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I want to share with you the lessons I have learned throughout the process of completing my group projects and my individual class work. I really enjoyed this semester and had the chance to work with some really great people. Without my teammates, I would not have been as successful as I was this semester. I also learned a lot about myself and my leadership style.
Get original essayThe V-Leader simulations taught me about a lot of concepts that I previously neglected during my interactions with team members and subordinates. One of those lessons, is to pay close attention to nonverbal communication because it is a major part of communication; it is estimated to be up to 93% nonverbal. The way I started to focus on nonverbal communication was paying close attention to someone’s body language while I was delivering a message. Paying attention to body language allowed me to tell how Oli and the other characters in the
V-Leader simulations were feeling, such as, if they were bored or frustrated with the message I was delivering. This allowed me to make the necessary adjustments in my delivery to achieve my desired effect, which in the V-Leader simulations was to get the appropriate task completed.
The group project allowed me to really understand my leadership traits. Throughout this course, I have been able to use all my traits to help me tackle each task that has been put in front of me and my team. This course is designed in my opinion to force students to use every leadership trait intelligence, confidence, charisma, determination, sociability, and integrity. This is accomplished by the way the course is designed from group projects and presentations to individual exercises. The entire course drives you to find your inner leader in side of you. The traits I most utilized throughout this course was intelligence, sociability, and charisma. The reason I feel these where my most used leadership traits was the fact we had a group project. The group project really made me use my social skills to complete the tasks at hand.
After completing the leadership traits questionnaire, I found that I scored fours and fives in most categories, but I had a couple of threes. The categories that I had threes in were: self-assured and conscientious. The reason I scored my self-threes in these categories are sometimes I will have doubt in a decision I am about to make, and I will seek out reassurance before making the decision. Or sometimes I will speak before I really give serious thought to the question. These two categories are where I am going to try to improve as a leader.
Core leadership skills are broken into three main categories: administrative, interpersonal, and conceptual. By taking the leadership skills questionnaire I found that I ranked very high to high in all of the categories which I was happy to find out. My strongest category was interpersonal. I scored a 29 in that category which is considered very high. My next highest category was conceptual which I scored a 27 which was also on the very high side of the questionnaire. Then, my weakest category was administrative which I scored a 24. I agree with these scores, I feel like my weakest leadership skill would be on the administrative side. The feedback I received during my group project feedback sessions was in line with how I rated myself in the questionnaire. I plan on trying to work on my administrative skillset and appreciate this course for bring this short coming of mine to my attention.
My leadership style is a democratic leadership style, I really try hard to treat everyone fairly and allow them to do their job without my interference. I liked to allow my subordinates to work independently. The reason I like this form of management is because that is how I like to be managed. The democratic style of management also has many positives, it causes higher levels of group member satisfaction, commitment, and cohesiveness. When I took the questionnaire for leadership styles I ranked as follow democratic first, authoritarian second, and laissez-faire last. What I found interesting about the scores where I scored a 25 which is high on democratic and a 22 which is also high on the authoritarian leadership questions. This finding proved to me that you might not be one or the other, but a mixture of multiple leadership styles. I think having a good mixture will serve you well in different situations.
Tasks and relationships styles of leadership have made me consider how your current position within a company can affect what kind of leadership style you have. The reason I say that, if you’re in manufacturing or logistics both of which are production environments it’s going to be hard not to be tasked orientated. The reason I feel this way is, in my professional experience I really care about creating relationships within teams because I feel like it builds comradery and it builds trust. The problem is right now, I find myself in a very task orientated environment, so that forces me to be tasks orientated as a leader. A perfect example of my point is the group project, the real job as a leader was to make sure everybody was clear on what their tasks were and when they needed to be completed. I do feel like my group members and I grew to have good relationships with one another, but that was because everyone was completing their tasks and by doing so everyone was building trust.
A perfect example of creating a vision was done when my group and I decided on how we were going to construct our presentation. We came together with shared values, to implement the plan that would allow us to complete the presentation in a manner that would allow us to achieve our vision of getting a good grade on the presentation. I scored in the very high range on the leadership vision questionnaire, I feel like this is one of my strongest attributes. Being able to see where my group of my company can improve is almost second nature to me. Using my vision in V-Leader allowed me to focus on how to get my points supported by the participants.
Creating a constructive climate is one of the most important jobs of a leader in a group or a company. My group in this project had a great climate actually the best climate I have ever experienced in a group project for any educational class I have ever took. The reason for this is, we were all working towards the same goal getting a good grade in this course and growing as future leaders and hopefully we accomplished that. Also, I think the members of my group were great at clarifying norms and providing structure and because of that, we were able to build cohesiveness. The project itself also allowed us to feel reward throughout the whole experience because instead of receiving one grade for the whole project we had to submit multiple pieces at different times. This allowed us to get rewarded throughout the process because we could see grades and know we were doing good, which in turn made us strive for more success.
In V-Leader, I feel like building a constructive climate was crucial, you had to know when to green or red click an idea or person to achieve the results you wanted. This was a lesson I took some time to learn and that is why I feel like my scores on the simulations slowly increased. If I were to continue doing V-Leader simulations I think I would constantly get better at construction the climate I would need to get my key objectives supported.
This is an area I believe as a group we did not have any issues everyone was on board and working towards the same goals. In V-Leader, the team was not on board with some of the changes in the beginning, but it seemed that every simulation the team was being more receptive to the ideas I was presenting. If there would have been an out of group member on my team, we would have tried to allow them to bring their ideas to the table and listened to them. This would have made them feel like we were being receptive to their ideas and hopefully allowed them to feel included. Once they felt included this would have impowered them to act making them a productive member of the group and allowing the group to be stronger and move forward.
A group or a company will face many obstacles, as a group leader or leader within a company you must not create your own obstacles. My group faced a couple of obstacles in our efforts to complete this project. One such obstacle was at times there was going to be an uneven work load, my group handled this very well in my opinion. An example of this is we didn’t have an even number of chapters to cover, so I decided to take on the extra chapter and it wasn’t a problem. But I want the only one that did this at one time or another every group member step up and did a little extra and that is why we were successful. In V-Leader, I witnessed Oli do this, he picked up extra assignments because he felt like it would help the company be successful. Every group or company will need people to step up to the plate and do a little extra to get the job done sometimes. The way you make sure everyone is motivated to do a little bit extra is by having clear goals and clear directions, these crucial elements will keep everyone motivated allowing the company to avoid obstacles.
How a leader handles conflict is every important because every group or organization will face some sort of conflict, and how the leadership handles it will be vital in the company’s success. In my group we had minor conflicts on how we wanted to handle a task or what point we wanted to focus on, but it never negatively effected the group. The reason why conflict never negatively effected the group is we practiced a collaborative style of handling conflict. This allowed us to come together to figure out the best course of action. We were always able to handle conflict with professionalism. My conflict style questionnaire reinforced my thoughts on handling conflict. I was strong in that style of conflict mediation. V-Leader gave me great examples of how to manage conflict between group members sometimes you need to understand what’s going on in a conflict. I feel I gained some good experience by completing the V-Leader simulations.
Throughout this project I believe I showed ethical leadership. Every decision I made was based on good character, good values, and honesty. I truly feel that all my group mates will agree that I showed ethical behavior. If a leader doesn’t have good ethics I don’t believe he/she will be successful because it will be hard to get people to follow you if you are unethical. You must have strong character to lead a team. After completing the questionnaire for the chapter on ethics I found my two core values were: family and happiness and I’m ok with that. I feel those two values will drive me to achieve success because I want my family to be comfortable.
Let’s start with my weaknesses after reviewing the leadership strengths questionnaire I rated myself poorly on the question pertaining to being the glue that holds people together. This was not addressed in any feedback sessions, but I do feel that sometimes I can focus on my tasks and not give as much dialogue to my group members as I could. This is something that I will try to work on going forward in my professional career and in my academic career. My lowest score was as an implementer, which is probably true; I came in as moderate in that area. Sometimes I can be slow to get started, but once I start I always push tasks and projects over the finish line.
The feedback my group received during my leadership stage was pretty good. We received a high grade on the presentation and the outline. So being that I was one of the co-leaders of that phase is a good reflection on my leadership. Yet, I still would like to work on communicating more in a group and also being more organized. The reason I feel like I need to work on communicating more is, I could go a couple of days without checking in to see where my group mates were at with their tasks and if they may have needed some assistance. This could possibly lead to finding out there is a problem to late to do anything about it. Luckily, that wasn’t the case, but it could have been if I was in a weaker group. Also, organizational skills are not my strong suit and I continue to work on this skill to get better.
Now, my leadership strengths I scored on the very high range on the leadership questionnaire for being an innovator and being analytic. I agree with those finding I consider myself to be a thinker strategic and to figure out ways to fix problems and change processes. The one compliment I kept getting from my group during the feedback session was how I always figured out away to get tasks done and how I was always positive in our dialogue sessions. This group project was very rewarding to me because I was able to use my strengths to help my group achieve a very good grade, and I also met three wonderful people throughout this process.
