The theme chosen for this task is “Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility.” Every profit making firm has to prove that they have ethics and corporate social responsibility to the public in order to attain trust from various stakeholders. This responsibility is lifted much higher for a Non-profit making organisation such as Oxfam. This research topic will analyze how ethics and CSR play a role in the operations and objectives of Oxfam.
Get original essay“Ethics can be defined in business terms as the moral principles that govern an organisation’s behavior or code of conduct in their operations (Rosamund, 2015)”.“Corporate social responsibility can be defined as a business approach that contributes to a company’s responsibility on its effects on environmental and social wellbeing (Rosamund, 2015)”.
“Charity begins at home” in this case Oxfam’s initiative to provide international aid and relief started with the need to help people. This led others to join in and offer donations e.g. last wills including contributions to charity, government grants, volunteers, investors, partners and donors (organisations & individuals) (IBISWorld, 2018). NGO’s rely heavily on their reputation and this is what generates most of their funding, and maintaining this reputation comes with an ethical and corporate social responsibility to uphold.
Oxfam launched a “behind the brand campaign” to improve policies on:
Emphasis on legal procedures to helping those who are land owners claim their property in remote areas of Kenya e.g. Oxfam’s partnership with Kellogg and Pepsi to try and expose land grab cases in the USA and tries to lawfully return the land rights to the rightful owners (Oxfam International, 2018).
Oxfam helps farmers or donors safely dispose of harmful chemicals that may harm the environment i.e. nitrate and other harmful gases. Oxfam’s projects and campaigns also support responsible disposal of harmful elements that may harm the ecological environment (Oxfam International, 2018).
Oxfam support the gender quality movement that men and women need equal opportunities and have equal rights (Oxfam International, 2018).
Oxfam also supports campaigns behind energy investments and helps bring electricity to remote areas of Kenya. They believe in conservation of energy as a valuable resource that shouldn’t be wasted as it may also harm the ozone and climate of a region (Oxfam International, 2018).
Oxfam try to intervene on cases of employee mistreatment e.g. women cocoa pickers mistreatment led to Oxfam leading a protest to stop this (Oxfam International, 2018).
Oxfam have a strict code of conduct within their supply chain. Between employees and volunteers as well as other stakeholders to ethically use donations/supplies from suppliers, donors and partners. Whether it be food, relief money or a contract Oxfam policy is to remain trustworthy to its stakeholders and this upholds their image (Frame, 2005).These policies allow Oxfam to make decisions only after meeting the requirements of their policies, if they would not uphold this their name as a Non-governmental institution would be tarnished beyond repair. It’s harder for an NGO to not have ethics compared to a profit making organisation hence the reason for strict ethical and corporate social responsibility within the Non- governmental sector.
NGOs have undergone a lot of pressure in 2015 for alleged aggressive fundraising practices in the UK, this led to a public outcry and a questioning of how trustworthy are NGOs (BBC News, 2015). This begins to show how important it is for NGOs to maintain their public image of “trustworthiness”. Oxfam have put forth a set of principles to reflect their company guidelines and policies which govern their work together with partners and beneficiaries (Oxfam International, 2018). Some of their ethical principles include:
Working hand in hand with partner organisations Oxfam aim to have a positive impact on global poverty and injustice. This goal can only be achieved through a combined efforts of many actors e.g. community based-organisations, non-governmental organisations and national & international governmental organisations. This is key as it helps Oxfam build a good name and build trust amongst many actors involved in their cause.
Oxfam are compliant to the Red Cross and Red Crescent code of conduct as well as the Sphere standards of humanitarian response. This means they have to uphold humanitarian principles of humanity such as aiding civilian communities and responding to need.
Oxfam have control systems in place and professionally qualified staff that ensure that funds are effectively used. Oxfam are a learning organisation with real time evaluations, program reviews, accountability reports and complaints & whistle blowing policies. These procedures aim to hold Oxfam accountable to their supporters, partners, beneficiaries and the general public. Oxfam is part of a world wide effort of nearly 70 NGOs to assess their performance according to views of the local partners that help fund these NGOs and whom they work with (Oxfam International, 2018). The accountability of charities and transparency to try and improve on their mistakes is likely to build trust among their donors (Charity Navigator, 2016).
Oxfam is committed to using data responsibly in order to uphold the rights of individuals, groups and organisations with whom they work. Responsible data use is not just an issue of technical security but also safeguards the rights of people ensuring respect, dignity, privacy and enables them to make informed decisions (Baur and Schmitz, 2012).
As mentioned before one of Oxfam’s principals is to ensure employees are aware of their values and the code of conduct forms part of the employment contract. Briefly, this code entails behavioral expectations of staff that may affect Oxfam’s reputation. Breach of the code of conduct may lead to disciplinary action by Oxfam (Burger and Seabe 2014).
Oxfam offers platforms to groups or individuals that engage in activities that are contrary to Oxfam’s beliefs and values. They do this in order to accept a challenge and form organized debates on who could be right or wrong. This generates a good public image for Oxfam.
Oxfam work to determine the root of poverty and persuade governments, inter-governmental agencies, private sector bodies and citizens to change policies that may harm their beneficiaries, in order to improve their standards of living (Keating and Thrandardottir, 2016) e.g. communities and villages in Kenya experiencing famine and drought may lead to Oxfam’s intervention.
Oxfam ensures that their program works protect and promote the human rights of people with a different sexual orientation. Oxfam also works to protect people excluded due to sexual or gender differences from oppression and violence.
“Economists have traditionally assumed that firms want to maximize profits, but do firms really want to maximize profit?” (Sloman and Jones, 2011). This quote can be interpreted in many ways because in the global environment firms may have other objectives such as growth, mergers and future investments. In the case of an NGO such as Oxfam maximizing profit is not the underlying goal, because the main business objective of an NGO is to provide national and international aid where it is needed most. How Oxfam provide this aid through their business practices and partnership is what needs to be considered ethical. Ethical codes and principles help decide what is the right thing to do is. Oxfam have to looks within their codes and principles when faced with such decisions as ethical issues can affect any employee or worker in the business. Every individual needs to question his morals when faced with a situation that requires ethical morality and social responsibility as the actions of individuals also affect the organisation (Johansen, 2005).
Deontological - the means is more important than the end
Teleological - the end justifies the means
Virtues - decisions are based on previous actions of virtuous people e.g. religions and their forefathers.
Justice - decisions are based on what is legal and what is not
Fairness - would you treat others how you want to be treated?
Individual principles - a person’s ethical, religious and professional principles and standards influence their actions.
Oxfam needs to analyze their principles based on the above factors, it also proves that Oxfam are trying to hold themselves accountable with their new control systems which leaves their stakeholders in charge of determining whether the company is ethical or not. Stakeholders may include; government, donors, supporters and beneficiaries. This is a positive measure taken by Oxfam to upload ethical principles within their organisation (Chenhall 2013).
What are the Oxfam’s responsibilities to the environment and society? Oxfam have a duty and responsibility of fairness to the society and the environment e.g. treat everyone with fairness and emit any harmful substances that may harm the environment.
Scholars argue that there are two approaches to CSR:
Stakeholder approach- The Company’s purpose is to meet stakeholder demands i.e. Government, suppliers, customers and local community
Shareholder’s approach- The purpose of the company is to maximize shareholder value. In a free enterprise and private property system it is the job of the employees to make money for the business owners.
