100% Secure Payment
© 2025 Copyright:
BoutEssays. All rights reserved
Adrienne Rich uses free verse to separate herself from the male-dominated literary tradition in her poem "Diving Into the Wreck". Her poem addresses the role of women in past literature while promising hope for the future generations. Rich's reclamation of the literary tradition is achieved through both her context and her choice of form.
Get original essayThe very first lines of the poem establish a challenging tone. She starts, "Having read the book of myths/ and loaded the camera/and checked the edge of the knife-blade". The first image is of a book that she defines as a collection of myths. "Myth", as defined by the Oxford English Dictionary, is "a widespread but untrue or erroneous story or belief; a widely held misconception; a misrepresentation of the truth" (OED, 2003). In addition, this misrepresentation has been printed. It has a literary basis. The use of the word "myth" already raises the attention of the reader to find the misconception. The same effect is heightened by the enjambment used on the line. The line break after "myth" serves to hang the reader's attention on it for a second longer as they scan down to the next line. With the reader searching for the falsification established in the first line, the second provides a concrete image, a camera.
The camera creates a tone of exploration for the poem. Once again, as will be true in the third line, the enjambment puts the emphasis on the object. The camera serves to capture reality without distortion. The exploration in this poem is going to be a challenge presented to the establishment of old ideas. Rich is looking to redefine the literary tradition's myths and insert her photographs, her own true images.
In the third line, that peaceful exploration becomes edged, literally. As she "checked the edge of the knife-blade" the reader becomes aware of the danger in doing this. Rich is bringing the knife with her with the idea of using it as she checks it. The imagery invokes the tradition of the hunt. Instead of scope and rifle, Adrienne Rich is bringing along camera and knife. The same sense of danger is resonated throughout the first stanza as Rich dons "the body-armor" wetsuit and "the grave and awkward mask". Rich is going to brave the adversity and go explore herself.
The use of free verse throughout the first stanza allows Adrienne Rich to choose her enjambments more freely. In addition, the form allows for the line itself to become a measure of emphasis. The brevity of a line like "I put on" really accentuates the loneliness of the activity. She is the only identity on the line. Since free verse allows her to shorten the line, the reader feels more of the solitude of this adventure. It is the brevity of "I put on" that allows the reader to fully understand the deep contrast of Rich's dressing and Cousteau's "assiduous team". Rich as a writer will explore the depths by herself where science will use many explorers.
Yet, more importantly, Rich will explore the depths herself as a woman while Cousteau will travel with his team of assistants as a man. The literary tradition is based upon the writing produced by men. Females were rarely educated and, even rarer, was the female who was encouraged to publish publicly. Women in literature, therefore, are the product of males' visions. Rich's poem is about reclaiming that persona in literature for females. The method in which she is going to get to that persona is to change into the sexually ambiguous wetsuit.
It's "body-armor of black rubber...absurd flippers...grave and awful mask", serve to cover the parts of her body that would identify her as female. The wetsuit's effect is doubled by her choice of free verse. Her poem is not written in the forms of poetry that were established by men. She is not on Cousteau's team or part of the troubadours creating the villanelle. Instead, Rich uses free verse to hide her sex.
Her image of descending the ladder serves two functions. First, Rich uses the ladder as a sign of rebirth. It hangs "innocently" inferring childhood innocence. As she descends it into her new environment she finds herself being immersed in "the oxygen...the blue light...the clear atoms/ of our human air". She is unable to walk with her new appendages, the flippers. It is a birthing experience. Yet, at the same time, the ladder motion of descending a latter rung by rung is one similar to the motion of the eye going down the lines of a poem line by line. Rich is going to dive into the literary tradition as she moves down the poem.
Rich's involvement with the literary tradition blends form and free verse. As she moves deeper into the water, becomes more involved in the literary tradition, she finds herself being faded out as a female writer. In order to regain her consciousness, she uses a line of iambic tetrameter. Rich regains her legitimacy, and her breath, through the use of meter in the middle of her free verse. She concludes the stanza with the idea that she must learn to finesse her way into the sea, the male-dominated literary tradition. She does so through the use of two lines of iambic meter. The regular sounding meter smoothly gives her that same legitimacy as "my mask is powerful" and allows her to give the poem legitimacy.
Rich defines herself as different from those around her, those "who have always/ lived here". She is not male and, therefore, deprived of the being in the literary history. Yet, she is there to see what damage has been done to the idea of women since the beginning of literary history. The wreck represents the female in literature. Ships were always named after females and Adrienne Rich plays upon this. Her actions towards the ship "stroke" it. She is gentle with it implying abuse. Rich continue to expand upon the double imagery by pointing out that the ship is "more permanent/ than fish or weed." Not only is Adrienne Rich referring to the life of the decaying hull, but also, Rich challenges the antiquated idea that women were to be treated as objects. She has stated that this woman is more permanent than animal or plant.
Afterwards, she establishes her intentions to reclaim the truth about women. She came to for "the wreck and not the story of the wreck". She has brought her camera to capture the truth. Her diction continues to serve the double imagery of ship and female as it has a "face", "ribs" and is "threadbare". Rich uses the ongoing metaphor to dive into the wreck as a "mermaid" and a "merman". As a writer in the literary tradition, she doesn't want to be seen as female or male. Instead, Rich is rewriting herself as sexually androgynous. She embodies both male and female as the writer. The clearest example of this begins the second to last stanza. Rich uses an alternating line rhyme to indicate herself capable of both partaking in the male-dominated literary tradition and in the modern style of androgynous free verse.
It is in her conclusion that Rich states that both reader and writer are the ones who can reclaim the sexual connotation of language, "find out way/ back to this scene". She is inspiring the reader to reclaim their myths and erase their names out of the book of myths. Only in understanding the literary traditions and expectations of the past, such as meter and rhyme, can the writer break free of its limitations, such as form.
Rich's use of free verse in "Diving Into the Wreck" demonstrates how the literary tradition works. Her use of free verse stands as a challenge to those poems before itself, but also, is flexible enough to incorporate the stylistic elements of the tradition in order to use their power. She is able to reclaim the female identity in literature by combining both antiquated and modern form. In addition, Rich is able to reclaim the literary tradition in general to be one of sexual androgyny. Where the villanelle or sestina might have been the form of male writers, free verse is the form of the writer.
There are countless OS out on this planet on the current time, nevertheless as you are going to have bought traditionally realized or would wager some are better than others. For illustration Microsoft's windows is virtually nearly essentially the most well well-known and most used OS out available on the market at the second. Nevertheless simply on the grounds that it's the one who's most famous and used does not imply it'll have a excessive-high-quality. Comfortably there are numerous one-of-a-kind OS which in most cases is much better. Nevertheless every OS is better for its possess segment, though some are overall better.
Get original essayMicrosoft's windows is among the most "user-friendly" however it is not very robust. Nevertheless FreeBSD is individual friendly (assuming that the man or woman is conscious of whatever about laptop packages) and is vastly potent and rather consistent. Two elements that Microsoft's home windows does now not have. Some matters that make FreeBSD a greater working approach than others out to be had in the marketplace, good the first and essential is the ports tree FreeBSD has, it's FreeBSD headquartered, and has an awfully customizable kernel for the core of the process.
Around 1990 an advert company, BSDi, divided BSD Net/2 to make BSD/386 0.3.2. This was marketed as a UNIX operating system and an acceptable, although greatly cheap compared to AT&T’s System V. whereas BSD code had regularly been freely distributable, a license was still needed from AT&T.
About 1992 AT&T filed a causa against BSDi for “trademark infringement, false advertising and unfair competition. This was fired by the magistrate a month later however AT&T filed once more, now against BSDi with the University of California. The following may be a quote from the official complaint:
“Substantial parts of the ASCII text file embodied within the Networking unharness two computer code and its BSDI spinoff, BSD/386 supply, area unit primarily based upon, well traced from or derived from original UNIX(R) system ASCII text file disclosed in confidence to the Regents underneath restrictive license agreements.”
In core AT&T were querulous a few little variety of files that were getting used and distributed in violation of their license – specifically that the end-user was needed to pay the license tax. Before the proceedings were resolved AT&T sold-out off USL (and thus the UNIX operating system trademark and every one claims), which was eventually bought by Novell in 1993. The causa was finally resolved on 2/4/1994 – as a result a four.4BSD nonfat was created, that was a non-functional version of four.4BSD-Encumbered (which was created obtainable for license holders).