Emotional intelligence is very important for a leader to possess, it helps you understand how someone is feeling and allows you to guide them and motivate them. Self-awareness is one of my strengths. I’m always assessing myself and this allows me to make adjustments when dealing with group members or subordinates. Leaders with good emotional awareness will be considered good to work with because they will adapt to the situation and make the situation a positive one. This will allow team members to be as productive as possible and find enjoyment in their tasks.
Conflict is not always a negative, but how you deal with it, is very important. During my time as a leader in the group project I did not deal with much conflict, but in the first stage of the project my group had a member who did not complete any task what so ever and we had to go through the process of having him removed from the group. The situation was handled very professionally by the group leader of that part of the project. The member that was expelled from the group was given multiple chances to complete their assigned tasks, but gave no effort in doing so. The group leader was very clear in her communication with the team member, yet she did not come off as being rude or abrasive. Overall, I was impressed by her conflict resolution techniques and I learned a lot from that situation.
My group was extremely self-motivated and impowered to complete their tasks, that allowed me to take a very diplomatic style of leadership throughout the group project. One member of our group used daily communication to influence people to keep the communication channels open and this kept everyone really involved in the project. This lesson will service me as I continue to work in group situations. During my time as a leader in my group I used my sociability to influence my team members I think that allowed my ideas to be well received throughout the process. By being political savvy, this allowed us to build trust and come together to complete our project.
Our group climate was great we didn’t have much tension in our group, so the climate was positive for the whole project. There was a situation in the presentation part of the project when my group was having a brain storming session, and we realized there was one chapter that no one was assigned and we all had one chapter already. As the session continued I got the feeling that no one really wanted to do the unassigned chapter. So, I decided as the co-leader for this part of the project I would step up and take responsibility for the chapter. I used my intuition to observe everyone’s hesitance to take on this chapter and this caused the climate of the meeting to be very constructive.
The group really stuck to the ground rules and the team structure laid out in the team proposal, this was our road map to success. The culture of our team was on of flexibility and cohesion this allowed us to always be on the same page and have clear and defined goals. We utilized feedback sessions and meetings to make sure everyone was on the same page and following the groups processes. The role of leadership was very important, when I was the co-leader of my part of the project I had to make sure to set meeting at times where everyone had the opportunity to participate. I took pride in making sure everyone was able to attend every major meeting during my leadership phase. I even utilized concepts such as, green clicking people that I learned from the simulations during group brain storming sessions.
Developing creativity is definitely some where I need to improve, sometimes I follow the instructions too much and just check of the proverbial boxes. This hinders me from expressing my creativity and possibly decreases the quality of my work. Leaders need to use creativity to challenge themselves and the organization and this is an area where I will focus more effort on trying to improve my performance.
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Get custom essayThis project has allowed me to realize my strengths and weaknesses and the individual report is where I put them on paper. Now, I will work on my weakness and try to play towards my strengths. I think the few issues I had during my time as a leader would have been handled better by more communication. Communication or more consistent communication is something I am focused on improving. But if I improve on my weakness and build upon what I have learned throughout this course I think I will be successful in future situations.
Sometimes reality is not as true as originally thought. Dreams, imaginings and illusions can look quite real. They are not always real though, and can be deceiving. The short story named “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” by Ambrose Bierce is a familiar example of an illusion. The first time reader may not quite recognize this until the end. When the assembly of soldiers is being changed, as well as when the sergeant stepped aside off of the plank, and Peyton falls, the occurrences Peyton seems to experience have some small clues that hint at the fact that the experiences are an illusion. Or perhaps it was some imaginings that Peyton had moments before his death?
Get original essayAs the guard moves around Peyton, he starts to pay attention to his surroundings. He notices that the stream is sluggish since a piece of driftwood seemed to dance or “move slowly” in his opinion (Bierce Par.4). Yet in the first paragraph Bierce mentions that Peyton is looking down into “swift water.” Maybe Peyton is just imagining something different.
The closer they get to the end result, the more Peyton starts noticing strange things that one wouldn’t normally be able to notice. In the fifth paragraph of Bierce’s short story, Peyton closes his eyes to focus on thoughts of his family. But suddenly something starts to bother him, forcing him to pay attention to it rather than the thoughts of his loved ones. “Striking through the thought of his dear ones was sound which he could neither ignore nor understand, a sharp, distinct, metallic percussion like the stroke of a blacksmith's hammer upon the anvil; it had the same ringing quality.” Peyton claimed that the noise kept getting more and more distressing as it slowly tolled, similar to a death knell; and then it was mentioned that all he was hearing was the ticking of his wristwatch (Bierce par. 5). Such a strange event could suggest that he is hallucinating, dreaming, imagining, or just plain freaking out.
Another clue seems to suggest that Peyton may not have been thinking any of that at all. “As these thoughts, which have here to be set down in words, were flashed into the doomed man's brain rather than evolved from it the captain nodded to the sergeant (Bierce par. 7).” Perhaps he didn’t even have the time to think those thoughts before the soldiers sent him plunging, or maybe something “flashed” the information into his brain.
When a different scene shows Peyton with his wife and a guest, he asked questions of the guest. The soldier told him what was going on in the war, and when asked how far away the bridge with the repairs was, said it was “about thirty miles (Bierce par. 10-12).” Possibly, this bit of information could clue in towards his thoughts of fleeing home, as well as his later escape after the soldiers drop him, suggesting that it is not quite possible.
As the story shifts back to the bridge, the story says, “As Peyton Farquhar fell straight downward through the bridge he lost consciousness and was as one already dead. From this state he was awakened--ages later, it seemed to him (Bierce par.18)….” The words “as one already dead” should whisper the idea that he really is already dead, not to be awoken again.
Another clue that could suggest that this situation is not really happening is: “the light about him shot upward with the noise of a loud splash; a frightful roaring was in his ears, and all was cold and dark (par.18).” Light does not make noise, and water takes a bit longer to cool off then the amount of time it supposedly took for the light to “shoot upward.”
A good example also found in the eighteenth paragraph seems to prod at the idea that this event is not real. “To die of hanging at the bottom of a river!--the idea seemed to him ludicrous (par. 18).” When someone is hung by a rope, often their neck is snapped by the force of their fall, thereby killing them before the body could even begin to touch the water.
When Bierce says that Peyton opened his eyes and noticed that the light seemed quite distant, and that it was getting still farther as he was sinking deeper, that could be reminiscent of death, or the fading of life (par 18).
Bierce then has Peyton start to float upwards back towards the surface, where he seems to suddenly have all of his senses, but they are heighten to an unnatural amount (Bierce par. 20). Since no human is able to accomplish such a feat, it could suggest unrealism.
In the twenty-first paragraph Bierce describes the soldiers as having “grotesque and horrible” movements, and their forms “gigantic.” These qualities are usually associated with nightmares or dreams. And when bullets hit the water near Peyton, they are slowed and harmless, yet in real life they are still fast and dangerous underwater. And when anyone looks from a distance away from a scope on a gun, they cannot see clearly the eye behind it, let alone the color of the eye (Bierce par. 22). Peyton should not have known by that kind of observation whether or not the man was a good shot.
The enhanced thoughts, senses, endurance and strength throughout the rest of the story are all unrealistic, so they all point to the idea of an illusion as well. Especially when Peyton notices that his neck is very swollen, yet still presses on, as well as when he feels pain at the back of his neck and everything turns white, then dark (Bierce par. 20-36).
As Peyton’s journey unfolds, it starts seem almost ridiculous, an unconscious tugging toward the thoughts that suggest the story’s fake qualities. But at the same time it seems fascinating, like an amazing fantasy story that anyone would like to experience in their real life. Enhanced senses are commonly wished for. But unfortunately, Peyton only dreamed this, while at the same time the story was depressing, with the impression that Peyton might actually get to see his loved ones again ripped apart by the harsh truth that he was truly dead the whole time.
The play Inherit the Wind is one that exhibits contrasting characterisations of its major, influential individuals. Yet, within this contrast of personalities, each separate role is portrayed to the audience in a slightly ambiguous manner, and as a result, the congregation views him with a slight ambivalence towards some of the playwright’s dominant figures. A prime example of this complicated dramatization is the big-voiced, high-status Mathew Harrison Brady. At points in the production, Brady is often pompous and shows hubristic values with his bombast but at others, he exhibits pathetic emotions and a fragile state of mind, leading us to perceive him with empathy.
Get original essayOur first impressions of Brady are that the social charisma and pretense he displays as the townspeople welcome him is affected by an underlying vulnerability that he has, which appears to us to be eating, ‘Brady is a great eater’. Retrospectively his greed seems all the more gratuitous in the sentence which reveals that not only has he just feasted on the produce of the Hillsboro community, but he had had a meal before, ‘But you see we had a lunch box on the train’. The satire in the moment when the juxtaposition of him reassuring himself that he had the support when he ran for president, showing perhaps electoral corruption, to Davenport stepping in and introducing himself to Brady, and then Brady possessing a patronizing attitude towards the circuit district attorney, undercuts magisterial patriarch, ‘I trust it was in three separate election?...Sir, I’m Tom Davenport…Of course. Circuit district attorney. We’ll be a team, won’t we, young man! Quite a team!’ We feel Brady, quite near the beginning, displays his hubris; pride before the fall, and his paternal strategy on Rachel to try and obtain information about her lover, Cates. He is sympathetic and considerate with, ‘I understand your loyalty, my child.’ This title of ‘my child’ is superciliously religious and is an example of power play by Brady to create an aura of false security. ‘He moves her easily away from the others.’ This portrays that he can easily manipulate; tenderising the person he is ‘interviewing’, and in this case, Rachel is passive and cannot do anything to object.
