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Air conditioning is the conditioning of air within a defined space, usually a residence or a place of business. Conditioning usually involves heating or cooling, humidifying or dehumidifying and filtering or cleaning air. If you have a central air conditioner, your system cools and dehumidifies the defined space. Following some background, this technical description provides details about three main parts of the air conditioning unit:
Get original essayAn air conditioner is basically a refrigerator without the insulated box. A typical air conditioner is doing exactly the same thing in exactly the same way. You can see a typical air conditioner with this diagram:
In air conditioning systems air is used to dissipate the heat from the outside coil. In some systems, the efficiency can be improved significantly by using a cooling tower. The cooling tower creates a stream of lower-temperature water. This water runs through a heat exchanger and cools the hot coils of the air conditioner unit. It costs more to buy the system initially, but the energy savings can be significant (especially in areas with low humidity) over time and the system pays for itself fairly quickly.
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However, they all work on the same principle. A cooling tower blows air through a stream of water so that some of the water evaporates. Generally the water trickles through a thick sheet of an open plastic mesh, and air blows through the mesh at right angles to the water flow. The evaporation cools the stream of water. Because some of the water is lost to evaporation, the cooling tower constantly adds water to the system to make up the difference.
The compressor compresses cool freon gas, causing it to become hot, high-pressure freon gas (red in the diagram). This hot gas runs through a set of coils so it can dissipate its heat, and it condenses into a liquid in the process. The freon liquid runs through an expansion value, and in the process it evaporates to become cold, low-pressure freon gas (light blue in the diagram). This cold gas runs through a set of coils that allow the gas to absorb heat and cool down the air inside the building. The compressor is the main engine of the air conditioner. It is the part that runs the entire system. The compressor is rated in BTU. A BTU is, generally, the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree F. Specifically, a BTU is 1,055 joules, but the first definition is easier to understand. One "ton", in heating and cooling terms, is 12,000 BTUs.
A typical air conditioner might be rated at 10,000 BTUs. What that means is that the air conditioner has the ability to cool 10,000 pounds of water (about 1,200 gallons) one degree in one hour. Or it could cool 5,000 pounds 2 degrees in one hour. Or 2,500 pounds 4 degrees in one hour, and so on.
In a chilled water system, the entire air conditioner lives on the roof or behind the building, and it cools water to 40 or 45 degrees F. This chilled water is then piped throughout the building and connected to air handlers as needed. There is no practical limit to the length of a chilled water pipe if it is well-insulated. The heat exchanger lets the cold freon chill the water that runs throughout the building.
The York version of the air conditioner offers the following performance standards:
Everyone has heard a story about a young, handsome, and virtuous man who sets out on a quest to either save or win the heart of a young and beautiful woman. This type of story is known as a tale of courtly love. The Theme of courtly love is very common in medieval literature and especially in Arthurian legends. Most of these medieval tales of courtly love centered around a knight in shining armor that would go to extreme lengths to prove his worthiness to a beautiful young woman. Chivalry and nobility are two of the prominent themes in stories of courtly love. Marie de France, one of the few female authors that were credited for their work during this era, wrote a lai titled Lanval that does not fit the tradition mold of courtly love that was common in her time. Through my analysis of Lanval and the use of the tale of Gareth, a more traditional tale of courtly love, I will show how the story of Lanval does not fit the typical structure of a tale of courtly love.
Get original essayIn a way this story follows the typical courtly love pretty well except the roles of the man and the woman are reversed in this story. It is the brave and handsome knight that is pursued by the beautiful woman. This is evident when the fairy says, “Sweet love, because of you I have come from my land; I came to seek you from far away” (de France, 156). Not only is she the one, who sought him out but also, she is the one who is proving her love to him through gifts and service. Another way the roles are reversed is that it is Lanval who submits to the authority of the fairy out of love. Typically once the knight in shining armor has won the heart of the young maiden she submits herself to him, however it is Lanval who tells the fairy, “If such joy might be mine that you would love me, there is nothing that you might command, within my power, that I would not do for you, whether foolish or wise” (de France, 156). In the male dominated society of the medieval era this idea of a man submitting completely to a woman was very uncommon. In many tales of courtly romance the man must go out and do a great act of heroism to save the woman from some great threat, like a dragon or a wizard. In Lanval it is the fairy that rides in on a white horse to save Lanval from the wrath of queen Guinevere. The story of Lanval has altered the traditional roles of a courtly love story. Instead of having a knight in shining armor and a damsel in distress Lanval Has a damsel in shining armor, and a knight in distress.
It would not be hard to argue that Sir Gareth is the ideal knight in shining armor. First off Gareth looks the part, he is described as handsome and fair at the beginning of the tale. Someone would have to search quite a few round tables to find a knight that embodies the idea of chivalry better than Sir Gareth. The knight’s code of chivalry holds Arthurian Knights to a high code of honor that at times seems paradoxical. A chivalrous knight must be bold, brave, and fierce on the battlefield, but loving, humble, and gentle when serving a woman. Gareth fights his way through knight after knight in this tale, yet he allows Lynet to mock and belittle him for most of the time they are on his journey together. Then after all that he has already done for Lynet Gareth still has to serve Lynet for a year and win a tournament in order to win her affection. It is not the fact that he does all of this that makes Gareth the ideal knight in shining armor, but the fact that he does it all with humility and chivalry. Gareth clearly fills the stereotypical male role in a tale of courtly love.
Lanval and Gareth have a lot of similarities in these two stories. Both knights are described as handsome, kind and, virtuous men. Lanval and Gareth both had to work to earn the respect of their fellow knight. Despite both of them being handsome and kind neither of them had fallen in love prior to the tales they were in. In the beginning of his tale Lanval was a foreigner and a loner who was not well liked by the other knights. Gareth was ridiculed and mocked by the knights shortly before becoming one, and his reputation revolved around his “pretty hands” and being a kitchen boy. Lanval and Gareth had several differences as well. Lanval was the opposite of an archetypal knight in shining armor while Gareth embodied everything about being a good and chivalrous knight. Gareth had to defeat evil knights, fight off thieves, fight in a tournament, and give a year of service, to earn the love of Lynet. Lanval had the love of the fairy lady offered to him on a silver platter. In addition to being pursued by his love Lanval was also spoiled with gifts from her. These two knights have very similar personalities, but they are in extremely different situations. If Lanval had been written into a traditional tale of courtly love I have no doubt that he would have made a great knight in shining armor. If a beautiful and powerful fairy woman had sought after Gareth, I believe that he too would have acted in a very similar way to Lanval. Ultimately it was the plot that provided the differences between these two very similar characters.
Lanval is not your typical Arthurian legend so I will use the tale of Gareth from Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d'Arthur. The tale of Gareth begins with Gareth arriving at King Arthur’s Pentecost feast as an unknown guest. Gareth is mocked for his appearance and is called “Beaumains” or pretty hands. Gareth does not get offended by the mocking and does not get offended by being forced to go and help in the kitchen. A young damsel named Lynet arrives in King Arthur’s court and asks Arthur to send knights to help save her sister who’s castle is under attack from the Red Knight. Arthur refuses to send any knights to help the young damsel, but Gareth asks Arthur to send him on this mission and he asks to be knighted by Sir Lancelot. Arthur agrees to these requests and makes Gareth a knight and sends him away with Lynet. Lynet is not pleased that she is being send off with only the help of this kitchen boy. Lynet abuses Gareth throughout all the trials they face on the way to save Lynet’s sister. These trials included fighting off thieves, fighting the Black Knight, fighting the Green Night, and finally fighting the Red Knight. It is not until Gareth defeats the Red Knight that Lynet grows fond of him, but in order for him to prove his love for her he must serve her faithfully for a year. At the end of his year of service Gareth and Lynet plan a tournament for Gareth to win the hand of Lynet. Gareth fights his way through several knights in this tournament and then goes on to marry Lynet.
Marie de France wrote the tale of one of the lesser know knights in King Arthur’s court, Lanval. Lanval is the son of a king from a land far away. Lanval could actually play the role of the knight in shining armor or prince charming very well if Marie de France had written this story differently. At the beginning of the story Marie de France states, “For his valor, for his generosity and his bravery, most men envied him” (de France, 154). Despite Lanval being described as the kind of man that any woman at the time would have loved to be pursued by, the handsome and charming prince is not the hero of this story. Lanval is lonely and not treated well in King Author’s court. Lanval’s loneliness ends when he meets a beautiful and powerful fairy in the woods. She pursues him and spoils him with riches in order to win his affection. Lanval has everything he has ever wanted but there is one catch, he cannot tell anyone about his love. Lanval’s inability to keep his love a secret is what causes the main conflict of the story. Queen Guinevere recognizes some changes in Lanval’s behavior after he falls in love, and she thinks that these changes have made him much more desirable. The Queen decides to try and seduce Lanval and after he refuses she accuses Lanval of having no desire for women. This gets under his skin and gets him to say that not only is Guinevere not as beautiful his mistress, but she is not even as beautiful as the servants of his mistress. This causes two problems, he has broken his promise to the fairy to keep their love a secret, and he has insulted the most powerful woman in the kingdom. The queen, enraged by Lanval’s comments, goes to Arthur and gets Lanval put on trial for insulting the queen. Lanval has to either prove that his love is as beautiful as he says or he will be punished. Even though Lanval broke his promise his promise the fairy comes in a reveals herself to the court. Once Lanval’s love is in the court King Arthur can clearly see that she is as beautiful as Lanval described and he clears Lanval of the charges. After that the two of them ride off on her horse into Avalun, the land of the fairies.
