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The current study addresses to develop EFL students’ writing skills awareness in the field of academic curriculum. It is well known that amongst four aspects, writing is one of the most challenging aspects yet it plays crucial role in acquiring language. Researchers showed that all level of EFL students have lower score of writing than any other aspects. As Shokrpour & Fallahzadeh described that writing was not only about cognitively but also a complex social action. Therefore it becomes a considerable problem for a lot of EFL students to become a proficient writer. According to Nunan, indicated that writing is the most complex and difficult-to-learn process for those who learn English as a target language”.

According to Hedge, a writing activity often requires many factors such as a good ability to develop ideas and information, high level of accuracy to help readers avoid misunderstandings, the use of diversified structures of grammar, syntax with vocabulary”. However, in order to obtain some strategies, there is much work to be done an be aware of using proper methods by overcoming writing challenges. Learning to use writing strategies effectively is essential in this research for constructing meaning of learners' writing and as a trial to shift students' passive posture towards writing into a positive one. Therefore, the research was directed to survey EFL students’ obstacles in the writing side, determine the source of motives and offer solutions to aid them overcome barriers and enhance writing skills.

The L2 writing process is strategically, rhetorically and linguistically different from the L1 writing procedures and novice L2 writers must be taught L2 writing strategies explicitly. Nevertheless, there is rare guidance on the utilizing strategies in the process of writing. The reason is that writing in target language is difficult procedure of creating logically connected ideas, coherently and accurately organized text and brainstorming. It requires using variety of strategies and becoming more skilled in writing. As Zamel set up that the proficient ESL writers in the study practiced more and spent more time on essays than the unskilled ESL writers. For instance, planning before writing, brainstorming, revising, editing, drafting, developing ideas and connect them logically in target language.

According to Siti Hamin and Abdul Hameed’s survey on Malaysian Malay ESL students discovered that generating ideas utilizing native language among learners with low L2 proficiency assisted them to produce higher quantity of ideas and better quality essays in terms of total score, subject, language, organization, vocabulary and mechanics.

Therefore the function of strategy writing has become considerable vital between more and less skilled learners in the range of strategy use and how it is applied during the task. One of the important writing skill is planning. As Hu and Chen found that better L2 writers think deeply on decisions on what to write and on how to proceed; identifying the necessity of quality of planning over time spent planning. So it increases effectiveness of writing and facilitates the process.

Another strategy was given by Ridhuan & Abdullah reported that the between strong and weak learners in writing are basically cognitive techniques and gathering ideas for the essays. More specifically, it includes rewriting, rehearsing opinions and construction, rereading, translation and revision. On the other hand, Chien demands on his study that learners who focused on generating text have higher results whereas those who focused on generating ideas get lower incomes. Promoting such techniques assist to enhance writing performance among EFL students effectively.

Writing is one of the essential skills during the process of acquiring second language which is regarded the most challenging and tedious process, however it is crucial skill learners should grasp. Because being completely proficient in writing skills will aid learners enhance their ability to utilize vocabulary and grammar, thereby evolving their own language skills. Majority of EFL learners have no conscious of self-awareness and connection with the content. During the writing process they may have challenges in some areas and applying ineffective writing strategies. Such obstacles appear from the subjective side of learners and objectivity of some factors such as content, teaching approaches, instructors’ demands and the impact of L1.

Factors Influencing EFL Student’s Writing Dkills

Being able to write does not come naturally yet it demands much practice together with regular exercise. More specifically in order to develop writing skills, students have to perform writing regularly and to read plenty of documents. As Nunan argues that as the writing is considered highly complex cognitive procedure in which demands the learner to take control over various factors’. It means that a number of factors are affected on improvement of writing skills such as unmotivated learners, deficiency of literacy tasks and the impact of L1.

One of the crucial key elements in enhancing writing skills is motivation. Harmer stated that a number of elements are caused to bring down learners’ motivation. For instance, the state of being rejected or fear of failure, lack of confidence and being afraid of making mistakes. Lo and Hyland emphasized that the condition of being motivated is impacted by learners’ consciousness and emotional of mastery and under control of the learning procedure and their curiosity about it. Furthermore learners who are with high levels of motivation participate in a more active role in their learning, whereas those who are less motivated may have difficulty performing to expectation in the classroom.

Another element of developing writing skill in EFL students is literacy which helps to obtain subject matter written by others. According to Harmer when applying reading focus class with writing showed quicker progression through written tests. Similarly, Eisterhold stated ‘better writers tend to be better readers, better writers read more than poorer writers, and finally better readers tend to produce more syntactically nature writing than poorer reader’.

So it was confirmed that lack of reading practice or do not engage on the habit of extensive reading lead to have difficulty writing process in L2. Importantly, a number of obstacles in writing process has been affected by native language in which students tend to think in L1 and translate word by word in English in result it makes the article long and unclear. Friedlander pointed that writers frequent utilize both good and bad writing skills from their mother tongue to the foreign languages.

Table of contents

1. Introducition
2. Factors for selecting insourcing and outsourcing
3. Conclusion

Introducition

Insourcing is that the gift image regarding outsourcing's substitution. Moreover, utilization of obtaining the effort at this terribly moment recolouring in organization is termed as insourcing. The quality inspiration driving insourcing is to rot the price of analysis, value of labour and bill of delivery.

Outsourcing is that the business observes of hiring a party outside an organization to perform services and build products that historically were performed in-house by the company's own workers and workers.

Factors for selecting insourcing and outsourcing

Cost Factor

Remembering the esteem element two or three portions of outsourcing are common as occasionally associations are open at greater moderate energy from some outer aid if you'll slant in the direction of now not to reveal affiliations records with some outdoor firm or want to preserve us protection through then insourcing is all matters taken into consideration unequalled.

Security

Security is one of the maximum extensive standards for selecting whether to insource of outsource an organization. Any corporation can’t take risk of leaking the personal statistics in their clients. Insourcing declines the hazard up to a chief extent. Outsourcing the offerings of name center do not make certain complete protection because the facts will be shared inside the again of manager of owner.