Bill Jolitz’ 386BSD code already had operating alternatives for a few of the freshly missing files, and replacements for the remainder were work-in-progress. These replacement files allowed a very free and unencumbered BSD to be created. whereas this resulted during a temporary set-back for the distributors, in the long-run it absolutely was a serious revolution.
Basically, FreeBSD employed a monolithic kernel. The kernel was one massive program, supported a hard and fast list of devices, and so as to alter the kernel's behavior, one had to compile then resuscitate into a replacement kernel.
Today, most of the practicality within the FreeBSD kernel is contained in modules which may be dynamically loaded and dud from the kernel as necessary. this permits the running kernel to adapt right away to new hardware or for brand spanking new practicality to be brought into the kernel. this is often called a standard kernel.
Occasionally, it's still essential to execute static kernel configuration. Generally the required practicality is therefore tied to the kernel that it cannot be created dynamically loadable. Some security environments stop the loading and unloading of kernel modules and need that solely required practicality is statically compiled into the kernel.
Building a custom kernel is usually a ceremony of passage for advanced BSD users. This method, whereas time intense, will give edges to the FreeBSD system. in contrast to the GENERIC kernel, that should support a good vary of hardware, a custom kernel will be stripped right down to solely give support for that computer's hardware. This contains a range of advantages, such as:
Faster boot time. Since the kernel can solely probe the hardware on the system, the time it takes the system in addition will decrease.
Lower memory usage. A custom kernel typically uses less memory than the GENERIC kernel by omitting unused options and device drivers. this is often necessary as a result of the kernel code remains resident in physical memory in the slightest degree times, preventing that memory from getting used by applications. For this reason, a custom kernel is beneficial on a system with a tiny low quantity of RAM. Additional hardware support. A custom kernel will add support for devices that don't seem to be gift within the GENERIC kernel.
Typically, UNIX OS were organized with monolithic community stack implementations, meaning all consumer procedures need to cooperatively share a single networking subsystem. The introduction of the community stack cloning mannequin makes it possible for the kernel to simultaneously hold multiple impartial and isolated community stack occasions.
Combined with forcible binding of user techniques to character network stacks, this concept can bring us a step toward an effective pseudo virtual machine functionality which opens new prospects exceptionally in virtual webhosting purposes, as good as in other less apparent areas akin to network simulation and advanced VPN provisioning. This text is fascinated with design, implementation and efficiency features of experimental clonable community stack help in the FreeBSD kernel. Enforcing quite a lot of models and phases of useful resource partitioning and safety has been in focal point of operating methods study ever given that the introduction of the multi-programming paradigm in early days of computing.
FreeBSD was once designed to be a time-sharing method. The typical client interface (the shell) is unassuming and can also be changed by means of using one other, if favored. The file method is a multilevel tree, which allows purchasers to create their possess subdirectories. Each customer information file is readily a chain of bytes.
Disk files and I/O instruments are dealt with as in a identical way as viable. Therefore, device dependencies and peculiarities are saved within the kernel as a lot as viable; even inside the kernel, most of them are limited to the device drivers. FreeBSD helps a couple of approaches. A procedure can quite simply create new methods. CPU scheduling is a straightforward priority algorithm. FreeBSD uses demand paging as a mechanism to aid reminiscence-administration and CPU-scheduling choices.
Swapping is used if a procedure is suffering from excess paging. For the reason that FreeBSD was originated first through one programmer, Ken Thompson, and then through utilizing but another, Dennis Ritchie, as a system for his or her possess remedy, it was as soon as small enough to understand. Lots of the algorithms have been chosen for simplicity, not for % or sophistication. The intent was once once to have the kernel and libraries furnish a small set of amenities that was sufficiently powerful to permit a character to assemble a more intricate approach if one have been desired. FreeBSD’s handy design has resulted in lots of imitations and adjustments.
Youngsters that the designers of FreeBSD had a big wide variety of expertise about different working methods, FreeBSD had no elaborate design spelled out earlier than its implementation. This adaptability appears to had been one of the crucial key motives inside the progress of the strategy. Some design standards had been involved, nevertheless, despite the fact that they weren't made specified on the outset.
The FreeBSD strategy was as soon as designed through utilizing programmers for programmers. Therefore, it has continuously been interactive, and services for software development have ceaselessly been a high precedence. Such offerings include the application make (with the intention to be used to verify to see which of a gaggle of supply files for a application have got to be compiled, after which to do the compiling) and the supply Code manage method (SCCS) (which is used to preserve successive versions of records to be had with outhaving to retailer the entire contents of each step). The principal version control process used by freebsd is the Concurrent versions approach (CVS) considering of the tremendous range of builders operating on and utilizing the code.
The operating procedure is written most most commonly in C, which used to be developed to support FreeBSD, when you consider that neither Thompson nor Ritchie enjoyed programming in assembly language. The avoidance of assembly language was once additionally crucial or the reason that of the uncertainty regarding the pc or machines on which FreeBSD might be run. It has traditionally simplified the problems of relocating FreeBSD from one hardware process to an additional.
From the opening, FreeBSD progress approaches have had the entire FreeBSD sources to be had on-line, and the builders have used the applications underneath development as their major ways. This sample of development has quite often facilitated the invention of deficiencies and their fixes, as excellent as of latest possibilities and their implementations. It has also brought on the plethora of FreeBSD variants present in these days, however the benefits have outweighed the hazards: if anything is damaged, it can be constant at a nearby web web page; there is not any have got to wait for the following unencumber of the strategy. Such fixes, as excellent as new offerings, could also be incorporated into later distributions.
The dimensions constraints of the PDP-eleven (and prior desktops used for FreeBSD) have compelled a unique elegance. Where different methods have tricky algorithms for dealing with pathological conditions, FreeBSD just does a managed crash referred to as panic. Alternatively of making an attempt to healing such stipulations, FreeBSD tries to hinder them. Where special techniques would use brute power or macro-expansion, FreeBSD customarily has needed to give a boost to more refined, or as a minimum much less intricate, methods.
These early strengths of FreeBSD produced quite a few its repute, which in flip produced new needs that challenged these strengths. FreeBSD used to be used for responsibilities reminiscent of networking, photographs, and actual-time operation, which didn't traditionally fit into its typical textual content-oriented model.
As a consequence, changes had been made to specific inside offerings and new programming interfaces were brought. These new amenities, and others—mainly window interfaces—required giant quantities of code to aid them, radically increasing the dimensions of the strategy. For illustration, networking and windowing each doubled the dimensions of the system. This sample in flip acknowledged the carrying on with force of FREEBSD—every time a new progress occurred within the manufacturer, FreeBSD would in general take in it, however nonetheless stay FreeBSD.
BSD licenses are a loved ones of permissive free software licenses, imposing minimal restrictions on the redistribution of blanketed program. This is not like copyleft licenses, which have reciprocity share-alike necessities. The original BSD license was once used for its namesake, the Berkeley software Distribution (BSD), a FreeBSD-like running process. The normal variation has since been revised and its descendants are more properly termed modified BSD licenses.
Industrial License Compatibility
The FreeBSD challenge argues on the advantages of BSD-form licenses for businesses and business use-instances as a result of their license compatibility with proprietary licenses and normal flexibility. The BSD-sort licenses position simplest "minimal restrictions on future behavior" and are not "authorized time-bombs", unlike copyleft licenses. The BSD License allows proprietary use and makes it possible for the application launched under the license to be included into proprietary merchandise. Works headquartered on the material could also be released under a proprietary license as closed supply software, permitting traditional industrial usages beneath.
FOSS compatibility
The three-clause BSD license has, like most permissive licenses, an excellent license compatibility and is suitable with practically all FOSS licenses (and as well proprietary licenses). Two editions of the license, the brand new BSD License/Modified BSD License (3-clause), and the Simplified BSD License/FreeBSD License (2-clause) had been proven as GPL-suitable free program licenses by way of the Free program basis, and were vetted as open source licenses by way of the Open source Initiative. The fashioned, 4-clause BSD license has not been accredited as an open supply license and, despite the fact that the fashioned is viewed to be a free software license with the aid of the FSF, the FSF does not do not forget it to be suitable with the GPL because of the promoting clause.