While the two knights are very similar characters the ladies they loved were not. The fairy lady that won Lanval’s heart is very different than most ladies in Arthurian Legends. The fairy lady is strong, independent, powerful, and virtuous. These are a lot of the same categories that would usually be associated with the heroes of the legends. Lynet falls into a more typical female role for the time. Lynet is completely dependent on Gareth to save her kingdom. Lynet is also not kindhearted or sweet at first to her knight in shining armor. She makes Gareth work hard to earn her affection and she does not treat him well while works to earn that affection. Lynet is a pretty good example of a damsel in distress while she does not have a whole lot of substance to her character. There is another type of lady in these Arthurian legends that I think deserves mention, Queen Guinevere. Guinevere is powerful like the fairy lady but does not appear as virtuous. Guinevere tries to seduce Lanval and after he refuses her advance tries to get him killed for insulting her beauty. Guinevere sometimes plays the role of damsel in distress and Arthur or another knight must come and save her. Guinevere also helps to highlight another theme in courtly love that it is acceptable to commit adultery if it is out of love. Guinevere does not commit adultery with Lanval in this tale but she sleeps with Sir Lancelot in several other legends. Guinevere and Lynet were typically how women were portrayed in medieval literature and the fairy lady was something of an anomaly.
The attitude towards courtly love in Lanval isn’t necessarily negative. Marie de France isn’t trying to attack the idea of courtly love and she still highlights nobility and chivalry in her story, but she is ultimately trying to say that both men and women can play either role. If I had to define her attitude towards courtly love I would define it as progressively feministic. Being one of the few female writers of the time to actually get credit for her work it would not be a stretch of the imagination to assume that Marie de France wanted to advance the role of women in literature. Marie herself was progressing the role of women in literature so it makes sense that she would use a strong female character in her story to help advance the role of women in literature.
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Get custom essayLanval is far from your typical tale of courtly love because the roles of man and the woman are reversed, but Lanval still has several similarities to typical Arthurian legends like the tale of Gareth. Marie de France still portrayed the ideas of chivalry and honor in her tale while still promoting the role of women in literature. I believe Marie de France was trying to show that courtly love could come in a nontraditional form.
There is nothing that compares to the loud screeches of tires at the crack of dawn, or the blaring horns of angry taxi drivers in a crowded new york city street. As their meter ticks down, they start to weave in and out of the traffic. These taxi drivers are fierce and will do what it takes to get their passengers to their desired location as fast as possible. These wacky taxis are just a small sample size of all the other, unique, and angry drivers in this world. There are a lot of other drivers one should keep an eye out for, not just the crazy taxi driver.
Get original essayThe Road Rager
It is one thing for someone to want to always be on time, but another for them to drive so close to the car in front of them that their bumpers are nearly touching, just to they can get to there destination on time. But in reality doing so will not make time go by any faster. In the simplest form road ragers do not care on how they arrive at their final destination as long as they get there. Compared to other drivers, road ragers are usually not found with a smile on their face. They always have something to be upset about whether that is slow drivers, a traffic jam or a construction zone. Picking them out on the road is not a challenging task. Things to look for when searching for a road rager include honking, bumper riding and a permanent frown. In the simplest form, these are the drivers one must stay away from.
The Pop Star
The pop stars are upbeat and happy drivers. No matter what song is playing on the radio, they have no problem belting out every lyric. Pop stars are most entertaining for those stuck in traffic jams or for the ones stopped at a red right. They provide other drivers with their very own private concert. In addition, they give a good laugh while others sit and witness the pop star pulling out their air guitar and strum it to every beat. Pop stars do not care about being on time nor do they care about being late. They are just in the car for a good time and some even better music.
The Speed Demon
Very rarely will there be a road, interstate or highway with no actual speed limit. However in the world of a speed demon those speed limits do not exist. They will go as fast as their car allows if they choose to. Cruise control is not an option for these drivers. They put the pedal to the metal and do whatever it takes to arrive to their destination on time. Speed demons believe they have the ability to drive faster than the speed of light, so they give themselves approximately five minutes tops to get to their desired location. The speed demons would more than likely describe themselves as strong and powerful, while all other drivers could probably come up with another adjective.
The Multi-Tasker
Prepare to be amazed; multi-takers are getting better and better at their unique skill everyday. With people being so reliant on today's technology, it is almost impossible for most to refrain from the usage of their cell phone. However, just simply being on their cellphone does not make someone a multi-tasker. The multi-taskers are the ones who use their phone while holding their coffee, eating their morning bagel, applying their mascara, all while attempting to steer. Multi-taskers are often mistaken for drunk drivers as the rookies swerve from lane to lane trying to complete other tasks. They are usually the ones with kids at home and a lot going on in the mornings. Their morning hecticness will more than likely show in their body language. They are the ones with a stressed look on their face because juggling five different tasks at once all while driving is not only dangerous, it is tiresome.
The Car-Habitor
When people hear the quote “home is where the heart is” they typically think of sitting by a fireplace with their family but the opposite is true for these types of drivers. There is both upside and downside to a car habitor. For them, life is great. They never have to deal with the common occurrence of leaving something at home because their car is their home. Their belongings follow them wherever they go. However, living in a car is not all it is cracked up to be. Although it may be convenient for them to live on the road, the car-habitors have to find places to shower, change clothes and get ready almost everyday. People should avoid hitching rides from these types of drivers, unless they want to sit on top of food wrappers, books, clothes, blankets and possibly some tools because who knows what someone will need when their car is a place they call home.
The Accessorizer
Whether it is subs in the trunk or spinners on all four wheels, these folks take their cars seriously. Their personality may not give them away but their car most certainly will. A car accessorizor go above and beyond to make sure their vehicle sticks out. The amount of money they invest in their car may shock some people but for them it is completely necessary. From their sparkly steering wheel cover to the snake eyes dice hanging from their mirror, they are always looking for ways to flaunt their accessories. They are usually pretty laid back drivers but sometimes have a tendency to get distracted by all of their bling. They would never do anything that could jeopardize all of the hard work, they put into their car.
Driving is something that should always be taking seriously as it can be a very dangerous task. One will never know who they are going to run into on the road but it is important to always be on the lookout, especially when drivers like the multi-taskers are within the premise. Although these are not the only people that can be found on the road, they are the main ones everyone should keep an eye out for. Because in the end it is not what kind of car they may be driving but instead, what type of driver is sitting behind the wheel.
The comics to the movies the Spiderman trilogy is one of the most loved super heroes of all-time. The Spiderman comics started in 1962, by Stan Lee and Marvel Comics. A 17 year old boy named, Peter Parker is bitten by a radioactive spider and is given abilities to Genius-level intellect. Proficient scientist and inventor. Superhuman strength, speed, durability, agility, stamina, reflexes/reactions, coordination, balance and endurance. Precognitive spider-sense ability, cling to most solid surfaces and webbing ability. Utilizes wrist web-shooters to shoot spider web material. The two main notable Spiderman adaptions were the amazing Spiderman comic and Spiderman the movie. In this report, it will see the origin and plot of Spiderman, analyse the differences between the Amazing Spiderman Comic and Avengers Infinity War and evaluate how successful the adaptation was from one of the most loved super heroes.
Get original essayThe Amazing Spiderman Comics was first published in 1962 by Marvel Comics and sold over 340,200 copies in its first release. This comic was up for sale and was sold for $1.1 million and is now one of the most known super heroes of all time.
The comic features many elements such as his famous red, blue and black suit, his ability to climb was and has homemade web shooters. The main characters of this comic is Spiderman or known to many as Peter Parker, many other secondary characters are Uncle Ben, Aunt May , Gwen Stacy and the first villain of Spiderman, the Chameleon.
The Amazing Spiderman Comic is one of the most cherished super hero comic ever. The plot of the first comic first starts where Peter is a nerdy kid who is picked on by many at his high school. Peter than asks some kids from school if they want to go to a radioactive convention, they all deny and Peter goes by himself and then when wondering around the convention is bitten by a radioactive spider, which gives him Wall-crawling, enhanced strength, speed, reflexes, durability, stamina, healing and agility and Spider-Sense.
Peter immediately feels the bite and goes outside for a breather. When outside he is almost hit by a car but then jumps out of the way due to his new powers. After this Peter decided to climb the wall and did, then when at the top he accidentally crushes a metal pole. Peter now realises that he has super human abilities and then enters a boxing competition and wins $100. After the match, a TV producer and says that 'he can make a fortune'. When he is home he creates a new suit (which is the suit wears for the remainder of the comic) and creates his super hero name and makes his own web shooters. He goes on the TV show, 'the Ed Sullivan Show', and the crowd went wild.