Productivity

RCS is an internet service provider. It must do plenty of works like planning, enterprise and coordinating all the jobs for giving the satisfactory offerings to their clients. So, control can’t pay enough interest to systematic the feel of call middle. Consequently, outsourcing is higher than insourcing in the term of productiveness.

Initial investment

This aspect is one of the important issue in making plans of insourcing or outsourcing of a service. Starting investment of call center insourcing is high. It's far costly to setup the infrastructure and recruitments. At the opposite, outsourcing is favourable to economic making plans and price range.

Control

Manage over commercial enterprise in an important element for thinking about the insourcing or outsourcing. Even as insourcing management has major control over all the elements of business’s seeing with the clients. Outsourcing lacks the sizeable gain of work over an enterprise.

Conclusion

To summarize, multifactor factors are considered even as making the sourcing selections. It's miles crucial to keep some of these elements in mind when determining approximately the insourcing or outsourcing of any provider of organisation. There are numbers different price, educated workforce, reliable resourcing and geographical constraints and so on. Although all the given elements are a whole lot sizable those have slightly special weightage in taking the selections.

First and fundamental, the value factors have medium relative weightage, that's idea to be nearly 30% of the total price is the essential me of any sort of enterprise. So, this component has the maximum reactive weightage, that is thought to be almost 30% of the full. Cost is the essential use of any type of enterprise. So, this component has the maximum relative weightage.

Moreover, safety motives assist for almost 20% for taking these sourcing decisions. We select this percentage as the facts of clients of any net provider ought to be statistics is not shared with anyone.

Productivity also contributes about 25% in choice making. Productivity is the factor for which a commercial enterprise is commenced. Subsequently, its absolute productivity deserves this relative weightage.

Table of contents

1. Introduction
ObjectivesThe problem of the study
2. Literature review
3. Limitations and recommendations for future research
4. Theoretical background
5. Sample and procedure
Results
6. Conclusion and Recommendations

This case study is about analyzing the factors that influence the decision making of local residents to domestic tourism in Jordan. The main push and pull factors influencing tourists decisions are summarized as the analysis of social, personal, psyological factors influencing the decision making of local Jordanian tourists to travel to different types of tourism destinations with different attributes like willingness, income, age, gender, seeking relaxation, easy access, gaining knowledge, time, religious and visiting relatives and friends. An electronic questionnaire was developed in all the Jordanian cities in June 2018 we took a sample of 10 persons from each city, and we found that the pull factors has more effects on local residents than the push factors, also the approximate income of the locals and their leisure time has more effect on domestic tourism and it prevent them from visiting tourism attractions and to learn more about it, also relaxation, recreation, entertainment, other activities and events are the most influencing on domestic tourism, moreover we found that local community in Jordan do not have a general background and knowledge about tourism attractions in Jordan and the importance of tourism in improving the economic situation and the elimination of unemployment.

Keywords:

Jordanian residents, decision making, tourism in Jordan, pull and push factors.

Introduction

United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) defines tourism as follows:

Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business/professional purposes. These people are called visitors (which may be either tourists or excursionists; residents or non-residents) and tourism has to do with their activities, some of which imply tourism expenditure (united nations world tourism organization, 2008).

I define the domestic tourism as, the movement of the all local residents regardless to their nationality for any tourism purposes such as recreation, accommodation, entertainment and any other personnel objectives and spending money within the limits of ethics and preservation of the environment. Tourism is one of the most important industries that affect the force of the economics of services in the twentieth century. These three industries are: the telecommunications industry, the information technology industry, and the tourism industry. Tourism industry is important because it is the fastest and the biggest regarding its growth process. These facts bring to Jordan many challenges in order to respond to the Tourism market. As a result, it requires more effort to achieve a real touristic improvement that is equal to tourism attraction in Jordan. The tourism industry is considered as one of the fastest growing and development sectors at an international level. This is as a result of its ability to generate employment opportunities, contribute to the gross domestic product, and provide hard currency. Many international reports issued by the World Tourism Organization (WTO) by the United Nations, indicate the increase of the international tourism growth. However, this was despite the exposure of the world to various economic crises. The number of tourists reached 25 million in 1950, 527 million tourists in 1995, and 1138 million tourists in 2014. Also, the income also increased dramatically as a result of the international tourism expenditure, and it reached 1245 billion US dollars in 2014. The World Tourism Organization predicts that the number of international tourist arrivals will reach about 1.6 billion tourists by 2020 (annual report, 2014).Tourism is a complex set of industries including recreation, accommodation, entertainment, food and beverage services, transportation, and travel services. It include domestic, inbound, and outbound travel. And in this research I will focus on domestic tourism and local residents motivations to visit attractions in their own country and what prevent locals from visiting tourism attractions.

This study shows the importance of the tourism sector in Jordan, which forms the backbone of the national economy by 14.7% of the income of Jordan (the central bank, 2013).

Domestic tourism provides support to tourism operators in several sectors of industry performance:

Seasonality: An effective domestic tourism industry can generate visitors spending in slower shoulder and off season months.

Regional spread: Domestic visitors can provide a greater level of spending in rising regions, i.e. smaller or less developed areas of tourism.

Increase spending domestically: The domestic tourism offering can motivate Jordanian residents to holiday in Jordan rather than traveling to other countries.

Objectives

• The authorities responsibility of introducing tourism attractions to the local community, preserving them and developing them.
• Providing tourism infrastructure by identifying the concerns of the local community.
• Improving economic situation by developing domestic tourism.
• Reducing unemployment and seasonality.
• Raising local communities’ awareness of tourism importance.

The problem of the study

The problem of this study that is the role played by authorities of domestic tourism is still limited in Jordan, and this means that domestic tourism contribution in Jordan tourism is also still limited. In the past decade, the domestic tourism contribution in the Kingdom was almost 7% out of the total tourist activities. Therefore, this requires the need to double the public and private sectors efforts to expand the contribution of tourism media in stimulating and refreshing domestic tourism to support the tourism activity in Jordan. In addition to this, we can add the weakness of the motivations and benefits needed to enhance domestic tourism. From analyzing the national strategy which was set for the development of Jordan's tourism sector for the years 2011-2015, it has been concluded that this strategy is empty of any kind of the development of the Tourism media that deals with the domestic tourism. Furthermore, this indicates the importance of reviewing this strategy to develop and support the concept of appropriate tourism media. This is done through the distinctive tourism media and developing educational levels about tourism by teaching them in schools and universities. Moreover, these difficulties are linked to these constraints weakness of cultural awareness toward the value of these sites and tourist attractions.

