100% Secure Payment
© 2025 Copyright:
BoutEssays. All rights reserved
The e-commerce has transformed the way business is done in India. The Indian e-commerce industry has been on an upward growth trajectory and is expected to grow at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 28 per cent from 2016-20 to touch US$ 63.7 billion by 2020 and overtake the US by 2034. The sector reached US$ 14.5 billion in 2016. Much growth of the industry has been triggered by increasing internet and Smartphone penetration. The ongoing digital transformation in the country is expected to increase India’s total internet user base to 829 million by 2021 (59 per cent of total population), from 373 million (28 percent of population) in 2016, while total number of networked devices in the country are expected to grow to two billion by 2021, from 1.4 billion in 2016.
Get original essayTotal online spending, inclusive of domestic and cross border shopping, is expected to increase by 31 per cent year-on-year to Rs 8.76 trillion (US$ 135.8 billion) by 2018. Cross border shopping by Indians touched Rs 58,370 crore (US$ 9.1 billion) in 2016, and is expected to by 85 per cent year-on-year in 2017. The top 3 countries preferred by Indians for cross-border shopping in 2016 were USA (14%), UK (6%) and China (5%).The Indian consumer internet market is expected to grow by 44 per cent year-on-year to touch US$65 billion in 2017, up from US$45 billion in 2016.
Online travel agents account for the largest market share (70 per cent) in the internet consumer market, while the remaining 30 per cent is occupied by horizontal e-tailing, fashion, furniture, grocery, hotel, food tech, cab aggregators, education technology, and alternative lending among others. The internet industry in India is likely to double to reach US$ 250 billion by 2020, growing to 7.5 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), with the number of mobile internet users growing to about 650 million and that of high-speed internet users reaching 550 million.5 About 70 per cent of the total automobile sales in India, worth US$ 40 billion, are expected to be digitally influenced by 2020 as against US$ 18 billion in 2016.Road Ahead The e-commerce industry been directly impacting the micro, small & medium enterprises (MSME) in India by providing means of financing, technology and training and has a favourable cascading effect on other industries as well.
The total size of e-Commerce industry (only B2C e-tail) in India is expected to reach US$ 101.9 billion by 2020.Technology enabled innovations like digital payments, hyper-local logistics, analytics driven customer engagement and digital advertisements will likely support the growth in the sector. With the increase in the number of electronic payment gateways and mobile wallets, it is expected that by the year 2020, cashless transaction will constitute 55 per cent of the online sales. The growth in e-commerce sector will also boost employment, increase revenues from export, increase tax collection by ex-chequers, and provide better products and services to customers in the long-term.Impact of GST on e-commerce industry:E-commerce or electronic commerce (an online shopping hub) manages the buying and selling of products and services exclusively through electronic channels. E-commerce captures around 33% of the global market with a positive growth in near future.
According to the latest GST council 21st meeting, the registration for all the taxpayers registered under TCS can start their registration from 18th September 2017.Section 43B(e) of the Model GST Law defines an Electronic Commerce Operator (Operator) as every person who, directly or indirectly, owns, operates or manages an electronic platform which is engaged in facilitating the supply of any goods and/or services. Also, a person providing any information or any other services incidental to or in connection with such supply of goods and services through electronic platform would be considered as an Operator. A person supplying goods/services on his own account, however, would not be considered as an Operator.For instance, Amazon and Flipkart are e-commerce Operators because they are facilitating actual suppliers to supply goods through their platform (popularly called Marketplace model or Fulfillment Model). However, Titan supplying watches and jewels through its own website would not be considered as an e-commerce operator for the purposes of this provision. Similarly, Amazon and Flipkart will not be treated as e-commerce operators in relation to those supplies which they make on their own account (popularly called inventory Model).
The MGL provides that every operator has to register at GST portal irrespective of the threshold limit specified for the registration for GST. This is the biggest disadvantage for small retailers as they work on fixed working capital and will have to pay taxes and apply for a refund later which is a cumbersome process.The success of the e-commerce sector is largely dependent on the increasing number of retail entrepreneurs, who fall in the unorganized retail sector category. The government has included such players in the ambit of GST with an intention of broadening the tax base and has introduced specific provisions for the e-commerce companies.
In the present regime, there is no uniformity in the tax rates among the different states and therefore every state determines its own tax rates specific to the products. For example, a mobile phone in state 1 is taxed under VAT at five percent and in state 2 at 14.50 percent. As a result, the sellers in state 2 would not want to sell locally but would prefer to sell from state 1, resulting in loss of revenue for state.E-commerce operators have set up distribution centers only in certain locations and collect the VAT applicable on sales made from such centers. In order to compensate for the loss of VAT revenue, many states have recently imposed entry tax on goods coming from other states, which discourages sales made from other states. The entry tax acts as a trade barrier, restricts free movement of goods from one state to another and increases the cost for traders.However, such trade barriers will cease to exist as GST is inclusive of entry tax. The destination state earns the revenue from GST on sales regardless of where the sale was made. Further, there is no rate arbitrage under GST because the classification of goods and rate of GST is common across states.
It is mandatory for all e-commerce operators to collect tax at the rate of two percent as TCS on the net value of sales made by suppliers through e-commerce operators. Such TCS has to be deducted in each state and deposited accordingly. This brings in significant compliance challenges to sellers and may discourage sales through marketplace model. However, this may not be applicable for inventory based models, where the e-commerce operator makes the sale from its own inventory. The key purpose of this provision is to encourage compliances under GST and provide a mechanism for the government to track suppliers who sell through e-commerce operators.
The e-commerce operators should report all supplies made by the seller and the TCS collected thereof on a monthly basis. The sales reported by the e-commerce operator will have to match with the sales declared by the supplier himself at the end of every month, and any difference will be added to the turnover of the supplier and consequently be liable to discharge GST on such additional turnover.The e-commerce operator has to report the product/service code and the applicable rates for each item level individually. This requires them to map every sale done by the dealer and ensure TCS is deducted at the right value. The implementation of compliance is cumbersome for both e-commerce operator and the supplier.Additionally, the e-commerce operators will have to register in each state and file the reports separately on a monthly basis. This process increases the challenges in compliance and costs of running the business.
GST mandates that all sellers supplying through an e-commerce operator need to be registered under GST irrespective of the threshold limit of Rs 20 lakh. These sellers cannot opt for composition scheme, where they pay a flat tax at the rate of two percent and do not maintain details of each product sold. In this scenario, it is not feasible for small businesses to maintain a detailed record of purchases and sales and pay higher rate of tax. Because of this, many small retailers may not prefer to work with an e-commerce company, which impacts the business for e-commerce operators.
Keep in mind:
This is only a sample.
Get a custom paper now from our expert writers.