Reception and utilization
The BSD license family is among the oldest and greatly used license household in the FOSS ecosystem. Additionally, many new licenses had been derived or encouraged through the BSD licenses. Many FOSS software initiatives use a BSD license, for example the BSD OS loved ones (FreeBSD etc.), Google's Bionic or Toybox. As of 2015 the BSD three-clause license ranked in repute number five in line with Black Duck application and sixth in line with GitHub data.
Design Principles
FreeBSD was once designed to be a time-sharing method. The typical client interface (the shell) is unassuming and can also be changed by means of using one other, if favored. The file method is a multilevel tree, which allows purchasers to create their possess subdirectories. Each customer information file is readily a chain of bytes.
A system is a software in execution. Ways are recognized with the support of their technique identifier, which is an integer. A brand new approach is created by means of the fork process name. The brand new procedure includes a replica of the deal with condominium of the average technique (the equal software and the identical variables with the same values). Both methods (the mother or father and the toddler) proceed execution at the guide after the fork with one difference: The return code for the fork is zero for the brand new (youngster) procedure, whereas the (nonzero) approach identifier of the baby is back to the mother or father.
More often than not, the execve system name is used after a fork by means of one of the crucial two ways to change that procedure’ digital reminiscence discipline with a new program. The execve approach identify enormous quantities a binary file into memory (destroying the memory picture of the software containing the execve method call) and begins its execution. A procedure may just terminate through utilising the exit procedure title, and its mother or father strategy could watch for that party by the use of utilising the wait procedure name. If the baby procedure crashes, the process simulates the exit name.
The wait method call grants the method identity of a terminated baby in order that the mother or father can inform which of in all probability many children terminated. A 2nd method name, wait3, is similar to wait but moreover permits for the guardian to acquire efficiency data regarding the little one. Between the time the child exits, and the time the guardian completes one of the wait technique calls, the baby is defunct.
A defunct strategy can do nothing, nonetheless exists basically so that the guardian can accumulate its status working out. If the mum or dad procedure of a defunct technique exits earlier than a baby, the defunct system is inherited by way of the init process (which in flip waits on it) and turns right into a zombie procedure. The simplest type of conversation between methods is through pipes, which could also be created earlier than the fork, and whose endpoints are then mounted.
Signals are a facility for handling ample stipulations much like application interrupts. There are 20 one-of-a-kind signals, every corresponding to a specific . A signal could also be generated by means of a keyboard interrupt, by means of an error in a system (just like a foul reminiscence reference), or by the use of a variety of asynchronous movements (identical to timers or job-manipulate indicators from the shell). Just about any sign can also be generated by the use of the kill system call.
The interrupt sign, SIGINT, is used to stop a command previous than that command completes. It is regularly produced via the ˆC character (ASCII 3). As of four.2BSD, the important keyboard characters are outlined by means of a desk for each terminal and can also be redefined without problems. The give up sign, SIGQUIT, is ordinarily produced through the ˆbs personality (ASCII 28). The discontinue sign both stops the right now executing application and dumps its present memory image to a file named core inside the current listing. The core file can be used by way of debuggers. SIGILL is produced with the support of an unlawful advisor and SIGSEGV through an try to care for reminiscence outside of the legal digital-reminiscence apartment of a approach. Preparations can be made each for most indicators to be unnoticed (to have no effect), or for a events in the user technique (a sign handler) to be referred to as. A signal handler may safely do one amongst two concerns before getting back from catching a signal: name the exit process call, or keep an eye on a global variable. There may be one signal (the kill sign, quantity 9, SIGKILL) that are not equipped to be overlooked or caught through a signal handler. SIGKILL is used, for example, to kill a runaway process that's ignoring different alerts such as SIGINT or SIGQUIT.
Process Groups
Process Groups are compilation of associated systems customarily cooperate to accomplish a normal goal. For instance, processes would create, and preserve up a correspondence over, pipes. The sort of set of ways is termed a strategy crew, or a job. Indicators is also despatched to all tactics in a bunch.
A system more more commonly inherits its process crew from its mother or father, but the setpgrp method name enables a approach to alter its employees. Process businesses are used by the C shell to control the operation of more than one jobs. Only one approach staff could use a terminal machine for I/O at any time. This foreground job has the awareness of the consumer on that terminal even as all unique nonattached jobs (heritage jobs) perform their participate in with out person interaction. Entry to the terminal is managed by way of system personnel warning signs.
Each job has a controlling terminal (another time, inherited from its father or mother). If the approach staff of the controlling terminal suits the workforce of a process, that system is inside the foreground, and is allowed to participate in I/O. If a nonmatching (heritage) method makes an try the equal, a SIGTTIN or SIGTTOU sign is distributed to its approach crew. This sign mainly outcome in the method team of workers freezing except it's foregrounded by way of using the consumer, at which aspect it receives a SIGCONT signal, indicating that the process can take part in the I/O. In a an identical method, a SIGSTOP might also be sent to the foreground procedure team to freeze it
System calls exist to set and return each an interval timer (getitimer/setitimer) and the present time (gettimeofday/settimeofday) in microseconds. Additionally, processes can ask for his or her approach identifier (getpid), their employees identifier (getgid), the identify of the desktop on which they are executing (gethostname), and plenty of other values.
Library Routines
The procedure-name interface to UNIX is supported and augmented by way of a huge collection of library routines and header documents. The header documents provide the definition of problematic knowledge constructions utilized in system calls. Furthermore, a big library of facets supplies additional application help. A.4 user Interface 823 For example, the UNIX I/O process calls furnish for the finding out and writing of blocks of bytes. Some purposes may just must be trained and write just one byte at a time. However that it could be plausible to learn and write 1 byte at a time, that might require a procedure name for each and every byte—an awfully immoderate overhead.
Rather, a group of normal library routines (the usual I/O bundle accessed via the header file <stdio.H>) supplies a different interface, which reads and writes several thousand bytes at a time utilising regional buffers, and transfers between these buffers (in customer memory) after I/O is favored. Formatted I/O may also be supported by making use of the traditional I/O bundle deal. Extra library support is provided for mathematical services, network entry, understanding conversion, and many others.
The FreeBSD kernel helps over 300 system calls; the C application library has over 300 library offerings. Despite the fact that the library capabilities subsequently result in procedure calls the place principal (for illustration, the getchar library movements will result in a gain knowledge of procedure title if the file buffer is empty), it's typically pointless for the programmer to distinguish between the principal set of kernel method calls and the extra services furnished by way of library services.
Kernel Modules
Various UNIX’s early development was once once carried out on a PDP-eleven. The PDP-eleven has satisfactory eight segments in its virtual tackle condominium, and every of these are at most 8192 bytes. The bigger machines, such in view that the PDP-eleven/70, allow separate consultant and tackle areas, which simply double the tackle residence and number of segments, nevertheless this tackle field remains to be moderately small.
Additionally, the kernel used to be much more severely confined due to dedication of 1 capabilities segment to interrupt vectors, another to aspect on the per-system procedure expertise section, and but one more for the UNIBUS (method I/O bus) registers. Extra, on the smaller PDP-11s, whole bodily memory used to be restrained to 256K. The total reminiscence property have been inadequate to justify or help intricate reminiscence-administration algorithms. Consequently, FreeBSD swapped complete procedure reminiscence graphics.
Berkeley presented paging to FreeBSD with 3BSD. VAX 4.2BSD is a hihgly demanded page virtual-memory procedure. External fragmentation of reminiscence is eradicated by way of paging. (there's, of path, internal fragmentation, but it is negligible with a moderately small page dimension.) Swapping can be saved to a minimum considering that more jobs will also be saved in predominant memory, in view that paging enables execution with handiest ingredients of each method in reminiscence.
Demand paging is made in a staight to the point manner. When a procedure wants an internet web page and the net net page is just not there, an online web page crash to the kernel occurs, a physique of principal reminiscence is distributed, and the compatible disk web web page is learn into the physique. There are a less enhancement. If the web web page preferred stays to be inside the web web page desk for the system, nevertheless has been marked null by way of the online page-substitute process, it mainly is marked legit and used with none I/O swap.
Pages may also be in a identical approach and be gathered from the workforce of free frames. When most strategies are started, lots of their pages are prepaged and are positioned on the free record for restoration with the aid of this mechanism. Preparations will also be accomplished for a process to have no pre-paging on bootup, however that's seldom whole, due to the fact that it outcome in extra pagefault overhead, being in the path of pure demand paging. FreeBSD makes use of net web page 'coloring' with queues. The queues are prepared in step with the scale of the processor’s "L1" and "L2" caches and when a company new internet page desires to be distributed, FreeBSD tries to get one that's optimally aligned for the cache.
