and of medical terminology, translating literally and objectively, was perceived positively.” Their research concluded that the majority of healthcare professions preferred communicating with a patient using a professional interpreter if they were required.

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Communicating information presented through the medical context can be difficult to exchange in a setting that family members and patients understand. Effective communication between PAs and their patients has resulted in greater patient satisfaction. The impact that results from adequate communication reveals that communication is an important skill that creates a better outcome within patients and providers. Inadequate communicate in the workplace could bring an unwanted situation where a PA may not feel comfortable. One can communicate through an interpreter by phone or in person if needed. Because communication is an essential skill to the PA profession they must also take into account that patient confidentiality is crucial. If patient confidentiality is violated it dishonors the trust built into the provider and the patients. In my interview with Kara Benner she answered a few questions of mine and helped me understand a few concepts in the different ways one should communicate. The questions were narrowed down specifically relating to the research I found and much alike to the observations of experience from different articles I read.   

Informal learning contributes to a major part of human understanding the real fact of our planet Earth and our survival in relation to biotic and abiotic things.

Characteristics of Informal Learning

• Informal learning helps child to develop the skill of interacting with all age group and improve their understanding skills for example when we move to a new village and ask the people for location of a particular spot they give the direction like move 100 feet towards north and then turn towards east. This shows us that people over there are good in direction while others use simple comments like move left after few meters turn.
• A child explores various ways to solve a problem after experimenting and making changes.
• Child is exposed to situation where the child arises and learns from mistakes also.
• Child has the freedom to choose the area of interest and methodology to be used to work out.
• Learning happens every day and at any place and any point of life.
• Age is not a constrain for learning.
• Informal Education mainly depends on conversation and interacting with others.
• Education by life experiences and by living with others.

Learning happens every day at any place and any point of life Informal learning is learning and gaining knowledge throughout life. Emphasis on lifelong learning has increased as people must continue to learn to stay abreast of constant change like technological change. Learning happens anywhere, any time. The learner is inspired to learn as to keep an update of the present day needs. A child learns how to communicate using mother tongue at home from parents, grandparents and relatives where as other means of communication from surrounding society.

Adults want to learn as they are constantly in a social circle like workplace. The usefulness of information decreases rapidly due to technology needs get changed at job places. It needs a continuous update for improvement economically and professionally. Gaining the necessary skills in the changing world shows that learning in specific periods of time is not enough for becoming a responsible citizen.

Informal Education mainly depends on conversation and interacting with others. Informal learning gathers different communities of people and enlightens them with the topic of interest. In city a civil engineer is engaged to build a house. He documents a plan in paper using the angles and size of the room with all details. For a house wife or people involved in the process of building a house gives more details like cost of sand, cement, steel rod and the wages of labor along with the floor plan. This happens when a person is open to interact with all communities of people with dignity and respect.

Child also learns to respect others. Soccer game enlightens a child to play the game in unity. Soccer players have to work together as a team in order to be successful. This helps a person to develop to be better communicator and the one communicated with. To be in a group a person should be able negotiate, understand and socialize. Child learns to be assertive without being offensive. This helps them to build up their confidence and prepare them for their later life. Informal learning helps them to create a social identity. People most relay on the fact that if a person is a good communicator he will survive and this is true as informal learning opens the pathway for enlightenment of people in better understanding of the world.

Social media became a learning tool in today’s era. Identify the pros and cons of using social media as a learning tool. Social media is an efficient and powerful tool at the same time it can make the brain addictive in similar ways that drug can.

Cons:

• Social networking plays a negative role in socializing in reality. They rely on network to communicate and face to face interaction is lost and the emotions are expressed artificially using emoji.
• Teenagers have chosen the path of suicide by playing games or due to online ragging or bullying.
• Teens during outdoor trip they spend time in taking selfie photos rather than enjoying the surroundings and socializing with people.
• Social media can lead to depression as certain messages or pictures lead to bullying.
• Teens become addictive to positive comments for the post and try to do more of the same.
• Too much of personal information should not be shared. It leads to fear of losing privacy, it is possible that hackers find a flaw in the security of the website and use your profiles for their benefits at any point of time.
• Reduces the time of physical activity as they are glued to the gadgets. This increases risk of health issues like obesity in young age itself.
• Exposes kids with age inappropriate content.

Pros:

• Educates people and gives them better understanding of the concept. Kids learn concept using latest technique and with more than one method technique for the concept is used for different level of students.
• Social media is used in large scale gathering and addressing people of present problems. The communication between people reaches with high efficiency and speed. For example, in 2017 protest which took place in India, social media played a vital role in communication. Many of the protesters were students, young men and women using social media. The plan of where and how the protest should take place spread through social media. The protest showed the strength of students and advantage of technology.
• Social networking helps many shy people to express their ideas. Those who feel shy are often reluctant to speak to even the person close to them. The Internet helps them to open up.
• When we need to contact old friends or relatives whose contact is lost, social media tools like face book can be used. People find and connect with their community. They can easily discover when, where, and what incident is happening and the way to participate.
• Confidence of the people increases with the positive comment they receive from their peer group. Social media is both advantageous and disadvantages toll for present generation. If used with proper guidance it is a boon to the field of education but takes a turn when misused.