Get custom essayThe GST law has extended the meaning of ‘input tax’ to cover any goods/services used by the company in the course of business, which has widened the ambit of input GST credits. This has removed the requirement to establish the direct nexus of inputs/input services with the final product/service provided by companies. For e-commerce operators and sellers, the unavailability of credit towards excise duty and VAT on goods and service tax on certain services adds to the cost of running the business, which would be avoided under GST on account of increase in credits.ConclusionAs we can see, the GST law may have a negative impact on the e-commerce sector. Given that e-commerce sector in India is one of the most rapidly advancing sectors, and the government is vigorously promoting digitized economy, the introduction of such cumbersome compliances cringe the growth of this sector.Statutory framework introduced by the government should be towards the advancement of business rather than creating obstacles. The GST law should provide an enabling environment that encourages e-commerce operators and suppliers
Chevers and Spencer 2017: In the hotel industry
We could see that guests during their stay find it exciting and vital the immersive technologies (ICT) provided by hotel guests reflect an exciting advancement in the hotel industry’s market technologies. These innovations are developed to make purchases simpler and increase the consistency of the guest experience. This study describes how hotels adapt and acquire ICT for the guests and how in hotels, guests develop attitudes and plan to use ICT. The paper attempts to resolve these concerns. Robots, artificial intelligence, and service automation have started to be embraced by travel, tourism, and hospitality firms. Chatbots, delivery robots, robot concierges, conveyor restaurants, self-service information/check-in/check-out kiosks, and many others. Despite the enormous advancements in social robotics, the research on robots in tourism has been minimal. The adoption of ICT is dependent on the labor and technology costs, customers’ readiness and willingness to be served by robots, cultural characteristics of both customers and service providers, And other variables. The paper discusses the practical problems that tourism companies face while enforcing ICT.
Get original essayArtificial Intelligence, service automation, Hotel technology, Customer satisfaction, Information and communication technology (ICT)
In the current world of information communication technology era, the world and the hotel industry have adapted and started implementing new ways to impress guests to hotels or inns in and around the world. Studies have shown that a few guests who frequently travel for leisure or official work nowadays prefer more technologically supported and innovative hotels, resorts or inns for their stay during that time. More comfortable they feel with less human interaction after their busy schedules or for privacy issues.
The study showed a significant association between the implementation of ICT and the happiness of hotel guests. It is assumed that the study results will be used to direct hotel managers with the most significant impact on customer loyalty to the ICT components. These findings can help national-level policymakers formulate optimal strategies for improving the Jamaican hotel industry (Chevers and Spencer 2017). Robotics tends to be the way of the future for hotel services, especially in production environments. Service robots are seen as a possible workforce in hotels, with the potential to replace or assist human employees, thereby lowering labor costs. Several forward-thinking hotels have recently implemented service robotics to provide exceptional guest experiences. The word “robot” is a catch-all phrase in the hospitality industry, but it is a hazy idea that applies to a wide variety of robot configurations and functions. It is necessary to comprehend the impact of human-robot interaction (HRI) in the hotel industry. There are skeptics of HRI, particularly in upscale hotels, that stress the importance of the human touch. Many people believe that robotics will never fully substitute or satisfy those facets of hotel guest interactions, such as human-staff interaction. Just a smattering of data exists on the possible impact of using service robots in hotels. Investigating hotel managers’ and customers’ views on various service efficiency aspects of HRI will provide a factual basis for understanding service robotics’ future. (Choi et al. 2020).
Technology for the hospitality industry started to be adopted in the mid-20th century and has been steadily improving since then. Industry professionals and analysts have been concerned about the importance of technology and its potential impact on customers’ satisfaction since its introduction. Amid these reservations, hospitality technology applications are tasked with establishing a foundation for tactical advantage, increased competitiveness, improved financial efficiency, and expanded guest experience. Industry experts have argued for the importance of technology in conducting hospitality purchases and processes for more than a decade. Hotel companies aim to devote considerable resources to tracking the customer experience after realizing that prospective customers put a high value on experience and loyalty when choosing a hotel. Given the hotel industries’ enthusiasm for software amenities and the latter effect of technology on guest satisfaction, this analysis aimed to quantify and track guest satisfaction with current technology-based amenities and investigate the extent of all of these amenities’ impact on client satisfaction. (Cobanoglu et al. 2011).
The exponential advancement in information and communication technology (ICT) has dramatically altered the hospitality sector’s operational landscape. ICT is seen as a business asset that helps improve customer loyalty while still giving a customer a better experience. As an outcome, a customer can access hotel services and products from any place at any time. In specific, hotels use ICT to personalize their tourist attractions, which can contribute to increased guest satisfaction. The implementation of ICT in hotels is thought to be a match outcome for all parties involved. (Chevers and Spencer 2017) .
One of the most diverse sectors in the world is the hotel industry. Consumers are gradually turning to the internet to post their views and make recreation and tourism choices. The internet is used by 32.7 percent of the world’s population. According to a recent survey, customers who trust ICT usage during their stay are more likely to broadcast their experience in a virtual medium and establish more loyalty behaviors. Customers’ perceptions of ICT, consumer loyalty, and word-of-mouth behaviors in hotels were examined in this report (Farías 2012).
The understanding of the hotel’s use of technology by guests has a positive impact on loyalty. Customers who enjoy technology during their stay are most likely to share their good experiences online. Women, younger customers, company guests, regular visitors, and those who get more online tips are the categories where some WOM effects are more potent. There could be a connection between receiving and participating in eWOM. ICT-savvy clients are more loyal if online ratings moderate such ICT-related relationships. Loyalty is measured by expectations and recommendations (Moliner-Velázquez, Fuentes-Blasco, and Gil-Saura 2019).
Hotel Introduction of ICT, IMC, and guest preferences will boost Hotel brand loyalty and give them a competitive edge. Traditional marketing strategies are no longer enough to distinguish one hotel from another. According to the writers, marketers’ activities should influence customer perceptions of quality and develop a strong brand picture. According to the researchers, this report’s findings have significant consequences for managers in the hospitality industry in general and hotel (marketing) managers. Managers should be encouraged to use emerging technology further if they understand the interaction between ICT and IMC. (Šeri? and Gil-Saura 2012) .
One of the most diverse sectors in the world is the hotel industry. Consumers are gradually turning to the internet to post their views and make recreation and tourism choices. The internet is used by 32.7 percent of the world’s population. According to a recent survey, customers who trust ICT usage during their stay are more likely to broadcast their experience in a virtual medium and establish more loyalty behaviors. Customers’ perceptions of ICT, consumer loyalty, and word-of-mouth behavior in hotels were investigated in this report. (Farías 2012).
Hotels accept that delivering adequate support facilities to the increasing number of technology-savvy travelers is critical. Providing free wireless LANs will help hotels improve their online scores by up to 8%. On the other hand, large and mid-sized hotels are likely to have better cash balances and more amenities than small hotels. Large hotels seem to be slower than mid-size hotels in adopting smartphone apps. In the next three years, all segments expect smartphone device consumption to triple. Over the next three years, hotels of all types will provide more smartphone apps to their clients. The direction of hoteliers’ technological acquisitions seems to be shifting away from a specific form of technology. The focus of hoteliers’ technological expenditures seems to be shifting away from specific types of in-room technology and toward the facilities required to serve guests (Aryati 2017).
Hoteliers and visitors are increasingly using immersive mobility technology (IMT) in their rooms. IMT refers to guest-facing applications that make such activities more manageable and improve the overall hotel stay experience. Guests can use IMT to order goods, get travel information, communicate with hotel staff, and monitor room functions. IMT is usually given free of charge to hotel guests for the length of their stay. According to a study by Inutility, the costs of developing, deploying, operating, and maintaining IMT may be necessary. It is unclear which factors help guests establish attitudes and intentions about using IMT in hotels (Zhu and Morosan 2014).