Later on, in the comic a thief runs by and Peter does nothing about it. The cop then asks why he did not trip or hold the thief and Spiderman said that that was not his job it was the polices job and he was only looking out for himself. This constructs Peter to be selfish and uncaring to others considering that he later a criminal away. As he returns home in aunt and Uncle give Peter a microscope and then he told himself that he will now only help his aunt, uncle and himself. This constructs Aunt May and Uncle to be kind and caring, mainly Peter. One day Peter comes home from school and sees the police at his house talking to Aunt May to say that Uncle Ben has been shot and murdered. The police man said not to worry about the suspect because he is stuck in a warehouse. Pete changes to Spiderman and tries to stop his Uncles murderer and does but the murderer is the person who he let run away when the cop was trying to chase him and Peter didn't do anything. After that he realises that with great power comes with great responsibility. This now constructs Peter to be unselfish and caring to help others in need.
The first movie of the Spiderman trilogy was released in cinemas on the 29th of April, 2002. The film has a similar start, Peter Parker, who is in high school and was a nerdy high schooler. The difference at the start is that Peter in the movie goes on an excursion to a laboratory. During the excursion Peter is bitten by a radioactive spider and given inhuman abilities.
In this adaptation Spiderman slightly changes, in both Spiderman's, he is constructed to be a nerdy, unpopular high schooler who is bitten by a radioactive spider and then changes his life forever. Before being bitten in the movie the actor of Peter (Toby Maguire) is an unmuscular kid, who has no proper physique, until he is bitten and then has a defined muscular body, this is shown by his biceps and abs being very defined. In the comic Spiderman seems to be more bulk with also defined biceps and quadriceps. Another part of the movie that did was not used was that Spiderman in the movie had organic web shooters (came out of him).
The attitude of Peter Parker in the movie did not change, Peter at the start only cared about himself and his Aunt and Uncle but no one else. This may be due to the fact of Peter being a kid and his hormones are changing causing him to be selfish towards others. Aunt May and Uncle Ben are both still caring and kind towards Peter, this might be due to the fact that they adopted Peter making them more kind to make him feel like they are actually family, this is shown in many movies like Shuzam (2019) and the Blind Slide (2009), and can also be relatable in real life.
The adaptation of the new movie is quite similar; however, the movie appeals more to the modern audience and how the movie can be relatable to some real high school and college students. The comic doesn't properly get people to relate and can't show true emotions unlike the movie. The movie defiantly connects more with kids than the comic.
Both Spidermans are constructed to be a positive role model for kids, and has character traits of strong, independent and the after the bite and person who will stand up for what is right. The most significant change from the comic to the movie was that we could properly see construct into a different attitude on life, people and his powers. This was good construction in the movie that made the movie a lot better.
The comic was one of the most loved comics of all time, but the movie was way bigger and appealed more to younger ages, this is due to kids not wanting to read but watch movies. The movie had a lot more action than the comic which would appeal to people’s enjoyment of awesome fight scenes. Overall, the movie was very creative and had many twist from the comic which made the movie better. In my opinion, the success of the Spiderman adaptions was very successful and has become one the best superhero films of all time.
The economics of countries around the world varies significantly in growth and equality. Economic disparity will be explored in three different countries. These countries include India, Korea, and Guyana. The effects of the inequality of growth and economic performance is far reaching to even the most remote citizens of each of these countries discussed. The efficiency of the economic performance for the citizens is determined by the channels of reforms employed by the governments of each of these countries. The economic theories and findings of Elhanan Helpman will be reviewed and implications for these countries examined, utilizing the data to describe the economic findings.
Get original essayEconomic inequality hurts the development of growing and established countries around the world. The economic performance of a country will impact the growth and inequality for the businesses, government and citizens of each country. These performances not only impacts the success and survival of the individual country, but its impact on the economic status of the performance in the global financial environment. When there are fewer amounts of wealth in fewer hands then inequality is inherent in turn of the country’s economic stability. The impact on the overall economy is far reaching to all people in the state or country, and even the entire world. In the situation of an under developed, or unequal economy, the financial status of a country is described by the amount of low per capita income of the citizens. The misdistribution of the income and wealth in a country will cause the problem of poverty and economic disparity to become a severe obstacle in economic balance and growth in a country. Economic inequality is closely related to the reduction of the economic growth since the increasing concentration of the population’s income is part of a smaller portion of the global population.
It is the necessary responsibility of theorists and activists in the economic and political world to review the problems related to financial success and demise in all countries. After thorough review of the economic status, institutions must create and implement theories of methods to make improvements for all levels of financial classes. And finally, the implemented theories must be reviewed and modified as needed to continue to meet the needs of the public and private sectors of the economic industries. The problem-solving methods first begin with questioning the current status of successful and failing financial planning. Institutions of each country must begin with evaluating the populace of the land and work their way to the top. This evaluative process will allow economists to formulate questions to gain understanding and create forward change and progress in the financial security of their homeland. Therefore, the questions that must be answered include;
These research questions have been explored and continue to influence the development of the economic status around the world. The findings will show the progress and implications for the countries of India, Korea and Guyana. The economic implications will be explored by demonstrating the empirical evidence showing the correlation of successful and despairing conditions of the inequality and growth for the countries. Next, possible explanations will be explored in the examination of the evidence for each country. Finally, the theories of Helpman’s economic performance will be explored in the link for the status of the economic reforms employed in these countries. Data, descriptions and explanations will be utilized to explain and demonstrate the findings of these research questions.
As the seventh-largest economic powerhouse in the world, India has enjoyed economic success from the exporting of various products and agriculture to countries around the world. However, the status of its people has been a different experience than observed from outsiders. India has the third-largest purchasing power in the world. India is classified as a newly industrialized country and one of the G-20 major economies with a growth rate of approximately 7% over the last 20 years (International Monetary Fund (IMF), 2014, 1). These growth rates are seen in many states across the country.
In the city of Mahashtra, the GDP was estimated at a rate of $250 billion. While in Tamil Nadu, the GDP stood at an average of $150 billion. Finally, the city of Uttar Pradesh had a GDP of $130 billion in 2015 (DailyNewsAnalysis, 2015, 1). These growth rates surpassed the economic growth status of the superpower country of the People’s Republic of China in 2014. According to the IMF (2014), the Indian economy has developed the potential to become one of the two largest economies in the world by the mid-21st century (2). The implications for this economic development for India can lead to improved rankings in the world trade ranking-agriculture (17%), automobile industry (29.7%) and growing e-commerce markets (45%) (CIA, 2016, p. 1). The long-term growth perspective of this economy has grown in a positive manner largely, in part, because of the young generation of this growing country. The young people have experienced low dependency ratio, healthy saving and investment rates, and increasing integration into the global economy (CIA, 2).
The economic trends and issues experienced in India does not match the growth and advancements as seen on paper across the global network. The influences of the financial reality of India’s citizens is not as positive or glamorous as it appears. The reality of the common citizen in India is filled with despair, poverty and heartache as the people in the upper-crust of society continue to prosper. The reforms that helped the economy grow and develop in India over the last 20 years has also impacted the poorest citizens of this country. The income inequality has doubled during this time period. Since 1991, the continuing liberalism of the country has moved the economy of India toward a market-based economy (Gargan, 1992, 1). The financial policies have been influenced by the combination of protectionism, import-substitution, Fabian Socialism, and social democratic government policies (Gargan, 2). Following the time-period of the installation of these economic influences, India began to experience a severe decline in the equality of their economic stability within the lower demographics of their society. Garan notes in 1992 that the economy of India was characterized by several descriptions offering a grim view of the development for the citizens failing financially. In the various communities around India, the government offered extensive regulation of their programs for the economy. In these regulations, the Indian government hindered its people. In addition, the government offered protectionism and public ownership of large monopolies of businesses throughout the land. The protectionism and public ownership kept the common man from being able to participate in financial growth or capital gain, holding them back, in the midst of poverty. India also experienced pervasive corruption throughout the various agencies of its government. The special interests of the powerful and elite people of the country bring about changing rules to support the systems that have evolved to cater to the needs of these growing interest groups. The social spending experienced in India has gotten out of control. This spending has lead to virtual stealing from the population, policy changes to hinder the growth and expansion of the lower income families, and finally reroute the path of financial success for all of the people living in India. As a result of the elitist systems, the corruption hurt the people of India, physically, socially and financially. Lastly, the economic trend of India saw a slow growth in the status of the people and government equality. With the economic management of the institutions in India, it was inevitable for the economy to decline and ultimately begin to fail. This economic failure was seen throughout the country and amongst the people.
The market-based economy now experienced a fiscal deficit increasing in percentage. In 2009, the fiscal deficit in India was situated at 5.9%. By the year 2010, the deficit rose to a high rate of 6.5%. Mirroring the fiscal deficit, the unemployment rates rose from 4.7% nationwide in 2013, an increase from 3% observed in 2012 (Gov. of India, 2013, 6). The implications of these alarming statistics hurt the people of India with the sharp and increasing regional variations in the states in poverty, infrastructure and housing and the socio-economic availability. These variations impact people’s health, death and living conditions on a daily basis, leaving the population with little hope for progress and improvement.
