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Technical writing is sometimes defined as converting the complex ones into simpler ones. It is the form of writing in which the information is represented in such a concise manner that audience can easily get the point without getting confused. Nowadays technical writing plays an important role in every engineering field, whether it is aerospace, electronics or any other engineering field. It can be seen that every engineer is asked to write various technical reports in their respective fields where technical writing plays a major role. It helps the person to present his ideas in a well-organized manner, as lack of organization can mislead the audience. Through technical writing, the scientists, engineers and we all learn to present our views in a more logical and sequential manner. It avoids exaggeration or any other unnecessary literary devices and allows us to present the information in a more concise manner.
Get original essayWe can take up few features for better understanding. We can take example of unity and coherence.
UNITY- Unity refers to singularity which is one of the main features of technical writing. That is the entire paragraph focus about a single idea whether it’s the first or last sentence.
COHERENCE- If we talk about coherence, it refers to showing a proper inter linkage between various elements in the paragraph using various orders of presentation such as deductive order, inductive order, linear order and chronological order.
Example- Narration of an historical event. If we want to give review regarding an historical event then we will be going to use chronological order.
General and Technical writing serve totally different purpose. We can say that general piece of writing is meant for general public. It is more about arousing the interest of the reader such as writing your thoughts and opinions on a social issue or writing a prose which is totally different from technical writing as it may be complex in nature, whereas technical writing has sole objective of making the reader understand a topic in a straight manner. At simple level we can take examples of a cookbook full of recipes or an instruction manual on how to operate mobiles as technical writing. It includes textbooks of science subjects, business writings and many other things that common public may not be able to understand. Technical writing should always be clear and concise. It should be helpful for the readers it is intended for.
So it can be proved from these points that these two forms of writing are totally different from each other.
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Social criticism is a mode of approach that expresses the malicious conditions and flaws of social structure. Social criticism interprets the text in the context of various social affairs existing in the current scenario. History, culture and tradition plays predominant role in this criticism. Though history and culture is extremely complex and immensely biased, an individual cannot deny it and is obliged to rely on it. There is a constant conflict between the individual and the society but the individual strives hard against the society still being a part of it which is great irony. ”Art is not created in a vacuum “, says critic Wilbur Scott.” Exploration of the relationship between the artist and the society is best expressed through this social estimation. In this paper a sociological criticism example story is given based on the two celebrated work of Girish Karnad’s Hayavadana and Nagamandala. These works are rich in symbols paving way to consider a work of fiction as a social text. In the period when Karnad started writing his plays the Kannada literature was highly influenced by the renaissance in western literature. Karnad’s play draws historical and mythological sources to tackle contemporary themes existentialist crisis of modern living through characters locked in psychological and philosophical conflicts. The famous works of Girish Karnad are Tughlaq, Hayavadana, Nagamandala, Yayati, The Fire and The Rain, The Dreams of Tipu Sultan, Bali, A Heap of broken images, Flowers: A Dramatic Monologue, and Wedding album. His plays has universal appeal, efficacy, thrill and entertainment with socio-culture interrogations.
Get original essayIt is really worth to trace the history of sociology. Sociology did not develop until the 1800s. it developed in Europe as a result of industrial revolution which caused social havoc such as housing shortages, crime and lack of employment. Auguste Comte was the father and the founder of sociology and believed that sociologists should worry about two problems that is order and change. There are two main ideas, one is the social statics which tells that overall structure of the society remains unchanged. Another is social dynamics which reveals the fact that elements within the society changes to allow social development.one of the notable early sociologist is Herbert Spencer who coined the phrase “survival of the fittest “which advocated against social reform efforts because it would disrupt the natural selection process of evolution. It also implements the idea that the best traits of the society would survives over the time. The name Karl Marx is inescapable when considering sociological issues. He is a staunch believer of the concept that structure of the society is influenced by how its economy is organised. Max Weber focused on the groups within a society rather than society as a whole. He suggested “put yourself in someone’s place to study meanings behind and individual’s action. Social perspectives looks at patterns of unrest, change, integration and stability. Permanent social conflict is caused by competition for interests and value, power, and who gets what and the changes occurring with the power shift. The role of culture is immense in the society. Culture is a shared product of human groups both in material and non-material forms. Material culture is the physical object such as books, clothing, utensils which is exact contrast to non-material culture which is abstract creation such as language, beliefs, stereotypes and ideas. The cultural differences found between and within the society creates cultural diversity. Values determines the character of the society and the kind of culture they have. Various norms also teach rules and conduct for people to instruct them to act in specific situations. Society orders that rules of behaviour is very important and violation of it would endanger the basic stability of the system. All the events and the day to day interactions from birth to death that make up person’s life is constructed within the walls of the society. Sociology can also be seen as social science as it studies human behaviour, institutions or functions of human society in a scientific manner. Other social sciences are anthropology, psychology, economics, political science and history. There are three main foundational sociological lenses namely social conflict, structural functionalism and symbolic interpretation. It explicitly means society is made up of power struggle, interlocking systems and shared meanings. Status is a social position that a person holds within a society. Status also means prestige and part of social identity that helps individual’s relationship with others. Status keeps changing over the course of time and it occupies an individual’s life till death. An individual is not alone determined by status but also classified on the basis of class, religion, family background, gender and ethnicity. The common problems of every society in different country circles around sexism, racism, inequality and tradition. History, biology and media impacts the society tremendously. Social interaction investigates the structure of groups, organization, and societies, and how people interact within these context. Ranking system in any particular environment based on authority is called hierarchy which is a key factor of the society. If an individual’s behaviour is different from the societal norms then it becomes a deviance and it is not accepted in the society. Karnad has rightly stated out this factor and its consequences in his plays Hayavadana and Nagamandala. The social criticism of literature has been widely practised than recognized as a theory. The main purpose of criticism is to encourage positive outcomes and bring balance into our lives, provided with the basis of comparison and bring truth, honesty and intimacy. When criticism is done constructively it promotes learning and becomes a form of advice to help an individual grow better. The benefits that one will receive from the criticism will help individuals to have a good relationship with others, to be a more productive person, to be happier with oneself and to understand the differences of opinion better. An individual should develop the sense of self-esteem and acceptance in order to face the world boldly. Literature however mystical or fantastic in content is animated by a profound social concern.