The study compares tourist hotels’ performing arts images with nature- or built-based servicescapes on advertising effectiveness. To analyze the attention on the marketing areas study uses eye-tracking technology to record visual customer trajectories. Customers have higher fixation durations and counts for nature-based images than built-up service scales—the more seamless a fit between the servicescape and performing art, the greater the advertising effectiveness. The study results can benefit researchers in the hospitality industry and hotel advertising, the researchers say (Wang, Tsai, and Tang 2018).
T.R.’s position in the assessment and satisfaction with travel technologies is clarified in this report. Travelers with higher T.R.s had more robust and more diverse relationships across countries. The results suggest that tourism and hospitality service providers should incorporate T.R. and TES traveler steps. T.R. scales should be fine-tuned to capture the structures’ spirit adequately. More than 1,000 travelers took part in the research, which took place in Australia, China, and the United States. It was focused on an Air Canada online poll (Wang, So, and Sparks 2017).
Many service businesses are attempting to incorporate innovative features into their product-service offerings. Hospitality companies, such as restaurants, are an excellent example of an industry that might prosper from service advancement. Because of the exponential advancements in computer technology, the hospitality industry is continuously evolving. To remain competitive in such a changing setting, hotel managers would need to rely more intensely on consumer tastes, pricing, and technical interfaces. In recent years, the hospitality industry has been the fastest-growing in the United States. In the hospitality sector, the number of visitors has increased dramatically. Before introducing additional offerings, hotel operators must gain a better understanding of market tastes. Customer preference is influenced by service creativity, which can lead to improved sales for a company. The financial advantages of introducing service improvement can be seen in IBM’s creative service program, which is only one example. The hotel style has the most significant influence on the hotel options of both business and leisure travelers. According to the report, the technological alternative, explicitly booking hotel reservations over the internet, has the smallest effect on business travelers’ decisions (Victorino et al. 2005).
Tourism robotics has been the subject of a concise review. Future research should consider how businesses can integrate emerging technology into their operations. The advantages and disadvantages of modern technologies are many, and managers must weigh all of them before determining whether to implement them. Though the future is unknown, RAISA will significantly impact the transport, leisure, and hospitality industries. The paper acknowledges that RAISA acceptance is conditional and that RAISA would be the company’s benefit. It discusses the realistic challenges that tourism companies face while introducing RAISA (e.g., resistance to change, program reengineering) and provides suggestions for tourist companies and robot manufacturers about resolving these issues. It examines ways to prevent workforce resentment and strengthen rather than weaken organizational culture and traditions. It also considers the risks and benefits of RAISA implementation (hotels, restaurants, tourist and entertainment businesses, theme parks, airports, car rental firms and travel brokers) (Ivanov and Webster 2017).
With a gross domestic product (GDP) of 7-8% in 2015, India is predicted to continue on a high growth path. The travel and tourism industry has developed into a significant employer. Throughout 2015 and 2016, inbound arrivals and outbound travel are projected to increase. KPMG (KPMG): Indian hoteliers must act and devise strategies to maintain and improve their businesses. One of the solutions is to improve consumer service through creativity (both technical and non-technological). According to the authors, it aids in ensuring that customers get quality service and get more value for their dollars. This paper aimed to look at how technological advancements affect people’s lives (deependra Sharma 2016).
Electronic devices known as guest empowerment technology (GETs) provide hotel guests with more personal control over their stay. In-room check-out systems, in-room entertainment systems, on-demand printing facilities, lobby kiosks, and online reservation systems are examples of GETs. The results of this study provide a roadmap for researchers interested in furthering such research. According to the paper, research is being conducted to determine the best way to balance guest needs with features of innovations implemented in a hotel environment. The study’s results are helpful for crucial decision-makers in the procurement of hotel guest room technology. The model used in this analysis is a step forward in the right direction. According to the paper, the model used in this study advances theoretical research on technology adoption and acceptance, especially in self-service environments such as GETs. The Hotel Association of India performed the research (TAI) (Schrier, Erdem, and Brewer 2010).
The technological decisions that an enterprise makes are continuously determining operational and strategic challenges. The use of technology will meet several organizational goals. Rental payments contribute to the profitability of ATMs, teleconferencing, and mobile phones. In addition to traditional sources of reservations, internet bookings have an additional revenue stream. The automated distribution of information to guests via e-mail and digital T.V. guides reduces the workload of the front desk and concierge employees. Hotel executives in the United States and Europe have stated that they plan to use information technology (Namasivayam, Enz, and Siguaw 2000).
The impact of economy hotel websites on customer eTrust and online booking intentions in China was investigated in this study. To improve eTrust and increase online booking intentions, hotel companies must prioritize the accessibility, entertainment, and complementarity of their respective websites during the development period. As a result of OTAs’ attacks, China’s economy hotels are being pushed to lower their costs. The study also has significant practical consequences for developing economy hotel websites in China to gain customer interest and improve online bookings (Li et al. 2017).
Hoteliers' and customers’ services-dominant logic, technological affordance ethic, and cognitive mapping are explored and contrasted in this study. Personalization is often seen as valuable in a few specific situations by customers. The use of hotel mobile apps is expected to provide a customized experience for hoteliers. The findings show the mechanism that underpins the understanding of human-produced technological functions. They have real-world implications for hoteliers. Customers choose Mobile hotel applications for their practical advantages, according to the report. It demonstrates how a customer’s fundamental cognitive perception about a technical function affects the function’s utility of use. Customers choose mobile hotel applications for their practical advantages, according to the report. It demonstrates how a customer’s fundamental cognitive perception about a technical function affects the function’s utility of use. It also demonstrates the process that underpins human beings’ view of technical functions to generate meaning (Lei, Wang, and Law 2019).
Young Russian adults could well receive the integration of service robots into the hotel industry. Only respondents’ acceptance of robots in hotels is related to their gender and general attitudes toward robots. Many in the hospitality industry that want to simplify high-touch personal services must be vigilant. The recent arrival of delivery robots and robot concierges in numerous hotels worldwide provides hotel guests with details provided by robots. Young Russian adults will be less resistant to the introduction of robotics. The results show that society is not uniformly favoring or opposed to adopting emerging technology but instead consists of varying degrees of approval or skepticism based on various attitudes and demographic influences. Since millennials are portrayed as technical experts who are open to emerging ideas, the study’s findings were unsurprising (Ivanov, Webster, and Garenko 2018).
The innovativeness, financial efficiency, customer satisfaction, and credibility of a hotel are all influenced by customer orientation. The hotel’s creativity behavior affects its financial success and customer satisfaction. According to the findings, consumer orientation on company success metrics is partly mediated by innovation behavior. By collaborating on hotel innovation and innovation, the report contributes to recent research on imagination. The results provide useful information about consumer orientation and the innovation chain (Grissemann, Plank, and Brunner-Sperdin 2013).
To improve guest loyalty, hotels also use technology as a value-added amenity. The use of this technology in a hotel will have a considerable effect on a guest’s overall satisfaction. VoIP telephone networks, pay-per-view movies, voicemail/messaging, gaming systems, and universal battery chargers are all examples of in-room technology beneficial. According to Kistner, Dickinson, and disruptive innovations have the propensity to turn into mainstream technologies, and as this happens, the innovator may gain a substantial competitive advantage. The range and type of technological facilities would be essential in deciding which hotel to stay at and whether or not to return. Guest satisfaction solutions could be used in promotional campaigns to target new buyers. This research results align with a national survey of AoA Technology’s hoteliers (Cobanoglu et al. 2011).