Literature review

Previous studies shows that ‘Tourism’ has not been confined to general definition because different aspects of tourism generate various standpoints. It is widely accepted practice to put tourism in international or domestic contexts the major findings of this case study in Saudi Arabia were push factors positively and strongly related to pull factors and the only significant correlation existed between pull motivations and gender (bogari & bakor, university of hudderfieled, 2002). Domestic tourism involves travel of people within their own borders for the purpose of pleasure or leisure. And in other study for Sue Yuan and Cary McDonald the results indicates that local residents these four countries (France, Japan, United kingdom and West Germany) travel to satisfy ( push factors) such as novelty and prestige and pulled by the factors of cost, culture, willingness and history (Yuan & mcdonald, 1990), In our context, remaining consistent with established understanding, ‘domestic tourism’ is travel within Jordan, in my case study I found that every country differs from others and the factors influencing tourists decisions depends on the local residents.

Limitations and recommendations for future research

• This study has several limitations that need to be addressed in future research. First of all, the study variables were captured from self-reported measures and therefore self-report bias cannot be ruled out.
• Second, the sample drawn for this study is small. Small sample size can limit the sample representing.
• Future studies can also study the moderate effect of other variables like people’s personality and attitude , acquired level of information, health benefits awareness etc
• This study may be replicated with bigger representative samples to the population of country to further validate and accurate findings of present study.
• There are hundreds of factors that influencing locals for domestic tourism so we cannot cover them all in one research.
• The economic limitations, and lack of equipments of this study.

Theoretical background

This study identifies the importance of push and pulls factors in influencing travel motivations and decision it also seeks to establish whether one of them is more important than the others. Also within the push and pull factors, the study tries to find the elements that are more important for travel motivation. The research model showing proposed mutual relations among different variables is shown in this figure (baniya, 2016).

Figure 1: the research model

Therefore, the study has proposed:

Hypothesis 1: All the factors of pull motives are important to domestic travellers.

Hypothesis 2: All the factors of push motives are important to domestic travellers.

Hypothesis 3: there is a significant relationship between income and ability to visit tourism attractions.

Hypothesis 4: Pull motives are significantly more important than push motives for domestic travel motivation.

Sample and procedure

One hundred and twenty questionnaires were distributed to the people who were involved in domestic travel activities within past two months. The domestic travel activity was defined as traveling to various places within the country to stay away at least for a night. Altogether, 120 questionnaires were returned. 43 percent of the Respondents earn above 600 JOD in monthly basis and remaining below 600 JOD. 55 percent respondents of the study were female. Approximately 59 percent respondents were of age 21 to 30 years, 35 percent were in the age group of below 21 and the remaining respondents were above 30 years old. This may be indicative that younger generation, who are more informed, connected and technology savvy are more involved in domestic tourism. Age factor was not used as control variable in this study, the respondents were chosen as per their engagement in domestic travel activities within past two months (baniya, 2016).

Results

First of all, we found that money and time had the most effects on peoples decision weather not to visit tourism attractions in Jordan, we can also say It is because of the economic situation in the area, so people work hard to collect money and secure their basic needs and they do not think about visiting places outside their usual environment. Also they do not have enough knowledge about tourism attractions this is because individuals have not been educated about this since childhood and our weak educational system in tourism. Moreover, in Jordan we do not have enough infrastructures to provide easy access to the residents.

In our questionnaire we also asked people about the factors that led to the lack of knowledge about tourism attractions, and the results was close about the different factors which means that all of them impacts the knowledge and these factors respectively are marketing efforts, weakness of tourism ministry and the Jordanian tourism board these reasons can be attributed to the weak tourism planning by competent authorities.

According to the results we found that the Jordanian residents main motive is seeking relaxation and recreation entertainment and the events in a destination is also an important factor, in addition to this we found that local residents in Jordan do not give attention for gaining knowledge and enhancing relations and religious purposes, maybe because their educational level, cultural background and community upbringings.

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Conclusion and Recommendations

A tourist’s decision-making process is a complex, multi-faceted course influenced by different internal and external factors, individuals attitudes can change over time and vary between different communities and countries, also there are a number of factors that cannot be manipulated or controlled. (snyman, 2014)

• Authorities, government, NGOs and private sectors need to raise awareness relating to domestic tourism, they can play an important role through tourism awareness in communities.
• There must be a clear, structured process of setting and managing expectations prior to domestic tourism starting in this area, as well as through the operational phases.
• It is not only important to maximize benefits to communities; there is a need to minimize costs.
• Education is important and has been shown in influence attitudes, improved educational infrastructure (e.g. Scholarship programs) in rural areas.
• Managing residents expectations, through understanding members attitudes.
• Future studies must focus on building tourism infrastructure specially in transportation sector so locals can join tourism activities easily, so transporation sector plays a major role in access to tourism attractions and domestic tourism as a whole.

In the following paragraphs I am going to be reviewing how motivation can impact sports performance and how different factors increase or decrease motivation.

There are two types of motivational factors; intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. One type of motivational factor is intrinsic motivation this is when someone performs in an activity without receiving an external reward. Athletes wish to increase the level of skill to get a sense of reward and accomplishment when a performer such as a 100metre sprinter will get the sense of accomplishment as they start to improve and their times will get faster. Accomplishment is when a performer successfully achieves a goal. This will boost their confidence to improve more. As a coach I would encourage the 100metre sprinter to go home and watch future competitor’s technique and how he can improve such as when they start, focusing on the technique they use. Intrinsic factors impact sporting performances as it has no external rewards such as in football when the athlete wants to improve on the skill you can verbally tell them how to improve their skills. This intrinsic way will better there knowledge in football therefore achieving their goal.