Hayavadana is Karnad’s third play written in the year 1971 when traditional folk forms in urban drama came into existence. The significance of Hayavadana is based on Thomas Mann’s short story The Transposed heads, which Karnad wanted to produce as a film but with advice of his friend B.V.Karnath wrote it as a play. It is also based on the version of the story in Vetal Panchavimsati . Karnad follows the style of borrowing original stories and develops it further with the artistic imagination and tries to offer solutions to various problems unsolved in the original story. The subplot in Hayavadana is purely Karnad’s creation which throughout supports the main plot. Hayavadana talks about the vital truth of human existence through various socio-cultural and metaphysical aspects. The device of making inanimate object animate is one of the striking features of Hayavadana. Hayavadana in other words is a quest for the man’s integrity and totality in the existence of complex society. Hayavadana has made efforts to recreate the spirit without diluting the contemporary appeal. The characters of Transposed Heads Sridaman, his wife Sita and his beloved friend Nanda and the characters of prince Dhavala, his wife Mandasundari and his friend Svetapata owes much to the creation of Devadatta, Padmini and Kapila in Hayavadana. This play expresses the fact that real problem starts when it actually appears to end. Hayavadana proves to be a journey on the way back to the myths and legends of the Hindu religion. It also reflects the system of culture and its constant changes that impacts the society. The theory of love and friendship flows through continuous bafflement in the play. This play surfaces to find answers in unanswered things. Despite the various limitations posed by the society there is vigorous assertion of individual choices to live life in their own way. There is a perpetual battle between the biological desires and social expectations. The practice of sati is put under observation as to real worth to prove a woman’s chastity or a purely an escapism of a woman to overcome the harsh realities of tradition in the olden days. Thus, Hayavadana cannot be penned down into singular thematic basis rather put into larger universal concerns. It also exposes the truth that though an individual is born into a particular religion, doesn’t follow all its rituals and superstitions because of the knowledge grabbed from other external sources. It blends the components of love, identity and sexuality with folk culture and imagination. Hayavadana in 1972 received Kamala Devi award of the Bharatiya Natya Sangha as the best play.
Girish Karnad wrote Nagamanadala in the year 1988. Nagamandala is not only known for its self-justification but it is also a form of therapeutic device. The theme of alienation and duality of characters is inevitable in this play too. Karnad has created this drama in priestleyan sense. Nagamandala is a story of a woman who use pseudo magical powers to win her husband. King cobra is a animal imagery which is the significant element and the base of the story. King cobra in other term known as nagamandala stands as a symbol of a woman’s carnal pleasure and sensual desires. This play clearly pictures the dual nature of woman making herself dutiful, quiescent wife in the morning and taking up the role of a sex doll to satisfy her husband in the night. It is obvious that only woman in the society is always put to question when it comes to aspects of virginity and sexuality whereas a man is not. The challenge women take up in the society is constant and daring. The conflict between the real and ideal self is well portrayed through the ideas of Karnad in the play. Though the incidents in the play is complex at large, the end is simple and abrupt. Karnad’s language in the play is very rich that there is no scope for interpreting the play differently without distorting the original plot and meaning. The unceasing search for completeness gets culminated in presenting a ‘complete woman’ in Nagamandala. It provides a striking contrast between the man and the snake where a man is devoid of humanness whereas a mere snake achieves a superiority over a man. Karnad employs inanimate objects especially flames having ability to talk with each other in female voices is quiet surprising. Inanimate objects mirrors the animate reality. These flames are not just flames but the representatives of the society. It also deals with the loose morals that are practised in the society and human’s doubts and questions on the religious values that have been preached and practised for years. Nagamandala comes alive with enormous symbols, obscure meanings and implicit and explicit lessons captivating the audience scene by scene. The man and woman is put to question about their intimate relationships and sacramental wedlock for which only the woman is obliged to answer. The village judicial system and process of deification in Indian society gets revealed through the play. Magical folktales are used as backdrops to express the complexities of social and individual relations and human life in general. Girish Karnad’s significant mark of achievement lies on the usage of symbols and depiction of fruitful experiments of the new resurgence in the history of Indian drama. Nagamandala is considered to be the most creative work which brought him Karnataka state Sahitya Akadamy Award.
The significance and facets of social criticism is extremely large and wide. Marxist criticism is influenced from sociological criticism which aims at criticising economic and political elements of art. This criticism is all inclusive term because psychological approach, gender theories, myths and rituals are inevitable part of it. It is also crucial to know the life of author in analysing a particular text. A race, nation and social group to which an author belongs to influences his work of art. External factors and outside sources act as a guidance in writing literature. The idea for different genres would come from family, history, personal experiences and from one’s own creativity. Most of the writers such as George Orwell and Charles Dickens have dramatized the actual experience of their life through their work. In sociological aspect many writers have articulated the disillusionment with society and human nature. Society acts as a centre to which each and every individual is connected as components. This centre enhances the movement for individuals to act, but at the same time it also curtails the movement. An individual can never change unless the system undergoes transformation. Society provides extensive opportunity for the progress of the people but at the same time it strangles the individual’s freedom. When society fails in the purpose it can be no longer the centre. The writer whose works contain social discussions hopes to achieve more than merely entertaining readers. Many writers take responsibility to make their audience aware of certain facts. Age, political scenario and cultural issues may sometime dominate the entire plot and become the central theme around which all actions revolve. Many social fictions presents the truth about situations without injecting author’s personal beliefs and emotions. Typically writers of social fiction cast their characters as plain and ordinary individual caught up in the web of larger world issues. It observes how the larger issues of the society affects the goals, motives, attitudes, behaviour and destiny of an individual.
Social critic should not be radically detached becoming a total stranger to society rather, should be objective and hold universal principles in analysing a text. A true social critic must stand as a mediator between social concerns on one side and individuals feelings and thoughts on other. Philosophers, political theorist and social critics are not born but are made by the society because of their views and interest on moral life that stood as sustenance and inspiration. It is reflection of not only the society but environment. Common social commentary includes struggle of the marginalised and the poor, oppression of working classes, civil right struggles, gap between the poor and rich and various economic tensions. It depicts society in extreme contrast that is utopiadystopia. A social critic performs in several ways. First, he tries to discover the author’s attitude towards the central problem and checks whether the solution is offered. The critic should also detect whether the text has promoted any social value and recognise whether the author has agreed or disagreed with the value expressed. Social criticism is convincing because it right away questions the existing structures and norms which has been made to believe as a standards for perfect living. Through such criticism the credulity of such established norms are challenged. It serves as a platform between rational truth and faked reality. It evokes the question in an ordinary man’s mind and helps him to gain an alter perspective towards such social structure. It shows an individual’s dissatisfaction towards the society. It can also be termed as an individual’s outrageous vexation of the inequalities prevailing in the society. A social criticism is an indirect attack on unequal norms by depicting the hard-core realities as such. It is an attempt to create rightful impressions on the people against such class old practices, thereby to facilitate the change. Anthropological criticism forms a part of social assessment by focusing on aspects of everyday life in various culture using ideas of folklore, ritual, celebration, tradition etc. social commentary has become an unavoidable part of human existence, as not only critics, but each and every person is involved in the task of commenting upon the everyday social issues. This approach is favourable in innumerable ways but at the same time, it has its own limitations. This type of interpretation make people judgemental even to the unwitnessed issues and unseen experiences of others. People at last become victims of passing commentaries and judgements. Criticism cannot be evaded from this world unless and until people take interest in their life rather than gossips about others. It makes an individual accept his flaws but at times fails to shape him better. Concerning to women’s issues like rape, sexual abuse, verbal harassment, marital tortures and child molestations has no concluding solutions have been given by the society. Criticisms sometimes stops with just broadcasting, highlighting, and making arguments without taking any instant action. Criticisms should not just end with expression of thought rather it should be taken further for the grain of action. Social analysis becomes immobilised when it is declutched from action. People are dependent on each other for various purposes but every individual leads an independent life with different desires and ambitions to which other people are completely unaware of. Therefore, social criticism being the base to society and literature and inevitable part of human life, it can attain greater heights by putting thoughts to action.