The hotel industry has begun to consider service robots as potential employees. In the hospitality and tourism industries, service robots are regarded as one of the most significant future developments. People are sentient creatures. Performance touch terms and the atmosphere for physical operation rank personnel facilities in support robotics higher. According to the report, the consistency of the result does not vary significantly. It is the first attempt to investigate how HRI is viewed in hotel environments by performing a) focus groups with hotel managers and b) an experiment that contrasts human and robot service expectations (Choi et al. 2020).
Jamaica is ranked 76th out of 141 countries in the Travel and Tourism Competences Report, which tests a country’s “tourism-friendliness.” Behind Barbados, Puerto Rico, and Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica is the Caribbean’s fourth-best nation. The Ease of Doing Business Report ranks Jamaica 58th globally, behind only Puerto Rico, which is ranked 47th. Compared to the rest of the Caribbean, Puerto Rico has fewer restrictions and can access and use more ICT components. In Jamaica, information and communication technology (ICT) is seen as a strategic advantage, and the country should aspire to boost its global rankings to be the best in the field (Chevers and Spencer 2017).
According to previous research, the connection between CRM communication and business success is ambiguous. Marketing skills (planning and application) act as a bridge between the two parties. The thesis used regression and correlation analysis to analyze and test a sample of 447 hotel firms in Malaysia. CRM technology seems to be linked to the quad dimensions of organizational efficiency, according to the results. Finally, this research was useful both scientifically and organizationally. The comprehensive study looked at how CRM technology leads to corporate effectiveness and, as a result, creates a basis for information. Organizations need to understand what they can do to improve CRM technology performance. This study demonstrates the critical role of marketing skills (planning and execution) in converting CRM technologies into different business growth dimensions (financial, customer, and internal) and improving and increasing systems. CRM technology is a critical Dimension of hotel quality, according to this study. Hotel operators must also consider their marketing capabilities (planning and development). Hotels should take advantage of CRM technology to gain a competitive advantage and improve their performance (Mohammed, Rashid, and Tahir 2014)
Hotels in Madrid are facing increased competition, but the choice is to exit this sector and invest in more lucrative areas. Hotels have chosen to differentiate themselves by improving the quality of their facilities. Others have opted for a wait-and-see approach in reaction to shrinking profit margins. Year after year, the number of visitors visiting Madrid has increased, although the overall number of overnight stays has remained constant, even though the number of hotels and rooms available has increased faster than demand. The study concludes that technical advancement, new consumer demands, and intensified competition are the key motivating factors for hotels in the MAC (Ignacio et al. 2011).
The antecedents of customers’ ability and opposition to using artificially intelligent robotic devices are investigated in this report. External control, hedonic desire, anthropomorphism, success and effort anticipation, and emotions all influence customers’ intentions to use artificially intelligent products. This research provided significant theoretical contributions to the literature on A.I. adoption and hospitality management. It made several managerial suggestions that will help hoteliers plan to use A.I. robotic devices in their operations. This study’s theoretical contributions and managerial ramifications are discussed. Limitations and recommendations for further research, this study’s theoretical contributions, and managerial ramifications are discussed. There are some limitations to the report, as well as some suggestions for future research. The research was presented in the journal ‘Hotel Managements online edition (Lin, Chi, and Gursoy 2020).
The popularity of ICT has bolstered Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) programmers’ most current communication management solution. It is thought to make a substantial contribution to the development of brand value. A study of the moderating role of advanced ICT in IMC-brand-based relations will be conducted. IMC systems are aided by the hospitality industry, especially the Italian industry. The importance of consumer perceptions and perceptions as a component of sales and marketing strategies is addressed. The model is tested and authorized using the IMC system’s visitor perception data and consumer views (Šeri?, Gil-Saura, and Ruiz-Molina 2014).
In recent years, how hotels advertise their goods and use ICT to deliver services to their guests has fundamentally changed. Any of the services that hotel guests expect to include online check-in/check-out, electronic point-of-sale devices such as credit card scanners, business centers to help with skyping/communicating with family members and friends when away from home and printing papers, in-room access to the internet, in-room entertainment system, in-room telephone system, and online accounting systems. We divided hotel facilities into four broad categories: cost, user-friendliness, customer satisfaction, and data security.
These four classificational resources were used to produce four theories, identical to the process used in this analysis. As a result, the four theories relating to ICT (information communication technology) and hotels are:
Victorino et al. 2005: This study is conducted to retain a company’s present market share necessitates creative industry solutions. This tendency means that specific innovations may merely lift the cost of doing business without offering a significant economic benefit other than the security of the existing business or a competitive advantage. Other innovations, on the other hand, will help to differentiate services while also providing financial benefits. As a result, executives need to incorporate solutions that are both valued by customers and profitable for the company.
Ivanov and Webster 2017: In this study, they have examined the use of a robot, self-service kiosk, or chatbot is not easy, and it necessitates a variety of financial tools. Robots that restore other robots may be part of the next wave of RAISA technology. Instead of buying machines, travel, tourism, and hospitality firms will outsource them and pay a premium for their use. They save money on initial procurement, software updates, and recruiting experts to run and repair the robots this way. According to Dr Peter Higgs, a growing entrant of RAISA-leasing companies may emerge in the nourish term, designed after the vending machine industry. He believes that a new market, modeled after vending, will emerge.
Bel 2006: In this, they have examined and found out that although the cost is a concern at both LCH and HCH hotels, it was interesting to find that promoters in both groups could invest in technology if it improved the value offered to consumers. Visitors to LCH and HCH, on the other hand, made a variety of predictions. The benefit of balancing the expense of the technology with the cost of not doing so is used to decide whether or not to invest in innovations. Another aim was to investigate the factors that influence how technological advancements are implemented. The fear of dealing with innovations among workers, the need for well-planned and executed planning, keeping up with ever-changing technology, finding the right vendor, and the investment cost were all addressed.
Kattara and El-Said 2013: in this study, they have studied that Technology-based self-service (TBSS) refers to technical interfaces that enable consumers to generate services without a direct service intervention employee. Customers who have a positive experience with TBSSs are more likely to remain loyal to a company. Egypt was selected as the location for this study because, considering their widespread use in the industry, the Egyptian hospitality industry has been hesitant to bring TBSs to its clients. Organizations will save much money from using TBSs, but little is understood about how consumers can judge them. Because of Egypt’s tradition of resilience to the introduction of tuberculosis, the thesis was performed there. TBSs will save businesses much money, but little is known about how customers will evaluate them. The study was undertaken in Egypt due to Egypt’s history of resistance to introducing TBSs to its customers and the importance of technology in the hospitality industry’s competitive edge. Customers may be able to complete various activities using a self-service technology device or a tablet. Any of the essential sources of dissatisfaction
Ivanov et al. 2018: In this study, compared to the general literature on human-robot encounters, research on the influence of robots in the hospitality and tourism industries is exceedingly limited and underdeveloped. The research is conceptual and exploratory, and it mainly focuses on the supply side. One of the few empirical studies is a paper that assesses people’s attitudes toward self-driving taxis. The authors conclude that labor and infrastructure costs, customers’ willingness and desire to be supported by a robot, customer and service provider cultural characteristics, robot technological characteristics, and other factors all affect robotics’ adoption. They believe that the robot-friendliness of services would be a new type of competitive advantage for hospitality companies in the future. They focus on building robot-friendly hospitality facilities and discuss the benefits and costs of robot adoption in the transportation, recreation, and hospitality industries.