During sporting participation there are many factors that can impact motivation, the more negative factors is receiving too much extrinsic motivation this is if it is given too frequent and the participant will begin not to try anymore and lose interest in the sport as they may feel as they are not improving as no feedback is given. As a coach more feedback should be given and less praise, this will help the performer improve further. For example, if a gymnast has done a good skill, the coach will say it was done correctly but needs to have further improvement. For example, when the coach explains they need to straighten their knees. This would be critical against the gymnast which would lead them to achieve their target goal.

If a coach puts in 100% of their effort into coaching the golf performer they will get to their best potential and make the coach, feel proud. To feel more motivated for your coach as the relationship from the coach and the athlete is important, such as in Golf if you have respect for your coach and they respect you, the performer is more likely wanting to improve and achieve the best they can do. If the coach helps the athlete improve the performer will feel motivated to make them proud, in gymnastics if the gymnast comes first they will feel proud and feel that they have achieved something.

The environment impacts a person’s motivation. If it is raining then the athlete might feel down and not want to train. If it is too hot then it can become dangerous. For example when a gymnast is training in a gym that is of high level and then when they go to compete the environment is different and is not as good as their training environment, and the equipment is not as good as the training equipment. If the environment is good the gymnast’s motivation will improve and they will train/compete well with more confidence. This impacts motivation as the sporting performer will be determined to do well. So in conclusion depending on the weather and how good the training ground is will determine how well they train.

Achievement motivation is split into two sections one section is someone who likes a challenge and seeks risk (NACH) the other part is someone who avoids risk and avoids challenge (NAF) a boxer should have the motivation to do well and challenge themselves this will lead to them winning boxing matches. If a boxer has a NAF personality they are more likely to come out of boxing matches with an excuse to why they can’t compete in the boxing, this will show they are avoiding the challenge and not working to be the best and fight the best.

Coaches, teachers and instructors impact motivation. The two motivational factors are mastery climate and competitive climate; mastery climate is concentrated. Mastery climate concentrates on positive reinforcement, the coach or teacher focuses on creating a positive atmosphere for motivation. This will lead to the participants enjoying the sport at a low level, and will encourage motivation. Competitive climate is when the coach is strongly encouraging hard work and the ability to improve. In a sporting example when a gymnast is a beginner they will have the motivational factor of mastery climate, this means they will not be pushed as much as the competitive gymnasts as they have just started, and given a lot of praise this means they will feel motivated to do well. A gymnast at a high level will have the competitive motivation, this means they will be expected to do the skills well and be pushed to reach their goals. This means they will get less praise and more feedback on how to improve. This will lead to the gymnast feeling motivated and wanting to do well for the coach and to reach their goal.

Attribution theory is how sporting performers explain success or failure, this relates to motivation as attribution directly links to the type of motivation the athlete should receive. Depending on how the athlete thinks, when they do a competition they can either take self-blame for their failure or success or blame it on someone else. There are three different types of attribution is stability this is how the sporting performer explain the success or failure, for example when a performer is successful they explain how they trained hard to win and was better than the other participants. When the performer fails they blame it on them not having luck or they were not able to win against the other competitor. When a competitor wins they say “I had a better technique than my competitor” this example of this is a stable reason for success. An unstable example is “it was luck” this shows this shows how the athlete did not expect to win or do as well as they did, such as in tennis when the tennis player wins and does well, they say it was luck.

Overall, motivation in sport depends on the athlete’s personality type and what their goals are. The theories around sporting performers and how they are motivated come under the theories of being intrinsic and extrinsic.

War represents an arranged disagreement generally incorporating of severe violence and extreme aggression executed by states, governments, societies, or paramilitary groups against another. War is generally caused by politics. This directs to countries trying to take control of another country’s land or wealth. War can also be fought for fundamental essentials, like food and water. In contrast, peace is the definition of lack of conflict or destruction, but instead, everyone possesses freedom from fear of violence between groups or individuals. By having peace, everyone is consciously permitted with tranquility and harmony. The intended purpose of the report is to intentionally allow us to recognize the essential factors, perspectives and differences between Islam and Christianity.

The two aspects comprise of Pacifism and Jihad. Both of them contain relatable implications but also are utterly different. Pacifism derives from Christianity, as it aspires Christians to reduce or potentially never interact with conflicts. Even so, if they ever experience disagreement, they are inevitably obliged to resolve it by utilizing non-violent approaches. For Muslims, the way Islam’s Jihad engages with conflicts is discrete. They authentically believe that violence is an option to resolve problems and can grant justice too.

In this report, the critical sources that were used to gain a better understanding of the two aspects of peace encompass tasks set by the teacher, websites, and videos online. The tasks are given by the teacher broadly focused on peace and war, where students were offered the opportunity to proceed further in-depth on the comparison and varied of how Islam perceives peace compare to Christianity. Throughout those tasks, students had to define quotes and words from a variety of characteristics of Christianity and Islam. For this reason, websites were a requirement to answer questions. BBC is specifically employed, as it greatly tackles the two aspects by incorporating countless useful information and statistics. Moreover, videos online assist by creating a visual interpretation that intentionally provides more thorough data of the two aspects.

The meaning of Jihad is the struggle and effort in which the Muslim experiences when trying to follow the paths of Allah. There are three different types of struggles that include: internal struggle (to carry out the Muslim faith), the hardship to develop a wonderful Muslim society, and the Holy war (to defend Islam). Qur’an provides similar contexts; however, they will not have to perform struggles involving violence. (BBC, 2009)

Jihad links to the Qur’an. The Qur’an recognizes as the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation from God. Even though peace concedes as a concept that is crucial for the Muslims, they do not deem themselves as Pacifists. They genuinely believe that if war is a solution for creating justice, they will fight back. However, this is only a last resort to protect the creation of Allah. In the Qur’an in 22:39, it suggested that Allah agrees with the war against people who have created injustice. ‘To those against whom war is made, permission is given (to fight), because they are wronged: - and verily, Allah is most powerful for their aid.’ (BBC, 2009)

Another link is the teachings of Allah. Throughout their entire daily lives, Muslims requires to follow Allah’s teachings'. This undoubtedly permits an individual to immediately strive for self-discipline, which for every Muslim is a personal spiritual struggle. Generally speaking, by conquering immorality like selfishness and hatred, it allows them to become a better individual and grants them purification in their heart. (PBS, 2001)