South Korea is often thought of as the ugly stepchild of North Korea’s increasing economic growth and success. According to the East Asia Forum (Koo, 2014), the president of South Korea, Park Geun-hye, promised to rebuild the middle class and increase its size to 70% of the society (1). This pledge was part of her 2012 campaign power pact to rebuild the flailing southern Asian country. South Korea continued to experience a major political discourse with an economic polarization with a declining middle class (1).
Koo (2014) notes that economic change began in the mid-1990’s, as part of the major turning point of the Asian financial crisis. This financial crisis arrived in South Korea in 1997 (p.2). The consequences of this financial crisis were devastating to the common citizens of the small country. The government sacrificed the process of economic growth for the social policy that South Korea enforced to gain the respect from the superior northern country of North Korea. The once gainfully employed middle class of Korea began to experience a sharp decline in their livelihoods of the working population. The citizens began to experience economic and social difficulties in the face of the productivist regime. Some of the consequences of the capitalist system included the South Korean workers to be laid off or forced into early retirement. These two difficult situations greatly increased the low-income and impoverished population. The next downward step in the failing economy included business failures and downward mobility. These inequalities began to undermine the social and economic stability that is often enjoyed in more organized and democratic societies (Koo, 2014, 2).
The failing economic conditions of the large middle class impacted the development of the infrastructure across the middle and lower classes of the economic status of society. These deficits destroyed the impoverished people of South Korea and led the middle class citizens to experience poverty. For some it was the first time in their lives they began to feel the pinch and sting of being poor.
However, the consequences of the financial crisis were uneven throughout the country (Koo, 2014, 2). While the working class people of South Korea suffered in all areas of their lives, the financially stable citizens took advantage of the markets with scarce credit opportunities. This helped the rich people to become even richer than they had been. The resulting implications of the devastating decline in the world trade markets and employment became increasingly noticeable during and after the economic crisis of the 90’s. The implications are observed in the following measure of inequality. According to South Korea’s average Gini coefficient, the financial coefficient produced the following statistics that demonstrates the decline in economic stability (Koo, 2014, 2). In the years of 1990-1995, South Koreans experienced a drop in the economy at a rate of 25% for the time period of five years. In 1999, the fall of the economy in the country continued at the rate of 29% since 1995. Within ten years, the economic failure rate increased to an average of 32%. The increasing percentages confirm the economic decline the citizens of South Korea experienced over a twenty-year span. Koo (2014) models the decline of economic stability and the rising inequality beginning two years after the onset of the financial crisis (3).
While the population felt the pain of the faltering economic decline, the people also felt the struggle with income distribution. This effect of the economic failure dove-tails the economic instability of the rate of pay for the population of South Korea. The same trend can be seen in income distribution of the share held by the top 10 per cent of income holders divided by that of the bottom 10 per cent has increased from 3.30% to 4.9% in 1990 through the year 2010. By the year 2012, the income disparity increased to 16.6% between the upper income structures and the poverty level population (Koo, 2014, 3). The capitalist government generates undetermined and unsustainable inequalities in the social and economic status in the country.
The huge increase in the economic disparity over the twenty-year span demonstrates how the populations became further separated by financial success and impoverished living experiences. The differences experienced for these extreme socio-economic classes is demonstrated in the country’s overall value of financial wealth. In South Korea, as in most societies, wealth inequality is much larger than earned income inequality. In 2012, the top 10 per cent of the population possessed 46 per cent of the country’s total wealth. The bottom 50 per cent of society possessed only 9.5 per cent of the country’s wealth (Koo, 2014, 5).
The major sources of the growing income inequality are experienced concurrently with the transformation of the neoliberal South Korean economy (Koo, 2014, 5). The reform of this labor market produced a sharp deficit in the regular working employees and the workers who had varied employment. The working class became divided and is reflected in the economic inequality of South Korea.
The economy in Guyana can be described as moderate, at best. The largest contributing factor to the growth rate of the economy in Guyana is attributed to agriculture and extractive industries. According to Forbes magazine (2015), the small, Latin American country is heavily dependent upon the export of six commodities for its economic security. These products include; sugar, gold, bauxite, shrimp, timber, and rice. The exportation of these products make up 60 per cent of the country’s GDP (1). Guyana's entrance into the Caricom Single Market and Economy (CSME) in January 2006 has broadened the country's export market, primarily in the raw materials sector (1). Unfortunately, the weather is a large influence in the success or failure of the growth, production and sale of their limited resources.
Since its entrance into the CSME, Guyana experienced positive growth each year over the past decade. This growth is observed in the amount of debt reduced significantly since the early 1990’s. Also, inflation was kept under control for the small, agricultural country. Despite the improvements and progress experienced in Guyana, they have had chronic problems that contributed to the demise of their economic status in the world economic arena.
The problems experienced in Guyana that continue to influence the demise of the economic growth include several factors (Forbes, 2015, 1). One of the factors affecting the economic development of the small, Latin country has been the sizeable external debt with other countries. The debt drained the minimal resources needed by the people. Along with the increasing debt, the country urgently needed expanded public investment. However, with the demise of the economic status, the possibility for public investment was minimal, at best. Since Guyana has an economic structure based on agriculture skilled labor became a necessity for progress and growth. In the demise of the economy, the shortage of the skilled labor produced continued economic failure in production and sales of its marketable agriculture. Along with the problems of growing debt and a shortage of skilled laborers, the deficient housing and infrastructures produces difficult conditions for the impoverished citizens (Forbes, 2015, p.1). The declining living conditions enhanced growing health problems, especially for the young and old people.
These conditions are evident in the GDP status of the country over time and their debt ratios experienced with other countries. For example, in March 2007, the Inter-American Development Bank canceled Guyana’s $470 million debt, equivalent to 21% of their GDP (Forbes, 2015, 3). This debt cancellation coupled with other Highly Indebted Poor Country debt forgiveness, brought the debt-to-GDP ratio down from 183%, in 2006 to 58% in 2014 (Forbes, 2015, 3). The heavy debt experienced in Guyana came from inward-looking, state-led development model pursued by the government in the 1970’s through the 1980’s. In 2014, the production of sugar dropped to a 24-year low, thus contributing to the demise of Guyana’s financial difficulties (Forbes, 2015, 3).
The final effect of the economic decline on the people living in Guyana has infiltrated every aspect of their lives. These concluding implications for the economic status of Guyana include affecting the basic needs of its people (Thomas, 2014, 1). The rightful place of basic needs was deprived of its people in the area of inequality and poverty of health care, housing and food. In addition, the limitations of GDP as an indicator of economic performance, welfare and trade unionism impacted the government’s ability to pay the growing debt and encourage economic growth within in its own country. There were major theoretical underpinnings or laws of motion driving production, extended reproduction, and distribution down below measures that were survivable by the poverty level population. Finally, the global impact on domestic inequality and poverty of Guyana continued to develop at an expediential rate that continued to be unmanageable.
These far-reaching implications have affected the stability of Guyana’s ongoing financial difficulties and economic inequality. These inequalities are observed in the economic performance and welfare of Guyana over the past five years. The GDP over the long run of this country has been struggling. It can be seen in the thirty year span of financial disparity. (Thomas, 2014, 2). In 1980, the GDP in Guyana was at -22 per cent. In the 1990’s, the country saw their GDP at 1.22 per cent. Finally, during the years of 2000-2013, the GDP experienced a significant drop to .87 per cent. The entire period of the five years was less than 2 per cent. The inequality and poverty had room and opportunity to grow and flourish, while leading to the financial demise of so many of its citizens.
Elhanan Helpman, an economics professor at the Tel Aviv University, offers theories pertinent to the development of economic growth that provides broad determinants of the development of financial equality in countries around the world. Government institutions must promote adoption of the services by the growing technology field of change. Innovation must come from the service industry to create opportunities of financial prosperity. Knowledge, education and advancements in technology can lead to production and grand improvements in the standard of living for the rich and poor people of every country.
Helpman contributes philosophies to understand the disparity of GDP per capita across countries, the distribution of growth rates, and economic development (Grossman, 2005, 1). He also provides the relative importance of different factors contributing to growth ¬ factor; accumulation versus productivity growth and offers implications in the development of financial stability of countries. Helpman suggests theories that explain the success or demise of the financial status of countries. These philosophies include the study of income per capita, disparity in resources, physical and human capital, and finally, large economic discrepancies (Grossman and Helpman, 2000, 1)
Helpman offers economic analysts these theories to identify, analyze and modify current economic practices to improve the current and future status of their country. First, the constraints of the country’s financial institutions need to be observed form consistency and productivity in the growth and equality of its people. Inequality is most greatly attributed to low growth of economic disbursement, shorter growth periods and widening gap between the upper and lower classes of society. Also, the government should be under scrutiny in the analysis of the financial investments. The review of the leaders should include extortion of investments and efforts of their people working the labor jobs. Also, Helpman recommends that the productive institutions of the private sectors be monitored for self-enforcing policies (Grossman and Helpman, 2000, 3). The growth observed in countries and global trade is influenced by capital, labor and ideas and technology. The role of legal regimes and education systems determine the growth of the institutions and political systems. These growth rates are often determined by the country’s trade policy. Helpman believes that inequality is accompanied by greater trade flows across the country’s borders, the more the growth increases and the equality diminishes (Grossman and Helpman, 2000, 3).