Corporations have an obligation to society I will not indulge into the business cases for/against CSR as Oxfam is an NGO. However as the cases presented above Oxfam have the right to look into CSR and where they stand in terms of stakeholder/ shareholder approach or is CSR a government obligation or a moral obligation of the organisation. Oxfam as an NGO are socially responsible to society and the environment in Kenya. Oxfam can only adhere to government environmental regulations and try to launch programs that actually benefit the environment and communities of people. So it is my belief that depending on the region that NGOs have to be socially responsible for their environment and communities around them and try to improve the society (Jepson 2005). Oxfam also has more of a stakeholder approach as they are non-profit making and this would mean CSR has to be at the forefront of their goals and objectives.
NGO’s try to build their image and reputation as much as they can and this solely depends on associations with the right stakeholders (Burgos, 2012), some recommendations to Oxfam that may help them build a better reputation maybe:
Join corporations or individual initiatives to boycott unfair treatment within society e.g. racism, inequality, human rights movements etc.
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Get custom essayThis report has looked at Oxfam from the industry of social work activities (Section Q). The report has tackled external influences that may influence Oxfam as an NGO looking at the threats and opportunities affecting the organisation and the type of environment they are operating in. The second task in this report looks at the sector of the firm affecting public relations (Ethics and corporate social responsibility). It looks at the different factors, cases, implications and benefits available to the firm for upholding ethics and CSR standards. All in all Oxfam stand to benefit from the contemporary development that they may implement within their organisation. As firms are entities that improve with learning, global trends, mistakes and opportunities.
Autonomy The definition of Autonomy is the ability of an individual to make a rational, un-influenced decision. Therefore, it can be said that autonomy is a general indicator of health. The progression of many terminal diseases are characterized by loss of autonomy, in various manners. For example, dementia almost always results in the loss of autonomy. Dementia is a chronic and progressive disease that attacks the brain and affects the ability to make judgments, can induce memory loss, cause a decrease in rational thinking and affect orientation.
Get original essayBeneficence The term beneficence refers to actions that promote the well being of others. In the medical context, this means taking actions that serve the best interests of patients. However, uncertainty surrounds the precise definition of which practices do in fact help patients.
The concept of non-maleficence is embodied by the phrase, "first, do no harm," or the Latin, primum non nocere. Many consider that should be the main or primary consideration (hence primum): that it is more important not to harm your patient, than to do them good. This is partly because enthusiastic practitioners are prone to using treatments that they believe will do good, without first having evaluated them adequately to ensure they do no (or only acceptable levels of) harm. It is not only more important to do no harm than to do good; it is also important to know how likely it is that your treatment will harm a patient.
So a physician not prescribe medications they know to be harmful. In practice, however, many treatments carry some risk of harm. In some circumstances, e.g. in desperate situations where the outcome without treatment will be grave, risky treatments that stand a high chance of harming the patient will be justified, as the risk of not treating is also very likely to do harm. So the principle of non-maleficence is not absolute, and balances against the principle of beneficence (doing good), as the effects of the two principles together often give rise to a double effect
Double effect refers to two types of consequences that may be produced by a single action, and in medical ethics it is usually regarded as the combined effect of beneficence and non-maleficence.
The justice ethical principle states that decision makers should focus on actions that are fair to those involved. This means that ethical decisions should be consistent with the ethical theory unless extenuating circumstances that can be justified exist in the case. This also means that cases with extenuating circumstances must contain a significant and vital difference from similar cases that justify the inconsistent decision.
Ethics has a twofold meaning. First, ethics is based on the standards of right and wrong which prescribe what humans do in terms of right, obligations, benefits to society, and fairness. Ethics refers to those standards that force the logical obligations to abstain from rape, theft, murder, violation, and fraud. Ethical standards also refer to those that enjoy honesty, sincerity, and sympathy. Ethical standards include standards that are related to rights, such as the right of life, the right of freedom, and the right of privacy. These standards are appropriate standards because they are supported by consistent and well-founded reasons.
Get original essaySecond, ethics refers to the study and development of one's standards. Feelings, laws, and social norms can swerve from what is ethical. Therefore, it is important to consistently check one's standards to ensure that they are reasonable and well founded. As Abraham Lincoln said, 'As I would not be a slave, so I would not be a master. This expressess my idea of democracy. Whatever differs from this, to extent of the difference, is not democracy. '
This research paper deals with ethics in children’s literature. The stories that are used for this paper are The Big Friendly Giant, Pinocchio, Little Snow-White, Little Red Riding Hood, Rainbow Fish, and Urashima Taro and the Turtle. The research question for this paper is: “To what extent do certain characters struggle with a problematic ethical attitude, and how could that internal struggle lead to an imbalance of power? Accordingly, the thesis statement chosen for this paper is: 'Certain story characters have a tremendous ethical problems which lead to an internal struggle and imbalance of power.'
In this paper, the characters of the chosen fairy tales come across a lot of problems. Therefore, they have enormous ethical problems. Despite the different motives behind their ethical problems, in most of the stories, story charaters do indead overcome moral troubles and live their lives.
Ethics is not primary about sex, not based on religon, not relative to the society that you live in, and ethics is not good in theory. Then the question is what is ethics? There should be a distinction between living according to what people judge to be the right ethical standards and living according to what people judge to be the mistaken ethical standards. After hearing the word ethics, we might think about who believes it is wrong to lie, cheat, steal and so on, and who does not.
We found out that people who do not live according to the conditional ethical standards and believe for some reason that they are not doing anything wrong then they are living according to ethical standerds. When a person is doing something wrong according to us, but he can justify his actions, it shows that he is living according to the ethical standerds. Justifiation must be of certain kind. For example, justification for self-interest will not do. When Macbeth thought about killing Duncan that he could be king was not justified.
Since ancient years the philosophers have expressed that ethics is accepted from a point of view that is somehow universal. The Golden Rule that was attributed to Moses, found in the book of Leviticus and is also connected to Jesus tells us ' Do unto others as you would have them do unto you'- in other words it is saying be kind to other people as you want them to be kind to you. The Stoics in the Roman era held that ethics derives from universal natural law.
The idea was developed on the hand of a man called Kent and his idea was to ' Act on that only maximum through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.' The question is can we derive an ethical theory from this universal aspect to guide us about what is right and what is wrong? A lot of philosophers tried to do this, but it was without general acceptance. The issue is if you try to describe the aspect of ethics in formal ways there will be a wide range of ethical theories that have been done before; on the other hand, if you try to let-up your own description of the universal ethics you will be charged with contradicting your own beliefs about this topic.
After the World War Two was over, the choice of books for young people increased. The books includes subject about ethical issues, the present, and about what is happining around them allowing the children and adolescents to stat thinking about these issues. In the essay of Claudia Mills her new text Ethics and Children's Literature indicates that the history of children's literature is predicated on the hope that these stories will change the readers to become better. This hypothesis of the power of literature to change its readers to become better could present a dilemma. The child reader is sometimes unable to understand the moral of the story. Therefore, an adult must enhance this.
Methods of ethics determine what individual human beings want or what is 'right' for them to do. According to Rawls ' Both ethics and politics are distinguished from positive sciences by having their special and primary object to determin what ought to be, and not to ascertaine what merely is, has been, or will be'.
Most people believe that there is a strong relationship between morality and motivation. People not only seek the object but also do the right thing for the good reasons. In fact, we are often willing to forgive someone for doing bad things if it is for the right reasons. Ruth Grant claims that there are two very different types of motivations: incentive and praise. Incentive motivation uses the method of 'If-then'. They set up expectations before the task is attempted. The message is: if you do something for me then I'll do something for you. Praise motivation works differently. It uses the 'Now-that' method. They admit a job well done after the task is completed. Now that you have done something well, they will admit your achievement.