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Get custom essayTo end up, in the recent times writing the deals in a free yet serious manner with the general ideas is becoming popular. The creative writer reacts upon some phase of man and nature and the critical writer reacts upon the representation or reaction of the creative writer. Literary criticism is a long process of simplifying, condensing and editing. Social interpretation of a text has two divisions. First it exposes the point of view of the author, purpose, methods and technique, personal forces and environmental conditions that made the work possible. Second, it aims at judgement of truth or value by some authoritative standard. Criticism, if not impressionistic, it is either aesthetic or judicial. Karnad’s work has the element of both. Aesthetic is inclusive of the literary impression, the nature of the comic, the tragic, the beautiful, the pathetic and the grotesque. Judicial plainly deals with the point of view of its proper function there is always a vital relation between specialized learning and popular thought. Art and literature in some form are social necessities. Social criticism with its union of thoughts, opinion or prejudice, charm or beauty of the form, its intellectual content is essentially persuasive in its nature. The main function is to distinguish which is true from that which is merely interesting. The standard of analysing the text lies on taste, reason and social utility. Although taste is a very valuable artistic faculty, its field is limited to artistic form or technique and its exercise it’s mainly irrelevant to as regards matter, which is the chief province of social criticism. George Bernard Shaw adopted drama as its medium of expression considering it as an effective instrument to end the social propaganda but whether it was full filled is still a question.
There are various types of essay: some are more complicated than the others, while some styles are quite simpler. It is said that definition and classification type of essays are easier, for these have the need for less long-winded terms, without having to take into consideration other relevant factors. Argumentative essays are those that involve judgment, and essayists who use this sort frequently are those who are believed to be opinionated and decisive. Cause and effect essay style is almost as difficult as compare and contrast essays. The latter is considered to be one of the most interesting writing forms for it compels for a more complex, interrelated details on the chosen subject.
Get original essayOne purpose of judging the issue against other concerns is to make more comprehensive descriptions available, which makes the written work more appealing. To measure up one’s subject to other topics also brings out the theme’s attributes, scrutinizing which one possibly equals or outweighs the other. This style is somewhat more tedious for this insists for a thorough knowledge not just of the subject matter, but also on other areas that are rather associated to it. Comparing also consents the essay writers to present more striking and imposing choice of language and a more extensive vocabulary usage; adding interest to a formerly ordinary composition. It has the capacity to heighten the subject’s influence, intensifying its meaning to its peak. Contrasting, on the other hand, perceives more interest from the readers for it is unmistakably imaginative and resourceful. This, like comparing, entails more information about the issue but gives room to pervasive, informative points that the writer could present to his readers.
The combination of association and distinction of concerns create an extremely engaging output that writers who enjoy a more challenging writing style have a preference to use this method. When assessing essay writers, critics do not only take note of the writer’s ideas, his fashion leaves a mark as well, making them recognize the value of his works. Merging these two together in literature is an efficient fashion to create a remarkable piece.
Most essayists prefer the distinguishing style of essay for a number of constructive purposes:
In conclusion, essay writers use compare and contrast essays to increase excitement and exhilaration to written works but it should also be summoned up that essay format should not be taken for granted. Apart from its contents, the arrangement of thoughts in stirring outline takes a significant part on the entirety of the job. However, other types of essays are just as useful—it only takes a great essayist to come up with a writing that is truly worth reading.
Federal Bank, India’s one of the most progressive and innovative banks, is a pioneer in digital banking space. Bank has launched numerous digital initiatives in recent years, including FedBook, India’s first mobile app for account opening, and the innovative online portals, FedNet and FedMobile. The bank has seen good progress in the digital space and it is virtually doubling its digital transactions every quarter. The bank expects to retain the momentum and come out with more number of services through its digital strategy.
Get original essayAs part of their digital journey for further transformation Federal Bank has recently selected Intellect Design Arena Ltd, to implement its Digital Transaction Banking (DTB) platform from iGTB – powered by an integrated frontend omni-channel Corporate Banking eXchange (CBX) portal with backend processors for Collections & Receivables, Payables, Account Services and Supply Chain Finance and also augmenting the front end portal of their existing Trade Finance. Bank is looking to significantly grow its transaction banking business and take leadership in driving the Indian Government’s “Digital India” vision through the implementation of DTB.
Federal Bank has been a pioneer in path-breaking digital innovations. Some of the offerings are:
The UPI app With Lotza, just use a simple, easy to remember nickname to do money transfers. Through Lotza, a customer can bundle all the accounts in his / her name in different banks and do transactions seamlessly. Lotza is the single payment window through which customers can view their balance, send and collect funds, register for mobile banking and effect QR code based payments.
Lotza MPos is a mobile app that works on the UPI platform. Customers can simply scan the QR Code and pay.
Lotza UPos machine is a POS device that enables merchants to collect their payments at their outlets. This handheld machine is an alternative to the normal POS machines, in which the merchant enters the bill amount and a QR code for the corresponding amount is generated instantaneously. The customer scans the QR code thus generated with any UPI app and completes the payment. The payment is instantly credited to the merchant's account.
In a merchant store, the cashier keys in the transaction amount in Merchant's ‘Scan n Pay' app and generate a dynamic QR code. The customer just has to scan the QR code using the ‘Scan n Pay' app installed in his/her mobile phone, feed in his/her MPIN and complete the payment.
Fed-E-Credit, is a thoroughbred, hands free digital loan. Fed-E-Credit is an online loan against deposit, and is the first in the series of online loan products offered by the Bank under its Digital initiative ‘BYOM' (Be Your Own Master- the Do-It-Yourself series).
FedBook Selfie has revolutionized the way customers open their savings Bank accounts now. The Bank pioneered the unique facility of Mobile based Bank Account Opening as an upgrade to FedBook, the e-passbook, in 2015 thus making it India's first Mobile App for Account opening. With the added feature, anyone having an Aadhaar Card and PAN Card, be it from rural or urban centres, can now open a Savings Bank Account and get their Account Number instantly using a mobile from anywhere at any time.
“Should Myanmar become a Federal State?" is the main question for the essay about federalism. The purpose of this article is to explain why Myanmar should become a federal state. At first, definitions of federalism will be provided, along with a brief introduction of federalism background in Myanmar. Second, using a comparative method, certain federal nations will be compared to Myanmar. In the concluding section, there will be some suggestions about the federalism in Myanmar.
Get original essayMyanmar is one of the most multicultural countries in Southeast Asia, with people of different races and cultures living side by side. Most of the country's population is Burman; two-thirds are Burmans. Approximately one-third of the country is populated by minorities, with the majority being Burmans. Historically, the creation of states affects the outcome of the federal-unitary division. After the military coup of 1962, state governing structures became larger and more centralized after the breakup of the Panglong agreement and the 1947 draft constitution. Federalism has been re-emerging since the big political reform in 2011, the complexities of unitarianism, centralism, authoritarianism, and militarism still influence federalizing Myanmar. The 2021 coup certainly plunged Myanmar into a political black hole and the future of the country looks even grimmer due in part to the lack of consensus among anti-junta political stakeholders about what they are working toward and about the country that they intend to build.