This study reviews how in hotels, service robots are being seen as a possible workforce, with the potential to substitute or assist human workers, lowering labour costs. Many forward-thinking hotels have recently introduced service robots to provide unique guest experiences, based on the assumption that they can provide secure, easy, and efficient services. Service robotics will be a big productivity platform in the service sector by rising efficiency and lowering labour costs.
This expectation drew interest and sparked a vigorous discussion about service robots’ deployment among hotel industry stakeholders, including owners, lenders, colleagues, guests, industry associations, and suppliers. Service robots as a gimmick may be inefficient in a hotel, which is a for-profit company. The second criterion is the initial investment rate. The cost of maintaining and restoring service robots is high. Service robots are now being tested and deployed by a variety of hotel chains. The initial construction costs, maintenance and repair costs, and projected performance will all affect service robots’ availability.
Victorino et al. 2005: In this study, an illustration of service creativity is tailoring hotel guests’ service experience. Customized options tailor the hotel’s service package to the needs of each particular guest. However, owing to the firm’s technical capability, customization is difficult to introduce. Suggests that adding more products/fea
This paper will explore the impacts that interuptions have on emergency nursing. I will assess this by utilizing information gathered from 3 articles. All studies within these articles illustrate the detrimental outcomes that emergency nursing interruptions have on patients and nurses. When interruptions occur, it is likely that harmful outcomes will result. Indicating the need for further research of these situations and interventions needed to reduce the occurrence of them.
Get original essayThe purpose of this paper is to identify interruptions in emergency nursing, and the effects that it has on patients and nurses, as well as strategies needed to reduce the number of these interruptions. Interruptions are things that impede something from happening, distracting an individual from doing the task at hand. There are nurmerous types of interruptions that can occurr. Some interruptions arise from other members of the health care team like doctors or nurses interrupting patient care to ask questions, or to give orders. The patient that is being cared for, other patients, family members, and other visitors may also contribute to interruptions experienced by nursing staff. Other interruptions can occur from alarms such as cardiac monitors,call bells, IV pumps, EMS radio systems, or overhead pages.
The emergency department evironment is fast paced, with unknown patient presentation, complaints, and events. This varying nature of the environment is what draws emergency nurses to this area of the medical field. There are nurmerous types of interruptions that can occurr within this setting. Medical professionals in this field of care are accustomed to trauma, cardiac arrest, and bizarre patient presentations. However, the familiarity of this unpredictable environment does not prepare nursing staff for the type and frequency of interruptions experienced during a work shift, and the unforseen consequences this could have for them and their patients.
Nurses are the heart of health care, as nurses occupy the majority of time spent with patients during hospital stays. Interruptions during emergency nursing care effect the cognitive functions of nurses adversely resulting in memory deficits, decreased response times, increased mental workload, and an increased potential for error to occur (Forsyth et al. , 2018). According to Monteiro,Avelar, and Pedreira (2015), interruptions can delay patient care, jeopardize patient safety, and decrease quality of patient care. These consequences can result in patient disatisfaction as well as discontent among nursing staff.
Interruptions have occured infinitely in existance, as well as the health care system. Interruptions can contribute to errors made by nursing staff and risk patient safety. In 2015, the following article "Interruptions of Nurses’ Activities and Patient Safety: An Integrative Literature Review" was published. According to Monteiro,Avelar, and Pedreira (2015), this article was created using 29 studies reviewed from a database in which the following was searched, "interruptions and patient safety. " The studies used by these Brazilian authors came from multiple countries to include the United States, Australia, Denmark, Canada, Italy, United Kingdom, China, Sweden, and Germany. Hence, interruptions experienced by nurses and the effects on patient care is a world wide phenomena in which studies have been conducted.
In the chaotic environment of emergency departmnts interruptions are going to happen. Present day studies reveal the quantity and variety of interruptions experienced by emergency nurses. Forsyth et al. (2018), reports that emergency nurses experience 8. 7 interruptions per hour during a shift. Of these interruptions, "communication from other emergency room nurses accounted for 38. 7%, communication from physcians accounted for 8. 5%, communication from other health care staff was 15. 6%, followed by environmental interruptions at 19. 9%,pages and phone calls togther accounted for 12%, and unanticipated patient care accounted for 5. 5%" (Forsyth et al. , 2018). It was also determined that only 2. 1% of the interruptions were considered high priority (Forsyth et al. , 2018).
It is transparent that emergency nurses are faced with many interruptions throughout their work shift. Forsyth et al. (2018) states, "with the impact that interruptions have in the setting, it is not surprising that the emergency department has been identified as having the highest rates of preventable deaths and other adverse events. " Interruptions can occur during medication preparation, when gathering supplies, while performing assessments and interventions, when giving report, while documenting, and in the hallways. Monteiro, Avelar, and Pedreira (2015), reported that, "studies identified that 88. 9% to 90% of interruptions resulted in negative consequences, such as delay in treatment and loss of concentration," and the majority of interruptions occured during medication administration and while nurses where documenting. Interruptions during critical times such as these not only cause a delay in patient treatment, but can also result in patient safety issues and harm. Monteiro, Avelar, and Pedreira (2015), also mention that, "one study reports that interruptions unnecessary for care generate frustration, stress, and demotivate professionals. "Revealing that not only do interruptions affect patient safety, but also nursing staff morale.
In a constantly changing, fast paced, environment such as the emergency department nurses and other health care workers may feel the need to relay messages quickly, even if it means interrupting anothers task. Some perceive this as the everyday norm and have grown accustom to these interruptions, regardless of how it may affect them or the care they are providing. However, it is important to remember these established standards may have detrimental consquences. When examining interruptions Monteiro, Avelar, and Pedreira (2015) stated,"these occurrences are common in the practice of nurses and impact the quality and safety of care delivered to patients by interfering in staff member’s cognitive processes, potentially resulting in a great number of errors.
While studies indicate that interruptions may prompt increases in nursing errors, risk to patient safety, delays in care, and declining nursing staff morale; other studies also analyse the positive effects they can have. According to Monteiro, Avelar, and Pedreira (2015), " literature shows that interruptions do not always lead to adverse events and some may have a positive impact on a professional’s performance and care delivery because some interruptions may contribute to increased safety, increased comfort of patients, and help nurses to be more accurate in their tasks. " Interruptions like these can occur when nursing staff may not be aware that an order has changed while providing hands on care at the bedside. Another nurse may have to step in to inform them that a certain medication or intervention can be stopped or isn't needed as it has been cancled. Another example could be that one nurse may notice that another nurse is about to perform a task incorrectly. The nurse may interfer with the task in order to prevent the other nurse from making an error. Thus, interruptions can be potentially harmful or helpful, the distinguishing factor is dependent upon the circumstances to which they occur in.
A strategy that emergency nurses can use to minimize interruptions could be as simple as, encouraging nurses to stop and ask themselves is this a higher priority? Can this wait until the nurse is finished?If it is of higher priority than yes, an interruption is needed. However, if something is not crucial to the flow of the emergency department, a nurses safety, or a patients safety, then waiting is the practical thing to do. Secondly, designated areas can be established in which increased noise is not welcome or acceptable, by using signs that state do not disturb or quiet area; such as in medication rooms. Another significant strategy would be to educate all staff on the consequences of interruptions and the importance of minimizing them.