Table of contents

1. The Problem
2. Review of Literature
3. Data Analysis
4. Conclusion
5. References

The Problem

As a healthcare administrator exploring the future trends of information technology in the healthcare setting has to be a daily practice. With an ever-changing patient population addressing future needs today can better prepare a facility when population changes or environmental issues arise. Two major factors that come into play are a steady increase in the elderly population and a shortage of physicians and nurses, especially in rural areas. Telehealth would be able to bridge the gap between patient and healthcare provider while still creating a traditional face-to-face relationship and still remaining cost-effective. Passive health monitoring devices and sensors would be able to offer an inexpensive way to manage a patient's health while also using minimal resources. The implementation of healthcare IT and telehealth has improved healthcare by making sure health information is confidential, available when and where it is needed, contributing to safer, higher quality, more coordinated, and more efficient, and less costly care for everyone. The purpose of this study is to survey the perceptions of medical experts regarding telehealth and its application as healthcare stakeholders have a large influence over the decision-making process. It is hypothesized that the hesitation for a facility's adoption of telehealth is the initial financial investment. Key terms that are defined include Telehealth (Telecommunication Healthcare), ICT (Information and communication technology), and data security and confidentiality.

Review of Literature

Jungwirth & Haluza cited a number of scholarly sources that were relevant and relativity recent in publication. The review was a little broad in reference as the majority of the data that was collected was through Austrian medical experts with reference to the geopolitical climate while also referencing certain United States-based healthcare practices. Also, many references seem to be from other countries where their political or healthcare practice factors may differ from Austria's including Canada and Taiwan. The authors cited come from a number of agencies and backgrounds in the healthcare industry which in turn gives references and data from a number of viewpoints within the system. There doesn't seem to be any indication or evidence of biased data. There is a declaration by the author stating there are no potential conflicts of interest regarding research, authorship, and publication. Also with the statement that the author receives no financial support or research, authorship, or publication, indicates little evidence of bias processing.

The study was done in a cross-sectional study manner, in which data is compiled from a population at a specific point in time. It also was conducted under a quasi-experimental design where the experiment looks a bit like an experimental design but is missing a key ingredient of random assignment. The study was original and was done through a Delphi survey sectioned into two parts. A Delphi survey is a questionnaire that gives future scenarios in order to forecast possibilities for new processes and relies of expert responses. The survey was broken into two parts with one assessing sociology-demographics and the second evaluating 10 scenarios. These scenarios are in ascending order using the corresponding fixed questionnaire items for benefits, obstacles, degree of innovation, desirability, and implementation date. There was a pilot test and after that SoSci survey was used in the software application of the Delphi survey. A sample of Austrian experts was eligible and invites were sent via email. Written informed consent was taken before participating in the survey. Sampling was done in two rounds, the first being the online questionnaire via email. Round two was a PHP (Program Home Page) program code and a Microsoft Excel template where summarized responses and ratings were presented to adapt previous ratings.

Data Analysis

The data in this study were analyzed using the stepwise method. This allowed for an analysis of a multiple scenario survey on a micro, meso, and macro level analysis where the macro data was used in this study. The data collected was quantitative and the findings supported the fact that most the major connecting interest was the financial investment in telehealth. Strengths of this study included the fact that it was a large population that participated (n= 73) and the participants were high ranking within the Austria healthcare sector. Although this article states that having 73 participants is a lot, there are other studies based out of the United States that include a number more participants from the healthcare sector in their studies. Limitations of this study include the fact that this data was gathered in 2010 and since then not only have societal changes occurred but so have technological changes this could impact the expert's current perspectives. The surveys were intended to be strongly linked to the currently existing concerns of policymakers addressing the key question of where to place resources in telehealth implementation processes.

Conclusion

The results of the study show that there is a hesitation to implement telehealth and that there is a concern when it comes to financial investment and patient accountability. Another major obstacle that presented itself was the protection of data and the distrust that was felt when it came to this issue. It discussed that in order to obtain a nationwide adoption there would have to be innovation in protecting that data. In order to successfully integrate telehealth within the system, there needs to be both the organization and patient on board. The Delphi survey shows that cooperation, networking, communication, and practice sharing must be utilized in order for there to be an ease of transition when starting this program. There also needs to be standards addressed as to not enable ageism as the inequalities can prevent the elderly or disabled from receiving the care they need. Telehealth access and digital education must be promoted to successfully reach the clients in rural areas this program has in mind to help.

This article really gave me an insight on the need for telehealth and the lack of resources there are in many parts of not only the world but in our own backyard. They talk in this study about the aging population and that even getting the program out there is not enough but we also have to educate the people that would be using these services. I can see this being a huge obstacle to overcome as getting education out there in a form that is easily understood could be difficult. Methods to reach those targeted populations may need to be better understood in order to get that information across. Although the numbers are higher then they have ever been for internet use by the elderly, still, only 67 percent of adults over 65 have regular access to the internet so trying to promote telehealth over the internet may not reach everyone in your target audience. The Advanced Communications Law and Policy Institute reports that 53 percent of seniors use the internet to find information about health care and medical issues. This is something I personally have to keep in mind as I plan to have to take care of my parents later in life. Many places such as the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania have applications on smartphones that allow you to create an appointment and check current appointments, check lab and test results, research physician specialties, and even have virtual sessions with a PA where if you have something minor they can write you a prescription then and there. This ease of information fits in the palm of your hand but if a patient or my own parents are not educated on how to use it its useless. I can also understand the hesitation by institutions as it takes a lot of resources to get these platforms up and running and keep them going once they are up. That is why for institutions that have already taken that leap and begun the process we need to use it before we lose it.

References

1. (HHS) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2019, January 18). Health IT: Advancing America’s Health Care.
2. Retrieved from https://www.healthit.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/health-information-technology-fact-sheet.pdf.
3. Jungwirth, D., & Haluza, D. (2019). Information and communication technology and the future of healthcare: Results of a multi-
4. scenario Delphi survey.Health Informatics Journal,25(1), 161–173. doi: 10.1177/1460458217704256
5. Schaub, H. (2016, July 29). Why Senior Citizens Use the Internet. Retrieved from
6. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/techtank/2014/04/11/why-senior-citizens-use-the-internet/.