“Federalism refers to the advocacy of multi-tiered government combining elements of shared-rule and regional self-rule. Within the genus of federal political systems, federations represent a particular species in which neither the federal nor the constituent units of government are constitutionally subordinate to the other, i.e., each has sovereign powers derived from the constitution rather than another level of government, and each is empowered to deal directly with its citizens in the exercise of its legislative, executive and taxing powers and each is directly elected by its citizens”. In addition, Watts emphasizes both shared governance and self-rule in federations, following. A region, a state, a province, or a canton can exercise self-rule over their territories. Subnational governments are also able to influence and make decisions at the center when there is shared-rule.
Myanmar is predominantly ethnically mixed and has suffered a decade-long civil war. The majority group in Myanmar is called the Burmans; they make up about two thirds of the population. The remainder is constituted by a variety of minorities. Before occupied the area in the nineteenth century, the minorities were not fully integrated into the Burman kingdom. Many minority groups in the country were afraid of being politically and militarily dominated by the Burmans after left at the end of World War II. As a result, virtually every other minority group joined the Karen revolt in 1948. The military took over power in 1962. Democracy versus militarism is not at the core of the conflict in Burma, it was fundamentally an ethnic issue. Burma's underlying ethnic issues will prevent the country from becoming stable no matter how democratic the country becomes.
A fraudulent referendum was held in 2008 to ratify the military government's draft constitution. Although the new constitution is dictatorial, the military continues to have the upper hand: there is no civilian control over the army. Military chiefs are appointed by the commander-in-chief, as are members of state and union legislatures. According to talks between the negotiators and ethnic armed organizations (EAOs) after the 2010 elections, the new civilian president showed surprising openness to reform. As part of the trade negotiations, constitutional reform will be discussed in great detail, and the union negotiators will use the term constitutional decentralization instead of federalism, since they equate the latter term with secession. At the time of U Thein Sein government, Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA) was signed by eight ethnics armed organizations (EAOs) and government.
After National league for Democracy (NLD) party entry into government in 2012, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi cited federalism as a means to resolve Myanmar's long-standing ethnic conflicts. But her party leaders have rarely developed a detailed policy on federalism and its position on federalism is broad and vague. In the 2015 election, National League for Democracy (NLD) won the election and held the 21st Century Panglong Conference with the aim to unite all ethnicities and of building a democratic federal union through the dialogue. During the NLD administration, as during previous administrations, elite political elites disagreed on which structures would give autonomy to ethnic minorities without causing or exacerbating other problems. But some concessions were made. A federation state has been agreed to be made of Myanmar following the peace process.
The 2021 coup has put the country on the road towards becoming a failed state that is at risk of disintegrating and fragmenting into multiple entities. The anti-coup movement will have a difficult time overcoming the present political crisis without political solidarity among diverse political and ethnic groups.
Comparative studies of federations cover a wide array of issues, including internal fiscal arrangements, economic performance, and political representation. The difficulty of examining federalism in its fullest sense in the mainstream literature is the focus of this comparative study of federalism and federation. In this section, I will compare Myanmar with Nepal, India and Switzerland.
As a response to ethnic conflict and secession risks, Nepal and Myanmar both decided to establish federalism, but Nepal succeeded in creating a federal constitution through participatory democratic means. There are some similarities between Nepal and Myanmar, both countries have histories of centralized authoritarian rule interspersed with periods of short-lived democracy, and are developing countries with more than 100 different ethnicities. A significant part of their move toward federalism stems from ethnic conflict.
As a result of a unitary and centralized state structure, Nepal endured a conflict accompanied by class, ethnic, linguistic, and regional discriminations. Movements called for regional autonomy, national identity, decentralization of power and the preservation of minorities' rights. The Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2006 and the Interim Constitution of 2007 laid the groundwork for federalization in Nepal. Nepal use federalism as a conflict resolution tool. Myanmar also facing ethnic, linguistics and regional conflicts for a long time. Nepal overcome these conflicts by using federalism as a conflict resolution tool. Thus, Myanmar should become a federal state to resolve and end ethnical related conflicts.
India is a multilingual society with a diversified population. In 1947, India gained independence, and its parliament, which also served as a constituent assembly, drafted a new constitution that established the Federal Union of India. India has 28 states and seven union territories. Although the Indian constitution does not mention 'federation' or 'federalism,' the country's basic structure is federal. India encountered territorial conflicts after independence, particularly in Punjab and Nagaland, which were resolved via the use of shared-rule and self-rule and promoted peace. The India constitution delegates power to the states, allowing for self-determination that reduces ethnic tensions and safeguards indigenous cultural, linguistic, and religious identities.
Myanmar has been searching for a political system to accommodate its rich cultural, linguistic, ethnic, and religious identities since independence. In addition to protecting their populations from exploitation or oppression by the Bamar, ethnic armed organizations (EAOs) have long pointed to federalism as a way to decentralize power from the central government. They emphasize the right to self-determination as a means of safeguarding their linguistic, ethnic, religious, and cultural traditions. Some scholar suggested that Myanmar Should follow the India federal. U Myat Thu, chairman of the Yangon School of Political Science, said 'Myanmar has so many ethnic groups, they should follow India's federal system because some ethnic groups want to promote the rights of their people. So, we should base it on ethnic federalism'. If Myanmar effectively implements federalism, ethnic tensions will be alleviated by granting equal rights to all ethnic groups in the country. As a result, Myanmar should be made into a federal state.
The 25 cantons that agreed to become the Swiss federal state in 1848 had already existed as independent states (some for centuries) and were already related to one another in a loose alliance of states. Although German Swiss continue to control in terms of overall population and economic power, the Swiss federation is famous for its enormous linguistic and religious diversity. Swiss federalism was able to transform opponents into collaborators over 150 years ago. Each generation must adapt the tools to new circumstances in order to amicably resolve disagreements.
The Union of Burma was established on February 12, 1947, in Panglong, by four former colonies: the Chin, Kachin, Federated Shan States, and Burma Proper, all of which had their own constitutions. Myanmar, like Switzerland, is coming together as a country with vast linguistic and religious variety. Myanmar is home to over a hundred ethnic groups and languages. The civil war between ethnics and Burmese-dominated military was founded on ethnic and religious persecution and prejudice. As mentioned above, Swiss turns the enemies into partner and built a welfare state by conduction federalism effectively. As a nutshell, Myanmar should become a federal state for the sake of the country's future.
There is no perfect federation in the world. Federalism may adopt peaceful dispute settlement and the rule of law, and all democratic options should be used. All of the federal countries use federalism for many purposes, especially to create a better future for their countries. The previous section's comparative approach to certain federal nations shows that successfully implementing federalism will resolve or minimize all of Myanmar's challenges.
Myanmar is now in the critical juncture because of the military coup. Myanmar's talks on federalism have been radically transformed as a result of the coup, and productive conversations around 'taing-yin-dhà ' have begun, although political changes are still far from completion. A reorientation and reimagination of identities and interests based on links of solidarity has the potential to start remaking the country in a more egalitarian and inclusive way.
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Get custom essayAll of anti-coup movement claim for federalism and the revolutionary government, National Unity Government (NUG) trying to lift the country on the federation path with the collaborations of Ethnics Armed Organizations (EAOs). And also, the Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (CRPH) launched a “Federal Democracy Charter” with the federal principle. The first section of the Charter includes commitments to support ethnic minority communities and their claims to self-determination. Federal State is the dream of all ethnics group in the country. Furthermore, all groups' efforts, from the past to the present, deserve a federal state.