The inequality of financial stability was observed in the analysis of India, South Korea and Guyana. Each of these countries exhibited financial success over a period of time. Then, their success was followed by the ruin from their institutional leaders and the implementation of inappropriate economic policies. In the country of India, their government would benefit from developing policy that would improve employment access to the low-income groups of people. South Korea citizens could prosper from improved infrastructures opportunities for further education and job training, lowering the private costs of living. Since the economic backbone of Guyana is highly linked to the agriculture development and sale of their products, the governing officials in this country should focus on income distributions and access to more public services. These services can include more long-term investments and cash investments. The analytical models demonstrate the impacts the government, agricultural development and service have on the development and performance of each country’s economic status. These countries have an opportunity to not only make the economic status less unfair, but also richer in growth and longevity.
The review and analysis of the economic data of various countries demonstrates the need for increased monitoring and improved control over economic decisions made in all levels of institutions in countries around the world. Many economists, such as Helpman, have researched and proven with compelling evidence that there is a strong need in addressing the high and growing inequality. The need for global economic changes is critical in promoting more sustainable growth in faltering countries. The increasing focus between the links seen in rising inequality, risk in crisis, and sustainable growth with economic inequality has been intensified in poorer countries in the past decades. The inequality and lack of economic growth advances, with the leverage of the financial cycle developing into financial emergencies for groups of people and entire nations in many of the world’s countries. There seems to be a developing consensus that growing economy developed over decades will lead to a country’s financial stability. Economists go on to note that the countries that promote economic equality experience greater income balance, better social issues, and continued financial growth amongst all socio-economic classes. These improvements must be implemented early to produce growth and prosper in the economic balance within the country and around the world.
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Get custom essayThe policy utilized to reduce the income inequalities should not only be pursued in the event of improving the social outcome, but it must also provide the long-lasting growth needed by the country’s impoverished population. Policies for improved growth must include regulations for education, housing and infrastructure, improvement in labor market procedures, child support and welfare management programs, just to name a few. Policymakers must devote great effort in reviewing the factors and implications of the slow growth and rising inequality in the economic status of the citizens of their country. Unfortunately, the poorer countries of the world will continue to use outdated methods for achieving economic growth. These methods that have been surpassed by technology does not bring increased income per capita. The end result is the continuation of more economic inequality with retarded growth in this range. These leaders must remain mindful of the strategies necessary in diminishing the increasing inequalities and promoting the economic opportunities its people so desperately need.
There’s some kind of strange revolutionary aspect of Richard Wagner’s opera, Tristan und Isolde. There are modernist artistic facets that transcend the confines of traditional visual art and bleed through other forms of expression as well. Prevailing is the concept of breaking down the claustrophobic barriers we call “rules” and simply doing whatever the artist calls for. Some called it progressive. Others called it disgusting. However, we aren’t here to discuss such issues, but rather, we will discuss said opera’s prelude, as well as said rules and which ones are figuratively violated. This prelude is a beautiful, wonderful, spectacular piece of music that in its time presented new styles and came to inspire generations to come. If dissertations could be written on one opera, essays could be written on single movements, so this will be cut short.
Get original essayIt is clear from the very beginning that walls are already beginning to crack, with the presentation of one of the most famous chords in music history: the so-called “Tristan Chord,” the note puzzle that settles, and yet unsettles. It is called the Tristan Chord not just because it comes from Tristan und Isolde, but because the notes that make it as well as the preceding notes are commonly thought to symbolize Tristan and his longing. The chord seems to carry this idea of an ever-present and unquenching thirst for love, a theme prevalent in the opera itself., and it is immediately followed by a set of rising, slightly dissonant notes that are commonly thought to represent Isolde and her desire, which itself becomes what is known as a “leitmotiv.”
Leitmotivs are reoccurring phrases of music that represent an item, a person or an idea. They will be played, often by the orchestra, when that item, person or idea presents itself. For instance, Isolde’s desire is presented by an action or a series of words, and the same set of rising dissonant notes are played. Another, more famous example is John Williams’ score for the movie Star Wars, wherein the character Darth Vader is usually coupled with a series of marching, rhythmic thuds from the score. This concept was invented and championed by Wagner, and the concept reappears in many of his operas. The leitmotiv of Isolde reappears several times in the prelude alone: four times within the first minute and thirty seconds; again at 6:33, 6:42, 6:51, and doubled over at 7:00; twice more at 7:55 and 8:16; slightly at 8:35; and finally once last time at 10:20 to end the piece before the transition into the opera proper. This symbolizes a never-ending and unsatisfiable desire for love that cannot be; the concept of which is repeated through the use of chords and passages that never settle, never bring cadence and are rarely truly, emotionally melodic.
That said, much of this piece is emotional, but for reasons other than melody. The non-settling dissonant cadence of the Tristan Chord, as well as the rest of the piece, creates a rather dark, extraordinary emotional response that unconventionally spawns the very love and longing of Tristan in the listener, and when this feeling boils over and explodes at 1:34-1:46, followed by a resting retreat, the listener can’t help but be light-headed for the experience. The piece destroys rhythmic conventions to instead focus solely on what is happening in the notes and harmonies, and the piece teeters on the cusp of atonality with its chromaticism. Both of these elements lead directly into the experimental music of Webern and Schoenberg, whose atonal, arrhythmic noise dealt more damage than dexterity to early 20th century music, in this student’s opinion.
Still, the piece succeeds in being amazing, though its origins of modernist composition be slightly damning. Tristan und Isolde may not be the best opera ever conceived, or even the best opera by Wagner, but its prelude is perhaps his most famous, if not the most famous. No other operatic prelude so perfectly embodies the events and musical conceptions that are to come, and no other accomplishes these effects quite so beautifully despite the non-conventions it advocates. Even though these new rules, or lack thereof, can seem detestable, there is one concept that is desirable, admirable and perhaps even real: true love never dies.
The movie “Tinimbang Ka Ngunit Kulang” is a story of human life’s chances and choices, and, of the pursuit to understanding what matters in the eyes of man, in a worldly concept, in contrast to what God wants for humanity to treasure and uphold.
Get original essayThere are many contrasts shown in the film that presented crossroads in the life of Junior, and paved way for the development of his character. It presented humanity’s needs and motivations in a socio-cultural perspective, where one man’s values in life is greatly affected and influenced by his/her surroundings. The character’s concept of family, success, love, and life is generally a result from his/her experience. I found the movie contrasts creatively shown through characters’ social status (poor Berto vs. rich Cesar), physical appearances (leper/ mentally insaned vs. trophy girlfriend/ handsome playboys), as well as their residential architecture (bahay kubo vs. mansions). The panoramic shots of the field where Kuala and Berto usually spend time together gave of a free and warm feeling. The mansions, school and town proper scenes highlighted conflicts and hypocritical behaviors of characters.
There is paradox in how life and death is shown: how the movie started in a secret death of a child, that further lead to the start of one’s life as Kuala; and how the movie ended with deaths of parents after the birth of one that was revealed and witnessed by all. I was amazed how the psychological perspective of the movie was given depth through pain of abortion and childbirth: how the trauma from child loss and betrayal made Kuala insane, thus keeping the secret of fornication and murder, among other sins, in connection to how her childbirth renewed her mind, bringing back her sanity and therefore exposing the scandal and sins at the end of the film.
Though the character’s struggles were socio-cultural in perspective, there is a latent spiritual perspective to the film, which is introduced, not just by means of the movie title, but also through the inner struggle in the life of Junior, as he progressively witnessed the contrasts in the values and moral standards of two contrasting groups in the story: the hypocritical oppressors (those with both high social status, and the ones aiming to be in their place), and the oppressed ones (low/ no status in the eyes of men). His choice to value the undervalued, to trust and follow what he saw as morally upright, and to uphold truth and fight for the welfare of the oppressed gave insight to the standard of judgment of God as presented in the title itself, and which was highlighted in the mass scene explaining that it came from the Scriptures (Book of Daniel). This spiritual standard then expressed, up until the end of the movie, man’s limited knowledge and incapability to meet it because they take judgement in their hands.
Though Filipinos today are no longer as conservative as the time-frame of the movie, the movie still speaks volumes even to this generation. Despite laws about cyberbullying, or proactive calls for equality, gender sensitivity, many are still oppressed, mainly because of human’s nature to seek pleasure, fame and approval – much more today with the social media platforms, and change in normative trends – thus tendencies to sin become more tempting because many things are becoming legal nowadays. This even transcends culture and nationality, since it tackles moral and spiritual truths that is common to many. Issues of abortion, adultery, prostitution, social and racial oppression, PWD and mentally distressed discrimination is still an issue today.