The mouthful of food he has whilst addressing her makes the situation seem all the more crass. Once more his tainted hubris is displayed with his gradation, or growth into the prospect of the great Henry Drummond as his opposition in the courtroom, ‘Henry Drummond has stalked the courtrooms of this land…When he fights, headlines follow. The whole world will be watching our victory over Drummond.’ Bathetically, this is then contrasted with the offer of more food, ‘Would you care to finish off the pickled apricots Mr Brady?’ from a local. His grandiloquence of speech far surpasses that of the townspeople, seemingly portraying him as out-of-place, and so he resorts back to the sanctuary and comfort of food: what he knows he is able to trust. We understand that Brady likes the attention and enjoys the adulation he receives; he is wise in the art of public speaking, ‘Brady assumes the familiar oratorical pose’ (for a photo). One would feel that it would be a spontaneous action but he does it without conscious thought; presenting him as an eminent character with charisma and authority. However, like at so many other points in the play, his stature is undercut bathetically, ‘Howard has stuck his head, mouth agape, into the photo’. It just contrast Brady’s formality and seriousness over the whole situation to the quirky, incredulous (to Brady’s prestige), ignorant community that surrounds him.
As the production progresses into the trial of Cates for teaching Darwinism, the more vocational Brady appears. At the prayer meeting, Brady’s arrogance and concern over his profile is displayed with ‘he was loving the feel of the board beneath his feet. This is the squared circle where he has fought so many bouts with the English language, and won’; he loves the stage and the aura. However, we do occasionally get the impression that Brady is trustworthy and knows fundamentally what must be done beneath all the evangelical/ Christian ethos that he follows during most of the book. He warns Reverend Brown not to entirely alienate his daughter, ‘He that troubleth his own house…shall inherit the wind. (He makes a gesture with his open hand to indicate nothingness: the empty air, the brief and unremembered wind.)’ This wisdom is a rarity from Brady and is shown at a time of tense quietness as the ‘dazed’ Brown exits from the hysterical, hypnotic trance he has worked himself into which is not a good sign and shows the extremities of his belief- at this point we neglect the idea of Brady’s pretentious values, and warm to his genuine paternal figure of benevolence and rationality.
There is then a pensive moment where the two great enemies, once friends, where they ponder on how they have drifted away. Drummond sheds light on the matter with a paradoxically strong statement which is incisive after all the hysteria and excitement of the prayer meeting, ‘All motion is relative. Perhaps it is you who have moved away- by standing still.’ The sentimentality in this phrase forces Brady to be burdened with the blame, perhaps making the audience feel sympathy for him – ‘slowly the lights fade on the silent man’. This quietness and pensiveness about Brady witnessed in the previous scene, might debatably be seen again in the trial, when Howard, a young boy; ignorant and innocent, is called to the witness stand by Brady, it is evident that he is merely exploiting the lack of knowledge the boy possesses to make his case more credible. He makes a show of the interview with his stereotypical elaborateness. He plays on naturalistic feelings, using bad puns such as ‘Evil-ution’ which comes across as heavy handed and unnecessary. His emotive, metaphorical language alienates Howard, ‘legislature…sovereign…peddlers of poison…to think that he wriggled up from the filth and muck below…not unaware’. The latter quote is an example of litotes which Brady uses subconsciously and exhibits his hubris yet again. This supercilious language is impersonal to the boy; irrelative to the witness: ‘Howard gulps. Brady points at the boy’- he is using the boy merely to withhold his integrity; it is an intended stage direction to address him as the demeaning, derogatory ‘boy’ to create a sense of distance between them. ‘The faithful the whole world over’ is hyperbolic and signifies how dramatic Brady creates his argument. There is ‘applause from the spectators’ as if the gravity of the court case has been lost, as if at some procedural event.
Drummond is different in how he addresses Howard; much more composed and gets down to the level at which Howard is able to understand what is being thrown at him. He cleverly utilizes Howard’s everyday life to contradict the bible. ‘A harmonica following a symphony orchestra’ is what Drummond is described as; a humble, every day instrument synonymous with this man- that is the difference between the living-in-the-past Brady and him. In the moments where Brady is defeated and as a result, has a breakdown, we are reminded of the comfort eating from when he first arrived subtly contrasted ironically with what he is now: an emotional wreck, ‘Mrs. Brady sways gently back and forth, as if rocking a child to sleep’. We empathize with Brady here and the pathos that he evokes, as we know his sole ambition was to not be satirized in this situation or defeated morally. This is another rare moment where I feel that the audience should be sympathetic to the troubled lawyer. In conclusion, there are many examples that are the antithesis of each other as to whether Brady is meant to be portrayed as someone to be comforted due to visible pathos displayed to the viewers and somebody with charismatic values or some abhorrent, overly confident, hubristic lawyer, who is self-righteous and dwells one step behind society. Yet from my eyes, he is exhibited more as having the latter values and as a result is repugnant, impersonal and simply objectifies situations in order to fuel his ego.
The purpose of this lab is to determine the optimum conditions for digestion in the stomach. This lab will focus on chemical digestion by gastric fluid, using pepsin and egg along with either an acid, a base, or a neutral solution to model conditions in the stomach.
Get original essayAs shown in Figure 1, each test tube produced different results. Some had a murky solution, some had condensation on the side of the test tube, and other had the egg float in the solution. Every test tube had at least minute dissolution of the egg, likely due to time spent in the solution. However, while the egg dissolved very slightly in Test Tubes A, C, and D, the egg dissolved by far the most in Test Tube B. Gastric fluids are made up of mucus, hydrochloric acid, and pepsinogen (Holt, Rinehart, Winston, 2009, page 988). Pepsinogen is inactive until hydrochloric acid converts it into the digestive enzyme pepsin (Holt, Rinehart, Winston, 2009, page 988). Also, pepsin needs to be at a low pH, approximately 2, for digestion to occur most effectively, and that is why Test Tube B had its egg dissolve the most ("Experiment 10-Enzymes", 2012). The egg would partially dissolve in the water on its own, as it would in the stomach, but the rate of dissolution is much slower without pepsin, and it is inactive without the hydrochloric acid to convert it from pepsinogen. That is why Test Tubes A, C, and D saw their egg dissolve slightly. Sodium bicarbonate is a base, and Test Tube A is therefore too far away from the optimum pH of 2 for the egg to be dissolved by the pepsin effectively. Distilled water and the control group are neutral, and Test Tube D and C, respectively, are therefore too far away from the optimum pH of 2 for the egg to be dissolved by the pepsin effectively. Hydrochloric acid is an acid, and Test Tube B is therefore close enough to the optimum pH of 2 for the egg to be dissolved by the pepsin effectively. The group hypothesis was: if distilled water is added to a solution of pepsin and egg, then it will digest the egg more effectively than the acid (hydrochloric acid) or the base (sodium bicarbonate) because food must be broken down by hydrolysis in order to be digested. The data rejected the hypothesis. The group did not realize that the enzyme can complete hydrolysis on its own, and it was not until the end of the lab that the optimum conditions for pepsin were realized. Then, the students saw why the hydrochloric acid dissolved the egg most efficiently, not the distilled water. Biuret's solution is used to test for the presence of protein. The reagent is at first blue, but turns violet if it detects the presence of peptide bonds, the chemical bonds that attach amino acids to each other (Bank, n.d.). While the amount of proteins being digested in the body is more than in the test tube, proportionally the surface area of the organs involved in digestion and absorption (for example the villi of the small intestine) is much larger. There are more digestive enzymes and the reaction is catalyzed much faster. In the test tube, the egg comprised a large part of the test tube. Inside the human body, even if an entire egg was eaten, the size of the egg would still be dwarfed by the amount of digestive enzymes and secretions. Also, the body has the optimum environment for pepsin (pH of 2), which would help the digestive process move much faster. After the body has broken down protein (long chains of amino acids) into peptides and amino acids, they are broken down into individual amino acids and absorbed into the bloodstream via the villi, the highly folded lining of the small intestine (Holt, Rinehart, Winston, 2009, page 990). The conditions for pepsin to break down protein are the same as any other enzyme: an optimum temperature (that of the body, 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit) and an optimum pH (in the case of pepsin, 2, the pH of the stomach). Any variations outside of these optimum values will result in decreased pepsin digestive performance. Therefore, in Test Tubes A, C, and D, it makes sense that the egg was not dissolved to the same extent of Test Tube B, because they were not near pepsin's optimum pH range of 2.