Climate change is a controversial issue which is discussed by people globally. Greenhouse gases continue to rise, which leads to global warming causing long-lasting changes to our climate system. Indeed, most of the countries in the world are experiencing firsthand the drastic effect of climate change.
Get original essayAs a coastal country, Fiji is exposed to substantial climate risks. In 2016, the most intense tropical cyclone – Cyclone Winston made landfall in Fiji which caused widespread damage. According to the post-disaster needs assessment, Tropical Cyclone Winston caused an overall $1.4 billion in damage, and 62% of the population was adversely affected. Hundreds of felicities and houses were destroyed, which resulted in a serious concern for Fijians' health and safety. The sustainable development goals are a collection of 17 global goals set by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015. SDG goal 13 emphasizes the importance of taking urgent actions to combat climate change and its risks. In response to international commitments and national needs, cooperating with NGOs, the Fiji government implemented urgent actions to combat climate change. This essay illustrates the role of NGOs and the measures the Fiji government took with the climate change case study.
Fiji- as well as other low- and middle-income countries more broadly- are somewhat unique in that NGOs play a much more prominent role in service delivery, both during routine operations and more importantly during emergencies such as Cyclone Winston. The Federation of Red cross (national level) is a non-government organization, which plays an important, well-articulated, and government-endorsed role in response to an emergency.
Through multiple community-based branches and members, on the instruction of the National Disaster Management Organization, Red Cross activate their emergency policy and plan. As a first responder of disaster, the Red Cross took several actions in response to the cyclone. The president of the Red Cross submitted a disaster report to the police center immediately after the disaster. Volunteers from each branch sent all the supplements to the local communities, such as emergency shelters. Collaborating with MOH, Red Cross in Fiji helped to recover the community and carry out psychological aid to help the villager go through the disaster.
In terms of long-term development, it is essential to help Fijian adapt the climate change and prepare for climate-related disasters. Working with pilot communities, the Red Cross society in Fiji has developed seasonal calendars through focus group discussions to identify traditional indicators of climate variability and change. The seasonal calendars were used by communities as a simple Early Warning System which generates and disseminate warning information of disasters.
Furthermore, targeting on disaster preparedness, the Red Cross in Fiji has been conducting pieces of training and workshops throughout the country. The training focuses on life-saving skills and listening to important information via mobile phone. In collaboration with community representatives, knowledge and training can be passed on to others in their community. The training ensures that Fijian are well prepared for climate change.
Moreover, the Federation of Red Cross has formed a bridge between policymakers and local communities. As the president of the Red Cross in the Suva community illustrated, ‘We have a good relationship with the government. In our disaster plan, the Red Cross is part of the emergency operation throughout Fiji.'
Due to the limited recourse in Fiji, Red Cross is an auxiliary to the public authorities and a partner in disaster response and recovery. The Red Cross in Fiji has a seat for disaster response planning, which advocates for the establishment of the disaster management framework. The Federation of Red Cross and the National Disaster Management Office signed of a memorandum of understanding to review Fiji's disaster risk management legislation in Suva in 2018. National Red Cross is obligated to support the government to develop policy approaches that protect vulnerable communities, particularly from disasters, crises, and emergencies.
Helping more vulnerable regions such as Nagigi village adapt to climate change must go hand-in-hand with our efforts to integrate disaster risk measures into national strategies. Besides the contributions from the Red Cross, the Fiji government exerts efforts on combating climate change and its consequences.
The Fiji government released the National Adaptation Plan in 2018. The NAP intends to influence and accelerate the national development pathway towards climate-resilient development. This NAP established 160 adaptation measures to be prioritized over the five-year period. For example, to reduce vulnerability to major assets, affordable serviced land close to employment nodes will be provided for households across all income brackets. Indeed, the implementation of the NAP will not only reduce vulnerability by tackling environmental and climate risks but also enhances the resilience of the nation.
The NAP is sitting on top of the policy-program process, allocating the resources to respond to the problem. A series of programs have been developed, each with a distinct set of actions to be implemented. In response to the consequences of climate change and regarding sustainable development, the Fiji government relocated vulnerable communities into the mainland immediately after Cyclone Winston. Relocation will be one adaptation strategy in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects.
In terms of safety and substantial development of the country, relocation contributes to reducing the vulnerability of individuals and communities, strengthening their resilience, and reducing their exposure to hazards. Moreover, it is the most appropriate solution for post-disaster recovery, in particular for those who lost their home. UN-HABITAT program manager has illustrated the need for the program in an interview, 'relocation, planned or otherwise, is an option of last resort, and great care needs to be taken to ensure that the identified climate change threats are indeed the key cause of the need to relocate'.
However, the implementation of relocation is challenging, which is constricted by a number of barriers. As illustrated in a research paper, ‘Relocation is costly—financially, psychologically, and socially’. Financial capacity directly influents all the implementation of adaptation measures. More specifically, national budgets are still allocating scarce resources towards recovery efforts regarding Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston. As part of the relocation, the earthworks alone cost the Fiji Government around FJ $500,000, which converts to approximately USD 230,000. Under this circumstance, the new accommodations in the mainland are built with a poor standard. Furthermore, due to the urgency of relocation, there is no document addressing the national development on a long-term basis. Infrastructure construction and improving education, health service, and institutional capacity are other concerns.
Migration into the mainland might inhibit Fijian from accessing environmental resources which damages their livelihoods. Additionally, the ocean forms a ‘social network' which links coastal residents together. Compound with pre-existing pressures such as overcrowding, unemployment, and poor infrastructure, relocation might disadvantage the community. Consequently, some villagers are not willing to move.
In general, climate change has exacerbated different circumstances. The deterioration of our environment and the extreme climate events are a vital signal from nature, which urges us to take actions to combat climate change and its consequences.
Climate change is a global issue which requires extensive participation and efforts from all stakeholders. The contribution of NGOs on climate change is crucial, complementing with the effort the Fiji government exerted to strengthen national resilience and capacity. Particularly, the Federation of the Red Cross in Fiji provides an essential function during an emergency and is the only NGO that has a seat with the government’s emergency management framework.
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Get custom essayFurthermore, through the case study of relocation, the policy-program development process is influenced by a series of uncertainties, which is bound to be complicated in reality. The complexity of the policy-program process gives rise to several challenges on measures implementation, which requires pre-assessment and follow-up revisions. More specifically, relocation must be done in a manner that accounts for the substantial development of the community putting local priorities at the center of this process.
Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer is an interpretation of one devoted man's unwavering hunger for meaning in the world. In 1990, 24-year-old Emory graduate Christopher McCandless leaves society to venture into the wilderness with a goal of reaching Alaska and living on only his surroundings and sparse material resources. Hitchhiking and wandering his way there, he encounters a plethora of unique characters, some fueling but others attempting to dissuade his radical intentions. Once he reaches Alaska, McCandless finds intense struggles and obstacles in the environment in which he yearned to prosper, and he eventually perishes from starvation, ending his lengthy, two-year journey. The author Jon Krakauer restates and emphasizes the words “hunger” and “hungry” as a central motif in his interpretation. Krakauer contrasts physical and emotional hunger to display actions fueled by a belief in Romanticism as a mentally misguided quest for self actualization.