The meaning of Pacifism is to refuse violence and war at all costs. Pacifists truly believe that all conflicts should invariably be deal with peaceful approaches, instead of going into war. Violence should never exploit to conquer conflicts, or Christians are considered as a failure to live up to God’s expectations and standards. Through Jesus’ commandments, it implies that Christians are prohibited from overcoming disagreements or controversies with violence. This is told within the Gospel of Matte in which Jesus speaks of, “Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall be called the children of God.” In order to become pacifism, Christians are significantly responsible for their role in the war. This is also indicated from the ten commandments in Exodus 20:13 – “Do not murder”. (BBC, 2014)

Pacifism links to ‘The Sanctity of Life’. The Sanctity of Life is the teaching for Christians, that human life is sacred and is a gift from God and should always be cherished with respect and protection. The Bible teaches that human beings are created in the image of God, and that murder is forbidden. Through moments where justice ceases to exist, the suggested resolution by Jesus is to approach back to injustices by utilizing non-violent methods. Jesus admits to his disciples “If anyone strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also” Matthew 5:39. (BBC, 2013)

Another link is the “Just War Theory”. The Just War Theory represents Christian philosophy with the intended purpose to reconcile three ideas including taking another human life is wrong, every individual possesses the duty to defend justice and important moral values and protecting everyone’s life. Hence, Christians believe that sometimes if your love is hurt, it is rational to oppose violence to protect them. In the Bible in Matthew 22:39, it reveals, “Love your neighbor as you love yourself”. (BBC, 2014)

In conclusion, the report discusses the recognition of the vital factors and perspectives of war between the two religions: Islam and Christianity. It shows that Islam’s Jihad broadly focuses on attempting to bypass violence if possible, for conflicts. Whereas Christian’s Pacifism is prohibited at all to employ violence for any disagreement or dispute. Overall, both religions genuinely believe that peace represents nonviolence, but instead God’s true purpose of human life. 

Table of contents

1. Relationship between Variances
2. Interpreting Variances report
3. Actual Result of Performance

Since the monthly budget results of my variable hospital epartment gave a higher salaries and lower supplies than the initial budget, the following factors will be considered to decide which variances to investigate:

First to consider is the reliability and accuracy of the figures provided. It is strongly believed that errors in accounting for budget records, or in recording actual costs and revenues, could result into variance being reported where no error really exist. Second is the issue of materiality; which has to do with the volume of the variance which shows the degree of the problem and the likely profits coming from its rectification. Furthermore, it is necessary to examine the interdependencies of variances. At times, a variance in one aspect is always linked to a variance in another area. Let’s take for instance; a favorable raw material price variance resulting from the purchase of a lower grade of material may cause an adverse labor efficiency variance because the lower grade material is harder to work with. These two variances would need to be considered jointly before making a survey decision. Moreover, the inbuilt variability of the cost or revenue is also vital. Adverse variance is likely to draw more consideration as they signify problems. However, there is a debate for the analysis of favorable variances so that a business can study from its successes. One unfavorable variance may be caused by a random event. A series of unfavorable variances usually indicates that a procedure is out of control. Another factor is the Controllability/probability of correction. If a cost or revenue is outside the manager’s power (such as the world market price of a raw material) then there is no point in considering its cause. Assuming the cost of correcting the problem is likely to be high than the advantage, then there is little point in doing further investigating. (Neal, 2014)

Relationship between Variances

There could be a relationship among the direct materials variances and the direct labor variances. As a matter of fact, there could be a rapport between many if not all of the variances. Assuming a lower costing material is purchased in order to attain a favorable materials price variance, if the materials have some unhelpful attributes, it is possible that an unfavorable materials usage variance could result. If the materials’ traits cause extra labor hours, then an unfavorable direct labor efficiency variance will result. If the materials required more experienced labor, it is possible that a labor rate variance will also occur. (Turner, 2001)

Interpreting Variances report

Business organizations generally put in order a budget reconciliation report that provides management with a synopsis that bridges actual and expected performance. The report helps identify which areas to scrutinize in order to take apt curative actions and also highlights areas of outstanding performance. It is worthy of note that variances could occur during the usual line of operations, because of a more lasting adjustment in the firm’s operating environment and because budgets or standards are either too rigid or too flexible. (Bolles, 2007)

Actual Result of Performance

Variance investigation is the quantitative examination of the variation between actual and planned behavior. This investigation is useful in maintaining management over a business. Variance analysis is especially efficient when you assess the amount of a variance on a trend line, Hence, sudden changes in the variance level from month to month are more readily apparent. Variance analysis also involves the analysis of these differences, so that the result is a statement of the difference from expectations, and an interpretation of why the variance happened. The control action which may be taken will depend on the motive why the variance occurred. The variance may be a result of a measurement error, e.g. wastage has been unrecorded, scales have been misread or employees may adjust their records to ‘improve’ their performance. Control action is necessary to advance the exactness of the recording system so that measurement inaccuracies do not occur. In periods of high inflation or where operations are subject to technological development, price standards are likely to become outdated. In such cases, there is the need to frequently review and update standards. Spoilage and wastage will both negatively affect the efficiency of operations. It is important to emphasize the cause of the ineptitude that will lead to control action to eliminate the efficiency being repeated. A standard is an average figure, representing the midpoint of different values.

Actual results are likely to deviate from this standard. As long as the variance falls within this range, it will be classified as a random or chance fluctuation and control action will not be necessary. (Iversen, 1987)

Table of contents

1. Motivation and Redirected Oral Behaviours
Gastrointestinal diseasesDental diseases
2. Conclusion

Commercial ‘dry’ sows in today’s intensified production system are fed quantitatively restricted diet during most of their pregnancy. Such restriction is made not only with the aim to reduce the feed costs, but also to avoid excess body weight gain and fat deposition which may compromise animals’ welfare and consequently lower their reproductive performance. The behaviour of these breeding sows is often characterised by increased activity around feeding times and performance of redirected oral behaviours, such as excessive drinking and chewing, mainly after the feed. The latter has been widely accepted as stereotypic behaviours.