Plaisance shows in her book how communication interacts with the practice of care, and how ethics of care informs communication and media by posting a moral injunction to maintain relations. Plaisance says that 'ethics underscorses the significance of pregnancy as a form of mediated communication, really childhood relations and gender dynamics of care-giving in the development of communicative ability, as well as the role that communication plays in shaping care ethics as a moral orientation'. Here Plaisance explaines how pregnancy affects on the communication with others, how the relationship between the two sex helps in developing the ability of communication, and how communication played a role in forming ethical care as a moral direction.
In the book Entrance by Story Crago argues that the the brain instructs readers preference either for stories based on emotions or those based on reason, and it is age-related. While Maria Nikolajeva is not fully subscribing to Crago's model, Maria's article shows how children and young readers could balance between emotions and ethics. Crago's argument was built on the study of Iain McGlichrist, The Master and his Emissary (2009) which examines how the hemispheres in our brain works.
The right hemisphere is emotional while the left is rational. Recent brain research shows that the hemispheres develop at a different pace. In infanthood and childhood the right hemisphere dominantes the left. The left developes over adolescence when young people learn how to control their emotions and desires. Patrick Hogan claims that emotions are predominantly egoistic and ethics in constant of egostic emotion in favour of the well being of others. Blakey Vermeule, in her book 'Why Do We Care about Literary Characters, claims that 'readers use fictional characters to fix basic moral problems (p.xii), and our investment with characters is an ethical concern.'
Ethical problems, also known as moral dilemmas, are situations in which the individual is in a conflict, choosing between equally desirable or undesirable situations, or balancing options. This chapter will present a discussion about the ethical problems that the following three stories have, Pinocchio, Little Snow-White, and Little Red Riding Hood.
The story of Pinocchio talks about a woodworker named Geppeto who takes a piece of wood from his friend. Geppeto carves a shape of a boy on the piece of wood, and it comes to life. He names him Pinocchio. Geppeto sells his coat, so that Pinocchio can go to school. Instead of going to school, Pinocchio goes out to play with his friends. He gets into a lot of troubles, and all he wants is to get back home to his father.
In this story, there are two characters that have ethical problems, and they are Pinocchio and his father Geppeto. From the beginning of the story Geppeto lies to his son. He tells him that he sold his coat because it kept him too warm, not because he wants his son to go to school. Pinocchio is a wooden puppet, so he does not know what is right and what is wrong. Pinocchio should look up to his father, but since Geppeto starts lying from the beginning Pinocchio becomes a liar, too.
Accordingly, Pinocchio faces a lot of ethical problems. As maintained by Accounting Ethics book ' the story of Pinocchio, merely as a tale of a boy whoes nose grows when he lies.' Pinocchio is a special wooden puppet who walks and talks by himself but not a real boy. By being a puppet, he doesn't know what is right and what is wrong. He has to acquire the principles of life from his surroundings.
Since his father started lying to him from the beginning, he thinks that lying is a right behavior. Pinocchio's first lie is when he says that he is going to school, but instead he goes to a bright coloured booth and forgots all about school. His second lie is to the fairy when he tells her about the fox and the cat. When the fairy asks him about the coins, he says ' I have lost them,' although he has them in his pocket. The fairy starts laughing at him because his nose is growing, and she knows that he is not telling the truth. Finally, when he understands that lying may get him in trouble, he decides to change his behavior and help his father. Because of his kindness to his father, the fairy rewards him by transferring him into a real boy.
Another ethical problem that Pinocchio faces is being selfish. Pinocchio does not appreciate what his father is doing to make him happy. Geppeto sells his coat, so that his son can go to school, but Pinocchio does not care about that. All he cares about is his happiness. When he leaves the house for a couple of days, he does not think that his father will be worried about him. Pinocchio is a selfish person who lacks any concern for the values of others, and does not see the need to return a favor for a favor.
After he is turned into a donkey, he realizes that what he has done is wrong and starts thinking of his father. While he is inside of the whale with his father, he realizes that he should think about the people that love him, not just of himself.
The other tale that has ethical problems is the tale of Snow White. It is a story that talks about an evil queen who is jealous of Snow White's beauty. The whicked queen orders Snow White's murder, but later on she discovers that Snow White is still alive and hiding in a cottage with seven dwarves. The queen gives SnowWhite a poisoned apple, who falls into a death-like sleep.
In the story the evil queen is jealous of Snow White which leads to an ethical problem. The queen has a mirror that always tells her ' You, my queen, are fairest of all.' Snow White grows up into a beautiful girl. When the queen asks her mirror, 'Who in this land the fairest of all,' the answer is ' You, my queen are fair; it is true. But Snow-White is a thousand times fairer than you.' After what the mirror tells the queen about Snow White, she becomes jealous of her beauty. The queen lives in a mental bubble were she thinks that she is superior to others. The queen desides to get rid of Snow White by asking the huntsman to kill her. Luckily, the huntsman takes pity on Snow White because of her beauty and says, 'Run away you poor child,' thinking that she will be killed by wild animals. Knowing that Snow White is not dead, that makes the queen more jealous and hateful. She decides to kill her with a poisoned apple. Knowing that there is someone more beautiful than her makes the queen jeaulous, oppressive, and spiteful.
Another character that has an ethical problem is Snow White. Snow is naïve, pure hearted, and innocent which makes her believe everything that is happening in front of her. She thinks that all people are good. Being naïve causes her trouble, as other people may take advantage of it such as her evil, whicked stepmother (queen). The queen takes advantage of Snow White three times. The first two times, she does not succed, but the third time she poisons Snow with an apple. As she is naïve and pure hearted, she does not think that it is the queen with that red apple
While Snow White is in the forest she finds a small cotage that has seven beds inside, she goes inside, and she finds out that the cottage belongs to the seven dwarves. They are kind toward her, but they also exploit her pure heart. They told her if you want to stay with us, you have to cook and clean the house before we come back home every day. They take advantage of her situation, so they can benefit from it.
The last story that has ethical problems is the story of Little Red Ridding Hood. It revolves around a girl called Little Red Ridding Hood. The girl walks through the woods to deliver food to her granny. On her way, she meets the wolf. She starts talking to him, and he tells her to pick some flowers for her sick grandmother. Meanwhile he goes to her grandma's house and eats her granny. The wolf sleeps in grandma's bed waiting for Red to come.
Little Red is kind, good, and gullible. When she is on her way to her grandmother, she meets the bad wolf and starts talking to him. She should always refrain from talking to starngers. She tells him were she is going showing how naive she is. Little Red can represent the bright sun which is ultimately swallowed by the terrible night and that is the wolf.
Little Red has another ethical problem, which is sexual maturity. Her red hood symbolizes the blood of menstruation, braving the 'dark forest' of womanhood, or it symbolizes the hymen. She is at the age where she wants to explore her body, and the wolf takes advantage of that.
The other character in the story is the wolf. He has a bad personality, and is scary and deceptive. The wolf can symbolize a man, who can be a lover, seducer, or a sexual predator. When he sees Red and starts talking to her, he notices how kind she is, but at the same time he sees how simple she is. He takes advantage of that by telling her to pick some flowers to her granny who gives him the opportunity to go to the house and eat her grandmother. When Red reaches the house, she sees how different her granny is. When she tells her 'granny' 'what big teeth you have' the wolf replies 'All the better to eat you with, my dear'. He deceives her which leads to her rape.
Red's kindness and the wolf's hideousness leads up to Red's rape. It shows that people who have a good, pure, and white heart sometimes will be deceived by the evil in this world. In this story it is the bad wolf.
Internal struggle is the struggle occurring within someone's mind. A character may struggle with emotional problems like fear of abandonment or relationships. Imbalance of power is the attempt of a character to use, served or perceived personal situations to apply to the youth's behavior or to limt the victim's ability to responed or stop their aggression. This chapter will discuss the internal struggle and imbalance of power that these three stories display: Rainbow Fish, Urashima Taro and the Turtle, and The Big Friendly Giant.