Get original essayChristopher McCandless' hunger for meaning pushes him to reject all facets of modern society. Before his adventure, McCandless was simply a wealthy young man living in a world led by and concentrated with wealthy people. As his college friends began to get involved in stereotypical youth activities such as fraternities and parties, McCandless' interests were focused in the exploration of social truth and justice. “More and more of the classes he took addressed such pressing social issues as racism and world hunger and inequities in the distribution of wealth” (Krakauer 123). McCandless' eyes were opened to new ideas and principles, seemingly causing him to re-evaluate his direction in life. This awakening is seen as the earliest spark of the fire that was Christopher McCandless' great adventure. “'Chris didn't understand how people could possibly be allowed to go hungry, especially in this country,' says Billie. 'He would rave about that kind of thing for hours'” (113). In his classes, it is revealed to Christopher that the civilizations that surrounds him is corrupted. As his knowledge of the nature of society develops, Christopher responds negatively, angered by injustices of the world. In his mind, he no longer sees himself as a part of this society where so many people have to endure maltreatment and inequity.
After removing himself mentally from the society which he finds so corrupted, the conclusion McCandless arrives at is that he needs to also physically remove himself from civilization. “He was hungry to learn about things. Unlike most of us, he was the sort of person who insisted on living out his beliefs''(76). This quote can be very easily misinterpreted as a heroic, selfless belief system being utilized by the protagonist, but the his true belief system is one exemplifying self-involvement. Christopher chooses to abandon the civilization that he so strongly believes to be wrong instead of using his ideas and talents to make the world the kind of place he believes is morally justifiable. Krakauer includes a passage highlighted by McCandless in Walden, or Life in the Woods on page 117. “'Rather than love, than money, than fame, give me truth. I sat at a table where were rich food and wine were in abundance, an obsequious attendance, but sincerity and truth were not; and I went away hungry from in hospitable board.'” Readers can easily assume that the reason McCandless related to this quote is because it was his true environment before his adventure. While he was still part of society, he yearned for a deeper meaning to life, something or somewhere that showed him his role in the world past the son in a wealthy family, polite and upstanding. Christopher strives to find this role on his journey outside of society instead of making his role within society one of worldly improvement. More than all else, emotional hunger for self-definition and self-validation were strong forces in McCandless' life, encouraging his quest. His strong beliefs in the power of natural living as a healing process for those questioning their existence drove him to dedicate himself fully to his journey. “We [Jan Burres, Christopher McCandless] got to talking. He was a nice kid.... And he was big-time hungry. Hungry, hungry, hungry. But real happy.... Said he was tramping around the country, having a big old adventure” (Krakauer 30). Use and repetition of the keyword “hungry” draws the reader's attention to the metaphorical sense of the word in the text. McCandless' “big old adventure” made him happy; it fueled him. It fed his desire for a simple way of life, without distractions but also without motivation for communal compassion with no one around to help or interact with. In a way, the adventurer romanticized Romanticism, even though it was redundant to do so. When people he meets speak to him, McCandless constantly mentions his yearning for the wide open west in Alaska and how he will live off the land without being dependent on anything or anyone. Once this imagined scenario becomes a reality, he realizes that the problems he had with society were replaced with the very physical, harsh problems found in the wilderness including lack of shelter and lack of nutrition.
The struggles Christopher McCandless encounters in the wilderness can be explained by Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a highly believed system of ranking human necessities. The foundation of human needs is physical, including oxygen, food, and water. McCandless ventured into the wild without securing his access to these elements. “'I figured he'd be OK, […] I thought he'd probably get hungry pretty quick and just walk out to the highway. That's what any normal person would do” (Krakauer 7). Self-actualization is the very top of the hierarchy of needs, and it is believed that if a human must fill all basic needs from the foundation upwards. In each category under self-actualization, McCandless ignored large parts. Internally, every human knows the role of every need in relation to their actions and can choose how to pursue their most extreme wants. McCandless' venture towards this goal of solving his questions of morality caused him to overlook his real needs including not only bodily necessities but also the security of employment, love, and friendship, contributing to the fatal end to his journey.
As Krakauer begins his slow demise, his thoughts become unclouded by his judgement of society and instead mentally clear. “Some people who have been brought back from the far edge of starvation, though, report that near the end the hunger vanishes, the terrible pain dissolves, and the suffering is replaced by a sense of sublime euphoria, a sense of calm accompanied by transcendent mental clarity” (Krakauer 198). McCandless' death is a real-life example of literary irony. It isn't until he is literally, physically starving to death that his metaphorical hunger for worldly meaning subsides. Some readers can see his death as a disappointment or a failure, but the real notion it brings is that death is one form of success for a person with the ideas Christopher has. Although he doesn't die purposefully, his journey is concluded when it's clear that the journey was not just physical but also emotional, mental, and metaphorical. Through physical starvation Christopher McCandless' hunger for personal truth and discovery is fed.
Christopher McCandless' adventure is a display of the human idea of finding the meaning of life. His personal discovery of truth is found not in the environment he placed himself in but in his own mind, exhibiting the uselessness of a physical quest when a mental journey satisfies self-discovery. Krakauer's use of “hunger” as physical, emotional and metaphorical in a person's life highlights the contrast between human needs and wants.
In “The Man He Killed”, the speaker uses the third person pronoun, “he” in order to conceal the fact he is the one who killed “the man” mentioned in the title. This displacement suggests that the writer feels guilty as he cannot confidently admit that he has killed someone, so instead he tries to hide it. Subsequently, we can infer that the speaker was never prepared for the burden of guilt he was going to face as a soldier who killed his “foe” and therefore he didn't refer to himself in the title , veiling the crime he commited. On the other hand, some may argue that he didnt specify any names in the title in order for other soldiers reading the poem to relate, as every soldier who has to kill someone from the opposing side experiences the same feelings as the speaker does in this poem- which is guilt. From this we can infer that the speaker may want to help others in the same position as him; this may comfort him as he is doing a good thing as a result of having done something bad.
Get original essayThe first stanza has a systematic pattern of rhyme and the iambic rhythm in the stanza suggests that the speaker is being controlled by his emotions and feelings. It begins with an alliteration “had he” which instantly suggests that the speaker is feeling forms of guilt as he is giving a hypothetical scenario in order for the readers to understand that things would have played out differently if they werent fighting against eachother in war.This allows the reader to inferthat the speaker does have some sort of humanity, however due to the situation he was in (war) he had to put his humanity aside. By creating a hypothetical the speaker is diverting the blame of the death of his foe onto war itself. Some may say he did this in order to relieve himself of the overwhelming sense of guilt ,however others can argue that hardy created a hypothetical in order to show the readers and other soldiers how desensitized war makes you, and how it forces you to become an enemy of an unknown person who, in another place and time, you would be friends with. This could be a direct message to other soldiers who are in the same boat as the speaker, ensuring them that shooting at someone in this situation doesnt define who you are- as in this scenario you have to choose between killing someone you barely know or sacrificing yourself in the blink of an eye.