NBCUniversal is one of the world’s leading media and entertainment companies. They lead in the development, production and marketing of entertainment, news and information to a global audience. (Who We Are, 2016, para.1)
Get original essayNBCUniversal is owned by Comcast Corporation, which is the largest media conglomerate in the US. “NBCUniversal owns and operates a valuable portfolio of news and entertainment television networks, a premier motion picture company, significant television production operations, a leading television stations group, world-renowned theme parks, and a suite of leading Internet-based businesses.” (Who We Are, 2016, para.2)
NBCUniversal tells stories, presents information and entertainment with their ownership and operations of several different businesses, making a specific concentration of ownership on their company. This results in popular TV Shows, Movies, and even news about celebrities like Kim Kardashian. With this concentration, it has given the company many opportunities. On March 31, 2016, NBC Sports Group garnered 28 Sport Emmy Award Nominations. These nominations included 10 nominations for its NFL coverage, five for its coverage of horseracing’s Triple Crown, and three for its first season of NASCAR coverage. (Newsroom, 2016, para.1)
This award nominee company uses horizontal integration quite often, in order to make better profits, which they have done perfectly. In 1996, NBCUniversal merged with Microsoft to create MSNBC. This broadcasted in the US as well as Europe, Canada, Africa, and the Middle East. This Technology Company and Media Company wanted to merge for a specific reason. “There’s going to be some kind of marriage between television and computers, and here is the logical time to do it.” (Rosenbaum, 1996) (Garber, 2012, p.1) In the weeks leading up to the launch of MSNBC, slogans like, “NBC News and Microsoft will revolutionize the way you get news.” Although the broadcast was basically the same as any other news channel, it brought in more viewers because of their specific meaning of merging. With more viewers meant more money, which meant more profits for both of these companies.
The merge between NBCUniversal and Microsoft is an example of not only horizontal integration but synergy. They do this again in 2013 when NBCUniversal signed to a 5 year long partnership with Legendary Entertainment. This partnership includes a production, co-financing and distribution deal. With this partnership, Legendary Entertainment served as the co-producer of films like The Dark Knight and The Hangover Part 3. (Our History, 2016) These movies brought in over a billion dollars each, increasing the effectiveness in business between the two companies. Without the partnership or working together, it would be assumed that these movies wouldn’t have brought in as big of a profit.
While researching NBCUniversal, many popular shows, movies, and even theme parks were recognizable. It was surprising that certain shows broadcasted on E! Entertainment were a production from NBCUniversal as well as another company. In 2014, NBCUniversal agreed to a long term deal with World Wrestling Entertainment Inc. This resulted in shows on Syfy, USA, and specifically E!. The show Total Divas provides an inside look of the lives of women working within WWE to their personal lives. This show alone, drew 1.34 million viewers on the premiere episode. As said before, more viewers means more money, which means more profit for both of these companies.
After researching NBCUniversal and all they owned, co-owned, and everything in between, it was easy to understand the connections between each division, and how each division supports the company’s concentration of ownership.
Traditionally, Industrial relations in Australia has been governed by the process of arbitration. Dispute resolution and collective bargaining arrangements were all determined by the courts and/or Industrial Relations Tribunal. However, throughout the last three decades, the process of conciliation (mediation) has gained greater favour as a mechanism to maintain industrial harmony. This essay will be structured in 6 main divisions. Firstly, the introduction will provide a background to the evolution of conciliation, and definitions of both conciliation and its counterpart, arbitration. The second section of the essay will discuss the major differences between conciliation and arbitration that has resulted in the former playing a more influential role in industrial relations. The third part of the essay will discuss the various functions mediation plays within industrial relations. The fourth section of the report will discuss how collective agreements can be best interpreted through conciliation. Finally, the conclusion will weigh up the arguments and determine the role that conciliation plays in Australian industrial relations.
Get original essayAccording to Vessenes (1996) “mediation is one of the techniques that have come to be known as Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), designed to avoid costly litigation. It is a voluntary process where a neutral third-party mediator helps the parties find common ground and negotiate a final settlement agreement”. On the other hand, arbitration is best described by Beach (1980) as a process where “the arbitrator (or arbitration panel) conducts a formal quasijudicial hearing at which the union and employer negotiators present testimony of witnesses, arguments, and documentary evidence in support of their respective positions. Sometime later, the arbitrator (or the panel) issues a legally binded ruling”
Meyer (1979) argues that “Mediation and arbitration have conceptually nothing in common. The one [mediation] involves helping people to decide for themselves, the other involves helping people by deciding for them”. The integrative nature of mediation, in comparison with arbitration, has provided the former with a greater exposure as a means to resolve disputes in Australian Industrial Relations.
The placement of blame on an entity regarding an industrial dispute is a significant distinction between conciliation and arbitration. Fulton (1989) advocates that “the mediator’s endeavours are not aimed at identifying which disputant is right and which is wrong. The mediator’s aim is rather to disperse any private antagonism which may exist between the parties and to gain a solution.” On the other hand, arbitrators main objective is to weigh up all the evidence put forward relating to a particular dispute and to make a distributive judgement ruling in favour of one entity over another.
It can be said that conciliation provides employees with the ability to determine their own outcomes which they must commit to. Plant (1997) advocates that “the principal reason value is created through mediation is party control. In contrast to adversarial processes, mediation reposes in the parties themselves control over the resolution of their problem. The parties themselves create a solution; it is not imposed on them by a third person, ie a judge, a jury or an arbitrator. Thus, the opportunity for finding a win-win situation is virtually unlimited”. Cohen (1999) supports the claims made by Plant by stating that “the use of mediation helps the parties gain commitment to the implementation of the resolution. Studies have indicated that parties are more likely to follow through mediated solutions rather than imposed solutions” It can be said that mediation has gained greater influence as a means to maintain industrial harmony because the parties involved can retain control over the outcome, agreeing only if they wish and on terms they consider to be in their self interest.
It is worthy to note that there is a limited amount of research that actively supports the argument that conciliation saves both time and money when compared to arbitration. In both instances assumptions need to be made in order to validate the argument. Vessenes (1996) supports the argument by stating that “mediation is generally less expensive than arbitration and litigation. Frequently, the parties handle the matter themselves without legal assistance and the quick resolution time also helps reduce expenses.” These potential savings appear attractive to businesses as the concern to maximise profits whilst in the pursuit of industrial harmony is a major prerogative for modern organisations. However, Feuille (1992) in his research has indicated that “the dollar savings identified in the various studies are highly uncertain.”
It can be safely said that arbitrators are predominantly concerned with making an assessment of what has already occurred. In addition, the expectation that anything that cannot be proved with supporting evidence cannot be said to have occurred. Subsequently it is likely that the adversarial ruling has the potential to tear worker relationships. As a result, the future of worker cohesion is placed in serious doubt. On the other hand, conciliation has a strong concern for the future. Fulton (1989) believes that “the mediator’s role is to bring about a commitment in the parties to abide by an agreement which emanates from their own negotiations, that is to say, the mediator’s interests is in creating a structure for the parties’ future relations rather than in personal histories”. In order to preserve future working relationships, conciliation would be the most attractive process as it is the least likely to jeopardise future organisational harmony.
The process of mediation has the ability to fulfil several functions in Industrial relations negotiations. Not only is mediation viewed as a means to gain a compromise in a dispute, but it is also a way to facilitate greater trust and communication. In addition, it provides a foundation for disputants to develop a problem solving attitude.
USA Today (1994) argues that “the heart of mediation- and the reason it is so efficient - - is that it is an open, direct, no-nonsense approach to getting parties together to air their grievances and state their interests”. Heated disputes in the workplace or in the industrial arena often lead to a lack of communication and a lack of subsequent trust between disputants. As a result, finding a solution without 3rd party intervention is very arduous. However, conciliation offers parties the chance to informally discuss and disclose their interests and views instead of emphasising conflicting positions. Fischer and Ury (1981) support this claim by stating that “interests motivate people; they are the silent movers behind the hubbub of positions.” Taking Fischer and Ury’s standpoint, the reconciling of interests to a mediator has the potential to motivate individuals to increase their communication. In doing so, Plant (1997) argues that “the parties will better understand eachothers interests and needs if they communicate directly”. By mediating the dispute both sides have the opportunity to raise communication levels which is a integral step in dispute resolution.
The increased levels of effective communication also provides a means to re-establish the level of trust and commitment to the working relationship. The mediator is given the opportunity through effective and open discussion, to remove rancour, personal recrimination and sources of irritation at their meetings - substituting in their place an atmosphere of friendliness and cooperation that will induce them to regain trust. Cohen (1999) believes that mediation can “improve working relationships between the disputants. By assisting them in resolving their problem, the manager can facilitate constructive handling of conflict situations that may go well beyond the current problem.” Through mediation, entities have the opportunity to re-establish trust which had been lost throughout the dispute in order to maintain close-knit working relationships now, and in the future.
Mediation also fulfils the function of emphasising and inhibiting compromise in a dispute. The mediator can exert several influential strategies that will ascertain compromise for disputants. Provis (1997) puts forward several tactics to achieve this objective. For Example, “making substantiative suggestions for compromise, press on or both of the parties to change their bargaining positions or their expectations for settlement, strongly criticising one or both of the parties for intransigent behaviour” Guyatt (1999) supports this claim by advocating that “the mediator will stress to both sides the importance of accepting the need for compromise in order that a successful agreement can be engineered. The mediator is skilled at suggesting creative solutions which meet part, although not all, of each sides aspirations and which can often result in both parties being able, at the end of the day, to continue with, or even expand upon, their pre-existing commercial relationship.” The ability to demonstrate compromise reinforces to disputants that the objective of the mediation process is to establish a “win-win” outcome.