The Rainbow Fish is a story about the most beautiful fish in the entire ocean that refuses to share his wonderful scales with anyone. When his greed leaves him without any friends, he seeks advice from a wise octopus who counsels him to give away his beauty and discover how to be happy.
Rainbow Fish struggles between giving up his beautiful scales in order to make friends or to selfishly keep them and not having any friends. When the Rainbow Fish finds himself without any friends, he goes to a wise octopus seeking help from him. The octopus tells him, 'Give a glittering scale to each of the other fish. You will no longer be the most beautiful fish in the sea, but you will discover how to be happy.'
After what the octopus told Rainbow, he finds himself in an internal struggle. He says 'Give away my scales? My beautiful scales? Never. How could I ever be happy without them?' Rainbow can not make a decision about the issue, until the little blue fish came again and tells him that he only wants one scale. Rainbow starts thinking about how loosing one scale will not harm him.
Internal struggle does not only impact on people negatively; it also impact on them in a possitive way. Being torn by different desires can influence people by inspiring them to take constructive actions towards growth and understanding of themselves and life in general.
Consequently, being in an internal struggle helps Rainbow Fish to take one step forward into happiness. When he decids to give one scale to the little blue fish, a strange feeling comes over Rainbow. He is delighted to give his scales to the other fish.
The Big Friendly Giant is also a story that talks about internal struggle. The BFG starts during the witching hour, a time in the middle of the night were all humans should be asleep. That is the time when 'all the dark things came out from hiding and had the world to themselves.' That makes Sophie a trespasser, and that is how she sees the BFG blowing dreams into the children's bedrooms.
Sleeping humans give the giants their power over them. At night, giants have the power to catch humans and gobble them up without being spotted. The BFG uses his power to do something good to the humans. He blows good dreams into their windows, but when he sees that Sophie is spying on him he struggles. That leads to kidnapping her from the orphanage because he is worried that she will tell the whole world about him, and he will be captured and put into a zoo.
The BFG thinks that what other giants are doing, eating humans, is wrong. Unfortunately, being huge giants gives them the advantage and the power over the small sized giants. BFG can not do anything to help these humans until Sophie comes.
Sophie and the BFG struggle to find a way to inform the Queen of England about the danger that they are going to face soon. After they find a way, the BFG uses his power, blowing dreams when someone is sleeping, to help the humans. This time the Big Friendly Giant mixes a horrible dream and blows it to the giants when they are sleeping.
The internal struggle makes the BFG realizes his wisdom. At the end, there is a flip in the imbalance of power. The bad giants become the victums while the BFG and Sophie are the heroes.
Another story that talks about internal struggle and imbalance of power is Urashima Taro and the Turtle. It is a Japanese folktale that talks about a young man called Urashima. One beautiful bright morning, Urashima goes fishing in his boat. He throws the net into the sea to catch a tiny little turtle. After the turtle finds her voice, she begs for her life saying, 'what good can I do you? I am so young and small, and I would so gladly live a little longer. Be merciful and set me free, and I shall know how to prove my gratitude.' Urashima is very good-natured and frees the tiny turtle back to the sea. Years go by, and one day the turtle comes back and pays her debt.
Consequently, Urashima faces an internal struggle when the turtle comes to help him.'I am whose life you once saved. I will now pay my debt and show my gratitude,' said the turtle. Urashima does not wait to be asked twice, but when the turtle tells him that they are not going back to this shore, he gets scared. Urashima does not know if he should be thankful, or if he should be afraid for his life. The struggle that he has is similar to the angel and the devil a person can have on each shoulder. The angel tells him do not risk your life while the devil says take this step and go with the turtle. Urashima does not have a choice but to go with the turtle.
Urashima makes that choice, and it appears to be a good one. Every hour that passes seemes happier than the last. One day he misses his family and friends, so he askes the queen if he can go and visit them.
After the queen gives her approval to Urashima, she gives him a tiny golden box. She tells him to keep it safe and never open it. 'If you do this, your friend the turtle will meet you at the shore, and will carry you back to me,' said the queen.
Urashima faces another struggle concerning what to do with the box. Should he keep his promise or open the box? He decides to open the box and a purple vapor comes pouring out. As he looks at his hand he sees that his fresh youthful hands have suddenly gone shriveled.
Urashima admires the queen and that gives her the power over him. When Urashima does not listen to what she asked from him, the queen punishes him by turning into an extremely old man. The struggle of Urashima and the power of the queen lead to Urashima's death.
The six stories that have been read and discussed in this paper, and their analysis provided shows that there is a connection between ethics, internal struggle, and the imbalance of power. Ethics is a common theme in all the stories, in which all the characters conquer their ethical problems and continue living their lives.
The characters in the stories struggle considerably and come upon a lot of imbalance of power to overcome their ethical problems. All the characters act the way they do to try to fix the problems that they have implicated themselves into. Every action they make is one step closer to fixing their ethical problems. Having ethical problems showes the characters how to be brave, when to be wise, not to trust everyone, and to believe in themselves.
In the story of Pinocchio, he overcomes his ethical problems by believing in himself and by acting like a wise man. He stops thinking of himself and thinks about other people in his life. In the story of Little Snow White, the queen's jealousy makes her think wisely how to get rid of Snow White, while Snow White's naivety affects her judgement on other people. Little Red Riding Hood's character is gullible. She believes everything people tell her. The wolf sees that from the beginning so he makes her believe in what he says.
The Rainbow Fish struggles between giving his scales to make friends or to be the most beautiful fish in the sea without any friends. Confronting that struggle makes Rainbow Fish think wisely about his problems to find the right solution. The BFG struggles between beating the other giants to help the world or doing nothing. Having Sophie in his life teaches him to to be brave and to believe in himself. The last story is Urashima Taro and the Turtle. Urashima's huge struggle is to listen to the queen and not open the box or do what his mind is telling him to do. Not acting like a wise man makes him face an ethical problem that leads to his death.
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Get custom essayTo sum up, having ethical problems is an important lesson to face during life because it shows the characters how to overcome their problems. The solution to ethical problems is the key to stop the internal struggle and balance between powers. Some of the characters are affected possitively by their ethical problems while others are affected negatively. Ethics is one of the most important characteristics a person should have. As Albert Camus says 'A man without ethics is a wild beast loosed upon this world.'
As patients place their trust in healthcare professionals, they possess a great responsibility to ensure proper care. With this responsibility, it is a sad reality that the government failed to apply ethics during the Tuskegee study in Alabama. Lasting from 1932 to 1972, this study experimented with 400 poor African American men who suffered from syphilis (The Deadly Deception, 2019). Misled by the government, participants were told they needed treatment for ‘bad blood’ and were offered incentives like free healthcare to continue in the study. As the study progressed, treatment was withheld, causing the health of every participant to decline. Ethics is an essential of healthcare because it allows for effective and beneficial care. Without ethics, the healthcare experience for patients becomes detrimental as dangers arise within the patient’s experience. This study was flawed according to ethical principles and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Tuskegee study relates to the Nuremberg Code and the Belmont Report which sought to improve ethics in the healthcare setting.
Get original essayThe men involved in the Tuskegee syphilis study did not experience respect for persons, beneficence or justice. Respect for persons or respect for human dignity revolves around a person’s right to self-determination and their right to full disclosure (Polit, 2018, pdf.175). This refers to how participants should have the freedom to engage in a study without the risks of detrimental treatment. The right to understand what’s happening by questioning and aborting from engagement also applies without persuasion. Full disclosure promotes making informed and fair decisions in research participation by enclosing side effects and the option to quit the study. Lack of coercion or bribing and blackmailing is also prohibited because it obstructs from free will and puts pressure on making a decision that may not align with someone’s true intentions.