Hardy also presents his feelings about conflict by using the oxymoron of “quaint war.” This could be interpreted in many ways, one of them being that the speaker is glamorising war as the adjective “quaint” is usually used to describe something that is unusually attractive. This could suggest that the speaker has become satisfied with the thought of killing someone - even though he knows it is morally incorrect. This idea juxtaposes the previous stanzas which imply that war makes you inhumane. On the other hand, some may see this description of war as a sense of sarcasm as “quaint “ is how war is advertised to potential soldiers, as soldiers are told that they will be satisfied once the war is over as they have defeated and killed their enemies. Instead , hardy reveals the truth about the feelings war gives you - defeating your foes doesn't give you satisfaction, instead it leaves you with wishing things played out differently. The adjective, “quaint” is also used when showing you do not approve of something. This could imply that the speaker wishes he never signed up for the war as he never imagined he would have haunted thoughts as a result of killing a man at war. This further reinforces hardys negative feelings towards war as it creates permanent damage on how a soldier views their life.
The poem also explores the theme of the dehumanization of the enemy in war. The soldier describes the man he killed as 'a simple soldier of the Queen' and 'a fellow-creature.' This highlights the fact that the man he killed was not an enemy, but a human being, who was fighting for his country just like the soldier.
The poem also touches on the theme of the futility of war. The soldier describes the act of killing as 'a pitiful thing' and 'a waste of life.' This highlights the fact that war is not only devastating for the individuals involved, but also for society as a whole.
In conclusion, 'The Man He Killed' by Thomas Hardy is a powerful and thought-provoking poem that explores the human cost of war. The poem uses powerful imagery to convey the soldier's feelings of guilt and regret, and highlights the themes of the dehumanization of the enemy in war, the potential of friendship and the futility of war. The poem serves as a powerful reminder of the human cost of war and the importance of understanding and empathy.
As F. Scott Fitzgerald said in his lifetime, “‘Women are so weak, really – emotionally unstable – and their nerves, when strained, break . . . this is a man’s world. All wise women conform to the man’s lead’”(Kerr 406). He demonstrates this idea through the surface level weakness of his female characters in The Great Gatsby. For example, when Daisy describes the birth of her daughter, she expounds the female inferior position: “‘All right,’ I said, ‘I’m glad it’s a girl. And I hope she’ll be a fool – that’s the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool’”(Fitzgerald 17).
Get original essayAlthough the women reflect this surface-level “foolishness”, The Great Gatsby provides several examples in which women empower themselves despite their inferior status. Although Fitzgerald may have viewed women as a weaker sex, several females in the novel demonstrate an underlying power through their relationships. Though they are not able to achieve the same amounts of success as men in the society, by attaching themselves to a suitable mate, women are able to share in the success of the men.
In the patriarchal, greed-driven society of The Great Gatsby, the female characters are commodified by the men; yet, as illustrated through Daisy and Myrtle, by accepting this inferior position, the women are able to manipulate the emotions of men and use their sexuality in order to obtain financial security and social acceptance.
Although Daisy is disadvantaged due to her gender, she searches for a financially and socially stable relationship in order to be happy. Before entering into marriage with Tom, Daisy was in a relationship with Gatsby; yet, even at this stage of life, Fitzgerald demonstrates Daisy’s concern for stability. Gatsby deceives Daisy into believing that he is the financially stable man she is in need of: “He might have despised himself, for he had certainly taken her under false pretenses.
I don’t mean that he had traded on his phantom millions, but he had deliberately given Daisy a sense of security; he let her believe that he was a person from much the same stratum as herself – that he was fully able to take care of her” (Fitzgerald 149). Daisy understands she is limited in society due to her gender, so she seeks out relationships in which the man is providing stability: “Jay Gatsby pursues Daisy knowing that her sense of happiness and the good life depends on money and property” (Callahan 380-381).
Daisy’s sentimentality is unimportant compared to the financial security she is able to obtain through a relationship, so Gatsby realizes he must obtain the money and social standing Daisy desires. Although Daisy is at a disadvantage, she uses her sexuality in order to find security for the future. She makes love to Gatsby because she believes he can provide her with a secure future, yet, as she learns, he is not as established as he portrays himself to be, so when Gatsby leaves for war, Daisy continues her search for stability.
Daisy finds the security she desires with Tom Buchanan. Since Daisy feels vulnerable as a single woman with an unsure future, she pursues a different relationship with a man who has social and financial stability: “Daisy’s pursuit of happiness in the form of her dangerous, defiant love for Gatsby surrenders to the palpability of a safe, material, unequal propertied union with Tom Buchanan” (Callahan 382).
As discussed in the previous paragraph, Daisy understands that love is not the most important aspect of a relationship; instead, as illustrated through her marriage with Tom, Daisy is willing to accept her inferior position in order to obtain financial security: “[Tom’s] family were enormously wealthy – even in college his freedom with money was a matter of reproach – but now he’d left Chicago and come East in a fashion that rather took your breath away . . . It was hard to realize that a man in my own generation was wealthy enough to do that” (Fitzgerald 6).
Unlike Gatsby, who deceived Daisy into believing he could provide security, Tom is able to provide Daisy with the luxuries she desires, and, most importantly, with a superior social and financial standing she could not obtain alone. By allowing herself to be commodified, Daisy is able to succeed through her husband.
Although Daisy is objectified within her relationships, when Gatsby returns to her life, she is given the power to choose her fate. Since Gatsby has obtained money and an upstanding social status, Daisy is overwhelmed by the decision she is presented with. In fact, when she visits Gatsby’s house, she becomes superficially emotional due to the wealth and security she sees: “Suddenly, with a strained sound, Daisy bent her head into the shirts and began to cry stormily. ‘They’re such beautiful shirts,’ she sobbed, her voice muffled in the thick folds. ‘It makes me sad because I’ve never seen such – such beautiful shirts before’” (Fitzgerald 92); yet, on a deeper level, Daisy perceives the stability she may have with a different man.
Although she has had security in her marriage to Tom, Daisy realizes she has the power to choose between two established men. She still has an inferior social position, but she is able to exploit the insecurities of the “secure” men through their emotions. For example, after she visits Gatsby’s house, Gatsby believes, “‘She didn’t like it’” (Fitzgerald 109). Although Gatsby exudes confidence and suaveness at his earlier parties, Daisy causes him to question his abilities as a host. Both Tom and Gatsby experience emotional insecurities due to Daisy. Even though the men compete over her as if she is a prize, Daisy takes advantage of her powerful position and sees an opportunity to be involved in an emotionally connected relationship with Gatsby; yet, she understands she must have proof of his financial stability before making a decision.
Although Fitzgerald believed women were “emotionally unstable,” he portrays Daisy as a woman who considers her options before making a decision. Daisy’s choice is decided for her when Tom reveals the truth behind Gatsby’s riches. Again, Daisy understands that her inferior position makes her vulnerable, and, in order to obtain security, she remains with Tom: “she once again chooses the conventional, worldly protection of Tom Buchanan” (Callahan 382). Although Tom does not provide an emotional connection, he is the reason for Daisy’s social and financial stability, so Daisy accepts her commodified position in order to have a secure future.