As an emergency nurse I deal with interruptions in my unpredictable work environment on a daily basis. I do understand the importance and benefit that some interruptions may have such as instances when a nursing task is being performed incorrectly. In this instance, an interruption is needed to prevent patient or nursing harm, or an error from occuring. However, more often than not, interruptions that I experience are avoidable as they do not take priority over what I'm doing.
I also understand the negative impact interruptions have as well. If someone is constantly getting interrupted while triaging or assessing a patient this can cause the nurse to lose focus of what they are doing, take attention away from the patient, and lead to improper documentation of patient complaints and findings. The same is true when documenting in a patients medical record. If these processes are hendered it slows the overall flow of the patient through the emergency department. It can also lead to patient harm as pertinent information may not be recorded in the patient's chart. Interruptions when gathering supplies for interventions can have the same results as you may not gather everything that is needed. Once, at the patient's bedside you may have to stop what you are doing to retrieve the items that you forgot, resulting in delayed patient care.
Interruptions can also have detrimental effects on patient safety. Being interrupted while preparing or administering medications could cause you to pull up the wrong medication, administer the wrong dose, or administer the dose to fast. You could also be assisting a patient to the bathroom or bedside commode when you're suddenly called away by someone else. During your absence your patient could attempt to get off the toilet and fall.
Another result related to interruptions is the negative effect it has on the nursing staffs esteem. Frequent and repeated interruptions are frustrating and stressful. They also add to the mental and physical workload of the nurse resulting in decreased nursing satisfaction and morale.
I could create many scenarios demonstrating negative consequences related to interruptions. Therefore, I feel it is very important for nurses to be mindful of other staff members. Determine if an issue is an imment priority or if it can wait before making interruptions.
Keep in mind:
This is only a sample.
Get a custom paper now from our expert writers.
Get custom essayInterruptions can play a significant role in distracting emergency nurses and interfere with decision-making skills; resulting in an increased risk for error. Nursing care provided in the critical care environment of the emergency department, requires concentration, precision, and exceptional critical thinking skills. Due to the unpredictable nature of the emergency room interruptions will arise and cannot be entirely avoidable. Therefore, it is important to focus on interventions needed to reduce interruptions, and educating all members of the health care team on the consequences that interruptions may have on the department including both patients and nurses.
According to religious, geographical, economic, cultural and political the people are using a way is lifestyle. It is means to the characteristics of people lived in a region in special time. It contains day to day activities and behaviors of people in diet, fun and job. Lifestyle is an important factor of health. Many people are following unhealthy lifestyle. Hence it results more illness, disability and further death. Problems include hypertension, overweight, violence and so on, these can be caused by an unhealthy lifestyle.
Get original essayLife of people changes day by day. Unhealthy lifestyle means that unhealthy diet, malnutrition, smoking, alcohol consuming, drug abuse, stress and so on, that are the major lifestyle patterns included. The people faces new challenges, networks are lead main challenge that affects the physical and mental health of people. Misuse and overuse of the technology is the challenge.
Therefore, according to the existing studies, it can be said that: lifestyle has a significant influence on physical and mental health of human being. There are different forms of such influences. Consanguinity in some ethnicity is a dominant form of life style that it leads to the genetic disorders. Reformation of this unhealthy life style is a preventing factor for decreasing the rate of genetic diseases. In some countries, the overuse of drugs is a major unhealthy life style. Iran is one of the 20 countries using the most medications. They prefer medication to other intervention. Furthermore, in 15–40% of cases they use medications about without prescription. Pain relievers, eye drops and antibiotics have the most usage in Iran. While self-medications such as antibiotics have a negative effect on the immune system, if the individual would be affected by infection, antibiotics will not be effective in treatment. Overall, 10 percent of those who are self-medicated will experience severe complications such as drug resistance. Sometimes drug allergy is so severe that it can cause death.
Finally, variables of lifestyle that influence on health can be categorized in some items:
Diet and Body Mass Index (BMI): Diet is the greatest factor in lifestyle and has a direct and positive relation with health. Poor diet and its consequences like obesity is the common healthy problem in urban societies. Unhealthy lifestyle can be measured by BMI. Urban lifestyle leads to the nutrition problems like using fast foods and poor foods, increasing problems like cardiovascular.
Exercise: For treating general health problems, the exercise is included in life style. The continuous exercise along with a healthy diet increases the health. Some studies stress on the relation of active life style with happiness.
Sleep: One of the bases of healthy life is the sleep. Sleep cannot be apart from life. Sleep disorders have several social, psychological, economical and healthy consequences. Lifestyle may effect on sleep and sleep has a clear influence on mental and physical health.
Sexual behavior: Normal sex relation is necessary in healthy life. Dysfunction of sex relation is the problem of most of societies and it has a significant effect on mental and physical health. It can be said that dysfunctional sex relation may result in various family problems or sex related illnesses like; AIDS
Substance abuse: Addiction is considered as an unhealthy life style. Smoking and using other substance may result in various problems; cardiovascular disease, asthma, cancer, brain injury. According to the resent studies in Iran, 43% of females and 64% of males experience the use of hubble-bubble. A longitudinal study shows that 30% of people between 18–65 years old smoke cigarette permanently.
Medication abuse: It is a common form of using medication in Iran and it is considered as an unhealthy life style. Unhealthy behaviors in using medication are as followed: self-treatment, sharing medication, using medications without prescription, prescribing too many drugs, prescribing the large number of each drug, unnecessary drugs, bad handwriting in prescription, disregard to the contradictory drugs, disregard to harmful effects of drugs, not explaining the effects of drugs.
Application of modern technologies: Advanced technology facilitates the life of human beings. Misuse of technology may result in unpleasant consequences. For example, using of computer and other devices up to midnight, may effect on the pattern of sleep and it may disturb sleep. Addiction to use mobile phone is related to depression symptoms.
Recreation: Leisure pass time is a sub factor of life style. Neglecting leisure can bring negative consequences. With disorganized planning and unhealthy leisure, people endanger their health.
Study: Study is the exercise of soul. Placing study as a factor in lifestyle may lead to more physical and mental health. For example, prevalence of dementia, such as Alzheimer’s disease is lower in educated people. Study could slow process of dementia. (FARHUD, 2015).
William Marbury was appointed by former president John Adams as justice of the District of Columbia. Many men, himself included, did not receive their legal commissions to start practicing as a judge in their respective positions. James Madison, secretary of state under Thomas Jefferson, was the person supposed to deliver these commissions, but never did, under advisement from Thomas Jefferson. Marbury sued Madison and the result was one of the most historic court cases in the history of the United States and the decision still affects Americans today. According to the article, Marbury v. Madison, “[John] Marshall was the ‘father of the Supreme Court,’ almost single handedly clarifying its powers.” John Marshall was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the one who made the final call on Marbury vs. Madison and America is still reaping the rewards from this historic case today.
