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Slavery has been around for thousands of years and seems it will be staying in our world until we as human beings decide to solve this problem -not just in one country or a handful of nations – but to put an end to it worldwide. Slavery dates as far back as 3500 BC, in Sumer Mesopotamia one of the first civilizations. Eventually slavery becomes common within much of Europe during the Dark Ages and continues into the Middle Ages. Throughout this timeline of slavery no one really thought to end it or to rebel against it until the Republic of Ragusa. They became the first European country to ban the slave trade - in 1416. In modern times Denmark-Norway abolished the trade in 1802. Spain, which from 1493 to 1898 possessed the largest colonial empire in the Americas (still including Cuba and Puerto Rico after 1825), with the longest history of slavery. Even in 2012 far more slaves (as well as human trafficking of different kinds) exist than at any time in the past (estimates reaching from 27 mil). The Impact of Slavery

Slavery has caused many things relating to violence and hatred but the biggest and most horrible result of it is human trafficking. It’s not question that human trafficking is modern slavery but what is surprising is just how many people are caught in this system. Human trafficking is the action or practice of illegally transporting people from one country or area to another, typically for the purposes of forced labor or sexual exploitation. According to H.E.A.T Watch, in 2016 there was an estimated 40.3 million people in modern slavery, 24.9 million in forced labor and 15.4 million in forced marriage. From the 24.9 million people that are trapped in forced labor, 16 million are exploited in a private sector such as domestic work, construction or agriculture, 4.8 million forced into sexual exploitations, and 4 million in forced labor imposed by state authorities. Three countries in the South American region that include forms of modern day slavery are, Mexico, Paraguay and Brazil. In Mexico children 'work in extremely precarious conditions, in addition to working more than 48 hours a week, receiving wages of between 29 and 40 dollars per week. To withstand the workloads they often inhale drugs like marijuana or crack.” In Paraguay the people have a tradition called “criadazgo” and it’s when very poor families, usually from rural areas, are forced to give their under-age children to relatives or families who are financially better off, who take charge of their upbringing, education and food. This tradition is actually not for the safety of a child but rather to exchange the child for carrying out domestic work. People do not want to accept it, but it is one of the worst forms of work. It is not a solidarity-based action as people try to present it; it is a form of child labour and exploitation. It is also a kind of slavery because children are subjected to carrying out forced tasks not appropriate to their age, they are punished and many may not even be allowed to leave the house. Brazil has child human trafficking just like the other two countries above and research shows that 47.6 percent of workers between the ages of five and 13 are in the agricultural sector, part of a deep-rooted custom. Slavery in Ancient Rome

Slavery is rooted back to the ancient times: Mesopotamia, Egypt but the most notable time of slavery was in the era of Ancient Rome. Slavery in Rome was a result of battles won and battles lost. Soldiers were taken from the losers in a battle and the winner of these battles would rule them and make them their slaves; it was a justification and confirmation of Rome’s cultural superiority and divine right to rule over others and exploit those persons (slaves) for absolutely any purpose whatsoever. Because of this slavery was so imbedded in Roman culture that slaves became invisible and there was no feeling of injustice in this situation on the part of the rulers. In their system of slavery, the slaves were the lowest class of society and even freed criminals had more rights than those who were enslaved. It was also less cruel than the slavery in America because people recognized that harsh treatment was counterproductive, so laws were provided against excessively cruel owners. Although slavery seemed not bad in Rome it was still slavery and Vincti slaves had the worst kind of slavery. The Vincti were the lot of agricultural slaves, they were usually housed in barrack buildings in poor, prison like conditions and often kept in chains, very similar to how slaves were treated during slavery in the U.S.

The Fight Against Slavery

In the United States of America, slavery no longer exists and this is because of President Abraham Lincoln and others who played great roles in the abolition of slavery in America. It is widely known that Abraham Lincoln (the 16th president) was the president that brought an end to slavery in the 1860’s. In October 16, 1854, Abraham Lincoln delivered a speech regarding the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which congress had passed five months earlier. In his speech, the future president and outlined his views on slavery which he called “immoral”. It was believed this act would set a precedent for determining the legality of slavery in other new countries, this is where Lincoln’s fight on slavery would begin. On September 22, 1862, Lincoln issued a preliminary emancipation proclamation and on January 1, 1863, he made it official that “slaves within any State, or any designated part of a State … in rebellion, … shall be then, thenceforward and forever free.” Just three years after issuing the emancipation, Lincoln would make his final move in the fight to end slavery and it would determine the outcome for the whole country. The 13th Amendment, adopted on December 18, 1865, officially abolished slavery, but freed blacks’ status in the post-war South remained precarious, and significant challenges awaited during the Reconstruction Period. During slavery in America, people revolted and rebelled against slavery. Slaves were deeply angered for being taken from their homes by whites and to be brought back to be a slave until death was horrid. Nat Turner’s revolt was the most terrifying to white slave owners, he had an estimated 75 slaves and they all turned to violence, killing around 60 whites in just two days. Gabriel Prosser and Denmark Vesey notably led slave rebellions as well but, few were successful.