Research going back more than 30 years, when the gestating sows were tethered and kept in individual stalls, suggests that food restriction - particularly persistence of feeding motivation, and confined environment are primary reasons for the performance of these behaviours. Rushen, 1984 in his detailed observational study of 55 sows concluded that bar chewing and general excitement before feeding were related to anticipation, while the adjunctive drinking after food consumption resulted from the persistence of the feeding motivation which had not been satisfied by the ration. Similar findings were reported by Appleby and A. Lawrence, 1987 in their study where gilts were provided with twice the amount of their restricted ration and showed a low incidence of repetitive behaviour. The authors concluded that housing system which combines close confinement and food restriction is not suitable for pregnant pigs.

Motivation and Redirected Oral Behaviours

One approach for a better understanding of the oral repetitive behaviours in sows is to look at the mechanisms underlying their performance by using motivational concepts. For instance, Hughes and Duncan, 1988 by reviewing a number of behavioural models, proposed that the increased motivation which results from the additive effect of environmental and dietary factors triggers appetitive behaviour which itself has positive feedback on motivation. In the case with food restriction and confinement, the environment does not allow a sufficient expression of consummatory behaviour (negative feedback) for defusing this motivation, and the animal gets into a closed loop of performing repetitive elements of appetitive behaviours.

In support of the view that motivation persist after feeding, research measuring the operant response rates of boars maintained on similar levels of food restriction as sows showed sustained levels of feeding motivation even immediately after the end of the meal. Later, Terlouw et al., 1991a investigated the separate and interactive effects of restraint and food restriction and concluded that major factor affecting the performance of repetitive behaviours is food deprivation and to a much lesser extent confinement. Their research also indicated that appetitive behaviours such as nosing and rooting after feeding did not decrease with the increase of the performance of stereotypies such as drinking and chewing – activities which appear more related to consummatory behaviour. It should be noted that part of the animals in the latter study was not observed in the period before feeding which might have concealed the impact of the pre-feeding appetitive behaviour. Furthermore, the research was conducted on gilts, therefore, the stereotypic behaviours might not have been fully developed.

As A. Lawrence and Terlouw, 1993 discussed in their review, nonspecific factors such as behavioural arousal and learning might have a more significant impact on the long-term persistence of the repetitive behaviours than previously had been suggested, although the empirical evidence of this role might be quite controversial. For instance, Terlouw et al., 1993 tested whether the arousal of a novel sound or an unexpected meal at the afternoon would provoke the performance of stereotypic behaviour among sows. The ingestion of the meal was followed by increased levels of activity, chain manipulation and drinking, while the loud novel sound was not. However, when Haskell et al., 2000 manipulated sows’ pre-prandial arousal by delaying the delivery of food, the performance of repetitive behaviours after feeding increased. This suggests that although food delivery might have the most direct impact on the expression of post-prandial repetitive behaviours, the arousal which results from appetitive anticipatory behaviour before feeding also facilitates the performance of stereotypies. Moreover, the highly predictable feeding schedule on which sows are imposed possibly contributes further to the pre-feeding arousal and the persistence of the oral behaviours. Some research suggests that the performance of post-feeding stereotypic behaviours might be a coping strategy of reducing the stress from the invoked arousal. Terlouw et al., 1991b investigated the latter by comparing the levels of plasma cortisol (a hormone which increases with stress) between sow classified as either high or low stereotypers. Chain manipulation was not correlated with cortisol levels, but there was a tendency for lower levels of the hormone with increased drinking. However, the authors concluded that this might have been a physiological consequence of the consumption of a large amount of water.

It should also be noted that pigs are very responsive to cues indicative of food and its absence, thus with the experience of being fed on a fixed schedule sows probably learn that food will not be present out of feeding times. According to A. Lawrence and Terlouw, 1993 stereotypies might be seen as an extreme form of learning - shaping. In physically and behaviourally restrictive environment on which the animals do not have control, the behavioural repertoire can be reduced to just a few behaviours which are focused towards the limited incentives allowing the performance of foraging behaviour (such as pen bars). The long repetition of these few behaviours gradually becomes something of a habit which is difficult to reverse. In support of this view, some studies report an increase in levels of standing and performance of repetitive behaviours among older sows in later parity. Rushen, 1985 also indicated that higher parity pigs performed appetitive and adjunctive behaviours in a more stereotyped manner compared to younger sows. On the other hand, Terlouw and Lawrence, 1993 reported relatively consistent levels of activity across parities and a reduced amount of trough and floor directed behaviours among low fed sows in later parities but an increase in drinking-related activities. Furthermore, when the low fed sows in the latter study were provided with increased food allowance in parity four, the performance of repetitive behaviours did not decrease even after two months.

Each of the studies mentioned above explains somehow partly the complex picture behind the motivational processes underlying the performance of oral repetitive behaviours in breeding pigs. In the last years, considerable research has been focused on a qualitative restriction of sows’ food or in other words, alternative fibre diets with a lower energy density which are provided in a greater quantity. Thus, most of the up to date studies investigate the effect of fibre diets on sows’ feeding motivation. Less work is focused on the primary motivational processes underlying the performance of the actual oral behaviours mainly because often such research requires considerable funds and is highly time-consuming. However, the demand for meat has led to significant changes in pigs’ industry mainly related to improved productivity – animals are bred for increased appetite and large litter size. The latter may have had an impact on animals’ behavioural needs especially in terms of satiety and hunger. Therefore, detailed up to date research looking at how the industry pressure might have altered sows’ behaviour itself is needed.

Health problems as underlying factors for the performance of repetitive oral behaviours

It would be difficult to get a better understanding of the development and the persistence of the repetitive oral behaviours in gestating sows only by looking at behavioural models. Some physiological (health) problems such as gut diseases and tooth decay might also affect the performance of these behaviours.