If the web page desires to be gotten from disk, it have obtained to be locked in memory for the length of the transfer. This locking makes sure that the web page is probably not chosen
for web page replacement. As soon as the web web page is gotten and mapped effectively, it have to stay locked if uncooked physical I/O is being finished on it. The net page-alternative algorithm is more exciting. 4.2BSD makes use of a modification of the second risk (clock) algorithm. The 'map' of all non-kernel predominant reminiscence (cmap) is processed linearly and over and over by means of utilizing a program clockhand. When the clockhand achieves a given body, if the frame is marked as in use with the help of some program problem (for example, physical I/O is in development making use of it), or the body is always free, the body is left ignored, and the clockhand moves to the following body. Or else, the corresponding textual content material or approach web page-desk entry for this body is placed. If the entry is null, the frame is brought to the free list; or else, the pagetable entry is made invalid but reclaimable (that's, if it does now not get paged out via using the subsequent time it's wanted, it could just be made valid yet again).
BSD Tahoe added help for applications which do implement the reference bit. On such tactics, one go of the clock hand turns the reference bit off, and a second go areas these pages whose reference bits remain off onto the free document for replacement. Of direction, if the page is soiled, it have to first be written to disk prior than being dropped at the free record. Pageouts are finished in clusters to give a boost to efficiency.
The FreeBSD file system supports two main objects: files and directories. Directories are just files with a special format, so the representation of a file is the basic UNIX concept. Fragment have got to be copied into this new fragment, followed through the second 1K transfer. The allocation routines do attempt to in finding the specified space on the disk right away following the existing fragment so that no copying is crucial, but, if they cannot accomplish that, as much as seven copies may be required before the fragment turns into a block. Provisions had been made for programs to become aware of the block measurement for a file in order that transfers of that dimension can be made, to avert fragment recopying.
Disk Structures
The file procedure that the person sees is supported by means of information on a mass storage gadget — quite often, a disk. The user in most cases knows of only one file process, however this one logical file system may just simply encompass several physical file programs, each on another device. On the grounds that device traits differ, each and every separate hardware device defines its own bodily file system. In fact, it's typically desirable to partition massive bodily gadgets, comparable to disks, into a couple of logical instruments.
Every logical gadget defines a physical file procedure. It illustrates how a directory structure is partitioned into file programs, which can be mapped onto logical instruments, that are partitions of physical instruments. The sizes and areas of those partitions have been coded into gadget drivers in prior methods, however are maintained on the disk through FreeBSD.
Partitioning a bodily gadget into more than one file systems has a few benefits. One-of-a-kind file systems can support extraordinary makes use of. Although most partitions could be utilized by the file process, as a minimum one might be essential for a swap field for the digital-memory program. Reliability is improved, since software damage is typically restrained to just one file method. We are able to strengthen efficiency via varying the file-system parameters (such because the block and fragment sizes) for each partition.
Also, separate file programs avoid one software from using all to be had house for a massive file, considering files can't be cut up across file techniques. Eventually, disk backups are executed per partition, and it's turbo to look a backup tape for a file if the partition is smaller. Restoring the entire partition from tape is also rapid.
Interprocess Communication
Many duties can also be complete in remoted tactics, however many others require interprocess verbal exchange. Remoted computing methods have long served for a lot of functions, however networking is increasingly most important. With the increasing use of individual workstations, resource sharing is becoming more usual. Interprocess conversation has not quite often been one of UNIX’s robust facets.
The pipe (mentioned in part A.Four.Three) is the IPC mechanism most attribute of UNIX. A pipe enables a trustworthy unidirectional byte circulation between two techniques. It is commonly implemented as an usual file, with a quantity of exceptions. It has no title within the file approach, being created on the other hand through the pipe method call. Its dimension is constant, and when a process makes an attempt to write down all the way down to a full pipe, the process is suspended.
As soon as all capabilities in the past written into the pipe have been learn out, writing continues on the opening of the file (pipes should not professional round buffers). One development of the small size (by and large 4096 bytes) of pipes is that pipe advantage are seldom honestly written to disk; they most more commonly are saved in reminiscence by using the usual block buffer cache.
In FreeBSD , pipes are applied as a designated case of the socket mechanism. The socket mechanism provides a fashioned interface not most mighty to services reminiscent of pipes, which perhaps regional to at least one computing device, however moreover to networking amenities. Even on the equal computing device, a pipe can be used best through utilising two techniques associated by the use of use of the fork approach identify.
The socket mechanism can be utilized by means of unrelated procedures. A socket is an endpoint of verbal alternate. A socket in use mostly has an sort out sure to it. The nature of the deal with is dependent upon the verbal exchange field of the socket. A characteristic property of a internet site is that tactics speakme within the equal area use the equal tackle layout. A single socket will also be in touch in only one domain.
Keep in mind:
This is only a sample.
Get a custom paper now from our expert writers.
Get custom essayThe three domains
Most teenagers go through a time when they believe that their parents are too overbearing and strict with them. Although this is a normal feeling to have on occasion growing up, Jamaica Kincaid’s novel Lucy reveals the intense situation of an over-bearing parent. Through the novel, we follow the titular protagonist's escape from this predicament, and from the miserable life that she is living. Lucy decides to begin a new life in America, away from her family and friends and we read the cyclical story of her experience in her new home. Lucy’s ambition to create a new, independent life in America stems from her need to overcome her melancholy past growing up, nonetheless this desire affects her ability to form connections with the people she meets. Lucy’s toxic relationship with her mother is a major component of why she needed to create such an independent life for herself.
Get original essayAlthough it is apparent that Lucy knew her mother loved her, she saw this love as a burden. When Lucy describes her mother’s love she says, “I had come to feel that my mother’s love for me was designed solely to make me into an echo of her; and I didn’t know why, but I felt that I would rather be dead than become just an echo of someone.” (Kincaid 40). She then follows this statement by saying “Thoughts like these had brought me to be sitting on the edge of a Great Lake with a women who wanted to show me her world” (Kincaid 40). Through these quotes we see that Lucy hated the fact that her mother wanted her to be just like her. She also hated the fact that her mother could not grasp why Lucy did not want to be exactly like her, and that is what drove her away. Of course we can see through the novel that Lucy never hated her mother, in fact, deep down she really loved her. This can be seen when Lucy says, “I would hear sounds in our house that made me sure my mother had died and the undertaker had come to take her body away. Each morning when I saw her face again, I trembled inside with joy.” (Kincaid 102). Although we can see that Lucy loved her mother, she believed admitting this to herself would cause her to turn into her mother all together, and never be the independent women she yearned to be. As you can see, throughout Lucy’s upbringing her mother was very overbearing. This causes Lucy to want to live an extremely independent life, which then results in her becoming emotionally detached from all other people.
On the other hand, Lucy does not allow herself to become emotionally attached to the men she meets because of her need to be independent. This idea can be seen in her relationship with Hugh. She repeatedly says she is not in love with Hugh, and that being in love would “complicate her life”. She conspicuously states, “I was only half a year free of some almost unbreakable bonds, and it was not in my heart to make new ones.” (Kincaid 76). Here she is clearly stating that she does not have the desire to create new bonds with others because she was finally free from the old ones. Lucy’s longing for independence is what was holding her back from creating an emotional rather than purely sexual relationship. We can also see this need for autonomy in her relationship with Paul. When describing a photo Paul gave her as a gift she says, “I was naked from the waist up; a piece of cloth, wrapped around me, covered me from the waist down. That was the moment he got the idea he possessed me in a certain way, and that was the moment I grew tired of him” (Kincaid 169). Again here she is showing that she does not want to feel like the possession of someone else. She felt that for so long with her mother back at home, and is trying too hard to escape this emotion. Because of this she does not want anyone to think of her as a possession. Not surprisingly, she keeps Paul around regardless of the fact that she has grown tired of him. She enjoys the pleasures he bring hers, and that is all she focuses on when in a relationship. Evidently, to Lucy, being attached to a man emotionally was the complete opposite of being free. And her main goal when she got to America was to be liberated.