This lab was conducted to teach the students about the digestion, the current unit in class, and to reinforce the material learned earlier in the year on enzymes and their optimum conditions. It also gave the students a better understanding of what happens to food in their body after the students ingest it, and how the students digest it and get nutrition from it. The participants in the lab observed how the hydrochloric acid converted the inactive pepsinogen into the digestive enzyme pepsin, and how the pepsin, when at its optimum pH of 2, dissolved the egg over the course of several days. The control group gave a basis for comparison, and showed how much a difference the presence of an acid was in dissolving the egg. There were some possible sources of error, however. The temperature in the test tubes should have been 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit, as it is in the body, but it was room temperature, which was likely different. This would matter because pepsin's optimum temperature is 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit, so with the proper temperature likely the egg would have been dissolved to a greater extent. The size of the egg, although weighed before being put in the test tubes, were not exact and could have affected the rate of dissolution by the pepsin. The test tubes were exposed to oxygen when the test tube stoppers were taken off, albeit briefly, for pH readings. Also, the amount of solution in Test Tube B was slightly less than Test Tubes A and D. Lastly, there was 4 mL less solution in the control group (Test Tube C) due to the lack of an independent variable. However, the egg size was the same, so most probably the rate of dissolution was severely hampered due to the large difference in the amount of digestive enzymes in the test tube.
Hamlet is truly one of the most famous tragedies of world theater history. Hamlet kicked off the period of Shakespeare's tragic writing, which is his most profound historical psychological play. The work reflects the spirit of the era with the crisis and deadlock of the humanistic ideals. Hamlet is a very special character, never before in the previous culture, as well as not possible later. Hamlet is not only concerned with the duty of revenge and the throne, but also more concerned with dignity, life and human life. The bad social reality contradicts his ideals, causing him to reevaluate everything and find for himself a righteous attitude. The actual assessment and determination process has caused Hamlet's souls of moments of pain, pessimism, skepticism, hesitation, and 'to be or not to be', the minutes 'endure or resist up'. In the end, Hamlet had found the truth of the struggle, but because he was lonely and lacking in vigilance, he had collapsed because of the enemy's trap. With Hamlet in Shakespeare's Hamlet, after the death of his father, who symbolized the Renaissance idealist model, Hamlet was thrown to the sidelines of life.
Get original essayAlthough the people in the invitation invited and promised, he understood that he did not belong to their world. The game of the wings, cruelty, deception, tricks... is not Hamlet's game. He wanted to find, want to see another world. It was no coincidence that Shakespeare let Hamlet wonder so much about the meaning of life and death. “Death,' according to Hamlet, 'is sleep. No more'. However, those who choose to die before fulfilling their obligations (fighting for righteousness) in the world will not have a peaceful sleep. Because, in that sleep of the dead, when I have escaped this mundane body, what dreams will come, that makes us stop thinking. It is that that causes many disasters for this long life”. There is also another kind of death, though Hamlet does not directly state it, but we still understand, “What is human being, if he brings all the essence and value of his life to eating and resting? Just animals, nothing more. Indeed”. So people need to live. Living is synonymous with doing good, 'Living, or not being alive - that's the point.' To endure all the stones, the arrows of fate, or to hold up the weapons to fight and destroy them, which is more noble? Of course, Hamlet would choose the path of 'picking up weapons.' In the process of assessing reality and determining the reality caused in Hamlet's soul the moments of pain, pessimism, skepticism, hesitation, and moments of concern. In the end, Hamlet found out the truth of fighting, but because he was lonely and lacking in vigilance, he collapsed because of the enemy's trap. The Hamlet tragedy contains many topics, such as justice and vengeance, human destiny and the purpose of life, health and madness, appearance and reality, woman and love, rights and duties as king, poison and corruption.
First of all, all of Hamlet's actions were set out by the ghost for the Prince, which was revenge for the father who was murdered in vain. At this point, the Prince's soul was tormented by questions. Who's upset when he sees his mother in the arms of the person who killed his father? This opens a topic about the desire of a woman in love, when a husband dies. Is excercation with the deceased husband necessary and sacred for the whole husband and wife? From here, not only is revenge for his father, but Hamlet also experienced many more problems, he struggled between affection and reason, between heart and mind. Because his noble soul does not allow him to act without thought. The questions that torment him are also the questions posed to the times today when it is necessary to judge something. It is a combination of many aspects and people have to see the bottom line to solve. Hamlet opened up a moral and talent requirement for the nation's top people. And when they use despicable tricks to climb to the top of the power, they should be punished. It is right and justice, charity that Hamlet represented the people to speak up. Like when Hamlet feigned insanity, everyone thought it was true, but whoever was good, that was just his form of disguise. A perfect cover. So how is life today with so many realities, fake things intermingled? How do we see its nature? The immortality of Shakepeare's compositions is from a story that he evokes many humanistic topics to the posterity. These topics are still hidden behind his psychological language. It is only realized when the reader has the harmony and understand the thoughts that the author sent. And Hamlet is one of his life's works, when many issues of human life and relationships have been mentioned by Shakepeare.
Hamlet is a tragic character that shows Shakespeare's broken humanity. But Shakespeare did not lose faith in the future. So, Hamlet is not the spokesman for the whole idea of ??Shakespeare. Hamlet did not recognize the road, in order to escape the deadlock, despair. Nowadays, in the world literature, the concept of 'Hamlet disease' still exists only in the attitude of reflection and reasoning, but not enough trust and courage to act in detail. But anyway, Hamlet lives forever in the hearts of the world's readers, with the tragedy of his life reflecting the inevitable contradiction of development, of the struggle between beauty and evil in social existence. Hamlet will always give rise to the hearts of people forever not only in the mood of sadness but also in the aesthetic emotions, leading them to the thoughts of the greatness that exists in the muddy world.
Between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century the United States had turned into a main worldwide mechanical power. They became the world's prevailing economic, mechanical, and agricultural power, because of their new technologies (for example, the telegraph and steel), a growing railroad network, and plentiful of natural resources. But that was only possible because of an ideology called “isolationism” where the United States decided to “isolate” themselves from the rest of the world, and become self-sufficient, implementing new tariffs that helped the American economy itself. With the beginning of the 20th century, that ideology shifted from wanting to be self-sufficient to wanting more raw resources and power, so the United States underwent their period of imperialism. This shift led to many changes inside and outside the country politically, but it also affected its social views. The most important reasons on why the US decided it was a good idea to shift from isolationism to imperialism were economic, military and ideological.
Get original essayIsolationism and Imperialism were two very complex and different policies. Isolationism was a policy that aimed at avoiding permanent ties and alliances with other states. In the United States it all started with the “Farewell Address” (1796) of George Washington, which proposed commercial relations to the nation, but not permanent political alliances with the rest of the world. “While, then, every part of our country thus feels an immediate and particular interest in union, all the parts combined cannot fail to find in the united mass of means and efforts greater strength, greater resource, proportionally greater security from external danger, a less frequent interruption of their peace by foreign nations.” In the same direction went the 'Monroe doctrine' (1823), which established a kind of non-intervention between the US and European states. “With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power we have not interfered and shall not interfere. But with the Governments who have declared their independence and maintain it, and whose independence we have, on great consideration and on just principles, acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner their destiny, by any European power in any other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States.” Monroe in his doctrine takes power away from Europe, and then says that America is a force to look upon to.
Imperialism on the other hand, is a policy where the priority is economic and political expansion is those countries of industrial capitalism, they were searching for low-cost prime markets and outlets for industrial products and investment capital. With imperialism, people started growing nationalist feelings and started believing in the superiority of European civilization and in the civilization mission of the white man; furthermore Social Darwinism, that is the application of Darwinian theories to human society, interpreted the cultural differences between peoples in terms of evolution and justified (based on the principle of natural selection) the competition between peoples and the domination of peoples stronger and more evolved on weaker, less evolved ones. It should be noted that the phenomenon of colonization, understood as an instrument of the progress of humanity, was also justified by many exponents of the socialist movement (including Marx himself). Imperialism experienced its peak from the late 1800s through the years that followed World War II.
As explained in the introduction, the shift from isolationism policy to an imperialist one was caused by three main factors. The first factor would be the economic factor. In 1893 an historian by the name of Frederick Jackson Turner published “The Significance of the Frontier in American History” and in this piece he argues the 1890 census. “That coarseness and strength combined with acuteness and inquisitiveness; that practical, inventive turn of mind, quick to find expedients; that masterful grasp of material things, lacking in the artistic but powerful to effect great ends; that restless, nervous energy; that dominant individualism, working for good and evil, and withal that buoyancy and exuberance which comes with freedom - these are the traits of the frontier.” He claimed that the frontier had ended or was closed, in fact the superintendent of the census said there was no longer a visible frontier out in the West. During that same year (1890) Wounded Knee, a war between the Indians and the Americans, marked the end of the major Indian Wars. In the essay, Jackson talks about the importance of the frontier in American history. He didn’t value the resistance of the Native people to Anglo colonization, he doesn’t even really talk about race or class, but he lays down this. Idea that the frontier is closed. Advocates of expansion took that idea and decided that since the frontier was closed the. Only way for America to expand was to go abroad, overseas.