Of the 400 African American men who were apart of this study, none received their right for respect of human dignity. Important information like an in-depth briefing of the procedures was withheld. The men were told that they would be treated for Syphilis at no cost if they participated. This is a form of coercion because incentives and bribes of free healthcare incline patients to participate without the proper information. In the long run, they were never treated for syphilis in this study. They also weren’t informed about the actual purpose of the study, associated risks, nor the procedures that were being performed. Another example of disrespect was how a letter was sent out, falsely stating how a spinal tap was additional treatment needed to treat Syphilis. This was done to perform more tests on the men. This shows manipulative intent and lacks respect for patient integrity and the right to be properly informed. Additionally, they were offered $50 dollars of health insurance to continue involvement with the study (The Deadly Deception, 2019). This is another form of coercion by persuading patients to engage with the poorly described Tuskegee study.
Another important factor to consider with the Tuskegee study was the absence of beneficence. Beneficence includes ensuring rights of prevention of exploitation and freedom from discomfort and harm. This act also seeks to minimize harm and maximize beneficial aspects within the healthcare process. Researchers have the obligation of not using information against patients and conducting experiments intended to produce benefits for patients. One example of how beneficence was not applied was how the Tuskegee men weren’t offered penicillin which was recommended to treat syphilis. Although having the knowledge of what helps fight syphilis at the time, the researchers looked to exploit and take advantage of how the men lacked knowledge of what was best for their health. Minimizing harm would have also meant using penicillin because it was known to fight the complications brought by syphilis.
The Tuskegee study in many ways was an abandonment from justice. This principle implies the right to fair treatment and the right to privacy. One way justice was violated was how the participants were explained the study would last 6 months. Instead, it prolonged to about 40 years. This unfair time difference also reveals a lack of transparency which is crucial as this involves the negligent and malicious intent of researchers. Another example showing why the Tuskegee study was unjust was how the study targeted Tuskegee men based on the vulnerability of poverty. It was also involving only black and not white people with syphilis which shows a discriminatory bias. This is important to consider because it relates to education levels and their awareness to protest immoral conduct involving the Tuskegee study. A violation of privacy was also done by the Tuskegee study as they shared information with major medical journals and the U.S Congress throughout the 40-year period without the consent of patients (The Deadly Deception, 2019).
The ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice are stated in the Belmont Report which was established to increase ethics in healthcare practices since 1978. These ethical principles helped provide a standard across organizations in the United States and were established by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (Polit, 2018, pdf.171). Situations like the Tuskegee study raised awareness of the lack of ethics in healthcare which may have influenced regulations like the Belmont Report to be established.
Another form of regulation is the Nuremberg Code of 1947 in response to the Nazi doctor atrocities that were revealed in the Nuremberg trial. There are ten points that were implemented regarding the Nuremberg Code. The first and most significant point made was that anyone who participates in an experiment or study must give informed consent (The Nuremberg Code, 2018). The subject should have the capability to provide consent. It is required that a enough information is given clearly enough for the subject to comprehend and consent or decline to. The Nuremberg trials were held in attempts to convict Nazi doctors who performed inhumane and unethical experiments on concentration camp captives (Science Museum). Unfortunately, the Nuremberg code was not considered with the Tuskegee Study. During the time the code was introduced, penicillin was found to be an effective treatment for syphilis. The Tuskegee government scientists dismissed the relevance of the Nuremberg Code. They proceeded to withhold treatment from the men even after penicillin was recognized as treatment knowing this neglect could harm and potentially kill participants.
Established in 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was violated by the continuation of the Tuskegee study’s unethical practices. This declaration was made to ensure a standard of ethics and rights for people of all nations. One of the rights violated by the Tuskegee was subjecting patients to cruel and degrading treatment which is prohibited by Article 5 of the UDHR (UN, 2019). The Tuskegee study also violated Article 27 of the UDHR which grants protection of moral and material interests in scientific involvement (UN, 2019). The Tuskegee study failed to question or consider the moral interests of its participants.
Eunice Rivers was the nurse shown in the Tuskegee film who provided care and monitor the complaints of subjects. Her main role was gathering participants for annual roundups when the doctors arrived at Tuskegee (The Deadly Deception, 2019). In my opinion, as a nurse, there is a priority to advocate for the people you take care of. She was not advocating for the men and their circumstances. Despite not having the modern approaches of today, she was still educated enough as a nurse to know about the harmful effects and information regarding the study. She also played a role in restricting men from access to penicillin. She should have questioned her actions as well as scientists and other healthcare personnel which is needed to take the ethical approach as a nurse in this situation.
Researching practices in the Tuskegee era differ from today mainly with increased regulation. For a large part of the early to mid-20th century, there were no standards for medical organizations to abide by. This wasn’t really introduced until the Belmont Report, Declaration of Human Rights, and the Nuremberg code were established to counter the unethical habits of healthcare practices. As of today, regulation has continued to evolve, and things have gotten more complex to ensure patient safety. One example of today’s improvements is the disclosure of rights and informed consent which is expressed to patients before participating in research. The confidentiality of participants is also strongly enforced, making patient information more secure. Communication with patients has improved including consideration for their concerns and stressors regarding healthcare. This makes an essential improvement compared to practices from the Tuskegee era. The two time periods relate because there is still room for improvement when it comes to serving a diverse population. Without confronting the issues of the past, today wouldn’t include the numerous precautions and safety practices in healthcare.
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Get custom essayGiven the dire responsibility of healthcare providers, the Tuskegee study proved that there was a need for regulation. Informed consent and other rights such as the right to decline a study began to be enforced after the Tuskegee study as regulations from the UDHR, Nuremberg Code and the Belmont Report were later established. The important thing to take away from mistakes of the past is to avoid engaging in similar patterns that neglect patients. Additionally, having an open-minded approach while following ethical principles in the healthcare setting would prevent situations like the Tuskegee study from happening again.
Informed Consent is patient authorization which is given to a specialist for treatment with full knowledge of the potential dangers and advantages. In The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, Rebecca Skloot addresses the treatment offered at Johns Hopkins in the 1950’s and Tuskegee. The Tuskegee syphilis study and uninformed consent became prevalent issues in the medical community which resulted in laws and regulations formulated to address these issues. These laws and regulations have been passed on for generations and will continue to do so because of the unethical disasters of uninformed consent which was caused by Johns Hopkins, the Tuskegee Syphilis study, and the accident involving Henrietta Lacks getting her immortal cells stolen from her. The Tuskegee syphilis study was one of the most important cases that determined the future for informed consent.
Get original essayThe Tuskegee syphilis case was a serious topic in the 1930’s. Poor, uneducated black men were being used for research when they thought they were getting treatment. There were medications for syphilis accessible when the investigation started, yet it was chosen to retain even those from members without their insight and graph the course of untreated syphilis in these African American men. The medication was penicillin, which was a known treatment for syphilis at the time, yet the men were supplied with placebos instead of medicine that would actually cure them because doctors wanted to continue their research without these men knowing. According to the Tuskegee Syphilis study by Donna Batten, “It (The Tuskegee Syphilis study) resulted in new laws requiring informed consent for medical experiments on humans” (Batten 1?3). The Tuskegee Syphilis study affected many lives because the doctors were so focused on medical research rather than saving lives. The guidelines that were made were under the direction of the National Commision for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral research. They were “… in charge of identifying the basic ethical principles that should underlie the conduct of biomedical and research involving human subjects and to develop guidelines that should be followed to assure that such research is conducted in accordance with those principles” (Mandal. Et all 2/4). These guidelines were created against these unethical practices because the study resulted in many men being permanently affected or even dying because the doctors used them as a research project rather than increasing their chances of getting well. Another example of how informed consent was forever changed in relation to Johns Hopkins Hospital.