The information system controls effectiveness is evaluated through an information system audit. An audit aims to establish whether information systems are safeguarding corporate assets, maintaining the integrity of stored and communicated data, supporting corporate objectives effectively, and operating efficiently. It is a part of a more general financial audit that verifies an organization’s accounting records and financial statements. Information systems are designed so that every financial transaction can be traced. In short, audit trail must exist and available that can establish where each transaction originated and how it was being processed. Aside from financial audits, operational audits are used to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of information systems operations, and technological audits verify that information technologies are appropriately chosen, configured, and implemented.

The adoption of information technology (IT) in organizations has been growing at a rapid pace. The use of the technology has evolved from the automation of structured processes to systems that are truly revolutionary in that they introduce change into fundamental business procedures. Indeed, Well it is believed that More than being helped by computers, companies will live by them, shaping strategy and structure to fit new information technology While the importance of the relationship between information technology and organizational change is evidenced by the considerable literature on the subject, 1 there is a lack of comprehensive analysis of these issues from the economic perspective. Basically, the aim of this paper is to develop an understanding of how information systems affect some key measures of organization structure.

We know the computers became more sophisticated so auditors recognized that they have had fewer and fewer findings related to the correctness of calculations and more and more on the side of unauthorized access. Moreover, the checks and balances that were devised to maintain correctness of calculations were implemented as software change control measures. These rely heavily on security to enforce controls over segregation of duties between programming, testing, and deployment staff. So technically it’s mean that even changes in the programmed relied in some measure for their effectiveness on system security controls. Nowadays, information systems audit seems almost synonymous with information security control testing.

Well, the normal scope of an information systems audit still covers the overall lifecycle of technology under scrutiny as well as including the correctness of computer calculations. Scope word is prefaced by normal because the scope of the audit depends on its objective. Audits are always a result of some concern over the management of assets. The concerned party may be a regulatory agency, an asset owner, or any stakeholder in the operation of the systems environment, including systems managers themselves. That party will have an objective in commissioning the audit. The objective may be validating the correctness of the calculations of the system, confirming that systems are appropriately accounted for as assets, assessing the operational integrity of an automated process, verifying that confidential data is not exposed to unauthorized individuals, and/or multiple combinations of these and other systems-related matters of importance. The objective of an audit will determine its scope.

The initial process of gathering data and its effort allows the auditor to verify that the overall scope has been set correctly as well as to form a set of control objectives, which will be the basis for audit testing. The objective of Control is basically management practices which are expected to be in place in order to achieve control over the systems to the extent required to meet the audit objective. The auditor “ll repeatedly focus that control objectives are management practices. There are expectations that the control objectives or objectives have been consciously settled by management, that management provides leadership and resources to get control objective, and the management monitors the environment to ensure that control objectives are met. Control environment is management behavior that provides leadership and accountability for controls.

The objectives of control are checklist to ensure that the auditor has covered the complete scope of the audit, while the planned technology tests may change during the course of the audit. In advance of any on-site meeting with an audited, an auditor will associate each control objective with a set of activities that would provide evidence that the control objective is met. As far as possible, they will devise tests in advance that should yield evidence that the activities are well established and produce reliable results.

Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. Causes of teenage pregnancy
3. Complications of teenage pregnancy
4. Teenage pregnancy prevention measures
5. Conclusion
6. References

Introduction

In the recent past decades, the number of teen pregnancy has reduced drastically in the United States of America due to the measure put in place by the American Academy of Paediatrics (APP) to prevent teen pregnancy. However, it is still a serious issue in other countries such as Kenya that still needs to be discussed since it comes with many social, economic, emotional, financial, and mental issues.

The center for disease control (CDC) identified teenage pregnancy as a significant public health issue mostly in developing countries. Teen pregnancy affects many sectors like education, family, healthcare, youths and the government. According to the Demographic Health Survey, nearly three hundred thousand adolescent girls in Kenya aged between 10 and 19 years became pregnant every year making its prevalence rate at 18%. Teenage pregnancy hold Kenya back from achieving its SDG goals since most adolescent girls drop out of school after getting pregnant making it difficult for them to escape poverty.

Causes of teenage pregnancy

Most cases of teenage pregnancy occur due to sexual activity either voluntarily or involuntarily. Most kids in Kenya are sexually active at the age of fifteen. Moreover, most of them neglect the use of protection and contraceptives. Since teenage enjoys the social life of parting and the use of drugs and alcohol, the intoxication leads to poor judgment leading to the involvement of sexual activities.

Early marriage is also a common factor contributing to teenage pregnancy in Kenya since most marriages are informal and unregistered. Sexual abuse and molestation also lead to early teenage pregnancy. Peer pressure and media influence have also contributed to teenage pregnancy. Most teenagers get involved in sexual activities due to peer pressure from their friends. They feel left out since their friends have already had sex. The media also influence them when they watch adult content making them want and experience the pleasure of having sex leading to pregnancy

Complications of teenage pregnancy

The baby is likely to be born prematurely if the mother was not strong enough to push through the birth trimesters. It can also lead to giving birth to an underweight baby. These issues might cause the baby to have defects such as cerebral palsy, baldness, chronic respiratory problems, deafness, hyperactivity, dyslexia, and mental retardation. The child is also prone to be affected by genetic disorder since gene splicing is very prominent in young people making it easy for gene transfer from the mother to the child. Examples of genetic disorders include sickle anemia, leukemia, hemophilia, thalassemia, Down syndrome, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

The environment in which the mother lives in during the pregnancy period also has a significant effect during childbirth. If the environment is toxic, there is a high chance of the mother giving birth to a child with genetic complications due to gene alteration, e.g., autism. Can also lead to miscarriage or premature birth. The child might also be affected by cephalopelvic disproportion- the head of the baby is bigger than the pelvic opening. Those complications increase the chances of infant death.