Lucy’s need for independence ultimately carries on to her nonromantic relationships causing saddening results. Her intense fear of being controlled by her mother carries over to her relationship with Mariah. Her views on Mariah changed often, which is why she says, “The times that I loved Mariah it was because she reminded me of my mother. The times that I did not love Mariah it was because she reminded me of my mother” (Kincaid 177). Lucy is so apprehensive that she is going to fall in to another unhealthy relationship with a motherly figure in her life. After everything that happened to her with her mother, it was hard for her to form a bond with Mariah, who happened to be a mother of four.
Ultimately Lucy quitting the job as Mariah’s au per is what she believes the last step to gaining full independence. Due to her lack of emotional connections with others, her life is not exactly how she imagined full freedom to be like. She says, “I was alone in the world. It was not a small accomplishment. I thought I would die doing it. I was not happy” (Kincaid 176). She has been through so much trying to become self-reliant because of her upbringing, this cause her to have no connection with anyone around her. Lucy was all alone in the world. Earlier in the novel Lucy stated that she believed just a “change in venue” would erase everything in life she despised, but that was not how life worked out for her. She could see her current self was taking the shape of her past (Kincaid 97). The book closes with Lucy writing in a diary that Mariah gave her. She picks it up and writes “I wish I could love someone so much that I would die from it”, and then began to cry (Kincaid 178). These being the final lines in the novel shows the reader the isolation and sadness she feels regardless of all the goals she achieved. By the end of the novel we can see how much Lucy really needs human connection and love.
Throughout the novel we watch Lucy try to gain complete independence from her mother, and from her upbringing back home. Her desire for freedom negatively affects her ability to form emotional connections with the people around her. We see this negatively impact her life, and bring her to a full circle of emotions, leaving home to find happiness and freedom, but still feeling helpless and in despair. She is unable to form a relationship that is not solely sexual with a man, and she cannot connect and bond with any women she meets. Ultimately, Lucy teaches the reader that it is important to make emotional connections with others around you, and pure independence and freedom from people may not always be the best thing in life.
Works Cited
Kincaid, Jamaica. Lucy. 1990.
In The Metamorphosis, by Franz Kafka, and One Hundred Years of Solitude, by Gabriel Garcia Marquez, the authors use the motif of solitude and isolation to symbolize freedom. These qualities free Gregor Samsa and the town of Macondo, respectively, from external troubles.
Get original essayIn The Metamorphosis, the protagonist, Gregor Samsa, wakes up one morning transformed into an insect. Gregor must now deal with this transformation, as it will forever change his life. Though Gregor does not realize it at first, he has actually been enslaved by his family for some time. He has an unconditional sense of obligation for his family, as he works hard to pay off the family debt “with great earnestness”, and dreams of sending his sister, Grete, to learn to play the violin professionally. His devotion to his family reveals how thoughtful and compassionate he is. However, his family generally does not view him as a family member, but rather a source of income. Upon his transformation, the family is concerned with how it would affect their finances, rather than his well being. This is exemplified on the morning of Gregor’s transformation. It is the first day he has missed work in five years, and his family’s immediate concern is for his job. As Gregor is freed from this obligation, he realizes the true nature of his family. The more they isolate themselves from him, the more he realizes that they have been oppressing him all along. Gregor eventually learns to accept the irreversibility of his metamorphosis, and realizes that there is nothing he could do except to adjust his attitude and accept the change that has taken place.
There is a strong imbalance of freedom and duty throughout the novel. Though it is evident that Gregor hates his job, he essentially is confined to it by his duty to his family: “it was […] a requirement of family duty to suppress one’s aversion and to endure—nothing else, just endure” (Kafka 50). He wants to fulfill his duty and dreams of the day where he can finally pay off the family debt. Gregor is pressured and confined to work in a stressful environment for the benefit of his family:
“The stresses of trade are much greater than the work going on at head office, and, in addition to that, I have to deal with the problems of traveling, the worries about train connections, irregular bad food, temporary and constantly changing human relationships which never come from the heart.” (Kafka 4)
Freedom is obtained in his transformation, but is cut short by his family, who continues a sense of imprisonment. Instead of comforting Gregor, they lock him inside a room, which they begin to fill with garbage. This room can be a metaphor, symbolizing Gregor’s life in confinement. The garbage that they put in the room may represent a false sense of love that they have given him. While it is true that his transformation has literally dehumanized him, it is also important to note the psychological dehumanizing effects that it has on his family. Gregor fails to obtain freedom, for when he is not imprisoned by his job, he is imprisoned by his family. As it turns out, the only path for Gregor to follow to achieve freedom is in death, where he is finally isolated from all of his troubles.
Similarly, the town of Macondo in One Hundred Years of Solitude are also confined through interactions and the changes that it brings. Though the novel itself attributes many Biblical allusions, the characters in the novel are generally not very religious. It is implied that the town of Macondo was a better place when it was isolated from organized religion. Religion is treated with much skepticism throughout the novel, and this is illustrated in Jose Arcadio Buendia’s mocking of the local priest. Also, Aureliano Segundo laughs at the idea of his son wanting to become pope. The novel suggests that life in Macondo is best lived with enthusiasm and with few restraints. This is exemplified by the fact that most of the characters in the novel are uninhibited by religious, moral, and sexual values. Therefore, it is implied that isolation from religion grants people more freedom.
Other forms of isolation such as political isolation and geographical isolation can also be attributed to freedom. For a long period of time, the town of Macondo has been cursed with violence between warring Liberals and Conservatives. The fact that characters such as Colonel Aureliano Buendia constantly and consistently seek war and reject peace, resulting in bloodshed for the town, reveals that war confines the town to chaos, as opposed to isolation granting the town political freedom. Upon the construction of the railroad, the town of Macondo has now become connected to the world. No longer isolated, it is now vulnerable to the evils of capitalist foreigners. These foreigners oppress the people of Macondo with violence and corrupt the town with materialism. The foreigners create a police force that imposes strict rules for the people, thereby stripping away the town of its freedom.
Though isolation essentially drives both the town of Macondo and Gregor to their eventual destruction, it has indefinitely granted both entities freedoms in various forms. In The Metamorphosis, by Franz Kafka, and One Hundred Years of Solitude, by Gabriel Garcia Marquez, the motif of solitude and isolation is used to symbolize freedom, in contrast to interaction and the theme of dehumanization and confinement. Gregor Samsa and the town of Macondo essentially achieve freedom in their demise, isolating themselves from all of their problems and troubles. In an existentialist point of view, it should be noted that perhaps true freedom cannot be fully achieved until death. Therefore, everyone and everything may actually somehow always be confined to something.
Works Cited
Kafka, Franz. The Metamorphosis. Clayton, Delaware: Prestwick House Literary Touchstone Classics, 2005. Print.
García Márquez, Gabriel . One Hundred Years of Solitude. New York, New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1970. Print.
Freedom is something that everybody has heard of but if you ask for its meaning then everyone will give you different meanings. This is so because everyone has a different opinion about freedom. For some freedom means the freedom of going anywhere they like, for some it means speaking up for themselves, and for some, it is the liberty of doing anything they like. But when you got home with no one to talk to and no one to lean on, do you still consider it as freedom? The definitions above are all according to someone in google. How about you? What is freedom for you? Do you consider yourself free right now? Does the definition above coincide with your definition of freedom?
Get original essayAccording to Jean-Paul Sartre, 'freedom is to be seen in relation to man's defining himself. This means that freedom is no other than man's power to be what he wants to be such as being a lawyer, a politician, an engineer, or a teacher. Being so, I am responsible for what happens to himself. There are no excuses. He cannot blame others for what happens to him. He can only blame himself.' I cannot disagree with Sartre's definition of freedom for I myself, consider choosing all your wants be freedom. Making decisions according to your wants is not that hard because you will not go to consider others' opinions. You're not choosing that to please someone but because you are free to choose and to fulfill your wants. But then freedom for Sartre is a freedom of synthesis which entails that when a man makes a choice, he is not only making a choice for himself but for all mankind. For me, this is something to do with politics. Yes, we are free to vote for who we want to win and to lead the country but then let's not be insensitive. Let us choose the ones who are deserving in that position.
We are free to choose our own religion for we have our freedom and no one can stop us from that. People can't force us to choose this or that. We have our minds to make decisions and we are free to do something we want to do and to do something, we want for. We are also free in terms of belief. We are free to believe what we want to believe because that's what Jean Paul Sartre says, that humans are free to choose because we have to make a choice all the time. We cannot even choose not to choose, not choosing is just choosing the same. It means that choosing is natural to human beings, all the time we need to choose because we are free and needed to choose.