Many imperialists cited economic opportunities as a justification for increased involvement of. The United States in world affairs. Between the Civil War and the 1890s the industrial manufacturing capabilities of the US just exploded in such a short amount of time. This rapid industrialization meant that the United States were producing more than its citizens required, and this gave rise to a belief among American Imperialists that the United States needed new markets for its manufactured as well as agricultural goods. The US also decided to expand overseas because they wanted cheap raw materials, and many foreign countries were able to provide that, and it would help fuel the Industrial Revolution. Many people believed that when there were economic. Downturn, such as the panic of 1893, that If we had these foreign markets to provide raw materials and as places to trade, they would get out of these economic downturns much quicker. So, they believed the best way to do that, and to maintain a strong economy, was to take over people’s land overseas.
Apart from taking over people’s lands they also wanted to take over their lives in order to integrate them into the American economic system, so that they could have these “new” markets where they could sell the goods they were producing. There were also strategic reasons why some Americans advocated for expansion and/or imperialistic policies. One of the things that was happening was that America’s Navy was extremely weak and not very impressive, and the US as it expanded throughout this period was largely getting areas that were islands, because they wanted to be close to foreign markets such as China. There were also strategic reasons why some Americans advocated for expansion and/or imperialistic policies. One of the things that was happening was that America’s Navy was extremely weak and not very impressive, and the US as it expanded throughout this period was largely getting areas that were islands, because they wanted to be close to foreign markets such as China. In the early months of 1893, the community of merchants of the Kingdom of Hawaii deposed the queen and sought annexation by President Harrison, who put forward the proposal to the Senate for approval. However, the newly elected President, Cleveland withdrew the proposed annexation. Nevertheless, the revolutionaries in Hawaii formed an independent Republic of Hawaii. This joined its sponte to the United States as part of its territory of 1898 and was granted to its residents the full American citizenship. At the end of the nineteenth century, the United States began to invest in a new naval technology that included steam warships and powerful armaments and steel bridges. During the mid-1990s, American public opinion denounced the Spanish repression of the Cuban independence movement as brutal and unacceptable. The United States increased the pressure but remained dissatisfied with the Spanish answers. When an American warship for reasons not well defined, exploded in the port of Havana, Cuba, on February 15, 1898, the matter took on an irrepressible dimension and McKinley could not oppose the continuous requests for immediate action. Most Democrats and many Republicans demanded a war to liberate Cuba.
Almost simultaneously the two countries declared war (every other country remained neutral). The United States won without problems the disproportionate Hispanic-American war, with a duration of four months, from around April to July. Thanks to the Treaty of Paris, the United States took over the states that were the remaining territories of what was once the Spanish empire, especially Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam. This marked America's transition from a regional power to a world power. In Cuba independence was granted under American supervision. However, the permanent condition of the Philippines turned out to be a debated political issue. The Democrats, led by William Jennings Bryan, had tenaciously supported the war but did not oppose the annexation as tenaciously. McKinley was re-elected and the annexation was implemented. In 1890, Alfred T. Mahan, President of the Naval College in Annapolis, argued that in order to secure foreign markets and to become a world power you needed to have modern powerful navy and acquired naval bases. “Having therefore no foreign establishments, either colonial or military, the ships of war of the United States, in war, will be like land birds, unable to fly far from their own shores. To provide resting places for them, where they can coal and repair, would be one of the first duties of a government proposing to itself the development of the power of the nation at sea.”
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Get custom essayFinally, the last reason that pushed the shift from isolationism to imperialism is ideological reasons, more specifically “Social Darwinism”. The United States had just extended from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast. So, the prior ideal of manifest destiny appeared to have been fulfilled. Be that as it may, during the 1890s “Manifest Destiny” all of a sudden took on an entirely different significance: it turned into America's divine mission, to not only reach the shores of the Pacific but to stretch out past. This was also perceived as Anglo-Saxon predominance. From 1865 to the 1900s Social Darwinism was used significantly to encourage human competition, to oppose intervention in the natural human order, and was the idea that humans compete for the struggle of existence. Numerous Americans believed in the superiority of Anglo-Saxons (people that had British ancestors). They thought that the white protestants, particularly the Anglo-Saxons, were a better race that merit to go over the others. Their conviction in Anglo-Saxon predominance fulfilled psychological needs in numerous Americans. Social Darwinist obtained their ideas from Charles Darwin’s hypothesis of evolution. They had confidence in “the survival of the fittest” and in the superior nature of the most dominant. This applied to plants and creatures as well as among human racial groups and social classes. Such convictions strengthened well-known supremacist demeanors.
The focus of this academic work will be on one of the well-known mental health illnesses, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Its high prevalence in society today highlights the need to explore the available treatment for people with MDD. The pharmacological and non-pharmacological management of MDD will be discussed, together with possible community resources for MDD clients to rely on.
Get original essayMDD also known as unipolar depression or clinical depression, is a type of mood disorder. People with MDD is characterised as being in a constant state of unhappiness (Videbeck, 2010, p281). Under the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders V, one is diagnosed with MDD when he is in a depressed state for a minimum of 2 weeks and show at least 4 or more symptoms (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Some clinical manifestations of MDD are feeling sad, tired and unable to sleep well. MDD is the most common mental health illness worldwide such that it is referred to as the ‘common cold’ in mental health (Institute of Mental Health, n.d.). In Singapore, MDD is so widespread that it has a lifetime prevalence of 6.3% (Ministry of Health, 2012). Research has also shown that for every sixteen individuals in Singapore, one will have depression at some point in time (Choo, 2018). The etiology of MDD cannot be explained by just one theory.
Based on neurochemical theory, MDD occurs when there is a deficiency in neurotransmitters namely serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine and dopamine (Nutt, 2008). These neurotransmitters control the emotional state of an individual by transmitting chemical messages in the brain. Dopamine is found to have correlation with happiness, while serotonin controls mood (Baixauli, 2017). The concentration of these neurotransmitters become low due to the reabsorption by receptors at presynaptic nerve terminals (Adams, Holland & Urban, 2013, p192), thus resulting in depressive signs.
According to the genetic theory, one with a first-degree relative that has MDD has a two to four times more risk for MDD as compared to the rest of the population (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Gender also plays a role in the etiology of MDD as women have two times more risk for MDD than men (Videbeck, 2010, p284).
External factors also contribute to MDD. People with long term medical illnesses such as cancer, coronary heart disease may see themselves as a disability and simultaneously suffer from the pain inflicted by their illnesses (Turner & Kelly, 2000). It was found that chronically ill patients have two to three times more incidence of developing MDD than general patients (Katon, 2011). Other stressful life events such as death of loved ones, divorce and unemployment can also result in the same depressive symptoms (Jesulola, Micalos & Baguley, 2018).
It is significant for us to discuss MDD because a potential yet major consequence of MDD is suicide. A study has shown that out of individuals who have attempted suicide, 59% to 87% are diagnosed with MDD and approximately 15% of the MDD patients completed suicide (Gonda, Fountoulakis, Kaprinis & Rihmer, 2007). This high statistic is a worrying news as depression, as mentioned, is very common in the world. This means that more people may be prone to ending their lives if no effective medical intervention is provided. Hence, it is critical to discuss the medical treatment available for MDD clients.
Since MDD has been around for a long time, there are a variety of antidepressants invented to cope with the symptoms. The major classes of drugs for MDD are tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). SSRI is preferred among TCA and MAOI because it is safer to use on elderly and has fewer adverse effects for instance, cardiovascular risk (Ferguson, 2001). Therefore, SSRI is deemed as the first-line medication for MDD clients (Clevenger, Malhotra, Dang, Vanle & IsHak, 2018). Common SSRIs are namely Fluoxetine (Prozac), Citalopram (Celexa) and Paroxetine (Paxil).
SSRI acts by blocking the serotonin receptors, preventing the reabsorption of serotonin into presynaptic nerve terminals (Adams et al., 2013, p191). This increased level of serotonin then triggers a change to the presynaptic neuron such that it becomes desensitized to serotonin while the postsynaptic neuron undergoes changes which increases its sensitivity (Adams et al., 2013, p192). So, more serotonin can be transmitted across the neurons to pass signals in the brain to regulate mood. An advantage of SSRI as its name suggests, is that it only targets serotonin and does not affect other neurotransmitters (Videbeck, 2010, p285).
Research has shown that escitalopram has a prophylaxis efficacy of 36% which is the highest as compared to other SSRIs like fluoxetine and paroxetine (Clevenger et al., 2018). Thus, escitalopram is the better choice of drug for the prevention of MDD relapse.
Even though side effects of SSRI are more tolerable than TCA and MAOI, it includes gastrointestinal (GI) problems such as nausea and diarrhea (Ferguson, 2001). This is because of the overactivation of 5-HT3 receptors due to the high amount of serotonin available which fortunately, if given at a lower dosage, can reduce the side effects (Ferguson, 2001). Research found that citalopram shows the least adverse effect, thus Ferguson (2001) claims that it is the most tolerable SSRI.