Pregnancy induces hypertension, poor maternal weight gain, anemia, and urinary tract infection and sexually transmitted diseases to the mother. It gives the mother sleepless nights making the mother go through mental changes. It can also lead to death during childbirth or baby blues after childbirth. They can be affected by Postpartum Depression - After childbirth, about ten to fifteen percent of women go through postpartum depression due to the aftermath of delivery and pregnancy. It leads to reduced mother-infant bonding. Its caused by a rapid decrease of some hormones during delivery, complications during childbirth, family history of mood disorder, high level of stress during pregnancy, and previous depressive episodes. Other teenage pregnant mothers tend to face suicidal thoughts due to peer pressure and experience posttraumatic stress disorder.

Teenage pregnancy causes the mother to put her education on hold and take care of the baby. This lead to delays her academically or lead to dropping out of school. During the pregnancy period if the mother is still enrolled at school can lead to poor grade performance since they are torn in between their condition and school.

Teenage pregnant mothers tend up to be miserable if their families do not support them. Finding a job is not an easy task for teenage pregnant mothers since most workers assume that they will be requesting a paid leave very soon which will make the company run at a loss. Majority of teenage mothers end up doing odd jobs to make ends meet. Some are afraid to talk to their parents about the pregnancy due to their strictness making them run away from home supporting themselves. It leads to the loss of government revenue due to the plan welfare schemes put in place to take care of teenage mothers and their children. To add to that, a teenage mother is exempted from paying taxes. “Nationally, teen childbearing costs taxpayers at least $7 billion each year in direct costs associated with health care, foster care, criminal justice, public assistance and lost tax revenue”.

Teenage mothers are always uncertain about the future making them worry too much on how they are going to take care of the baby. They believed that the baby had messed their lives upholding them achieving dreams that they had planned. They have limited vocational opportunities making for them to settle down financially. Most are neglected by the father of the child making them exert the emotional stress to their child making them abandon their kid or neglect giving them the required attention. They are always exhausted denying them room to have a social life. Their social life ends up been ruined leading to emotional trauma. Due to emotional trauma, most mothers opt to depend on substance abuse to suppress their pain.

Teenage pregnancy prevention measures

Abstinence - is the best way to prevent teenage pregnancy even though some people consider it old fashion. It will allow them to reconsider their sexual option and prepare them to be ready when the right times comes. With this at home teenagers will have much information about sex and its consequences. Communication - Parents should be clear about sexual values and attitudes and where they stand. These will help their kids have a better understanding of sex, and they will know how to approach the issue. They will not be surprised by sexual activities making them want to experiment things out.

The federal government should also put programs in plans that offer an affordable family plan. Also, educate teenage girls on the risks of having sex at an early age. Use of contraceptives - it is advised that if teenagers have to be involved in sexual activities; it is appropriate for them to use contraceptives to avoid cases of pregnancy. The best-recognized contraceptive in the market is LARC. They also are educated on how to use contraceptives. To top up that they are also given information on how to use a condom and encouraged to be open about requesting their sexual partner to consider the use of the condom. The limitation of the method is that it will be like the government is encouraging teenagers to have sex.

National Adolescent Sexual Reproductive Health Policy (ASRH) is a policy developed in Kenya in 2015 to educate the public more about sexual education in relation to the adolescents. The aim of the policy was to promote national development through enhancing sexual and reproductive health of teenagers in Kenya in order to release their full potential. The key focus of the policy was to reduce the rate at which teenage girls were getting pregnant.

The policy is not widely spread across the nation hence many counties in the nation have not realized the policy making it hard to enact its implementation. The Kenyan government also lucks funds to implement and sustain the policy.

Conclusion

Most teenage pregnancies occur due to unprotected sex, lack of personal responsibility and lack of maturity. These occur due to sex stigmatization and lack of proper sex education. Most of the teenage mothers fail to finish their education and end up dropping out of school, and these lead to lack of unemployment failing to offer their child with proper financial support.

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A teenage mother is mostly abandoned by their baby daddy who is afraid of responsibilities leaving the mother and the child to suffer alone. Due to the difficulties faced with teenage pregnancies, most teenagers opt to go for abortion to avoid the burden of raising the baby. Teenage pregnancy is accompanied by health implications that cause the death of both the mother and the child. Teenage pregnancy is very expensive to manage in all aspects, so it advised for parents, institution, religion outlet and the federal government to put out measures to educate teenagers about teenage pregnancy and sex to avoid such incidents from happening

References

1. Darroch, JE, et al. (2016). Adding it Up: Costs and Benefits of Meeting the Contraceptive Needs of Adolescents. New York: Guttmacher Institute. Guttmacher Institute. (2017). Adding It Up: Investing in Contraception and Maternal and Newborn Health, 2017.
2. Fact sheet. Retrieved 28th April 2019 from: https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/adding-it-up-contraception-mnh-2017. Republic of Kenya and KNBS-Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. (2015). Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2014.
3. Retrieved 28th April 2019 from: https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/fr308/fr308.pdf. UNFPA (2017) Adolescent pregnancy. Retrieved 28th April 2019, https://www.unfpa.org/adolescent-pregnancy. WHO-World Health Organization. (2014)
4. Adolescent pregnancy. Fact sheet. Retrieved 6 July 2017 from: http://www.who.int/ mediacentre/factsheets/fs364/en/.