Freedom is a privilege that should be given to everyone, though not every one of us can afford to have it. Through freedom, we could act and speak for who we are and what we are without worrying for any bullet. It is when you're able to make decisions and choices independently,to be able to breathe freely. As a woman,freedom is the most important thing in my life to live confidently. We are free in everything but after all we should be responsible in our every action because according to Isaac Newton in every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. It reminds us to be responsible enough for our choices and to use our freedom wisely.
Freedom of speech is a right given to all Americans at birth, and this is guaranteed by the First Amendment. But many do not understand that this is slowly being taken away as social media becomes more governmental over what we post. This idea of something everybody uses daily, being under the radar when it comes down to somewhat illegal activity shows that many do not care what happens on these sites. This causes social media to become as big as they want and do whatever they want in terms of being a figure it does not make them to be.
Get original essayMany who argue these points are swallowed up by hate from others who think the spread of ideas on social media should be looked after more efficiently. These sites constantly take down opinions they find hateful or wrong under the watchful eyes of these so-called non-biased admins. On the side of those who have these rights taken, many do not notice the hardships, comedians see nowadays. Articles have been on this controversial topic, many reporters have talked with founders of social media on why and how these things are happening and why censoring happens to certain topics.
The reporters who sought out founders and the answers they were looking for found a lot to be discovered. Graham Daseler the author of “The Internet’s Web of Lies”, which has talked about many of these ideas starting with the “accidental” censorship of posts made on these sites. In this article, Daseler constantly refers back to the idea that social media is getting to a point where they can take off things they do not believe in. It is also stated that these platforms that nearly everybody uses do not have the right to take away what we say based on what they dislike. One such statement says that “They’re more like public utilities than private corporations”, this tells us that social media has no right to do what they are doing with our opinions and beliefs. Another quote given by Daseler is that what social media is doing is not comforting but “Neither is a recent New York Times report detailing Facebook’s censorship practices around the world. Working off of a massive, Byzantine rulebook, moderators, many of whom are not fluent in the languages of the regions they are monitoring, have just seconds to determine whether a post (a picture, a video, a news story) is fit for the eyes of Facebook users.” for us to hear about this shows that censorship is coincidental most of the time. Ideas and beliefs are a huge part of sharing on social media, but a major concern for many career enthused people is comedy.
Comedians such as Jerry Seinfeld, Bill Burr, and Louis C.K. have constantly seen the side of social media that many reporters say may be killing comedy. Most of the concern comes from the offended bloggers who go to a lot of comedy clubs or see these jokes on the internet, but they always hate on anything comedians say. Ian Crouch, the author of “Is Social Media Ruining Comedy”, is just what it sounds like, an article talking about the mixture of social media and comedy. In this Bill Burr talks about his new Netflix special and in this special he has to make sure everybody understands what he is talking about by saying “Let me finish before you start blogging, O.K.?” which is obviously a joke but people still get offended by this. Most jokes told nowadays are much more progressive and up to date with terms used now, but some comedians say this change is making everyone morons in a way. Louis C.K. tweeted about angry messages towards Tracy Morgan saying “It’s a dumb thing to take at face value, “You’d have to be a moron. And if you do, you are not allowed to laugh at any more jokes. You are not allowed to laugh at any jokes that have any violence or negative feelings attached to them, ironically or otherwise”. These comments about one joke made by one comedian are constant hate and banter over something people should laugh at. If joking around is taken to seriously now, then we have nothing left people will not get mad at and this is where ideas that social media does not like gets it in the hands of those who do not care.
In the hands of these people, it has completely separated the public sphere from rights we have like the first amendment. Social media is seen as the new “modern” public square which causes many problems with what is said on these sites. Lincoln Caplan, the author of “Stress Test for Free Speech“, has talked about how many social media platforms like Facebook are not bound by the First Amendment. These social media services are not extensions of the government which causes them to do and say what they want in the instances of controversy and what it does to their sites. Social media sites protect many things over private individuals “Although the quest for profit often shapes these private rules more than any commitment to free expression, these rules increasingly govern the public sphere.” This shows us that many social media sites do what they can to get by just to earn a profit from those who use their sites. These sites are not held accountable for what is posted which makes sense but even though they can manage what they censor, they have no reason to do so with this ability to not be held accountable for what is posted.
No matter how much you think about it makes no sense for social media to cause this hate and berate those who have different ideas. This censoring of opinions should be stopped as there is no reason for it, and it causes us to notice the government like space, social media is. The communication we love from social media is slowly being taken away without most people noticing and for most social media to not care about what we want to be done just so they can have a profit is quite unsettling. This digital age of international communication and opinionated people being shut off and becoming more like real communication scares tons of people yet most people do not care about this rule-breaking social media is doing.
In college campuses with certain restrictions put in place on where you can protest on campus and making sure that no one is exposed to anything obscene.
Get original essay“Should universities be able to place limits on free speech?” I say yes but, others might say no because everyone deserves to use their right of the First Amendment, which is the freedom of speech. They could also say that if a campus is fully open for anyone to go on campus then their shouldn’t be any limits on free speech on college campuses. Furthermore, they could say that putting limits on college campuses would be considered censorship, which is the suppression or prohibition of any parts of books, films, news, etc. that are considered obscene, politically unacceptable, or a threat to security. I know that censorship is very important but I don’t think that censorship gives anyone the right to use obscene content on college campuses especially since some obscene content is a trigger to some people who have been through traumatic events. In addition to that, they could say that putting limits on college campuses could turn into an event like the Free Speech Movement at the University of California Berkeley, which was a historical event but it did get way out of hand, to the point where student Jack Weinberg was put under arrest and the other students surrounded the police car, while Weinberg was inside of it and Mario Savio was on top of it.
Of course I believe that everyone deserves the right to express how they feel about issues and events going on in our world, but with everything that has been happening in our world from school shootings to random acts of violence we need to have limitations on all college campuses. The first limit should be who can come on campus. We can do this by making it so that anyone who comes onto campus to protest has to fill out paperwork that provides who they are, what they’re protesting about, what level of obscene content is in their protest and have someone look over it and confirm or deny it.
“Campus cops who had arrested a protesting student were “poor policeman” who only have a job to do”. Says Mario Savio and even though, Mario Savio was a great public speaker I don’t think that any college campuses would want protest to get so out of hand that the police would have to get involved.
The next limit should be that any protest with obscene pictures must be held in classrooms with signs at the entrances of the campus explaining where the protest is being held, trigger warnings, and caution if there are obscene photos. “ In response to verbal assaults and use of hateful language some campuses have felt it necessary to forbid the expression of racist, sexist, homophobic, or ethnically demeaning speech , along with conduct or behavior that harrasses”. Says The American Association Of University Professors. I feel like these are fair limits because in this day and age many college students are forced to see obscene photos and protest that are about things that they have been through in their lives and that is considered a trigger and it shouldn’t be forced upon students or anyone walking by to see or hear what they choose not to. “
Another limit should be that with any protest that you do if anyone decides not to participate you cannot follow them or antagonize them. This is so that there is no miscommunications or incidents during the protest which, should be respectful towards others. So, instead of trying to change someone’s opinion on something why not tell them your view on an event if they are willing to listen.
Putting limits on college campuses can ultimately be a good thing for not only now but in the long run because putting limits on college campuses can help show that protesting isn’t dangerous and it would show other campuses that are unsure about free speech on college campuses that putting limits on free speech is actually a good idea. Especially since the protest that I have seen lately haven’t been meaningless they actually were protest about events in our world that most people don’t know about or how they affect us, like how immigrant children were forced to sit in a caged rooms, use aluminum foil for blankets and received limited meals.
Overall, I think that college campuses should have limits to ensure that all college campuses are safe.
As Fedex launched its courier service which incorporates the use of technology from dispatch to delivery, its service became very efficient. The core idea behind the strategic planning of Fedex’s convenient methods of delivery has to do with time. Since time has power to make a difference between an average company or a dominant company like Fedex, Fedex invested in time. By doing so, Fedex ensures its customers that the company is a trustworthy company which can be reliable from personal to business level. However, exploiting the limited time does not magically takes place.