One adverse consequence of SSRI is the serotonin syndrome, whereby there is extremely high level of serotonin available due to the excessive usage of SSRIs or insufficient washout period between taking SSRI and MAOI (Videbeck, 2010, p289). With the accumulation of serotonin inside the body, an individual experiences serotonin toxicity which may be life threatening (Buckley, Dawson & Isbister, 2014). Manifestations of serotonin toxicity include diarrhoea, nausea, and mental changes like agitation and confusion (Buckley et al., 2014). Hence, clients should be educated on the right dosage of SSRIs.
Like other antidepressants, SSRI has a black box warning under the United States Food and Drug Administration (Adams et al., 2013, p190) for suicide ideations, especially in the younger population (Nischal, Tripathi, Nischal & Trivedi, 2012). Due to the uplifting nature of SSRIs, clients may gain energy to carry out suicidal behaviors because they are still in a depressed state (Videbeck, 2010, p313). Thus, it is important to advise friends and relative to monitor the clients for any suicidal behaviors.
Psychoeducation is the process of teaching the client and his family about the diagnosed mental illness. A registered mental health nurse (RMN) is usually the one conducting the education in a hospital ward setting. A strong therapeutic nurse patient relationship (TNPR) is essential in psychoeducation so as to achieve desirable outcomes (Dziopa & Ahern, 2009). In order to achieve TNPR, the RMN will show understanding of the client by active listening and respecting the client’s thoughts rather than condemning their behaviors (Dziopa & Ahern, 2009).
From a client’s perspective, his illness may be a worry to him because he is foreign to the symptoms it presents. This is where the RMN will come in to share information with the client regarding the possible causes for MDD, symptoms, and available treatment for him (Bamual, Frobose, Kraemer, Rentrop & Pitschel-Walz, 2006). Psychoeducation allows the client to clarify doubts about his condition (Bamual et al., 2006), thus increasing his awareness and involving him in the treatment process. It is important for the RMN to emphasize to the client, about medication adherence in order for his condition to improve. For example, a client may assume that his SSRI is not working due to the long waiting time for the medication effect to peak, causing him to lose hope and give up on his medicine (Videbeck, 2010, p313). This scenario can be avoided when the RMN provided information about the timeline for SSRI to work.
From the family of the client’s perspective, they may also be anxious about the client’s condition. The pressure of taking care of the client may result in caregiver stress. When the stress is too overwhelming, family members may develop hostility and intolerance to the client which is termed as having high Expressed Emotion (EE) (McCann, Songprakun & Stephenson, 2015). This in turn drives the client into relapse (McCann et al., 2015). From an empathetic perspective, the RMN advocates for the family’s well-being such as advising on ways to cope with high EE.
In the Shimazu et al. (2011) study, families of clients with MDD were given four psychoeducation about depression and how to cope in high EE scenarios. The study found that the time taken for MDD clients to fall into relapse was longer for clients’ whose family received psychoeducation than the control group. After a nine months follow-up of the clients, the psychoeducation group had a 42% lower rate of relapse than the control group (Shimazu et al., 2011). Hence, family psychoeducation is beneficial to prevent the relapse of MDD clients.
During preparation for the client’s discharge, the RMN should also provide the family with instructions on what to look out for such as symptoms of MDD relapse and side effects of the medication (Videbeck, 2010, p298). For instance, it is crucial for the RMN to instruct the family to constantly observe the client’s behavior for any signs of suicide intention since consuming antidepressants may trigger suicidal thoughts (Adams et al., 2013, p190).
Therefore, with psychoeducation, clients can take charge of their own illness and their families can better understand and aid them in coping with their condition
Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) is a psychotherapy developed in the 1970s for treating MDD. According to Wilfley (2001), IPT suggests that MDD develops due to the changes in interpersonal relationships surrounding the client. Death of a loved one is an example of the change in interpersonal relationship. Wilfley (2001) also claims that IPT aims to decrease the symptoms of depression by improving the client’s interpersonal relationships. This is done by targeting one of the four possible interpersonal issues which are grief, interpersonal role disputes, change of social role and lack of social interaction (Wilfley, 2001, p7863).
There are 3 main phases in IPT, the beginning (three weeks), middle (six weeks) and the end (three weeks). The overall duration of IPT takes twelve to sixteen weeks for acute MDD, because IPT revolves around a structured treatment plan (Markowitz & Weissman, 2004). A therapist can be the one to conduct IPT in an outpatient clinic. The client will thus visit the clinic every week for each IPT session. In the beginning, the therapist will gather information from the client regarding all of his present interpersonal relationships (Markowitz & Weissman, 2004). After detailed evaluation, the therapist will single out the most appropriate interpersonal issue that the client is affected by (Markowitz & Weissman, 2004). Hence, the interpersonal issue selected will be the main focus for upcoming sessions. It is important for the therapist to establish the idea to the client that the relation between his depression and life changes is “practical, not etiological” as stated by Markowitz and Weissman (2004). This means that the client should not blame himself for the cause of his depression. The client is given the role of a sick person by the therapist during this time, to take off any burden so as to allow him to feel more at ease (Lipsitz & Markowitz, 2013).
Markowitz & Weissman (2004) suggest that in the middle phase, the therapist advice the client on methods to resolve the interpersonal relationship. For instance, if the client is grieving about his dead wife, then the therapist can help him with the mourning (Markowitz & Weissman, 2004). If the interpersonal issue is the change of social role such as a divorce, then the therapist can also aid the client in mourning, but simultaneously encouraging the acceptance of the new social role (Markowitz & Weissman, 2004). Thus, the client learns new interpersonal skills from the therapist which is applicable for him to resolve his interpersonal issue.
In the final phase, the therapist informs the client of the ending of the therapy, and both can look back at the progress of the client’s interpersonal relationship (Lipsitz & Markowitz, 2013). If the result is not satisfactory, the therapist will then re-evaluate the problem that occurred and allow the client to try out new interpersonal skills again (Markowitz & Weissman, 2004). The therapist can praise the client’s efforts to resolve his interpersonal relationship when it shows improvement. Thus, the therapist is referred to as a “cheerleader” by Markowitz and Weissman (2004), because by doing so, the client is encouraged to resolve his interpersonal relationship. Finally, the therapist discusses with the client to schedule for future sessions at a less frequent basis so as to maintain the optimal state that he is in (Markowitz & Weissman, 2004).
Based on a meta-analysis, Cuijpers et al. (2011) states that IPT is “one of the most empirically validated” management for MDD. Various clinical studies also prove that the outcomes of IPT include remission and improvement in symptoms of MDD (Feijo, Mari, Bacaltchuk, Verdeli & Neugebauer, 2005). Hence, IPT is a good approach for MDD.
Nevertheless, one drawback is the time-limiting part of IPT. Clients who are more used to therapies that have no time limit may find IPT too short, thus may be unable to adjust to the structured plan (Addiction, n.d.).
In Singapore, one major governmental organisation called the ‘Agency for Integrated Care’ (AIC) is well-known for providing resources to re-integrate individuals into society. Under the AIC, there is an area meant for helping patients with mental illnesses. As the social stigma against mental illness is prevalent in Singapore, MDD clients may face discrimination when returning to the workforce (Baker, 2018). This is because of the perceived unproductivity of the clients due to their symptoms which portray them as unreliable candidates (Brouwers, 2016). Therefore, AIC aims to provide employment support for the clients through its psychiatric day care centres. The programs in these centres help clients to better manage their illness, simultaneously allowing clients to learn vocational skills (Agency for Integrated Care, n.d.). As such, clients can have more resources to prepare for employment.
‘Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance’ (DBSA) is an international organisation which aims to help client with mood disorders. In the Singapore branch, it is called ‘PSALT Care’. According to PSALT Care (n.d.), the organisation provides peer support groups to assist in the journey of recovery for MDD clients. It has a Christian-based support group, whereby MDD clients with identical religious beliefs come together. In each session, participants pray with the Bible and carry out worships, while keeping in mind the goal of changing themselves (PSALT care, n.d.). With the presence of peer support groups, participants know that they are not facing their condition alone, thus motivating them to work towards recovery (PSALT care, n.d.). The group sessions are conducted monthly, thus giving opportunities for clients to progressively manage their depression. PSALT Care (n.d.) also has a non-religious support group catering to the masses called ‘DSBA peer support group’. These group sessions are facilitated by peer support specialists who were once diagnosed with mood disorders but have since recovered. With the guidance of experienced facilitators, the sessions aim to empower participants to manage their own mental wellbeing (PSALT care, n.d.). A meta-analysis suggests that the addition of peer support group helps to reduce depressive signs as compared to normal treatment (Pfeiffer, Heisler, Piette, Rogers & Valenstein, 2011). Hence, peer support groups are advantageous for MDD clients.
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Get custom essayIn conclusion, MDD is a prevailing mental health condition around the world which can be influenced by genetics and environmental factors. It is vital to provide effective medical treatments for MDD clients because MDD may lead to suicide. One of the common classes of medication used to manage MDD is SSRI which reduce depressive traits by raising the blood serotonin level. Non-pharmacological interventions such as psychoeducation and IPT also help to cope with the symptoms of MDD. From a local context, there are community resources through peer support groups and employment assistance that clients can touch on. Therefore, MDD clients can receive help through various platforms to reintegrate into society.