Table of contents

1. Introduction
Declaration of Human RightsViolation of Human RightsControversial Laws regarding Human rightsAccountability
2. Conclusion
3. References

Introduction

Human rights are the essential rights and opportunities that have a place with each individual on the planet, from birth until death. They pay little heed to where you are from, what you accept or how you carry on with your life. They can never be removed, in spite of the fact that they can now and again be confined – for instance, if an individual infringes upon the law, or in light of a legitimate concern for national security. These essential rights depend on shared qualities like dignity, fairness, equality, respect, and freedom. These qualities are characterized and ensured by law. Human rights are ordinarily comprehended as basic essential rights to which an individual is innately entitled just in light of the fact that she or he is a human being. This essay inspects the idea of human rights and its sources, clarifying the various terms and orders.

Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other status. We are all equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination. These rights are all interrelated, interdependent and indivisible. Universal human rights are often expressed and guaranteed by law, in the form of treaties, customary international law, general principles and other sources of international law. International human rights law lays down obligations of Governments to act in certain ways or to refrain from certain acts, in order to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms of individuals or groups.

After the Second World War, the part states, while examining the foundation of the United Nations truly believed that so as to have comparative rights of man over the world. The demise, annihilation, and hopelessness of the Second World War brought forth the United Nations when its Charter was marked on June 26, 1945. Accordingly, after long deliberations, the words human rights finally came into existence in international law with the appropriation of the Charter of the United Nations on October 24, 1945.

Declaration of Human Rights

The standard of all-inclusiveness of human rights is the foundation of international human rights law. This rule, as first stressed in the Universal Declaration on Human Rights in 1948, has been repeated in various international human rights shows, affirmations, and goals. The 1993 Vienna World Conference on Human Rights, for instance, noticed that it is the obligation of States to advance and ensure every single human right and central freedoms, paying little mind to their political, monetary and social frameworks. Every single human right are resolute, whether they are affable and political rights, for example, the privilege to life, uniformity under the watchful eye of the law and opportunity of articulation; financial, social and social rights, for example, the rights to work, government disability and training, or aggregate rights, for example, the rights to advancement and self-assurance, are indissoluble, interrelated and associated. The improvement of one right encourages the progression of the others. Moreover, the hardship of one right antagonistically influences the others.

The most exceedingly terrible type of human rights infringement occurring in Pakistan is Child Abuse. As per a private media report, around 3,445 cases with respect to the sexual maltreatment of kids were recorded in, 2017. The real number is in all likelihood a lot higher, as Child Abuse is a delicate issue that numerous guardians feel hesitant to report. This occurs because of the absence of awareness among the masses. Pursued by domestic violence, honor killing is another issue that should be managed right away. Also, the absence of work and educational opportunities has prepared for gender discrimination in our general public. In addition, the right to speak freely and articulation is practically nonexistent in numerous territories of our nation. In the event that a specific gathering raises a voice for the rights of its kind, it is rarely empowered.

Violation of Human Rights

One of the most talked about the misuse of human rights is the Burma Genocide. The Rohingya massacre or the Rohingya refugee crisis is a progression of continuous mistreatments by the Myanmar government against the Muslim Rohingya individuals. It has constrained over a large portion of a million Rohingyas to escape to neighboring nations, for example, Bangladesh and India. Myanmar security forces kept on sub- mitting grave abuses against Rohingya Muslims all through 2018, extending the humanitarian and human rights fiasco in Rakhine State. More than 730,000 Rohingya have fled to neighboring Bangladesh since the military battle of ethnic purging started in August 2017. The legislature precluded broad proof from securing outrages, would not permit autonomous examiners to access to Rakhine State, and rebuffed nearby writers for investigating military abuses.

In August, a United Nations-ordered certainty discovering mission found that the military abuses carried out in Kachin, Rakhine, and Shan States since 2011 'without a doubt add up to the gravest wrongdoings under international law,' and called for senior military officials, incorporating Commander-in-Chief Sr. Gen. Min Aung Hlaing, to confront examination and arraignment for annihilation, wrongdoings against humanity, and war violations.

However this is just the tip of the iceberg, War crimes in Yemen are also a serious violation of the human rights issue going on. The outfitted clash in Yemen has slaughtered and harmed a large number of Yemeni regular citizens since it started. As of November 2018, 6,872 regular people had been slaughtered and 10,768 injured, the greater part by Saudi Arabia-drove alliance airstrikes, as indicated by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). The genuine nonmilitary personnel losses are likely a lot higher. Thousands more have been uprooted by the battling and millions experience the ill effects of deficiencies of nourishment and medical care. In September 2014, Houthi powers and powers faithful to previous president Ali Abdullah Saleh assumed responsibility for Yemen’s capital, Sanaa, and a significant part of the nation. On March 26, 2015, the Saudi-drove alliance assaulted Houthi-Saleh powers in the help of Yemeni President Abdu Rabbu Mansour Hadi. The US upheld alliance assaults by focusing on insight and air refueling. As the war has proceeded, unions have broken. Houthi powers murdered Saleh in December 2017 after conflicts broke out in Sanaa. In January 2018, battling broke out between Yemeni government powers and United Arab Emirates (UAE) – sponsored Yemeni powers in Aden. The nation over, regular folks experience the ill effects of an absence of fundamental administrations, a spiraling monetary emergency, and broken administration, wellbeing, training, and legal frameworks. It has been what the UN has called the world’s largest humanitarian catastrophe, including the stoppage of humanitarian aid. The outfitted clash has negatively affected the regular citizen populace. The alliance has led scores of unpredictable and unbalanced airstrikes killing a huge number of regular people and hitting nonmilitary personnel protests infringing upon the laws of war, utilizing weapons sold by the United States, United Kingdom, and others. Regardless of mounting proof of infringement of international law by the parties to the conflict, endeavors toward responsibility have been woefully lacking.