Gastrointestinal diseases

Studies done on horses and veal calves show that oral stereotypies such as tongue playing, crib-biting and wind sucking which are also commonly performed by sows might be associated with underlying gastrointestinal dysfunctions. For instance, (Wiepkema et al. (1987) indicated that abomasal ulcers were rare in calves who increasingly performed tongue playing, in contrast, animals who did not engage in this behaviour had developed the condition. In experimental research K. Johnson et al. (1998) manipulated the diet of horses by adding Founderguard (a supplement reducing the acidosis in the hindgut) to their concentrated feed. The treatment led to a decrease in the performance of abnormal oral behaviours, suggesting an association with gastrointestinal dysfunction affected by acidity such as ulcers. Nicol et al., 2002 investigated the latter by looking at whether providing horses with antacid diet would influence the development of ulcers and diminish crib-biting behaviour. The treatment significantly reduced the ulceration scores, and the authors reported a decrease in the performance of crib-biting. However, the results of the latter study were close to significant, probably because of the small sample size, and they should be interpreted with care. Although none of the aforementioned research identifies direct causality, some authors speculate that by performing these behaviours the animals secrete excess saliva which may counteract with the acidity in the stomach).

On the other hand, further research on horses suggests that other health problems related to the gastrointestinal tract might also be associated with the performance of oral stereotypies. For instance, an epidemiological study conducted in 21 clinics showed a high positive correlation between crib-biting/wind sucking and epiploic foramen entrapment colic. Malamed et al., 2010 reported similar findings from their research and concluded that these behaviours are not associated with a particular category or severity of colic.

There is not much research done on investigating possible gastric or ulcer conditions which might be related to the development and persistence of oral stereotypies in pregnant pigs but there is some evidence that a relationship might be indeed present. In a study looking at the effect of antacid diet on ulcers and stereotypies of gestating sows, treatment did not affect ulceration or behaviour, but the authors indicated a relationship between an increased amount of bar biting among animals with high ulcer scores. More recently, Rutherford et al., 2018 reported that finishing pigs with gastric ulcers spent significantly more time standing compared to animals without ulcerations. Although the research was conducted among finishers, these results might explain the increased time standing and performance of oral behaviours among sows in later parity reported in some studies. There are also findings suggesting a prevalence of ulcers among gestating sows, which further support the view that part of the oral behaviours performed around feeding may be a result of deterioration of the gut health. Research investigating risk factors for gastric ulcers in pigs at slaughter by examining the stomachs of 15 741 animals reported the highest occurrence of ulceration in culled sows. Such findings can be expected as in today’s intensified production sows are often fed with pelleted food which consists of small particles. The latter combined with ration feeding have been identified as main reasons for the development of ulcerations in pigs and other animals (.

Further detailed research combining diet manipulation, detailed behavioural observation and a post-mortem examination is needed to get a better understanding of the possible relationship between oral behaviours and gastrointestinal health in breeding pigs.

Dental diseases

When addressing health problems, which might provoke the performance of abnormal oral behaviours, it would be worth discussing teeth decay. Possible dental disease probably is accompanied by pain and general discomfort for the animal which may lead to the performance of repetitive oral behaviour. Only a few papers have addressed dental health among sows focussing mainly on post-mortem examination. E. Johnson et al., 2003 examined heads of sows from two abattoirs and reported that around 85% of the animals had one or more significant tooth lesions. Other studies have indicated a lower incidence of teeth wearing and injuries, but the percentage was still noticeably high - between 30% and 42%. Some authors suggest that the significant molar or incisor lesions are a result of bar-biting, while others argue that these conditions are time-related. However, other factors may also contribute to the development of tooth decease in sows. Routine husbandry practices such as clipping and grinding piglets’ teeth have been reported to cause necrosis, gingivitis and severe pulp inflammation in the weeks after the performance of the procedures. It can be argued that these deciduous teeth will be replaced later in life, but from human dentistry is known that untreated infection of a primary tooth can lead to an alternation in the development of the permanent successor and bacterial invasion of the surrounding tissue (Cordeiro and Rocha, 2005). Thus, it is highly likely sows whose teeth have been clipped or grinded to suffer from tooth decay and severe gingivitis. Another point to consider is that breeding pigs are fed restricted diet. Research looking at the effect of calorie deficiency on dental development in pigs at the first 20 months of life has shown that undernourishment may lead to overcrowding and displacement of the teeth and malocclusion of the jaw. Pigs do not get their teeth fully developed till 18-24 months of age and gilts are about six-seven months at the time of their first service, after which they are fed restricted diet during most of their pregnancy. Therefore, it can be expected that certain dental abnormalities in adult animals might be related to a food restriction imposed on them in the early stages of life. The latter is partly supported by the findings of E. Johnson et al. (2003) that there was a retention of one or more deciduous incisors in 15 % of the mature sows in their research.

Pig dentistry is not a widely researched topic, and most of the work is focused on investigating the impact of clipping and grinding of piglets’ teeth as routine practices possibly causing discomfort. Thus, a study exploring the relationship between the performance of oral stereotypies in sows and teeth decay may contribute to a better understanding of the long-term impact of dental conditions on pigs’ well-being.

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Conclusion

The additive effect of multiple physiological and motivational factors may underline the performance of oral redirected behaviours in pregnant sows. It has been recognised that these behaviours are related to undernutrition and hunger and are possible signs of compromised welfare. However, untreated physiological problems can also compromise animals’ long-term well-being. Further research should be focused on up to date systematic quantification of these abnormal behaviours and the possible reasons for their performance.

Table of contents

1. Facts on Walking:
2. Physical benefits of Walking:
3. Mental benefits of Walking:
4. Research on Walking:

Currently, the world is facing an epidemic rise in Non-Communicable diseases like diabetes and high blood pressure. These diseases are caused in a part by the trend of rising in obesity which corresponds to the declining rate of physical activity. Walking is the only exercise which helps in reducing the obese condition.

Facts on Walking:

Walking is a mandatory exercise for all age groups. Nowadays, doctors are suggesting people, walk regularly to attain good physical and mental health. Some facts about walking are as follows

• Walking for extra 20 minutes per day regularly will burn off seven pounds of fat per year.
• Longer and moderately-paced daily walks for 40 mins at 60% maximum heart rate are best for losing weight.
• Shorter and Faster walks for 20 mins at 80% maximum heart rate are best in maintaining good heart and lungs condition.