College has proven to be a highlight in some people?s life, as it should be to those who make the most out of it. Students should be aware that college should not be free, it is for people who work hard, and by that hard work college should be considered as an award to them. If college was free in the United States, then everyone would go and it would be overcrowded. Also, it being free will cause a huge decline in the government's economy, as the government will be forced to pay for the students expenses. College being free has all its negatives, which will be discussed with evidences/facts and more. Hard work pays off, is what most experts/scientists claim. So if college was free it would debase most students hard work to get a scholarship, meanwhile students who took it easy and didn't put any effort in school would also get a scholarship. This is a bad idea in many ways as it does not push/encourage the students to become better, or in that case it also does not push students who did not put in the work in school to actually pay attention in classes and so on. This would also devalue a “college degree” as it won't feel special if everyone is getting one. College degrees were supposed to be a reward consisting of blood, sweat, and tears of hard work and nothing but hard work.
Get original essayWorking hard is a must in my opinion to get into college, but colleges being free also increases the amount of students on campus. College is supposed to be a place where you work hard, and also take it easy, however with an increase of students you won't “feel free” or lay back and enjoy your breaks as you used to. The reason to why some students so miserably want school to be over is because they believe some less educated students (bullies) create a bad environment around school, so if per say those students were to go to college the negative environment will be flying through the air. During break, the Food courts will be a huge mess, as restaurants will be forced to rush which will most likely include a misplace of an order or two. Making college feel the exact same way as school with some slight differences is not a step forward towards education. It would also increase the cost the United States government needs to pay, which could also raise the percentage of taxes deducted by an individual's income. The citizens in the United States are currently 329,049,917. It is mind boggling to even think about how much the government will have to pay to the students if college was free.
Will college really be considered “free” if it does happen, I mean sure students won’t have to pay for the college itself, but if the income of students increases, perhaps the government may consider only sending out scholarships to students with high degrees, so basically student loans will be a thing again, so it won't really be considered as free. Also if the government does take a step and decide that all colleges will be free, this will raise the taxes of each property of any college, which is never a good thing. To sum up, colleges should be a reward to people who have bled their guts into their education, and should not be a free lollipop to anyone. Colleges being free would for sure devalue a college degree, or maybe even a high school degree.
After the most recent Oscars ceremony, much of the world’s attention is on Joaquin Phoenix’s portrayal of the Joker but the real inspiration for his work is Heath Ledger’s 2008 performance. Although there was protest when Christopher Nolan announced that Heath Ledger would be cast in The Dark Knight, his incredible dedication to becoming the Joker would ultimately earn him accolades and popularity along with a posthumous Oscar award. This was not the first time the Joker character would make an appearance in a Batman film, so Ledger had big shoes to fill. With Nolan’s directing and writing, Ledger had all the necessities to be a great Joker. Heath Ledger’s performance combined with Christopher Nolan’s unique directing style has made The Dark Knight one of the most iconic superhero movies of all time.
Get original essayIn order to make this his most memorable performance of all time, Ledger pushed himself mentally and physically than he ever did. Once he heard about a sequel to the iconic Batman Begins, he reached out to Nolan about playing the Joker even before the screenplay for The Dark Knight was released. Heath locked himself up in a hotel room and in his apartment for over a month to prepare to be the Joker. Ledger would use this isolation to clear up head space before taking on the role of the Joker. He also used this isolation to help him create a totally new and unique version of the Joker that had never before been seen. The superhero community always judges actor’s takes on the Joker by their voices and the actor’s take on the iconic Joker laugh. Heath took this part of the Joker very seriously as he took six weeks to develope a unique voice for his character. According to Christopher Nolan, Ledger was studying ventriloquist dummies because he found their voices terrifying. His, “Why so serious?” line that he would say would be cemented as a legendary quote from the Joker. When Ledger would say, “Wanna know how I got these scars?” it would tell two damaging stories throughout the film. The first story is about how the Joker’s dad deformed his face with a knife and the second story he tells is how he deformed his face to make his wife happy. The two stories conflict but it can be believed that the Joker did it to create fear. The answer is that they aren’t physical scars but emotional ones. Ledger kept a very detailed diary that often contained his script for the film. He kept this diary on set and he often would look through it to get into character before scenes. By doing this, it would allow Ledger to immerse himself into the character of the Joker. The journal also contained pictures of the Joker from the comics, Hyenas, and multiples pictures of Alex DeLarge from the movie A Clockwork Orange. This dedication led Ledger to have heavy input on the wardrobe and makeup decisions for the character. He was so in love with being able to control what his character wore that he started to do his own face paint for the movie. The prop team even allowed Ledger to decide between an array of rubber knives for his signature weapon. Ledger even got to direct a part of the movie under supervision of Christopher Nolan. Under Nolan’s supervision, Ledger got to create hostage videos so that it would look like it was taken from the Joker’s perspective. To push Ledger physical limits, he would often ask Christian Bale (Bruce Wayne/Batman) to assault him during their on-screen scenes to make them more authentic. Although Bale wanted to pull his punches, Ledger asked him not too and even encouraged to hit him harder during one scene. In another scene where there where tiles on the set, Ledger was throwing himself around so hard that he ended up denting and cracking the tiles on the set. This impressive dedication to the Joker would eventually pay off for Ledger but it ultimately would lead to his premature death. The amount of time and effort Ledger put into the Joker would end up having him battle with insomnia and to the abuse of prescription sleeping pills, which would kill him at the age of 28, months before the movie hit the theatres. Ledger’s death sparked uproar in the community as it brought fame to his performance. Even though most superhero movies are dismissed by the Academy, Ledger’s performance as the Joker brought attention to him from the Academy. Ledger’s performance as the Joker won him a multitude of awards like a Golden Globe, British BAFTA, Screen Actors Guild award, and a ton of U.S. and Australian critics awards. His performance was legendary making him the second actor ever to win an Oscar after death. Ledger gave of the most unsettling yet amazing performances of all time. Due to his dedication and commitment to doing his best, Heath Ledger was able to provide one of the best performances of the Joker to ever hit Hollywood.
Before Christopher Nolan decided to make Batman in his own unique style, Batman was sort of looked to as a joke. Old movies based on Batman treated him like a joke or a lighthearted character and even as a simple character. Nolan changed the game by reimagining the character as a darker, more thoughtful and complex hero. When he released Batman Begins, people were praising Nolan and calling him a hero for saving the Batman franchise. Christopher wanted to stay true to the comics as much as possible. The Dark Knight does a good job of keeping the audience engaged with its intriguing story that has a strong impact on the viewers. Nolan never fails to keep his audience at the edge of their seat. Almost every superhero relies heavily on CGI and special video effects, but Nolan decided to mostly stay away from CGI. Nolan dedicated so much time and work into this film that every scene is absolutely essential to the main story. Another aspect of this film that makes it great is the dark and realistic nature of the people involved in the story. It even proves to the audience that even the best of people can give in to the temptation of evil. We get an early glance of this when Harvey Dent says, “You either die a hero, or you live long enough to see yourself become the villain.” We see the current state of Gotham’s people with crooked cops, politicians and the mobs and criminals that plague the city. Due to the amount of crime that happens in Gotham and the Joker who is constantly causing Batman to question the rules he has for himself; we see Batman show an uncontrollable amount of anger and brutality. He did a great job about keeping Joker’s origin story a mystery, by having him simply just show up and cause havoc. Nolan wanted his Batman to be this way because it reminds the audience how human Bruce Wayne really is. This also shows the audience how Batman is constantly faced with the problem of breaking his one rules, which is to never murder anyone. This rule is the only thing that keeps Batman from crossing the line of good and evil. Another reason why The Dark Knight is one of Christopher Nolan’s masterpieces is because it focuses on right vs wrong, good vs bad, and sane vs insane; other superhero films focus solely on the attributes of superhuman or godlike characters. Nolan also shows character development through Harvey Dent by having him become Two-Face in the middle of the movie, creating a tone shift. By doing this, it throws off the balance of good and evil. Harvey’s fall into becoming a villain is mainly based off of fear and revenge, since his fiancée Rachel dies in an explosion. Nolan also sets the tone of the movie by opening up with an iconic bank robbery scene that sets the mood for the entire film and Heath Ledger gives one of the greatest entrances of a character. Christopher Nolan gave The Dark Knight the perfect ending, he made Batman sacrifice his name to save what he cares about most, his city.
To conclude, the film flawlessly displays a groundbreaking take on what superhero movies can strive to be. It gives the viewers a taste of action, suspense, and drama all while proving that there’s a fine line between good and bad. The film also does an astounding job of showing that even the best people in society can be pushed to corruption with just a little bit of madness. The acting is fascinating and the screenplay is transcendent. Christopher Nolan screenplay and Heath ledger’s performance have set the bar insurmountably high for all other films to follow. This bar that was set by them, has yet to be surpassed. Heath Ledger’s performance combined with Christopher Nolan’s unique directing style has made The Dark Knight one of the most iconic superhero movies of all time. Requiescat in pace, Heath Ledger.