The Kashmir issue has been an ongoing problem since the 1947 partition of India and Pakistan. For a considerable length of time, individuals of Kashmir have been enduring because of Indian specialists. What’s more, over these years barring a couple of occasions, the world has performed massively well in faking numbness towards the human rights infringement submitted by the Indian armed force in that exceptionally contested land. The international power-shave often pays no notice to the tones and cries of Kashmiris being mercilessly smothered, executed, tormented and assaulted by the Indian organization.

Be that as it may, UN’s first-historically speaking report on human rights infringement in Kashmir, discharged as of late by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner of Human Rights, is by all accounts a beam of expectation in the bleak Asian-Switzerland. It has divulged the genuine, yet underhanded, the face of the hopeful south Asian superpower: India. It has opened a Pandora box, uncovering the inhumane treatment of Kashmiris by the Indian armed force and the Indian government.

The international forces have often paid no notice to the tears and cries of Kashmiris being severely stifled, executed, tormented and assaulted by the Indian organization

The report has been submitted following more than two years of remote checking in light of the fact that India did not permit the High Commissioner for Human Rights and access to IOK to assess the human rights circumstance; in any case, Pakistan permitted contingent access. The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein, has recommended the UN Human Rights Council, 'to set up an autonomous Commission of Inquiry to direct an extensive and free international examination concerning claims of human rights infringement in Kashmir'.

In 2004, The Washington Post reported the killing of more than 40 civilians in the village of Makr-al-Deeb in western Iraq by U.S forces. A U.S. military official in Baghdad said that 'our sense is this was a real military target. We presume this was a dealer or remote warrior' course. 'It’s our estimation right since the [Iraqi] workforce engaged with this issue was a piece of the outside warrior safe house.' So, based on doubt of dealing in unapproved transients, U.S. military powers, all of a sudden, utilized aeronautical bombardments and strafing with powerful firearms to demolish a whole town. An Iraqi observer at the scene told the Associated Press Television Network: 'The planes came in and shot the entire family. They continued shooting [from roughly 2:45 a.m.] until the morning until they annihilated every one of the houses. They didn’t leave anything.' In a May 21 follow-up report, Associated Press essayist Scheherezade Faramarzi cited an overcomer of the assault, Madhi Nawaf, who stated: 'One of the dead was my little girl. I discovered her a couple of ventures from the house, her 2-year-old child Raad in her arms. Her 1-year-old child, Raed, was lying close-by, missing his head.'

U.S. powers guarantee that they were terminated upon first, yet Iraqis on the scene keep up that the Americans assaulted individuals who had gathered in the town the last night for a wedding festivity and that no shooting had occurred before the U.S. assault.

In spite of the fact that the U.S. commandants display insouciance about nonmilitary personnel setbacks among the Afghan and Iraqi populaces — in the interminable expressions of General Tommy Franks, 'We don’t do body checks' — capable appraisals of the number of regular folks murdered in the ongoing U.S. military activities go from 1,000 to 5,000 in Afghanistan and from 9,000 to 11,000 (in certain evaluations upwards of at least 35,000) in Iraq. What’s more, a huge number of noncombatants have been injured truly or have endured the wanton obliteration of their homes and other property.

Controversial Laws regarding Human rights

Pakistan’s variant of the blasphemy law is an expansion of offenses identifying with religion that was first arranged by British leaders of the Subcontinent in 1860. Pakistan acquired these laws when it appeared after the partition from India in 1947. The blasphemy laws were presented through Sections 295-B and 295-C of the Pakistan Penal Code during the authoritarian routine of General Ziaul Haq. Throughout the years, Pakistan’s famous blasphemy laws have been a focal instrument for the abuse of religious minorities. While these laws are a pilgrim in a source, they exist today inside the setting of a general Islamisation of laws, which joined with the state’s failure to hold syndication over violence has added to developing rebellion in the nation. In the midst of more extensive partisan and interreligious strain, Pakistan’s unforgiving blasphemy laws are a genuine risk to harmony and social steadiness. 'Blasphemy' is deserving of death under the law, and allegations often pursued by crowd severity with lethal outcomes.

The constitution sets up Islam as the state religion. Regardless of the Constitution’s guarantee of satisfactory arrangements for minorities to rehearse their religious convictions unreservedly, a considerable lot of Pakistan’s laws and strategies confine the opportunity of religion or conviction.

Blasphemy laws convey capital punishment or life in jail, and will in general target non-devotees, religious minorities and contradicting Muslims. In spite of the fact that there has been a successful ban on doing capital punishment as of late, many individuals, at any rate, stay waiting for capital punishment, and furthermore, those blamed for blasphemy are often killed previously or after any preliminary trial happens.

The death penalty is a forswearing of the most essential human rights; it damages a standout amongst the most central standards under generally acknowledged human rights law — that states must perceive the privilege to live. The UN General Assembly, the delegate group of perceived States, has required a conclusion to capital punishment and human rights associations concur that its burden ruptures essential cherished human rights standards. The convention is rapidly moving towards a situation with the help of worldwide abolition.