Johns Hopkins is known for the many medical advances and achievements they have made in research over the years. Johns Hopkins is trusted by many, yet some people believe Johns Hopkins has wronged them by using uninformed consent for research. The doctors and people who work at Johns Hopkins claim they have done nothing wrong, that they were just fueling research for the good of science; their website makes them seem credible and trustworthy. According to Johns Hopkins website,’The current oversight system, requiring informed consent for most clinical research, grew out of a scandal-ridden period in which people were used in research and exposed to significant risk without their knowledge or consent…'(Johns Hopkins University/Hub 2014). They claim that since there was no regulation on cell research and informed consent in the 1950’s, that they did nothing wrong. And yes, it is true that there was no regulation on cell research but in the 1980’s, new laws and regulations called common rule was created; it went as follows: “requirements for ensuring compliance by research institutions and requirements for researchers obtaining and documenting informed consent” (Mandal. Et all 3?4).This relates back to informed consent because Johns Hopkins did not get consent for the many research projects they have conducted, especially when it comes to African-American’s. Many indignious, poor, African Americans believed the tales and stories of Johns Hopkins kidnapping blacks and using them as test subjects. Many say these tales are true. This was a fear commonly spread throughout the surrounding cities because of the past Johns Hopkins has had in which they have ignored informed consent for research purposes. Johns Hopkins also plays a major role in the case of Henrietta Lacks.
The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks portrays the genuine story of Henrietta Lacks and what she faced as she was the minority and she had special cells. Rebecca Skloot not only mentions the challenges Henrietta faced, but how Johns Hopkins and Tuskegee played a role in them as well. She touches on the subject this in Chapter six, when Skloot references the oral presentation she gave in her history class. She addresses uninformed consent, the fact that they were all poor uneducated black men, and that doctors and nurses watched them die slow, painful deaths (Skloot 50). This is not the only instance Skloot alludes to the topic of uninformed consent; she mostly talks about it in regards to Johns Hopkins, and Henrietta‘s case. Henrietta lacks had her cell tissue stolen from her and John’s Hopkins hospital from her cancer biopsy. She was completely unaware of the immortal cell chain her body contained and had no idea the doctors were researching her and testing her cells constantly. They grew so much that her cells were named HeLa and even sold around the world. In the prologue, Skloot is interviewing Deborah, when Deborah says “All I remember is that she had this disease, and right after she died they called me in the office wanting to get permission to take a sample of some kind. I decided not to let them” (Skloot 4). This relates back to informed consent because the doctors not only did not get consent from Henrietta or her family, but they turned around and used her cells for their own benefit and profit.
Tuskegee, Johns Hopkins, and The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks have many things in common, but the main topic is uninformed consent. Tuskegee has the syphilis case in which doctors did research on African American men who had syphilis and did nothing to help them, and Johns Hopkins has taken cells for research on many occasions, and The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks because Henrietta’s cells were taken from Henrietta with no consent and built into a business that makes money off buying and selling HeLa. Even though we may have never had the amazing advancements that we have today in medicine because of HeLa, the doctors simply did not ask. In The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, Rebecca Skloot address is the treatment offered at Johns Hopkins in Tuskegee. The Syphilis study and uninformed consent became prevalent issues in the medical community which resulted in laws and regulations formulated to address these issues.
Throughout World War Two, a number of German physicians, geneticists, psychiatrists, and anthropologists performed torturous and often deadly experiments on thousands of unconsenting concentration camp prisoners. These experiments were primarily conducted to research the survival of military personnel, the testing of treatment and drugs, and the advancement of the Nazi racial ideology. On one side of the spectrum, these experiments were merely another method of imposing mass torture and murder. However, they also present an apprehensive moral challenge. Scientists, historians, and commentators of the Nuremberg Trials in 1947 have argued that; if some of the medical experiments produced relevant and scientifically sound results, would it be justifiable, and moreover ethical, to utilise that data for modern medical purposes?
Get original essayFrom 1933 to the culmination of the Second World War, the Nazi Party, led by Adolf Hitler, introduced and aggressively pursued a racial ideology that asserted the “Aryan Race” of pure, healthy Germans above ethnic groups considered inferior. The Nazi Party sought to execute this ideology of racial supremacy by preventing Germans from integrating with what they regarded as inferior races, as well as encouraging the increase in the number of children born to pure, Aryan Germans and reducing other races either to slavery, such as Slavs, or eliminating them altogether, as in the case of the Jews. As part of the ideology, the Nazis aggressively antagonised and persecuted these peoples throughout the pursuit of racial purity within Germany and the territories they occupied. Gipsies, Slavs, Poles, disabled persons, homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses, and particularly Jews, were persecuted, and later exterminated in mass killings during the Holocaust. It was within Nazi concentration camps where the ideology of the “master race” was systematically extended, and in which deadly experiments were carried out on certain prisoners. Experiments included the sterilisation of imprisoned women, to investigate methods for the limitation of future children of the ‘inferior’ people being birthed, as well as the infamous experiments performed by Josef Mengele performed on twins in Auschwitz. Gruesome experiments performed without anaesthesia were conducted regularly through numerous concentration camps, such as Auschwitz-Birkenau and Mauthausen concentration camps in Austria.
The experimentation on prisoners of Nazi concentration camps occurred for three central reasons: investigating the survival of the military, testing drugs and treatments, and advancing racial and ideological goals based on racial superiority used to justify the subjugation or elimination of perceived racial enemies.
The majority of the experiments conducted within concentration camps were performed with the intent of preserving and aiding the German military. Experiments were administered to discover means of adjusting the human anatomy in order to improve military standards or to discover means of rehabilitating injured soldiers. Many experiments were tested to uncover if illnesses such as malaria and altitude sickness could be combated, and it was through this testing that hundreds of concentration camp prisoners were put through gruesome experimentation. Bone, muscle and nerve regeneration and transplantation were also studied, in which sections of bones, muscles or nerves were removed from the subjects without anaesthesia, resulting in many subjects experiencing severe agony and permanent mutilation. Freezing and hypothermia experiments were completed to simulate the conditions of military units in combat on the Eastern Front. Subjects were forced to sit in tanks containing freezing water for up to three hours or placed naked in the open air of temperatures as low as -6 degrees Celsius. Similar experiments were performed on captured Russian soldiers to study whether their genetics resulted in superior resistance to cold conditions.
Experiments were additionally carried out to test and examine newly developed drugs and treatments to be used for curing illnesses or nursing injuries. At the German concentration camps of Dachau, Natzweiler, Buchenwald, Neuengamme and Sachsenhausen, doctors performed experiments on prisoners to study immunisation methods for the prevention, containment and treatment of various contagious diseases, such as tuberculosis, malaria, typhus, hepatitis and typhoid fever. When examining malaria, subjects were infected by mosquitos, or through injections containing traces of malaria, then treated with numerous drugs to test their respective ability to combat the disease. In Natzweiler and Sachsenhausen, experiments were conducted examining the effects of mustard gas, and the effectiveness of various treatments of wounds caused by the gas. Subjects were exposed to the gas, resulting in chemical burns, of which doctors then studied to investigate the best possible solution. The gruesome experiments performed were believed to have beneficial outcomes for the German military in combating contagious diseases that could be contracted while in combat.