Get original essayArticle III of the United States Constitution does not explicitly state anything about the term “judicial review”. Judicial review is a concept in which judges are given the authority to deem a legislative act unconstitutional. Even though the concept of judicial review was created and used long before the Marbury vs. Madison decision, the United States did not use it at all. The result of Marbury vs. Madison had the Supreme Court assuming many powers, that were not at all used by the Supreme Court before this. The biggest of these powers were that the Supreme Court is now able to exercise judicial review and deem an act of congress or the president unconstitutional, or outside the boundaries of the Constitution. “As such, the Supreme Court became in fact as well as in theory an equal partner in government, and it has played that role ever since.” (Urofsky 1). The Supreme Court was looked on by many as having little to no power, but after Marbury vs. Madison, the Supreme Court became the final arbiter of the Constitution and therefore became equally as powerful as the legislative and executive branches.
Before Marbury vs. Madison legislative acts were on equal footing with the Constitution as there was nobody to say otherwise. Until the Marbury vs. Madison case, the executive and legislative branches were able to write acts that gave them lifelong terms and limitless power, pretty much doing what Napoleon did in France around the same time period. The Constitution needs to be above any ordinary law as it is the framework of all of our ordinary laws. According to John Marshall’s Opinion, “The Constitution is either a superior paramount law, unchangeable by ordinary means, or it is on a level with ordinary legislative acts, and, like other acts, is alterable when the legislature shall please to alter it.” If the latter were true then Congress could alter the Constitution to give themselves limitless power, thankfully the former is what came out of Marbury vs. Madison.
Marbury vs. Madison happened because for one, the Federalist Party controlled the entire judiciary branch, and while the executive and legislative branches were being turned over to the Democratic-Republican Party, the Democratic-Republicans wanted all three branches. John Adams in last second attempt, appointed a slew of new judges. This put the federalist party in a even stronger hold of the Supreme Court and judicial branch as a whole. Thomas Jefferson tried his best to get rid of these new judges by never delivering their commissions. While in 1801 John Adams and the Federalist-controlled legislative branch put in a ton of Federalist judges. If the Supreme Court were like it is today, they would have prevented that law as it would have been unconstitutional.
Marbury vs. Madison is regarded as one of the most noteworthy cases ever to hit the Supreme Court. According to Marbury v. Madison, “A relatively minor lawsuit led to one of the most important Supreme Court decisions in American history, Marbury v. Madison laying the foundation of the Court’s ability to render decisions about laws and actions.” This quote sums up exactly how important Marbury vs. Madison was to ensure that the there is and will be equal power between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. We now view the Supreme Court as the final arbiter of the Constitution and has the ability to not let the other two branches get unlimited power.
Marketing is the performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer. Marketing is a total system of interacting business activities designed to plan, price, promote and distribute want-satisfying products and services to present and potential customers. Impact of marketing on society “The authors propose a political theory perspective for examining the impact of the modern aggregate marketing system on consumer welfare and society. Specifically, they suggest that the benefits marketing delivers to consumers are similar to the conditions required for representative democracy.”
Get original essayOne of the ways in which marketing benefits society is by informing and educating consumers. Marketing often has a persuasive intent, but it generally begins when a company identifies a customer need and seeks to explain how its products or services meet that need. For customers with clearly defined needs, marketing provides a means of learning about new products and what they do. Marketing can also include more practical information to assist in making a purchase, such as addresses, phone numbers, product release dates, store hours and Web addresses.
Besides providing consumers with useful information about products and services, marketing can also help set and manage customer expectations. Consumers rely on trusted brands and the consistency that comes from brand loyalty. They also use information from consumer advocacy groups to learn about which brands are most reliable and represent the best values. Businesses use marketing to make consumers aware of major changes, such as mergers and transfers in ownership that affect product offerings or seek to improve quality. Government regulations prevent marketers from making false or misleading claims. This allows consumers to make informed decisions without as many risks as they would face if they had to buy without the benefit of marketing.
Its of 2 type:
Marketing drives a consumer economy, promoting goods and services and targeting consumers most likely to become buyers. Higher sales for a business that employs successful marketing strategies translate into expansion, job creation, higher tax revenue for governments and, eventually, overall economic growth. In addition, the marketing industry itself creates jobs and wealth as businesses seek new and innovative ways to promote themselves and their products. Consumer demand for marketing in new venues, such as cellphones, creates new branches of the marketing industry and furthers growth.
Marketers work to understand consumer behavior and produce advertising that is most likely to influence it. This provides a place for behavioral researchers and economic analysts to model consumer behavior. By examining marketing data and its correlation to consumer behavior, analysts can learn about how and why people make the decisions they do. This is useful in crafting awareness campaigns for major public and social issues. It also serves to advance the fields of behavioral psychology and economic forecasting .
Marketing refers to the process through which businesses and organizations promote themselves and their products by communication with potential customers. Marketing includes all types of advertising, ranging from websites and television commercials to print and outdoor advertising. Businesses spend huge sums of money on marketing to improve their sales, but marketing also benefits society as a whole in several key ways.
One of the ways in which marketing benefits society is by informing and educating consumers. Marketing often has a persuasive intent, but it generally begins when a company identifies a customer need and seeks to explain how its products or services meet that need.
For customers with clearly defined needs, marketing provides a means of learning about new products and what they do. Marketing can also include more practical information to assist in making a purchase, such as addresses, phone numbers, product release dates, store hours and Web addresses.
Besides providing consumers with useful information about products and services, marketing can also help set and manage customer expectations. Consumers rely on trusted brands and the consistency that comes from brand loyalty. They also use information from consumer advocacy groups to learn about which brands are most reliable and represent the best values. Businesses use marketing to make consumers aware of major changes, such as mergers and transfers in ownership that affect product offerings or seek to improve quality. Government regulations prevent marketers from making false or misleading claims. This allows consumers to make informed decisions without as many risks as they would face if they had to buy without the benefit of marketing.
Misrepresentation Advertising aims to present a product in the best light possible. There is some leeway in the creative process.
As the Gecko in the Geiko ads says, “That’s just a dramatization, of course,” referring to the idea that if you ask Geiko representatives for an English muffin, they’ll serve one up toasted with butter and jam. The problem arises when the dramatization crosses the line into falsely representing a product. Hefty fines can result from false advertising when levied by the Federal Trade Commission.
Direct-to-consumer advertising for prescription drugs has resulted in unrealistic expectations about the effectiveness of drugs and their side-effects, according to the Food and Drug Administration’s study “Patient and Physician Attitudes and Behaviors Associated With DTC Promotion of Prescription Drug.” Voice-overs give the downside to the drug, but the visual images show healthy, happy people. It’s not unusual to hear that even death may be a side-effect of a prescription drug. Beauty and health products may also not live up to their promises, resulting in wasted consumer dollars. Disclaimers are often hidden in very small print on product packaging and in out-of-the-way spots in ads. False Images Advertising is ingrained in American culture, from children’s programs on Saturday morning to talk shows and prime time TV.
Advertising even invades movies through product placement. It’s not an accident when a movie hero holds up a can of Coke instead of Pepsi. Advertising influences how people feel about themselves often in a negative way. Based on the images they see in advertising, women often feel they should be thin and beautiful and hold down full-time jobs while also being full-time mothers. Advertising communicates that men should be handsome, tall, athletic, caring husbands, thoughtful fathers and virile at all times. These images are often unrealistic and unattainable.
In his study “Review of Research on the Effects of Food Promotion to Children,” Professor Gerard Hastings found there is a link between food advertising and children’s preferences regarding what they will consume.