The assault and resulting passing of a New Delhi college understudy in December 2012 started across the country chaos over Indian specialists’ careless treatment of sexual violence. After other such occurrences surfaced, including the assault and hanging of two high school cousins in Uttar Pradesh, critics started investigating parts of Indian culture that many cases have propagated violence and discrimination against ladies. The prominent cases pointed out the more extensive issue of women rights in India, a country that positions ninety-eighth out of 128 nations on the Economist’s rankings of women’s economic opportunity.

Women in India face a heap of social difficulties that block social progression, an expert’s state. Oppressive family codes, absence of training, and social marks of disgrace are just a couple of models. Increased media consideration given to such disparities has raised weight on the legislature to change the institutional treatment of ladies, yet in addition, raise the dimension of discourse on the bigger issue of ladies’ rights in a quickly modernizing society.

Accountability

Researchers often point to the loathsomeness of the Holocaust as the essential force for international endeavors to build up human rights as the aggregate worry of international society. Western nations specifically drove these endeavors, so as to keep another holocaust from getting away worldwide consideration behind the shield of state power. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), received for all intents and purposes consistently on December 10, 1948, in the UN General Assembly, ended up a standout amongst the most compelling and most much of the time referred to reports in human history.

The subsequent stage was to draft restricting international records that would concretize the beliefs of the UDHR into international law. Albeit Cold War legislative issues postponed the drafting procedure, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) were embraced in 1966 and went into power in 1976. Between the receptions of the UDHR (1948) and the two agreements (1966), the heavenly body of entertainers and backers sup- porting worldwide human rights changed drastically. Western nations that drove the early endeavors to set up human rights as a worldwide perfect confronted genuine logical inconsistencies between their talk and the truth in their regions. Behind their extravagant language of human rights in international discussions lay imperialism, racial abuse, sexual orientation discrimination, and other revolting substances, which went to the fore as occupants of their regions recognized the deception of their talk. Reluctant to surrender their benefit rapidly, western governments retreated out of the spotlight of international human rights advancement.

Thusly, recently autonomous nations in Africa and Asia became the dominant focal point, squeezing for racial, so- cial, and financial correspondence in the world. Surely, the primary UN-supported settlement with a checking body was the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965), and the principal worldwide authorizations approved by the UN Security Council were against the apartheid routines of Rhodesia (1966, 1968) and South Africa (1976). Before long, be that as it may, these recently autonomous nations needed to confront their very own domestic infringement. Their excitement for racial balance was framed in human rights language, however, that language likewise included key freedoms that these nations did not give to their residents. As the persecution of dictator routines in numerous African and Asian nations activated exceptional discussions in international human rights gatherings, these nations turned out to be increasingly mindful about openly pushing for human rights.

Meanwhile, the Cold War further muddled worldwide human rights governmental issues. As a result of the ideological warfare between the United States and the Soviet

Union, wherein the two superpowers advanced their social frameworks as better than the other, banters on human rights issues in international gatherings often declined into fanatic quarreling and infrequently created goals, considerably fewer activities. When the Cold War finished, a larger part of the nations in the world had focused on different human rights settlements and the status of human rights as a worldwide perfect was undeniable. In this way, Cold War governmental issues incomprehensibly raised the status of human rights in international talk.

Conclusion

Human rights and the fight to attain these rights have been an ongoing battle well before the advent of the United Nations. Human rights are the natural, indissoluble, and material potential outcomes of the individual ensured by the state to have and utilize specific benefits: social, monetary, political, common (individual) and social. Freedoms of man are nearly equivalent to human rights, with just some distinctive highlights. Giving the opportunity, the state makes the accentuation on the free, however much as could reasonably be expected autonomous self-assurance of an individual in certain circles of open life. It gives the opportunity of the individual fundamentally by non-obstruction of the nation itself, and of all other social subjects. Thusly, the opportunity is the autonomy of social and political subjects, communicated in their capacities and abilities to settle on their own decisions and to act as per their interests and objectives.

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The undertaking of the state isn’t just to ensure the human rights and freedoms, yet in addition to limit the antagonistic impacts of its intercession in social and monetary procedures. This undertaking is very opposing. From one viewpoint, the intemperate movement of the state in its relations with common society can prompt a huge narrowing of the scope of rights and freedoms of natives. The most outrageous circumstance is despotism, under which the opportunity of people and gatherings isn’t accessible, practically all social relations are directed by the state. Then again, decreasing the number of state works (and even the annihilation of the state itself, as the rebels propose) can prompt the loss of steadiness in political relations, clashes, and emergencies. That is the reason a fair arrangement of both the state and other political characters is required.

References

1. H. Lauterpacht, “An International Bill of Rights,” Hague Academy of International Law, Becueil des Cours, vol. 70, 1945.
2. J. Eobinson and Human, “Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in the Charter of the U,” N. A Commentary, 1946.
3. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, U.N. Doc, vol. 811, 12 1948.
4. //www. globalvillagespace. com/is-india-committing-war-crimes-in- occupied-kashmir https.
5. P. Sayre, “Shelley v. Kraemer and United Nations Law,,” Iowa Law Review, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 1–11, 11 1948.

Informed consent is an ethical and legal requirement for research involving human participants. It is the process where a participant is informed about all aspects of the trial, which are important for the participant to make a decision and after studying all aspects of the trial the participant voluntarily confirms his or her willingness to participate in a particular clinical trial and significance of the research for advancement of medical knowledge and social welfare.