Furthermore, a large quantity of the experiments performed was to further the belief of the Nazi ideology and the superiority of the Aryan Race of Germans. Many conducted were to investigate heredity, in an attempt to prove that the genetic makeup of other races, such as Jews and Slavs, was inferior to that of the Germans. The most infamous of the doctors that performed these experiments was Auschwitz head doctor, Josef Mengele, who became known as the “Angel of Death”. Mengele was a highly significant figurehead throughout the Holocaust, renowned for performing brutal experiments on prisoners in an attempt to cement the view of the Aryan Race’s dominance over inferior peoples. Mengele was practically granted free will, as a head doctor, to conceive and carry out any medical procedures that he believed to be beneficial to both the war effort, and the Nazi ideology. With the seemingly unlimited supply of condemned prisoners at his disposal, Mengele took a particular interest in twins. Experiments were performed on nearly 1500 sets of twins, barring the use of anaesthesia, including mass blood transfusions, lethal injections, organ removal, castration and amputations, as well as murder. Some prisoners were gouged with a needle that pierced their hearts and then injected with petrol or chloroform, resulting in blood coagulation and excruciating deaths. Others were frozen alive in tanks of ice water or burnt with phosphorous, all in an attempt to understand human anatomy and heredity. Mengele's eye experiments included attempts to change the eye colour by injecting chemicals into the eyes of living subjects, and he killed people with heterochromatic (of a different colour) eyes so that the eyes could be removed and sent to Berlin for study.
Another infamous concentration camp doctor was Aribert Heim, infamously renowned as “Doctor Death”. Heim was a doctor at Mauthausen Concentration Camp in Austria, where he performed often fatal operations on prisoners to examine treatments, solutions and organs. Heim injected subjects with lethal solutions, including petrol and phenol, into their hearts so as to understand which killed faster, and organ removals were performed on living subjects without anaesthesia, who were later left to die on operation tables. Heim attempted these experiments with the aspiration of assisting the war effort through the understanding of the human anatomy.
Arguments Against Using the Data
To a considerably large extent, it would be unethical to cite or utilise any data produced from Nazi concentration camp human experimentation. In his opening statement for the prosecution of twenty-three former Nazi doctors during the Nuremberg Trials, Chief Counsellor Telford Taylor claimed: “the experiments revealed nothing which civilized medicine can use”. Throughout the trial, Taylor successfully challenged the defendants, stating their practices as “scientifically useless”, a perspective that the majority of commentators studying the Nazi experiments have echoed or supported. Don Wilkinson, an Oxford medical ethicist, states that “It’s important to say that these findings very rarely provide key important information in isolation”. Because of the appalling unethical nature of the experiments, the general consensus is that the utilisation of any data would be subsequently unethical. Such data obtained illegally and judged inadmissible, would, if cited and utilised, “corrupt the institution of medicine itself”, as stated by anesthesiologist Henry K. Beecher.
Furthermore, a number of ethical codes and theories reinforce the belief that the data found should ultimately be destroyed for zero future usage. One of which is Kantian ethics, theorised by Immanuel Kant, primarily claiming that one should never harm another in order to accomplish anything. Upon performing the experiments, the Nazi doctors did not acknowledge or respect the integrity or inherent dignity of each individual and instead treated the Jewish prisoners as expendable laboratory rats, thus treating them as tangible objects, rather than humans. Sarah Wilson, a bioethics professor at Cedarville University in Ohio, argues that scientists should not utilise the only vestige remaining of the prisoners victimised by the Nazis. Wilson stated in a 2011 report that treating the data as a commodity would only serve to “further devalue human life”. As scientists are incapable of separating the raw data from the method in which it was produced, it is arguable that the data should thus not be referenced, primarily in order to avoid associating contemporary medical practices with immoral methodologies and bigoted preconceptions. Furthermore, utilising the data, regardless if practised with moral intent, could stimulate or revitalise similarly unethical experiments, hence affirming the validity of the experiments conducted within the concentration camps.
Arguments in Support of Using the Data
The primary argument for the utilisation of the Nazi research disputes that citing the data may yield scientifically sound references and data that could be utilised to better understand certain diseases and the conduction of contemporary medical practises. Utilitarianism, relating to the concept of attaining “the greatest happiness for the greatest number”, does not support the techniques in which the data was obtained, as unethical, unconsented procedures and torture do not qualify as the greatest happiness for the greatest number. However, as the data exists, and the methods in which produced it is now predominantly avertible, it is plausible to suggest that applying the data to further understand and develop ministrations for certain diseases would be scientifically beneficial. Jay Katz, an American physician at the University of Yale, argued in the 1992 collaborative book by Arthur Caplan, When Medicine Went Mad, that preserving lives and furthering medical treatment by utilising the data may “redeem” the atrocities of the Holocaust in a “small way”. However, Katz also argued that by accepting the data as legitimate, “the door opens” for medical practitioners to subsequently conduct and justify any future underhanded research procedures.
Additionally, a number of scientists have referenced and utilised Nazi research. John S. Hayward, a hypothermia expert at the University of Victoria in Vancouver, believes the data to be conventional and “necessary” to his work. Hayward references the Nazi experimenters’ measurements of body cooling rates when testing freezing water survival suits in Canada. Hayward stated in a 1984 interview conducted by Kristina Moe that he “doesn’t want to use the research, but there is no other and will be no other in an ethical world”. Hayward went on to say that he has “rationalised” the utilisation of the data, in an attempt to “make something constructive out of it”. Moe additionally interviewed former US Army Medical Corps major, Leo Alexander, who evaluated the Nazi’s hypothermia experiments and concluded that they had been conducted in a “reliable manner”. Nazi experiments surrounding auditory trauma, low-pressure and high-altitude have also been evaluated as relatively coherent. However, it is highly unlikely that a modern participant would willingly volunteer for their eardrums to be ruptured due to low-pressure or high altitude. Therefore, the beforementioned experiments are unable to be replicated, and thus the results produced by the Nazi doctors cannot be challenged or compared against.
A pragmatic approach to the argument suggests that using the research produced by the Nazi doctors does not condone the methodology behind the experiments, primarily because the results are not a separate moral entity. A scarce number of physicians, including author Robert Pozos, argue that the data exists merely as numbers, and henceforth cannot be morally detrimental. However, as the experiments can never be legally repeated, the data must correlate with its methodological origin from a scientific standpoint, and thus scientists cannot simply treat the findings as morally impartial statistics to justify applying the data in modernized practices.
Following the 1947 Nuremberg Trials, the Nuremberg Code was established; legislation comprised of ten regulations surrounding the conduction of human experimentation. The most paramount points included within the Code established that all participants must explicitly provide consent when being experimented upon, and must understand any potential risks or side effects the experiments may induce. The Code also outlined regulations for the conduction of any human experiments, in particular, granting participants the allowance to discontinue their participation at any time. Doctors must furthermore terminate the experiment if they judge it to be harmful, and no experiment can be administered if the perceived risks outweigh the scientific or statistical benefits. Numerous separate codifications were constituted that expanded on the principles established in the Nuremberg Code, including the Belmont Report, the Common Rule, and the Declaration of Helsinki. Although there have been advancements in the development and superintendence of these principles, such as the introduction of electronic signatures, the cardinal goal of operating ethical clinical procedures and protecting the participants has remained relevant.