Get original essayMany companies invest in the human capital for daily operations. The risk with people is that people are unpredictable. They can feel ill, quit, be absent and many other issues. With technology, operations can be fulfilled more accurately with minimum fault. Thus, the key behind Fedex’s IT strategy is the investment of IT over human dependency. Not necessarily allowing the handle of all work through robots, but allowing robots to become an important tool for decision making. For example, a driver may know a city very well and can have a good planning method, but when you use Zodiac systems to maneuver through alleys and streets, the driver saved plenty of time. Thus, when that time the driver saved is multiplied multiply, one gets an enormous amount of money and time saved (Hemmatfar, 2010).
Therefore, in order for Malaysian-owned Freight Delivery Service Companies to compete or follow along the path of Fedex, they must be able to adopt a culture in which they believe that the decision making of robots are just as important as an employee’s. By doing so, they can enter the dialogue of the specifications for the necessary technology.
According the Washington Post’s columnist, Lydia Depillis, Fedex strategizes on the outsourcing of companies to lower the cost of the operations and have specialized sectors which can autonomously work. Although a company as big as Fedex can work efficiently, it lacks the decentralized management to function to its best potential. Therefore, they partner with transportation systems such as The Ride on Trucking to ensure that they specialize in all sectors. The concept is not merely a finance idea, it pertains the value that when Fedex acknowledges it is not a specifically a trucking/transportation business (although trucking/transportation is a large part of their business) it can partner with a company that can handle the job better than Fedex can, because ultimately The Ride on Trucking is solely a trucking/transportation business so it is only natural that they are the best at what they do (Depillis, 2014).
Thus, if Malaysia can adopt a similar culture of business interdependence and specialization, they become a step closer towards differentiation.
Behind every great company that is dependent on tools and technology to run their daily operation, is a great supplier running the show from behind the curtains. Meaning that in order for Fedex to progress over time, they will need local partners who are capable of taking up newer challenges. The Malaysian Electronic-based Businesses are constantly searching for opportunities to show case their ability and potential. The ideas and plans within those companies exist, but there are not necessarily companies like Fedex who feel the need to incorporate such innovative technology to their business. However, since that is not true and that Fedex is a company which enjoys a culture of creativity and improvement, it can create the necessary environment for the Malaysian Electronic-based Businesses to flourish.
On one of the paragraphs in the Fedex: Differentiation by Technology case study, it specifically addresses the issue with barriers created against other companies who want to join the same industry as Fedex. The paragraph is called Fedex IS Strategy and in the last sentence of the paragraph, it states “100,000 desktop packed with Fedex software, which is designed to link and lock thousands of customers to its ordering and tracking systems.” This means that as IT/IS became the main reason for the loyalty of customer towards Fedex, it makes it challenging for new companies to use and adopt a similar strategy, for two main reasons.
Primarily, the IT/IS Fedex uses is unique and synchronized with the specific operations of the company. Thus, a company which will want to adopt that system will have to go through deep research on Fedex and try to get the tiniest bits of insight they can to get only an idea of Fedex’s methods and strategies. Even if they do get information on how Fedex operates, they would not have the vision and mission Fedex adapts to its IT/IS culture.
On the other hand, new companies will be disadvantaged by time, finance, and effective management. In order for small businesses enter the industry, let alone compete with Fedex, they will need time to engage and develop their IT sector. Also, they will need special management which can have assertive qualities to take on a giant like Fedex. Thus, as IT/IS evolve and Fedex adopts to it, it makes it difficult for other companies to pace with Fedex from many levels including experience. Even if these companies succeed in creating an efficient IT/IS system for their operations, Fedex’s customers are loyal and are satisfied with the IT/IS system. Since developing new IT/IS requires adaption, not only from the company but from the customers as well, the barriers to deeply enter the industry make it more challenging. Since developing new IT/IS requires adaption, not only from the company but from the customers as well, the barriers to deeply enter the industry make it more challenging (Kitchen, 1999).
Companies which want to enter the industry and compete with Fedex will have to deal with an important and unchanging reality, finance. In Fedex, the IT/IS system it operates on is costly. It took Fedex a long time to include the technical support they use currently and that is customer friendly. They did not purchase all IT systems overnight and make it work. As technology evolves and is created over time, Fedex acquires studies and implements the innovative IT in order to accommodate their customers effectively. Such procedure involves research, a strong accounting sector and time. The commodities are costly and Fedex has an advantage to maneuver around such commodities better than other company, let alone a start-up. Thus, Fedex analyzed their strength and weaknesses and they made profit as they grew and changed. Such commodities give Fedex an upper hand in the industry due to their research and improvement in the IT sector.
Even companies which have the financial capability or potential will have to keep in mind an important factor, unforeseen costs. The investors which will want to buy shares of companies that want to compete with Fedex will need to have a reliable forecast of what their investement returns will look like. They do not want to be updated constantly on how the company may need new money for new expenses which are the result of competing in the IT result with a giant in the game. They will need a lot of unforeseen money to back new IT/IS ventures even if they want to copy the Fedex model, let alone create their own.
Fedex laid out their ground work vision from an IT/IS perspective. As explained in their website “This is the best possible foundation upon which to grow an integrated global network.” They understand that in a globalized world, the integration of communication and transportation is vital to the survival of the company. Thus, IT/IS changed the nature of Fedex’s basic competition by investing in transportation system that is not just convenient for individual orders, but a more important sector: business-to-business (B2B). Fedex’s involvement in E-commerce allowed it to set pivot in the emerging business world. They purchased expensive aircrafts to ensure reliability within the global e-commerce community. By doing so, they differentiate themselves from other companies who are a part of the transportation and communication industry, but the core of their work does not involve creating a friendly environment in which businesses can depend in order to process transactions and transport goods (Depillis, 2014).
In a world where problems arise constantly, Fedex presents the opportunity for not only Fedex to tackle the problem, but the user can become a part of the solution. In Fedex, they developed what they call a Web Service. A Web Service is simply a service in the internet which allows a user to develop and create IS that is convenient for both Fedex and the user. As it proclaims in the website, “applications can be combined to create more powerful services. For example, a user could choose to combine FedEx Web Services with Web services from other organizations to create unique, customized solutions.” Therefore, this partnership effect Fedex has with its customers expands the potential of what the relationship can evolve into. Through the generation of such services, users can integrate the functions and workflow of Fedex’s service to the businesses (FedEx Web Services, 2018).
Not only is the engagement with the customer solely based on creating internet interfaces, but more importantly, the release of new products. Fedex launches products which are influenced by the IT/IS innovation. Fedex lauches products such as power supplies, packaging supplies, and other office essentials to create an environment for businesses which can be conducive to Fedex’s operational goals (Office Supplies, 2018).
Through the usage of special IT/IS services, Fedex evolved its customer service, services. Which means that Fedex equips its technical advisory team, billing team, and other important sectors responsible for the engagement with the customer during the customer’s time in need. As the customer calls Fedex for queries, Fedex manages the initiation of the call until the query is resolved through a very smooth and effective procedure.
Keep in mind:
This is only a sample.
Get a custom paper now from our expert writers.
Get custom essayNot only will Fedex handle its interaction with its customers through a convenient up-to-date system, but it will use similar systems to interact with its close partners and suppliers. By doing so, Fedex is able to secure a cheap method which can bring down its costs when they have a good relationship with its suppliers. Therefore, the balance of power shifts from the supplier and customer to Fedex, and Fedex alone.
Since elections are at the heart of modern democracy, polling companies are interested in predicting the results to determine the future political climate. The polls are not flawless, no matter how well they are conducted, there will always be uncertainty. This essay about election will analyse the polling data from French presidential race and factors that are taken into an account when making the predictions. Firstly, it will discuss why is it difficult to conduct accurate polls and how they impact voter turnout. Secondly, the paper will assess Macron's presidency and Marine Le Pen's changed image since the previous election. Thirdly, it will analyse the electorate of both candidates and their main characteristics. Lastly, it will examine POLITICO's Poll of Polls in the run-up to the election and the impact of Russia and Ukraine conflict.
Get original essayThe accuracy of the polls depends on how representative the sample of people answering the poll is in relation to the electorate in terms of age, gender, education and social class. Some people would make up their minds last minute or hide their voting intentions, if they were supporting a controversial figure. It is suggested that some people like to vote for winners; therefore, polling organisations might exploit that to further their own, politically charged, agendas. Evidence suggests that voter perception of an election's closeness may affect turnout, because people may feel like the prediction is a forgone conclusion. It may marginalise candidates who have less support by suggesting that they have already lost and the vote would be wasted. Otherwise, if voters think the election is tight, the turnout may surge and flip the expected result.