Similarly, Myrtle uses her sexuality as a tool to help her find social and financial success through men, yet, she does not receive the same amount leverage against the men since her husband is poor. Instead, Myrtle allows herself to be objectified by Tom in order to receive luxurious items and live a “rich” life. For example, Nick describes Tom and Myrtle’s apartment in New York, and the reader is able to compare the extravagance of the apartment to the bleakness of Wilson’s garage. Unlike Daisy, who accepts her inferior position in order to empower herself, Myrtle attempts to antagonize Tom by using Daisy’s name at the party.
In response, Tom breaks Myrtle’s nose. This can be perceived as an emotionally unstable outburst by Myrtle because she fails to accept her inferior position. On the other hand, the argument can also be interpreted as a manipulation by Myrtle in order to test the amount of power she is capable of obtaining. Like Daisy, Myrtle is able to attack the emotional instabilities of men, which is apparent from Tom’s sudden lack of self-control. Even though Myrtle is left with a broken nose, she illustrates her ability to manipulate Tom and use him for his financial security from her commodified position.
Myrtle also has a strong influence over her husband, similar to the influence Daisy has over Gatsby. When Tom pulls into Wilson’s garage to get gasoline, he learns that Wilson intends to make money in order to take his wife away and make her happy. Like Gatsby, Wilson realizes he needs money in order to create stability and security for his wife. By providing her with the provisions she desires, he believes he can stop her infidelities. Myrtle does not trust the abilities of her husband, though; instead, she wishes to escape with Tom because he has financial stability and can provide her with a successful future. She understands her inferior position, and in order to achieve her goals, she makes threats and uses her sexuality to manipulate the emotions of both men.
After discovering that Wilson intends on leaving with Myrtle to the West, Nick comments on Tom’s emotional state: “There is no confusion like the confusion of a simple mind, and as we drove away Tom was feeling the hot whips of panic. His wife and his mistress, until an hour ago secure and inviolate, were slipping precipitately from his control” (Fitzgerald 125). Although Myrtle is treated as property, she is successful in manipulating and disrupting the emotional stability of her husband and Tom. By doing this, she has motivated her husband to become financially stable in order to make her happy and demonstrated to Tom that she is not just a convenient object for his use.
Although they share inferior roles in the society, Daisy and Myrtle both empower themselves by manipulating the emotional instability of men. Furthermore, by accepting their commodified roles, they are able to use their sexuality in order to obtain financial and social stability. Fitzgerald may have believed that women were “emotionally unstable” and that they must conform to the patriarchal society, but through The Great Gatsby, he demonstrates the underlying power of women over men.
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Get custom essayJames M. Mellard describes these women as the “focal points” in each love triangle (854). This is an important statement because the women – although treated as commodities by the men – demand the most attention due to their sexuality and ability to manipulate the emotions of the male characters. By accepting their inferior positions, Daisy and Myrtle (although she dies in the end) are able to gain financial and social stability throughout the novel, illustrating that women can be successful in a patriarchal society.
Aphra Behn, as the first woman to earn her living by being a writer in English, known for her daring and controversial treatment of the subjects of sexuality and desire in her works, plays an important female narrative voice in the literary history. In The Fair Jilt, Behn creates a feminine imagery contrary to that of the society she is familiar with. In Behn’s imaginative world, femininity takes over the role of masculinity, shifting from being the object of male desire to becoming the subject that desires; femininity also becomes ambitious and triumphant, wielding power through its sexuality.
Get original essayIn The Fair Jilt, the gender roles between femininity and masculinity are presented as often reversed. This novella tells the story of Miranda - a conniving and ruthless woman born with fatal beauty who takes pleasure in conquering men. Unlike the usual case in which women are deemed as objects to male sexual desire, Miranda instead adopts the role of a desiring subject: she becomes the one who is sexually aggressive, seducing men into falling in love with her and taking the initiative in courtships. Her adoption of the male role as a sexual aggressor is the most pronounced in her obsessive love for Father Francisco.
“... he appear’d all that is adorable to the fair sex, nor that cou’d the mis-shapen Habit hide from her the lovely Shape it endeavour’d to cover. She gaz’d upon him, while he bow’d before her, and waited for her Charity, till she perceiv’d the lovely Friar to blush, and cast his Eyes to the Ground.”
Through the reversal of the male gaze, here Miranda lusts over Father Francisco with her female gaze, shrinking him into a sexually desirable object in her eyes, until he blushes and looks down on the ground. It thus becomes the male, instead of the female, who displays signs of shyness and passivity.
Miranda goes on trying to seduce Father Francisco to succumb to her beauty and to break his vow of chastity using every mean possible, but all of them fail. Out of anger and desperation, she threatens to “ruin” and attempts to rape him. As Toni Bowers suggests, “in Miranda’s upside-down rape of the priest, Behn is laughing at the expense of the patriarchal love-as-rape scenarios… that invariably represented men as lustful brutes and women as sexual prey”. Here nevertheless Miranda adopts the male role as the “lustful brute” and applies the verb “ruin”, a word that is normally used upon women referring to their loss of virginity or purity, onto Father Francisco, rendering him her “sexual prey”. As Jorge Figueroa Dorrego interprets that Miranda has “an unconventional approach to sexuality challenging established notions of feminine passivity and chastity”, through the characters of Miranda and the men that she seduces, by exchanging the gender roles between femininity and masculinity, Behn challenges and mocks the established gender roles in her society.
Femininity is also presented as ambitious and powerful. As opposed to how women’s desires are “unspeakable” in Behn’s world, according to Ruth Salvaggio, Behn’s creative world is a fantasy of female power and triumphant desires. Miranda is well aware of the power of her sexuality and gender role, therefore she knows how to exploit her charms and beauty, in order to manipulate men and to get what she wants. Her attempts to seduce Father Francisco are futile, but she succeeds in taking revenge by leading the authorities to believe that she is the victim, taking advantage of not only her beauty, but also the general belief of women tending to be sexually passive and innocent. She then moves on to her second amour, Prince Tarquin, whom she succeeds in bewitching, with her calculated blushes and glances, her feigned shyness. Afterwards, she manipulates both her devoted admirer and Prince Tarquin into trying to murder her younger sister. Throughout the whole story, Miranda’s desires are triumphant. Even when her immoral deeds are exposed, she goes unpunished, only shamed. It is always the males who seem to suffer for the consequence. Miranda is even rewarded a peaceful and prosperous life at the end.
Ruth Salvaggio suggests that the way femininity is powerful in the novella is influenced by Behn’s personal relationship with her lover John Hoyle. She points out that such a powerful female character like Miranda is inspired by Hoyle’s dominating role in the relationship, therefore she becomes “a desiring subject by adopting positions of coldness, distance, and power”. It is also noted that Miranda’s relationship with Father Francisco is related to Behn’s relationship with Hoyle, as the way Hoyle’s homosexual preferences render him unreachable for Behn is similar to how the father’s vow of chastity render him unreachable for Miranda. Salvaggio thus concludes that through giving femininity power and victory, and through casting only the men as victims in The Fair Jilt, Behn is able to transfer her angst and frustration for her inability to direct her own desires, as well as to seek revenge.
In The Fair Jilt, femininity is given a new rendition, one that differs from the reality of Behn’s world. It exchanges roles with masculinity, rising from being sexually objectified to becoming the desiring subject, the sexual aggressor, as Behn tries to destabilise the social gender roles. It also has a taste of power and victory, in the way that reflects Behn’s fantasy of how she could act like in her personal life.