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Get custom essayTo a substantially large extent, it would be highly unethical and scientifically immoral to utilize, or reference, the research and statistical evidence produced by forced human experimentation in Nazi concentration camps. The experiments, performed upon unconsenting concentration camp prisoners, involved the investigation of hereditary, the human anatomy, and research attempting to uncover diversified strategies to preserve the German military. For example, experiments were conducted on prisoners to investigate immunization methods for the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis and malaria, and twins were studied by Josef Mengele to examine hereditary, in an attempt to reinforce the Nazi racial ideology and the dominance of the Aryan Race. It is arguable that contemporary medicine and anatomy research could benefit from utilizing the data produced by the Nazi doctors, and a number of physicians have been able to both study and reference the data to yield valuable scientific results. However, the majority of scientists and historians have recurrently argued against applying the data to modernized medical practices, contesting the moral appropriacy and virtue of utilizing research performed through such iniquitous methods.
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Ethics seems to be the centre point of any research. Plagiarism seems to be the biggest problem not only in India but also in the developed world. The ethics that need to be followed during publishing articles are overlooked due to the government norms to get the promotion in their profession. Younger generations need to be nurtured to do quality ethical research.The experienced supervisors are very informative and knowledgeable on how to do a research project. The interaction between the supervisor and student is like a ‘Guru and a Shishya’ in olden days where Gurukulas were existing.
Get original essayIndia is developing at a rapid rate however; the quality of Indian publications and the research is still lagging behind. Fabrication of data is another disaster of research that is practised which needs to be eliminated. University grants commission has taken up some steps to curb the spread of predatory journals. What I feel is that the research behaviour of the Indian researchers is now at a cross roads. With the liberalization and globalization of Indian drug market India is able to cope up with these drastic changes and still showing growth in the production of generic drugs to supply to the whole world. India is now a global pharmacy of generic drugs. If innovation is added to the reverse engineering Indian pharma industry will grow at a rapid rate and the quality of life of the people around the world will be enhanced.
As a pharmacy graduate I feel that the increasing numbers of start-ups and the return of scientists from abroad to India will make India a better drug manufacturer and I want to be a part of this change. With the advancement of the patenting process similar to the western world Indian researchers are trying to patent their innovations and would like to patent my work as well. With all this chaos in my mind, I am pursuing my PhD. Some say PhD is waste of time as there were no future options for the PhDs as the research done in Indian pharmaceutical industry is just reverse engineering and there is not much value for the PhD because they demand high package and work equally to a 2-3 yr experienced master’s candidate. However, I am determined now to do a quality research that is ethically sound.
Ethiopia is located at the Horn of Africa and is the 10th largest Country in Africa. Oromo and Amharic are the two main languages spoken in Ethiopia, although there are over two hundred different dialects spoken in Ethiopia. There are numerous tribes and ethnic groups in Ethiopia. Just like the people of Africa in general, the people of Ethiopia are a diverse group with over eighty different ethnic groups within its borders, with Oromo being the largest. Ethiopia’s population has grown from nine million in the 1800’s to over eighty two million today, which is the second largest in Africa. The only African state to retain its independence during “the scramble for Africa” period, which was in the 1800’s was Ethiopia. They maintained their independence by defeating Italy in the First Italo-Ethiopian War (1895-1896). Ethiopia follows the Julian calendar consisting of 12 months of 30 days each and a 13th month of 5 or 6 days. It is roughly 7 and a half years behind the Gregorian calendar. As with many equatorial countries, the sun dictates time in Ethiopia.
Get original essayThe sunrise marks the beginning of the day and the sunset marks the end of the day. What most of the world would call 7:00, Ethiopians would call 1:00. Both noon and midnight are 6:00 in Ethiopia. Coffee, one of the world's most popular beverages, was discovered in Ethiopia, in the region of Kaffa. Ethiopia is the home of the black Jews, also known as the Falashas, Ethiopia then adopted Christianity in the 4th century making it one of the oldest Christian nations in the world. Islam also appeared early in Ethiopia during the time of Mohammed, when his followers fled persecution in Arabia and sought refuge in Ethiopia.
The major environmental issues facing Ethiopia include deforestation, soil erosion and depletion of nutrients in the soil which, in parts of the northern highlands are leading to a worrying increase in desertification. Drought also occurs frequently and the economy's heavy reliance on rainwater makes the effects more severe, resulting in food shortages and famines. Little of the natural vegetation of the Ethiopian highlands remains today except for south and south-western parts of the country. The influence of man and his domestic animals has changed both the vegetation and the landscape. Ecological degradation, including deforestation and erosion is widespread particularly in the northern and central highlands. In the late 19th century 35-40 percent of Ethiopia was covered by forests. Soil degradation is the most immediate environmental problem facing Ethiopia.
The loss of soil, and the deterioration in fertility, moisture storage capacity and structure of the remaining soils, all reduce the country's agricultural productivity. Ethiopia has one of the highest rates of soil nutrient depletion in sub-Saharan Africa. Nearly 20 percent of all households use dung cakes as a source of fuel for cooking. Estimates say that the annual phosphorus and nitrogen loss nationwide, from the use of dung for fuel is equivalent to the total amount of commercial fertilizer applied annually. Land degradation is further exacerbated by overgrazing, deforestation, population pressure, perceived land tenure insecurity and lack of land use planning.
If Ethiopia was your home instead of Australia you would die 21.32 years sooner, be 12.6 times more likely to die in infancy, be 3.1 times more likely to be unemployed, 13 times more likely to have HIV/AIDS, be 7.4 times likely to be murmured, make 96.98% less money, spend 99.71% less money on healthcare, use 99.52% less electricity, consume 98.9% less oil, be 22.92 % less likely to be in prison, experience 8.91% more of a class divide and have 3.1% times more babies.
Ethiopian opals, many of them are sold in their natural state. Others are treated, for example, dye, smoke and sugar/acid treatments. All of these treatments make the opal less expensive, and when the opal is natural it is far more expensive than the treated ones. The treated opals can cost less or more than the natural opals this depends on the cost on the process this opal went through. The first treatment I will talk about is the dye treatment, then the smoke treatment, and finally the sugar/acid treatment.
Get original essayHydrophane opals, like those found in Ethiopia, are easy to dye because their millions of tiny holes it, naturally absorbs liquids. When dying the opal is like it is sucking all the color up, because of the pores inside of it. People, who know opals, can identify dyed opal on-sight when an abnormal color is used. For example, a neon blue color is easy to tell that the color is a fake but other people feel like it is natural. However, the practice of slightly improving an opal’s natural color, with dye can be much less obvious. In these cases, dye treatments can often be detected with microscopic examination or by cutting into the opal to see if the color is concentrated near the surface. Some large buyers of cut opal or finished jewelry require the seller’s to provide samples of the opal rough when making large purchases. The samples are used for testing and comparison to make sure that the finished stones and jewelry, they are purchasing have not been treated. Color enhancements can increase the marketability and price of the opal if it is not obvious. For this reason, if a buyer wants natural-color opal, testing to confirm that the color is not caused by dye is important.
Smoke is a suspension of very fine particles in air or gas. Fine smoke particles can enter the pore spaces of an opal and change its natural color. The smoke treatment can be done by wrapping the opal in paper and heating the paper to a temperature that produces burning. The burning paper releases fine particles of black soot; a black substance, that enters the pores of the opal and darken its color. The darker color contrasts with the opal’s play-of-color, making it appear stronger and more obvious.
Smoke treatment can sometimes be detected by looking for black soot particles during microscopic examination. These can often be seen individually, or in concentrations along cracks within the opal. Laboratory tests, such as Raman microscopy, have the ability to detect smoke treatment because they can detect carbon, which is normally absent in opals of volcanic origin.
The sugar/acid treatment is done by soaking opal for a few days in a warm solution of sugar water, then submerging the opal in concentrated sulfuric acid. The acid melts the sugar in the pore spaces of the opal, producing dark-colored carbon particles and stains. This imparts or darkens a gray, black, or brown color in the opal. Like smoke treatment, these can be detected by microscopic examination or by laboratory tests for carbon.