Physical benefits of Walking:

Walking regularly can keep your body fit and healthy for a longer time. Regular brisk walking for 30 minutes per day helps in robust health and keeps you slim. It also increases the stamina of body. The other health benefits are as follows

• Increase in body metabolism
• Improves flexibility and posture
• Reduces the risk of cancers
• Helps in controlling and preventing diabetes
• Strengthen the bones and muscles
• Helps in relieving chronic back pain

Mental benefits of Walking:

Walking is also beneficial for mental health in addition to physical health. It can elevate the mood, reduces depression, and also lowers the stress levels. It also helps in improving the confidence level and self-esteem of an individual. A group walk with friends can gain good social contacts. And also, a walk in lush greenery can enhance the level of spirit and gives a fresh feel throughout the day. Some of the mental benefits are

• Improves the sleep quality
• Improves the cognitive functions
• Reduces anxiety due to some minor stress
• Increase in the size of Hippocampus and prefrontal cortex benefits the memory potentially

Research on Walking:

A recent study on 400000 people with 15 minutes brisk walk per day proves significant health benefits and also adds three years to life expectancy.

The estimated amount of calories burned (Rough estimate):

To know the number of calories burnt for walking a mile at casual walking speed (2mph), multiply your weight in pounds by 0.49, and for a brisk walk (3.5mph) multiply by 0.57.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was one of the greatest classical musicians of the 18th century, and his music is still beloved throughout the world today. He wrote many operas, such as Don Giovanni, that are performed throughout the world up to now, and his music has been sampled several times for use in movies, television, and other miscellaneous forms of entertainment. Much of his life and its events can be documented: we know that he was born in Salzburg, Austria, began composing by the age of five, worked throughout Europe all though his life, married Constanze Weber against his father's wishes, and died in 1791. But the question is, how did he die?

No one knows the answer to this question for sure. An autoposy was never performed, as his body was never found, so instead people hypothesize. Some people say that he simply died of illness. However, others believe that it was no regular sickness: they claim that Mozart was poisoned. The most common suspect of his homicide was Antonio Salieri, another composer of his day who was regarded as talented but never earned anywhere near the fame that Mozart earned. He was present during the one of the last operas Mozart ever conducted, The Magic Flute, shouting out praise as every overture ended. Despite his obvious admiration for Mozart's work, though, he was always somewhat jealous and viewed the other man as a rival. People have speculated that this could have been a motive for his alleged murder of Mozart, a way to exact his final revenge.

The movie Amadeus paints Salieri as Mozart's killer, though they only explicitly state so once. During the beginning, when Salieri shown in a mental institution, Salieri says, "Mozart, Mozart, forgive your assassin! I confess, I killed you." The movie also portrays Salieri as being the one who commissioned Mozart to write the Requiem, the last piece of music he wrote before his death. Unlike most theories of poisoning, however, the movie seemed to imply that Mozart fell ill because of all the work he was doing in trying to finish the Requiem. Because Salieri was the one who commissioned the Requiem to him, Salieri was thus his "murderer." In reality, nobody truly knows if any of this is factual. Antonio Salieri may or may not have killed Mozart, but he may not have been the one who made him write the Requiem. Likewise, he may have been the one who commissioned him to write the Requiem, but he may not have been the killer. It is a mystery that remains unknown and may never be solved.

“You're not like the others. I’ve seen a few; I know. When I talk, you look at me. When I said something about the moon, you looked at the moon, last night. The others would never do that.” (Bradbury 23-24)

The book “Fahrenheit 451” by, Ray Bradbury. The title itself is a symbol of censorship because that is the temperature at that books burn. In this book, the culture depicted is neither happy nor sad. The censorship in the novel helps distracts the people into thinking they are happy and have everything they may need. Citizens are glued to their 'walls' or giant televisions and live a life in which nothing of value is remembered. The government censors everything to help keep society in uniform. Therefore no one will be able to overpower Chief Beatty with the knowledge he knows. In this essay, we will research the novel Fahrenheit 451, censorship and distraction themes used by Ray Bradbury versus happiness to move the plot forward and to highlight the effects of a society that censors knowledge and promotes mindless distraction.

Through Censorship, society was forced to have no giving emotion and any knowledge of past or future occurrences. Another effect of censorship is that it has dumbed down society. “Instead of allowing people the opportunity to think and to pursue academic study censorship only permits self-gratification and entertainment” Through a quote from Beatty states “Cram them full of noncombustible data, chock them so damned full of 'facts' they feel stuffed, but absolutely 'brilliant' with information . . . Don't give them any slippery stuff like philosophy or sociology to tie things up with”. (Ray Bradbury 61). In that quote, it explains that censorship creates the illusion of thinking that's why they all have to think alike. With the government censoring everything the citizens in Fahrenheit 451 have no idea about what is truly happening in their world.

Through Distraction VS. Happiness, the citizens were distracted by all the chaos that was happening in the society which made them always be in a joyful mood. Distraction is a word that is used to describe something or someone that is causing you to not be concentrated. It keeps one from focusing on whatever it is they’re trying to do. On the other hand, happiness is a word to express feelings. When one is happy it means everything is going well and nothing is causing a distraction. Through the characters such as the Old Lady, Montag, and, Clarrise you can tell they are not happy just pretending as if they are. Clarisse says to Montag “Are you happy” ( Bradbury 7) because that’s when Montag realizes he has just been distracted the entire time, he doesn’t know if he’s happy. This quote shows from the start of the book that Montag isn’t happy but it takes time for him to notice. In the end, Guy Montag ends up being happy And living like he wanted to be living. Montag's wife, Mildred distracted herself by overdosing on pills. The next day she doesn’t remember any of this, but the day before she wanted to commit suicide. With that being said it shows the reader how sad and unhappy she was because she wanted to take her life. The quote related to this is “We are living in a time when flowers are trying to live on flowers, instead of growing on good rain and black loam.”(Bradbury 83)

Censorship and Distraction Vs. Happiness ties in together because to have happiness in society things will need to be censored. The two themes are important in the book because without these themes people would be lost. They move the plot in many ways because they helped shape the characters.

In conclusion, technology has modernized a ton. The fact that many people believed they where happy and weren't was a major sign of censorship and distraction. Montag finally finds the true meaning of being happy and is no longer distracted he believed there was a deeper meaning of living and now he understands the true meaning of the world.

“You don't have to burn books to destroy a culture just stop reading them”. (Ray Bradbury)