To start with, this “Why Marijuanas Should Not Be Legal' essay argues that any person, without studying the facts, can determine marijuana should be illegal for it, at most, generates no medical advance. Also, there is a common agreement of bias that marijuana legalization would promote zero gain in any category and legalization of marijuana would be all destructive to our society.
Get original essayMarijuana, also known as weed, hemp, cannabis, pot, herb, grass, etc., is the most common illegal drug most of the U.S and many other countries. Marijuana is also known to be a gateway drug because it can lead people to take more serious drugs. Marijuana is a dehydrated plant often smoked like a cigarette or in a bong or pipe. Those Drug Mafia and It’s war is a ongoing battle for many centuries in the world. This war, on drugs, is the main requirement for stopping drug abuse. Moreover, of all the drugs related to war, also rewarded against them. That is the reason these drugs have become highlighted to be legalized.
This agreement is apparently freely accepted by most Americans without the search of any appropriate facts on the subject. Therefore, since misunderstanding and misguided politics has led to the illegalization of marijuana, into a dark hole; it has also obtained a poor judgment by many social groups; furthermore, by illegalization has a negative effect on many countries. for the victims generated economically and medicinally; by legalizing marijuana and promoting its proper use, there can be many achievements made that are often unseen. First of all, misunderstanding from misguided politics is a primary cause of people being influenced against the legalization of marijuana. This misunderstanding is brought about from the fact that marijuana's effects seem to be dose-related. According to The Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, and Conflict,” low doses produce some degree of activation and associated motor stimulation and higher doses result in inhibition”. Indeed, abuse of marijuana can result in many problems, but, as shown, low doses provide possible stimulation. This is caused by the interaction between cannabinoids and both dopaminergic and noradrenergic transmitter systems and can be easily solved through promoting proper use. More current evidence is showing an interrelationship between the cannabinoid system and the system for endogenous opioids leading to conclusions that each plays a role in addictive behavior and withdrawal for the other.
Furthermore, more research on the topic needs to be done. Therefore, according to the Chronicle, those discoveries are influencing many scientists today into research about marijuana, but many scientists are deciding not to even bother holding clinical trials due to the difficulty of obtaining federal approval and other law backgrounds. In the Modern-day society, According to the Chronicle, the only present-day trial of the effects of marijuana involves fewer than 70 volunteers. In the Modern-day society, According to the Chronicle, the only present-day trial of the effects of marijuana involves fewer than 70 volunteers. Furthermore, senior reporter, Lila Guterman reports, 'The government permitted 21 clinical trials involving more than 3,000 men in the years leading up to Viagra's approval in 1998'.
Ms. Guterman is not the only one that influenced a comment to share concerning this topic. Appropriately, Ethan B. Russo, whom is a neurologist at Western Montana Clinic says, “The government is much more interested in preserving the purity of its ideology than it is in allowing patients to get effective medicine”, and Dr. Russo also advises, it's a serious view, rather than a scientific one. If the government would focusing on legalizing marijuana, it would surely have an effect on their awareness of the topic. Accordingly, The Chronicle reasons, Dr. Russo is also an assistant associate professor at the University of Montana and has been unsuccessfully submitting proposals to study marijuana's effects on migraine headaches since 1997.
Although, he has had an undivided approval from the review board of the Missoula hospital, which he hoped to continue his study, and approval from the Food and Drug Administration resent year; Since the drug-abuse institute rejected his proposal to use federal supplies of marijuana, Dr. Russo states, 'The federal reviewers had a poor understanding of issues with cannabis and migraines'. the federal reviewers, who holds the responsibility will never shout down the clinical trails If they aware of these attributes of marijuana. According to The Chronicle, Dr. Russo and others claim that many ill people who already smoke marijuana for its medical benefits, need to know better information about its effects and possible health benefits, and legalized medicinal cannabis could relieve symptoms for patients who fewer alternatives.
Next, the most possible use for marijuana is as a medicine, but the victims generated medically from illegalization have a great effect on many patients for the lack of practical treatments; Conflicts, an ancient Greece physician, noted that cannabis could treat pain, rheumatism, and gout. Even Queen Victoria's physician recommended it for insomnia, menstrual cramps, migraines, and muscle spasms. The Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, and Conflict states, 'Marijuana was referred to some historical practices, as early as the fifteenth century BC, when it appeared in a Chinese medical text for the treatment of a number physical and psychological ailments and it was first introduced to Western Europe by Napoleon's soldiers returning from Egypt'. According to Mr. Gust, from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, 'There's no F.D.A.-approved product, to my knowledge, that's delivered in a smoked form'. Moreover, just as any other type of smoking, smoking marijuana can damage the lungs. In defense, According to the Chronicle, the fear of lung disease would only be for those using marijuana long-term. In contrast, according to the Institute of Medicine, 'For patients with terminal diseases, though,” ‘the medical benefits of smoked marijuana might balance the harm'.
Although, no matter how effective, smoked marijuana is not likely to be approved as a medicine in the United States. However, The Chronicle states, ”a non-smoked medication stands a much better chance of being accepted by the medical establishment and approved by the government,” and it also indicates, Marinol, comes as pills that contain THC; and has been approved of by the Food and Drug Administration. It is used for appetite stimulation and relief of vomiting in AIDS and cancer patients, but keeping a pill down can be difficult or even impossible for patients with severe nausea. Therefore, according to the Chronicle, 'Dr. Sanchez-Ramos and other scientists may have alternative to a new drug being produced by GW Pharmaceuticals Ltd', and also reports, the British company developed an extract of marijuana from the whole plant and not just the THC, which is applied by a spray under a patients tongue. This allows it to reach the bloodstream in a short time, without being metabolized in the liver, as pills. Although, Dr. Abrams interests, as a pharmaceutical product, its cost may discourage many potential users, and he mentioned, “There are always going to be people who are going to perhaps grow their own and use their own medicine”, but for that reason he states, 'It’s still worthwhile looking at the medical effects of smoked marijuana'.
Furthermore, with a debt crisis arising in the U.S., the effects of legalizing marijuana would promote major economic gain; for instance, the government could tax the sale of marijuana, and there would be fewer prisoners in jail on marijuana-related offenses. As far as tax collection, Dpt. of Tax has already laid out a blueprint. Therefore, Dpt. of Tax suggests, “the Stored Value Policy System will provide verifiable solutions to manage the difficult task of revenue and taxation collection.The “Point of Sale” system will recognize the dispensary's tax ID number; same as the my number system in Japan; state and local tax rates and then provide ‘Automated Clearing House’ settlement of the taxes to the proper financial institutions,” and Dpt. of Tax also states, 'The customers of the Pharmacy are issued a plastic debit card or medical revenue card and that the ease of access to certifiably secure transactions lessens the risk of loss at each level of the transaction'. With this new taxation, funds could be assigned among organizations, schools, and the nation’s debt to help the economic growth of the government. However, marijuana is illegal, and, according to the FBI’s annual Identical Crime Report, US law enforcement agencies arrested 1,663,582 on drug charges in the year of 2009, and of those 858,408 were for marijuana offenses. Therefore, 51.6% of all drug arrests were marijuana-related, and of those 758,593 were for pot possession, however, 99,815 were for deals or business, and more than 88% of all marijuana arrests were for ownership and more than 45% of all drug arrests were for proprietorship. At first opinion, to most people, this would appear to be a great thing, but when accounting for all pointless spending, an underlying problem can be seen; pointless spending can be used for a positive economic gain.
Overall, through legalization of marijuana, it would surely mean less debt for the country, fewer drug offenses, and less tax money wasted on prisons and inmates from marijuana-related charges. Lastly, when legalizing marijuana, encouraging its appropriate use is essential; therefore, abuse of the plant will be minimal, and the gains from legalization will be wonderful. In the Declaration of Independence, it is stated that all men have the right to life, liberty, and interest in happiness, but the illegalization of marijuana is directly against these rights. As an example, many patients with a practical need for marijuana’s benefits aren’t getting their full medical service for a possible medicine, marijuana is illegal to be used. However, with that being said, abuse of the plant can be harmful; and can cause health problems such as lung cancer. Furthermore, the tax money raised from marijuana’s legalization can be allocated in a way to make sure there is a fund that promotes education and proper use. With proper facts on marijuana and promotion of its right use, it is likely that abuse of the plant will be minimal. So, as shown, there are tremendous gains to be made in medicine and economics from legalizing marijuana, and these advantages will be acquired, will minimum abuse for as long as the publicity and education of the proper use of marijuana are used effectively.
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Get custom essayIn conclusion, with all the benefits that we are able to gain through marijuana legalization, it is hard not to see these misunderstandings and misguided politics believes. as a problem when it has caused such an unjust illegalization. Due to this, we are now beginning to see the negatives of marijuana's illegalization and how it has a negative effect, or, at the very least, how it prevents possible positive outcomes. The listed evidence of negatives and positives are only a scratch into the possibilities of marijuana’s uses and many scientists rest guaranteed of many more.