Former economy minister Emmanuel Macron became the youngest president in France's history in 2017, defeating National Front leader Marine Le Pen and reaching 66.1 percent support to her 33.9 percent. Macron encountered challenges during his presidency, when the chaos of massive pension reform strikes and the Yellow Vest crisis over rising fuel taxes hit in the late 2018. Then the Covid-19 pandemic had started, and Macron has vowed to protect the French economy from pandemic's damage. Some election predictions focus on economic variables and analyse how strong the incumbent's position is based on the economy, social climate, and foreign and military affairs. They would also consider how charismatic the current president is and how he compares to his opponents; also, if he has been involved in any major scandals during his presidency that may affect his popularity. Fundamentals based projections tend to be quite accurate, when determining support for the incumbent president.
Marine Le Pen, the far-right leader, was projected to join Macron in the second round just like in the 2017 election. Marine Le Pen focused her campaign on immigration and security and has cleverly exploited the cost-of-living issue. She sought to soften her party's image and abandoned the idea of taking France out of the European Union, Schengen Area and eurozone. It has helped to create a more moderate image for her compared to Ric Zemmour. Her strategy to bring her party to the political mainstream has been largely successful earning her 12 million votes, about 5 million more than in the previous election.
Macron did better in more densely populated areas and got over 70 percent in Paris, while Le Pen got better results in rural communities. Marine Le Pen's electorate is economically disadvantaged, not just by low incomes, but also in terms of education, with mostly young working people. One of the disadvantages Le Pen had was that her support was concentrated in the “low turnout” parts of the electorate: the young, the less educated and less well-off. Le Pen failed to mobilise her voters in parliamentary, European, municipal and regional elections, since parts of her base never left home to vote. Macron's vote was concentrated in the parts of the population which vote the most the older age groups backed him in large numbers. Nevertheless, Macron has struggled to appeal to younger voters on their key concerns, such as climate change and social inequality. Macron has a narrow majority of high-educated people, but they are balanced by a majority of poorly educated people, who do not have a high-school diploma.
It was forecasted that this election's race will be tighter than their 2017 run-off, which proved to be correct. Le Pen and Ric Zemmour have shared 32 percent support for eight months; in the last four weeks, Le Pen has risen to 20-22 percent and Zemmour has fallen to 10 percent or below. For eight months or more, the president polled steadily at 23-24 percent. After Russia invaded Ukraine, Macron's popularity climbed by 7 points in first round polls and made it seem like his victory was certain. He zoomed up to 30 percent in POLITICO's Poll of Polls, then later fallen back to 27-28 percent? still well ahead of his pre-Ukraine levels and comfortably ahead of Le Pen. The polls for the second round were predicting 56 percent support for Macron against 44 percent for Le Pen, which turned out to be quite accurate, but with a slight error, as Macron managed to score 58.5 percent, while Le Pen got 41.5 percent.
In conclusion, due to the nature of opinion polling, it will never be 100 percent accurate and there will be a margin of error. Predictions are not only based on the opinions of the electorate but are often based on economic and social variables, that can play an important role in determining whether the incumbent will retain his support. Macron's victory might have seemed decisive, but his rival had won more votes than any far-right candidate in the history of France. Macron did well in cities, while Le Pen drew support from more rural areas and economically disadvantaged communities. Although Macron has faced serious challenges during his presidency, the invasion of Ukraine has enhanced his image as a diplomatic leader than can negotiate with both Russia and Ukraine, helping him to secure victory.
The French Revolution was an effort to transform France from an unequal rule by the monarchy into an ideal republican form of government that was based on Enlightenment concepts such as natural rights and legal egalitarianism. In its ambitious attempt to do so, it disregarded its promise of liberty, and eliminated all voices of opposition, arguing that such radical and authoritative actions were necessary to achieve its ideal end of forming a perfect society. Employing radical means to achieve an ideal end is characteristic of the many totalitarian governments the world has seen since the French revolution such as Stalin's Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. The leaders of these regimes, in order to realize their vision of an ideal society, employed many radical methods that were used by French revolutionaries to eliminate dissent, such as the use of terror, propaganda by the government, and undemocratic rule by a single party.
Get original essayThe French revolution was very much inspired by Rousseau’s philosophy who believed that for the attainment of the general will, citizens’ personal needs and wants must be overlooked and more importantly, all forms of dissent must be eliminated. This philosophy was in full force during the Terror during which, for the general will, Robespierre seized power and initiated the Terror, therefore causing “every aspect of citizens’ lives to be politicized”, since they had to always be in accordance with the general will. To ensure the loyalty of citizens towards the state, disagreement with the new revolutionary government “appeared as crime and perversion” and thus was punishable by death. As a result of this, thousands of citizens in this brief period were sentenced to death by the guillotine even if the government was suspicious of their dissent despite having no real evidence to prove it. Similar to this, in both Stalin's Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, those who opposed or criticized the state were seen as its enemies and were inhumanely punished (instead of death, they were often sent to concentration camps). Harsh punishment such as this for mere differences of opinion instilled widespread fear amongst the citizens of France, Russia, and Germany under their respective totalitarian regimes, and due to this fear, overthrowing the regime virtually became an impossibility. Therefore, similar to the leaders of the French revolution, such as Maximilien Robespierre, leaders of modern totalitarian regimes used fear to eliminate dissent.
An additional measure used by modern totalitarian governments to prevent dissent was the indoctrination of its citizens about the benevolence of the government through the use of propaganda. Propaganda was not as widespread in France during the revolution as it was in modern totalitarian governments but there was a presence of it. For example, the Jacobins - who formed in the wake of the French Revolution, were the most radical political group during the revolution, and played a key role in instituting the Terror - “used propaganda to manipulate the uneducated masses”. A similar pattern was seen in recent totalitarian governments such as Nazi Germany. Under Hitler’s Third Reich, education was a mechanism through which the youth could be effectively indoctrinated in the racist Nazi ideology. For example, school courses aimed to teach children about the racial superiority of the Aryan race and “instilled anti-Semitism in children through the advocacy of racial theory”. Similarly, propaganda under Stalin’s USSR was used to denounce governments that starkly contrasted with the communist Soviet Union, such as liberalism, democracy, and parliamentarianism by calling them “degradations of true politics”. Therefore, although propaganda during the French revolution was not utilized as much as by modern totalitarian governments, it did bear resemblance to its use in such regimes and served the same purpose of eliminating dissent.
Although the French revolution was inspired by progressive ideals such as equality of all men before the law and liberty, it ironically was led by governments and led to governments (such as the First Consul of Napoleon Bonaparte) that contradicted these very ideals. A prime example of this was when the radical Jacobins seized control of the National Convention from the moderate Girondins in 1793, using the state of emergency France was in as justification for this power grab. The new government then effected radical changes such as the establishment of a new calendar and the abolishment of Christianity to create a more rational society. The violent transfer of power to the Jacobins and the changes they instituted were undemocratic and characteristic of modern totalitarian governments such as Nazi Germany. Although Hitler became Chancellor of Germany through a democratic process, he destroyed democracy through democratic means (as he had originally intended to). In a short span of time, he became the dictator of Nazi Germany by consolidating the powers of the president and chancellor into a single position that he held and by passing the Enabling Act through the Reichstag. Once dictator, he outlawed opposition parties, suspended civil rights, and commited genocide against Jews, homosexuals, and other groups of people that he considered to be inferior to the Aryan race. Similar to Nazi Germany and the French governments during the Revolution, Stalin's Soviet Union and Mao Zedong’s communist China were totalitarian regimes that were ruled by a single party andsubjected to undemocratic and atrocious legislation that was responsible for millions of deaths. Although the French revolution, unlike modern totalitarian governments, was inspired by democratic and Enlightenment principles such as equality and liberty, the revolutionaries considered it necessary to utilize any means, however brutal and undemocratic, to achieve the goal of forming an ideal state that upheld these principles. Similarly, modern totalitarian governments, in order to attain their version of an ideal society, have utilized vicious methods such as terror, propaganda, and rule by a single party to eliminate dissent.
However, the striking similarities between the French revolution and modern totalitarian governments aren’t reason enough to conclude that the French Revolution was the origin of them. The essential justification for the brutal actions taken by totalitarian governments is that the end justifies the means. This thought was the guiding force behind the savageness of the French Revolution, and for this reason, it is the origin of modern totalitarianism.