Ads for many sugary cereals encourage children to ask their parents for those particular products regardless of whether the products are good for the children. It’s not coincidental that the most heavily advertised toys during the holiday season end up being the top sellers. Children are susceptible to advertising.
Taking immunization for children is under the decision of parents which is more acquire for them to have knowledge and practices towards vaccination. Vaccination was used as a health tool to prevent children from infectious diseases including some potentially life-threatening diseases. Immunization saves the life of children for decades this is brought of a successful program that was taken in different places its coverage was expanded to widen and increase the beneficiary children’s.
Get original essayImmunization is the process to prevent against infectious diseases through vaccination. It was carried out by world health organization (WHO) in the year 1967-1977. The vaccine was taken to prevent diseases including measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, hepatitis B, diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis the reason children should fully immunize. It was highly recommended to be immunized in order to save a life from death, brought from the disease that was taken by viruses and bacteria. Annual vaccination was effective in reducing the number of children with an illness who aged 6 to 18 years old. In Wonago district, South Ethiopia the completion of immunization for children is very beneficial for mother and children in terms of health.
In South East Nigeria the acceptance of the parents to immunization was still the problem of the health facilities, and it is believed that parents were not assured because of unsure effectiveness of the immunization and also the knowledge about vaccination of the parents was poor which affect the decision of parents in taking immunization to their children. There are still unvaccinated children in Iraq because of parent’s decision against immunization where the demographic concerns of parents affect the decision making towards immunization (Al-lela, 2014). The present generation is exposed to technology which is some public health take advantage over it (Keelan, 2011). Through social media all platform can be posted and be seen by some social media users, social media used as broadcasting media since it is the way of collaborating and co-creating content to the audience and they can also have some feedback or comments from the audience (Sharma 2017).
Broadcast media influence the decision making of the parents towards vaccination were 95% was reported that the source of the network affects the decision of both parents. The survey was taken Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas to parents aged 18 above through via online where it was stated that parents were influenced by the media sources around them.
Poverty has been shown to have detrimental effects on overall child health & development across a wide spectrum and along various dimensions. Poverty has been often associated to negatively influence some of the early steps in the development of the brain in children, children’s social and emotional development. It is often attributed for deprivation in children, like the risk for health issues (obesity, Asthma, etc), low developmental scores, an increase in mortality rate, higher risk of injuries and abuse. It creates stress on families and eventually on children interfering on their success.
Get original essayWhat is Poverty? Poverty has various definitions. It is not just lack of money and materialistic things. Even lack of respect, education, identity, dignity, social belonging (family, affection, relationship) can be treated as poverty.
In American society, the Federal Poverty line is first established in the year 1960 and the official Federal poverty threshold was formed in the year 1995, like the following: for a family of 3 people with one child the income limit is $12,158 and for a family of 4 with two children it is $15,569. But according to most recent stats as of 2016: a family of 3 people with one child, this is $19,055 and for a family of 4 with two children, the limit is $24,008. In all industrialized nations, the US has the highest percentage of young children in poverty. i. e. the US has 21% of its children below age 18 in poverty and 24% of its children under age 6, in poverty. As per the 1995 US Census, there are approximately 36. 4 million poor people and among that 14. 7 million are children under the age of 18 and 5. 8 million are children under the age 6. More recent statistics are showing that this number has increased to 16 million children (under the age 18) living below the poverty line in the US, out of these 5. 5 million are infants and toddlers (under the age 3).
Child development refers to the development of motor skills, better Cognitive performance and good language skills, and the development of social & emotional functionings. Child development means, having at least average IQ, being able to compete with their peers, having proper sleep and growing in a stress-free and stimulating environment. All these depend on Children’s well-being, family background, social network. Child (& their Brain) development and Impact of Poverty on it. Children from low-income families are at risk for many problems like academics, social problems, improper health and well-being, which can, in turn, undermine the achievement of education. Poverty has always saddled these children and consecutively they have shown slower rates of growth in a few main brain structures (frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes).
Also, the gray matter volumes in various regions in the brain of these children in poverty are 3% to 4% points below the standard norm. The Parietal lobe acts as a network hub connecting various parts to use the stored information and any incoming information. The Frontal lobe is the executive, which controls our attention and regulate our behavior. It is one of the last parts to develop, in the brain. The Temporal lobe processes sensory input and helps retain visual memory, comprehension of language and association of emotion. The longer children live in poverty, the deficits will be greater in their academics. These patterns continue to adulthood, affecting lifetime-reduced occupational attainment.
The brain structure of children from disparate economic conditions are the same at birth. But they start to separate in brain growth as these children grow, which implicates the environment that these kids face during postnatal. Various studies have been conducted assessing children’s cognitive performance and IQ, correlating their family financial status. Duyme et al is one such study, found a 13-point difference in IQs of these children, comparing lower-income family children and higher-income family children. Studies done on non-human animals show that those left without toys and exercises in cages, and without opportunities to explore, have shown low neuron generation and synapses in the brain. Other studies have observed various health issues prevalent among children in low-income families. Obesity is observed in 40% more children and Asthma has observed 30% more children in low-income families when compared to others. School dropout rate is almost twice in these children and they are likely to face nearly 9 times more of food security issues and 7% more of them could become a teenage mother. Assessing the current measure of Poverty Scholars suggest that an ideal measure of poverty should meet two basic criteria: acceptability by public and defensibility by statistics. Often child poverty measures are not perfect and blunt. They alone cannot sufficiently measure deprivation in children.
Children in low-income families tend to have poor nutritional food, will lack proper books, end up with no educational toys, lack proper sleep, grow in an unsafe environment like parental stress and not enough enrichment conversation. Empowerment of families The United States now has a majority of their public schools filled mostly with low-income students.
According to the National Center for Education Statistics in 2013, 51% of students in US public schools were from low-income families. Children from these low-income families have recorded poor grades in schools and low educational attainment. These patterns persist to adulthood and contributing to low wages and income. Thus far, we have discussed how Human brain growth and development is delayed by lack of enrichment. But wait there is still good news. Less gray matter in the brain at the age of 4, is not necessarily an ever-lasting/un-changeable problem. These people are not necessarily doomed, and can fully recoup if they are provided with an enriched, stimulating and safe environment. But as mentioned in the earlier part of this paper, there are about 16 million children in the US and within that 5. 5 million are infants and toddlers, and their percentage is only increasing with time, (Infants and Toddlers percentage, living in low-income families has raised from 44% in 2008 to 47% in 2014).
Hence making the task of intervention a daunting one. Even providing simple things like “talking to and comforting these children”, “providing time to play”, and “distressing them with plays at parks”, will enrich them. Communities are developing programs targeting babies with high risk by understanding parents, toddlers, and infant’s needs. But the cost of these programs is challenging. Other studies have observed that Federal government’s intervention into these low-income families through Federal Income Tax credits and Regional government’s sharing of local Casino profits (from a newly opened casino in the region) have seen crime reduction, education improvement, fewer problems in childhood and adolescence like psychiatric and psychopathologies.
Poverty has impacted the well-being of children at various levels and ages. We have seen other worsening factors like community context, duration of low-income, etc. If proper intervention is taken care then we saw improvement in all the affected segments. There are still more research and studies need to be conducted, as there is potentially much more to be learned.