Humans should be treated as autonomous agents, who have the freedom to conduct lives as they choose without external controls. Subjects are treated as autonomous agents in a study if the researcher has informed them about the study, allow them to choose whether to participate and allowed them to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty (Levine, 1986). The concept of informed consent is embedded in the principles of the Nuremberg Code, The Declaration of Helsinki and The Belmont Report. Informed consent is an inevitable requirement prior to every research involving a human being as subjects for study. Obtaining consent involves informing the subject about his or her rights, the purpose of the study, procedures to be undertaken, potential risks and benefits of participation, expected duration of the study, the extent of confidentiality of personal identification and demographic data, so that the participation of subjects in the study is entirely voluntary.

Human rights are claims and demand that have been justified in the eyes of an individual or by the consensus of a group of people. Nurses who critique published studies, review research for conduct in their agencies, or assist with data collection for a study have an ethical responsibility to determine whether the rights of the research subjects are protected. The human rights that require protection in research are the rights to self- determination, privacy, anonymity and confidentiality, fair treatment and protection from discomfort and harm.

There are several issues related to informed consent in research on human subjects. There is an issue with persons who have diminished autonomy when they are vulnerable and less advantaged because of legal or mental incompetence, terminal illness or confinement to an institution such as prisoners ( Levigne, 1986). These persons require additional protection of their right to self –determination because of their decreased ability or inability to give informed consent. In addition, these people are vulnerable to coercion which happen when one person intentionally present an overt threat of harm or an excessive reward to another to obtain compliance.

When research involves children (under the age of 18) consent/permission has to be obtained from parents. Often a child’s competence to give consent is operationalized by age, with incompetence being irrefutable up to age 7 (Broome, 1999). The U.S Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) regulation require “soliciting the assent of the children (when capable) and the permission of their parents or guardians. Assent means a child’s affirmative agreement to participate in research. During a study, the children need to be given an option to ask questions and to withdraw from the study if he or she desires.

Internal environment: The vision of the company is to be a globally respected and sustainable company and it is working extensively to become one. The company’s Corporate Governance policies ensure effective engagement with the all the stakeholders. According to the Infosys annual report 2017-18 “Navigate the Next” the strategies for the year 2018 is to infuse automation and intelligence, to expand localization, reskill talent and invest in digital capabilities. The company focuses on creating a sustainable ecosystem in all the three dimensions namely economic, social and environmental development.

External environment:

Political: Infosys provides services worldwide. Infosys has 18 offices in the US and any political changes in the US will have a direct impact on the company’s business. The company has relationship with 50 countries and is involved with government in every country. India’s relationship and policies with these countries will have a significant impact on the growth of the company in these countries. Any amendment in the foreign policy will also affect a lot. Also, it has acquired companies in US, UK, Israel and Australia. The company’s headquarter is in Bengaluru, Karnataka which has an alliance government and has not been on the same pages with the central government for some time which have now changed but and it may affect the company a little. The company is planning to expand localization of business. Till date it has been maintaining a good relationship with the government of India but in the US the companies which outsource are not given tax benefits, so it is making it hard for the company to break through the rich markets.

Economic: India is the 2nd fastest growing economy in the world and the economic conditions for any company to operate in India is very favorable. IT sector contributes to 7.7% of the GDP in India. Infosys Technologies limited is the 2nd largest IT company in India by revenue. According to the Infosys Annual Report there is a positive growth in the net profit and the revenue generated in the year 2018 as compared to that in 2017. Though the growth is positive but the rate is not very significant and the pace with which the company is growing is also very slow. On June 29, 2018 its market capitalization was $42.23 billion. The credit rating of the company is A- (rating by Standard & Poor's). The effect of GST and Demonetization was seen prevalent in IT sector as well. The revenue generated in the year 2017 is Rs.68484 Crore and the net profit of Rs.14353 crore. The growth in terms of revenue in the year 2017 is 9.6%.

Social: Infosys technologies limited has a diversified work culture with a workforce of 129 nationalities. Out of the total workforce 89% are based in India and 36% of the total employees are women. It has world’s largest training center or corporate university in Mysore with a purpose to create future leaders and enable their work force. One out of the many agendas in the Infosys annual report 2017-18 is to reskill the existing workforce. The working environment is very positive and healthy. The focus on the company is to create a sustainable environment and works on different areas such as health, art and culture, rural development and destitute care. The employees get various onsite opportunities and the work culture, infrastructure and training at Infosys is considered to be one of the best.

The Infosys Foundation is working to create opportunities for unprivileged through support program. The Infosys Foundation USA is working to bridging the digital divide in India. Along with these there are various CSR activities done by the company to ensure a sustainable social environment.

Technological: Being an IT company, the company has to keep pace with the changing technologies and the demands. The company is shifting its focus towards Artificial Intelligence which is becoming the need of the hour. The company provides services and products in all the key dimensions of the technology industry; the key products and services that Infosys Technologies Limited has are NIA- a next generation integrated AI platform which is driving automation and innovation by providing intelligent business solutions, Panaya a cloud suite and Infosys Information Platform (IIP) which is an analytics platform and Finacle which a global banking solution. Most of the technological services provided by the company are not exclusive and is done by most of the IT companies in India. Now the company is focusing on providing digital services in various sectors which are inclining towards automation. A step towards automation will have a business huge impact on the company’s growth.

Environmental: The company is highly engaged in creating a sustainable environment and has started various sustainability projects. It has various policies that ensures to protect environment and exploit the resources. The headquarter of Infosys Technology Limited is in Bangalore, Karnataka; which is facing major water crisis and it is assumed that it might soon become a dry city. The company should focus on the water crisis and work accordingly. The company has reduced per capital electricity consumption by 50% in the year 2016 and the no. will reach 100% by the end of 2018. The focus of the company is to switch to renewable sources for business operations. Creating eco-sustainability has become the need of the our and the company has been actively working in creating one.