It can be safely said that mediation offers disputants with the opportunity to resolve the dispute on their own. Without mediation, it would bevery difficult to gain a mentality that was problem solving driven. In most circumstances, the dispute would escalate and disputants would be fighting over positions and develop an “attack-defend” mentality. However, through communication and negotiation, disputants can readily adopt a Problem Solving mentality with a commitment to resolving the issues behind the conflict. Wan (1999) supports this claim by believing that “in general, mediation is therefore a cooperative ,problem-solving process, and designed to help the parties find constructive solutions to their problems rather than enforcing legal rights.” For example, a mediator can acknowledge a suggestion and emphasise that it is relevant and important.
Through active employee participation in mediation proceedings, the disputants can adopt a problem-solving strategy which attacks the issues and attempts to resolve them. Lewicki, Saunders and Minton (1998) argue that “to resolve the dispute- the major difference is that mediation seeks to achieve the objective by having the parties themselves create the agreement.” In order to assist disputants in establishing a problem-solving approach, mediators can creatine salience in the options that are brought forward throughout the proceedings. For example, the use of phrases like “yes, thats is important, why don’t we discuss it further” or “that is also relevant” can ensure that the views of all parties are taken seriously. In addition, this provides a stimulus to increase the level of communication.
Collective bargaining disputes are not a new concept in Australian Industrial relations. Industrial action such as lockouts and strikes are two forms of activities that have commonly been used because of a failure to provide an adequate agreement. Often, industrial action has resulted from legislation being handed down to employees with the terms and conditions already determined. Sisson (1986) believes that determining collective bargaining arrangements involves two aspects. “First, the rules can either be made by the parties themselves or they can be imposed by the state in the form of legislation; and second, in those cases where they are made voluntarily, the rules can be treated as ‘gentlemen’s agreements’, binding in honour only, or as legally enforceable contracts.” Mediation can be called upon to provide an alternative means to determine the terms and conditions of employment. Through mediation, employees can have the opportunity to voice suggestions and opinions regarding certain aspects of the employment relationship. Mediators can adopt a strategy of promoting an integrative result which allows both employees and management to gain. In doing so, mediation can allow disputants to resolve their collective bargaining issues in a way that promotes joint utility.
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Get custom essayMany commentators, when dealing with the area of alternative dispute resolution, emphasise mediation. Mediation has become increasingly used as an informal tool to resolve conflicts in the workplace. One of the main objectives of this essay was to distinguish how mediation has gained a greater exposure in industrial dispute resolution. Mediation promises a direct, less adversarial approach to resolve disputes whilst preserving working relationships at minimal time and expense. Through mediation the onus is on establishing a win-win resolution rather than arbitration’s objective of choosing one argument over another. Mediation also emphases several other benefits that can be capitalised upon whilst in dispute resolution proceedings. The need for compromise and enhanced communication has the potential to span well into future issues or disputes. This will enable disputants to effectively manage conflict in the long run. Mediation also promotes and encourages the development of a problem solving mentality. Not only will this assist mediators in efficiently reaching a solution, however, it can also be useful in all other areas of work. Through mediation, the arduous task of determining collective bargaining arrangements can be executed more effectively. Through using the tactics like promoting communication and compromise, employees, management and unions can adequately determine collective arrangements without the requirement of industrial action or other forms of conflict. On the whole, mediation provides managers with an alternative form of dispute resolution that offers the opportunity to maximise joint utility. This process should be looked upon as the primary way to resolve disputes now, and in the future.
Abortion has been a controversial issue for many years now. The topic has raised debate in various places such as elections, campaigns, and even religion gets involved. Abortion has two solid sides whose arguments are so legitimate that either side cannot help but to defend their side. However, there is a rapidly increasing grey area to the debate (Alcorn, 3). This area is filled with people that cannot make up their minds about which side is more right. Most people skip talking about this topic because the two sides are not only legitimate, but highly valid in the everyday community as well. This has been the focal point for the controversy surrounding abortion for many years. There have been many Supreme Court cases involving this issue of abortion (I am, 7). Yet, even the most powerful of government cannot decide which side has the right to become the official right argument and the winner of the debate. This issue is just simply too powerful to decide. Both sides fight for the extremist of sides that a compromise can happen, but will not happen because there will always be someone who doesn’t get what they want (Legal, 4). I believe abortion should be illegal because of the psychological ramifications as well as the sociological and harmful effects it has; however, I understand the counterarguments presented by the pro-choice side.
Get original essayAbortion takes a heavy psychological toll on the women that go through with it. Women that subject themselves to abortion go through enough psychological torture to make their minds up for that decision (Kimport, 1). Many women, even after the abortion, show signs of ultimate regret and suffering (Kimport, 1). They, then realize that the abortion made them lose not just a child that they didn’t want, but they lost a part of themselves (Kimport, 1). This shocking realization is the reason why many women go through many horrific psychological stages in their life not to mention the feeling of guilt all their lives (Kimport, 1). One of the most common symptoms of a psychologically-unstable woman is post-traumatic stress disorder (Abortion, 6). Many women get forced into abortions and this makes up a lot of the stress that is buildup within the woman on top of her own feelings (Kimport, 1). If abortions are illegal, there would be no force to get one due to the fact that they are not available anymore. The fact that they not only witnessed a “murder” but they were the cause, reason, and part of that event leaves them mentally scarred for life (Abortion, 6). Post-abortion is a really tough time for women and they need all the support they can get (Kimport, 1).
However, sometimes it is not enough. A woman has certain defense mechanisms working due to the fact that such a significant thing has happened and she does not want to make the same mistake to where another significant event happens ever again. A dangerous symptom of post-traumatic stress is called “intrusion (Abortion, 6).” Intrusion is where the woman goes through the same experiences and same feelings (Abortion, 6). These can occur at any time and any place (Abortion, 6). It may not matter if the woman is over the abortion, the effects of intrusion can still occur (Abortion, 6). This includes random flashbacks of the reoccurring experiences, random nightmares, and even depressive states of mind on anniversaries of the abortion (Abortion, 6). Another big example of how psychology plays into the torture of women with post-abortion syndrome are the number of suicides attempted and, unfortunately, the number of suicides completed (Abortion, 6). This is another thing women do not just whenever they feel like the guilt and depression is too much for them, but also on the anniversary of the abortion (Abortion, 6). Some women go through a year of post-abortion hell and they just cannot take it anymore (Abortion, 6). They need a release from the agony of the fact that it was because of them that the poor, innocent child is not there by their side (Abortion, 6). Women have enslaved to their depression and guilt to the point where they cannot be repaired ever again and suicide seems like the only reasonable escape (Abortion, 6).
Teenagers, among all abortion patients, seem to be the most widespread victim to post-abortion suicide attempts (Abortion, 6). Many women throw themselves into negative health habits. Some women go on a limb with post-abortion smoking (Abortion, 6). They think that that relaxation gained by the nicotine streaming within their veins will give them the satisfaction they desire (Abortion, 6). They do not realize that the smoking is harming not just their bodies, but their cognitive minds as well. After a couple of cigarettes, they feel alive and they crave that same feeling all the time because they do not want to go back to the pit of despair (Abortion, 6). They are afraid that is they stop then the will be enveloped by the same shallow darkness of desolation that once caused them to commit suicide in the first place (Abortion, 6). They yearn for the same rush of the relaxation that they once had. That feeling make them feel so good to the point when they finally open their eyes to the truth, they realize that they have become smoking addicts and there’s no way to go back (Abortion, 6).
Another similar example of the abuse of harmful items is alcohol and drug addictions (Abortion, 6). Women drink themselves until they get into such a state where they cannot recall or even feel their emotions. The same goes with drugs. The use of drugs gets women into a euphoric as well as a certain hallucinogenic state to where they are not mentally in this world (Abortion, 6). Women use and abuse these items to run away from the guilt and depressive state (Abortion, 6). They claim that this makes them happy but in reality these things makes them forget about why they are sad. So their happiness is not genuine happiness, it’s a lack of sadness which turns into happiness (Abortion, 6).
Many women even start getting eating disorders (Abortion, 6). They throw themselves at food and a full stomach satisfies them to where they attain a lot of happiness. Eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia are common in many women who have experienced post-abortion stress (Abortion, 6). Abortions lead woman to believe that children have to be beaten senselessly. Child abuse can be linked to post-abortion stress as well as the remains of post-traumatic stress (Abortion, 6). Women take out their anger/guilt on their own child because if it wasn’t for the abortion she would have had things differently (Abortion, 6). Abortion has such a mental and psychological change of the woman that she becomes somewhat of a different woman than she was before the abortion (Abortion, 6).
Abortion causes woman to have certain cognitive changes such as not trusting males and lower self-esteem issues. These issues do not just go away (Abortion, 6). They stay with the woman until she has accepted them or until she has found a way to let the abortion go. Many women have these symptoms simply because they regret doing the abortion and they wish they could turn time back. However, they can’t. Whatever has happened is in the past and for that action, blame gets put on either the man pressuring her to get the abortions or on woman herself (Abortion, 6). Nonetheless, this causes major relationship problems and many divorces also (Abortion, 6). This can happen also by the male seeing the change in the woman and leaving her, which causes the woman for think that everybody in her life is leaving her (Abortion, 6). Forced with new abandonment issues, she is subject to any of the symptoms and disorders of post-abortion stress, including suicide (Abortion, 6). Substance abuse such as drugs and alcohol gives the woman the forgiveness they desperately need.
Abortions also psychologically lead woman to have multiple abortions within her lifetime (Abortion, 6). Women who have had an abortion are more likely have them at least one more time in their lifetime (Abortion, 6). Women think that it is very convenient so they have more sexual activity without being responsible about it. They see that they can abort the unwanted child and start the cycle all over again (Abortion, 6). Multiple abortions also happen because the women are still in the low self-esteem post-abortion state to where they cannot think properly (Abortion, 6). Other symptoms that woman have after the abortion are not being able to sleep, panic attacks, and anxiety issues (Kimport, 1). These things drive women crazy to the point where they cannot handle it. They try to replace it with things such as food, smoking, drugs, alcohol, and even more abortions but the guilt and regret does not go away (Abortion, 6). Finally, they chose to kill themselves to end their grief. Not all women are like this though. Many women are modern and strong enough to look past the abortion and move on with their lives (Kimport, 1). However, most women actually go through at least one of these things post-abortion. That is why abortions are bad and that is how abortions have a psychological toll on the women that get them (Abortion, 6). The best solution is to make abortion illegal. It is just psychologically too much to handle.
Abortion takes a big social hit to the women who do it. If the child is unwanted, then there is no need to have it aborted (Alcorn, 3). They can just give it in to an adoption home (Alcorn, 3). Over there, there are many people such as gay couples as well as couples who cannot have children who would not just be glad to have a child, but thankful to the person who gave it away in the first place (Alcorn, 3). No child is ever considered unwanted (Alcorn, 3). Even though society is accepting of the fact that abortion is available, some people are still judgmental of the woman that does the abortion (Alcorn, 3). The biggest question of the turn of the century is: How does society view abortion (Alcorn, 3)? When teenage girls get pregnant and get an abortion, society has such a negative reaction to it (Alcorn, 3). The girl is, then described as irresponsible and other profound, vulgar words in the dictionary (Kimport, 1). Even though majority of citizens like abortion as a good way out of the troubles of unwanted/ unneeded children, they deem people that get the abortions done immoral.
They see them as murderers. People, for this reason, hide the fact that they got an abortion (Alcorn, 3). When even considering an abortion, girls tend to not even consult that many people, whereas, they should (Alcorn, 3). They are so afraid that society will automatically assume that she got her baby aborted that she does not consult many people (Alcorn, 3). Society has done this before. Many times have women aborted their unwanted baby and the result is public humiliation on top of the ruining of their image. Nobody wants to talk to or even be affiliated with a social outcast not to mention one that “murders.” They view ladies that get abortions as a bad sense of character (Alcorn, 3). Women that get abortions are in need of social support, from their families, friends, etc. However, when those things are not available because of the judging implications of how society will react to her getting the abortion, the woman keeps in within her. She feels the need to either tell someone about it or to further suppress it in herself (Alcorn, 3). This is where the drugs, alcohol, and eating disorders come into the picture (Alcorn, 3). She views these things as people that stay with her no matter what, not for the harmful effects that have on her physical and mental state of mind.
Abortion is also very bad because of the harmful effects it has to the woman’s body (Legal, 4). Abortion clinics and many people say that it is a safe procedure, however statistics do not lie (Legal, 4). Women that have abortions are more likely to get breast cancer later on in their life than women that go through the full-term pregnancy (Alcorn, 3). Also abortions are not as easy as they may seem. Abortions that happen at abortion clinics are highly painful to the mother itself, not to mention what the defenseless unborn child has to go through (Legal, 4). There have been numerous cases of women that get abortions and suffer death (Legal, 4). Legal abortions are the cause of many deaths of women per year. Legal abortions can also cause future complications in the baby such as birth defects, not to mention future traumatic miscarriages (Legal, 4). Abortion has a toll on not just the mother, but future babies as well (Legal, 4).
For example, having a child with something as bad as a birth defect or a born disability is simply dreadful. Life is a gift but when a gift is not fully received, the child might not mind but the parent sure will (Birth, 5). The child probably feels like he/ she does not belong amongst these “normal people (Alcorn, 3).” From receiving special attention to getting special stares, these children arguably live the toughest life out of everyone amongst us (Birth, 5). They are viewed as liabilities by society and sometimes even mistakes, by their own parents (Alcorn, 3). “Sometimes things go wrong and a baby is born with important birth defects that will mar the child's life (Birth, 5).” When the child realizes what they are not able to do and how people in the outside world view them, some lose their will to live (Birth, 5). They wish that they were normal too. Do they not have the right to be normal? Everyone deserves a normal life (Birth, 5). Every child wants to live the American Dream someday; some unfortunate students cannot do that. Parents blame themselves for their children’s diagnosis and struggles. It would be in the child’s benefit to not even be born, than to live such a cruel life where true potential is limited by something not even in control of the child (Birth, 5). Abortion, many times, leaves these types of expectations for the upcoming children after the abortion. These children will be scarred for life just because their mother decided to not be responsible with her (Birth, 5). She getting an abortion and the next child being born with a terrifying birth defect depicts the mother to be nothing short of selfish. Abortion should be illegal for these reasons (Birth, 5). It is psychologically, socially, and futuristically harmful to the situation. Once it is done, it is done. The road ahead is no easy path both for the woman and the birth-defected child.
Keeping in mind the valid points that make abortion a bad idea in my eyes, I understand the counterarguments presented by the pro-choice side. Many people believe that abortion should be legal. If not for every reason, they should at least be legal for rape and incest cases (Pro-Choice, 2). Rape is neither the mother’s fault nor the child’s, so why should both suffer (Alcorn, 3)? By getting an abortion for the unwanted baby, the woman can start to relieve herself of the painful experience that she had to go through (Pro-Choice, 2). Having the baby around would constantly remind her everyday of that day that she was raped and the baby was conceived (Pro-Choice, 2). In her head, she would probably start to have thoughts such as “what if I aborted the baby?” or “how would my life be if the rape never happened?” There are too many emotional, physical, and mental tolls on the women who do not want the baby (Pro-Choice, 2). They would then blame the child for the rest of his/her miserable life (Pro-Choice, 2). I also understand the argument that abortions should be legal for the women who cannot financially provide for the child. Having a child live in severe poverty is no way for the child to live (I am, 7). If the mother is already having a financial problem or if she knows for a fact that she will not be able to provide for the child, then the unborn baby should be rightfully aborted.
Also abortion is an issue of woman’s rights (I am, 7). If the woman does not want the child for whatever reason, we are nobody to force her to have the baby. Even in that scenario, the child would be looked at as the biggest mistake the mother has ever made for the rest of his/her miserable life. If the woman sees that she either cannot afford to or simply does not desire to have the baby, then it is her body (Alcorn, 3). Therefore, nobody should be able to stop her from having her will (Alcorn, 3). They should not have to take care of a baby they do not want to have (Pro-Choice, 2). Stereotyped as emotional, women have the ability to choose for themselves (Alcorn, 3). If they wish to have an abortion, then they must have thought it through first (I am, 7). Another point to this is that if abortions were illegal, then everyone would go back to the old, dangerous methods of illegal abortions such as “clothes hangers” and “back-alley” abortions (I am, 7). If we make woman have their unwanted babies, then they will chose to dispose of them later, contributing to infant fatalities (I am, 7). All the stories on the news about a woman putting her baby in an oven, waiting for him/her to explode and die in one of the worst possible fashions will become true (I am, 7). They will become more prominent too as women’s’ egos shall go against themselves. I understand the valid points of legalizing abortion; they have many reasonable arguments that they can make and I understand their position.
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Get custom essayI believe abortion should be illegal because of the psychological ramifications as well as the sociological and harmful effects it has; however, I understand the counterarguments presented by the pro-choice side. It takes such a psychologically-heavy hit on the women that have to go through everything that it messes up their lives forever, without them realizing it (Abortion, 6). Society nowadays is in more favor of abortion than ever. However, people are also more judgmental and a sometimes even close-minded about it (Kimport, 1). The fact that abortion does so much physical harm to the woman’s body makes it clear how helpful abortion really is. Abortion is not helpful at all to the woman getting it because it can lead her to have unplanned miscarriages and could even scar the future child for life with a horrendous birth defect. Even though I understand the opposing side of the argument, I feel compelled to take the side of anti-abortion and pro-life. I have a personal experience of someone close to me that came across the same situation of either to have an abortion or to keep the child. To this day, she is still thankful that she did not go through with that dreaded abortion. She kept the child and she has never regretted that decision.