Conclusion

The Great Karl Marx had at least certain theoretical ideas about slavery (his misunderstanding of slavery as “an anomaly in capitalism”), and on the connection between “primitive” accumulation, English industrial capitalism, the slave trade, and slavery. It is clear today that accumulation is (up to now) eternal and that slavery is indeed capitalism. Today slavery is at its peak in capitalism with human trafficking which is modern day slavery. It is going on around the world and some of the biggest companies you know use human trafficking to make their products. In conclusion, human trafficking is a problem … we don’t want it to become normalized and become the next slavery so to prevent it nations need to come together and form a pact banning human trafficking and any future form of slavery to free the world’s people for good.

Everyday Use is a masterpiece novel written by African American writer Alice Walker, being published in 1973. The highlighted perspective of the social conflicts in marginalized members of the society, like females and colored people, has earned the novel great popularity for both readers and critics. Due to its value in sociology, various scholars have performed related academic researches on the novel.

The story centres around an African American mother and her two children, Dee and Maggie, who possess traits and personalities in sharp contrast. Dee, who later changed her name to Wangero (due to her refusal to be named after the people who oppressed her people), is a stylish girl who has received college education. Maggie is a shy girl who has low education and self-esteem, and she does not seem to understand the way Dee acts, just like her mother. The Name of Dee: her pursuit for Civil Rights and her cultural heritage The Civil Rights movement of African Americans initiated as a series of protests against legally enforced segregation based on the ideology of white supremacy and black inferiority, starting from the 1900s. The Black community then embarked on a journey on pursuit for equality in the United States for almost 90 years.

In the novel, one of the notable acts of Dee is her change of her name to Wangero Leewanika Kemanjo, which she believes is an African name that reflects her cultural heritage. Names exist as a crucial part of a Civil Rights campaign, as the imposing and acceptance of a name can reflect an individual’s own cultural identity, on whether if an individual accepts oneself as a “Negro slave”, a “Black person” or an African America. The name Dee was given to her ancestors by the white American slave masters who shipped and enslaved the ancestors of Wangero, so she no longer accepted herself being called Dee after learning about the history, possibly through her college education. A conflict in this case would be the pragmatism and ease in addressing Wangero by her simple European-rooted name Dee and idealism of cultural preservation by using the long, African-rooted name Wangero Leewanika Kemanjo, just like any other conflicts between pragmatism and idealism in the essay. However, despite Mama’s initial discomfort of the name changing, she ultimately decided to respect her child’s will, thus made attempts in addressing her child and her partners by their African-rooted names.

An irony of the name changing act is that Wangero Leewanika Kemanjo is not a typical African name in itself. The closest connection of the name with Africa is that it may be a name from East African origin, which may not be the accurate origin of Dee. Therefore, it is speculated that Dee only has superficial knowledge of African culture, despite her vain attempt in retrieving her cultural heritage. A blunt criticism of her actions is that Wangero, as an individual raised as an American, has made a series of actions to “become” African, which cannot achieve any success other than making her a “phony”. There shows the partially agreement with such criticism: the fact can be respected that Wangero has enough cultural awareness, which drives her to make efforts in cultural preservation. However, her superficial knowledge of her cultural roots may not make her a competent individual in cultural preservation. Therefore, she may need to experience the culture of Africa, by actually live in Africa for a period of time. In this way, she can have the chance to experience the culture from the African perspective, but not from the perspective of “White America”.

The novel entered another area of main theme, as Wangero requested to her mother for the ownership of 2 quilts after dinner. However, Mama refused to give her the quilts, as Mama believed that Wangero would not use the quilts properly for pragmatic usages. Wangero wanted the quilts for the idealism purpose of cultural preservation, and she believes that it would be wasteful and “backward” to apply the quilts to “everyday” pragmatic use. Therefore, another conflict happens in the household of Mama, between the pragmatic “everyday use” of quilts as an item to keep an individual warm and the idealism of the item as a form of cultural perseverance. This can be considered the central part and climax of the novel, which is coherent to the novel title, where the ideological debate centering “everyday use” begins. It is understandable why Wangero finds value in the quilts. She has lived in the urban areas, where everything is mass produced, thus she finds handmade items unique, rich in culture and artistic. However, she neglects the fact that culture actually originates from everyday lives, and that her family is already preserving the culture by keep producing and using the quilts. She may have overly idealistic concept of culture, where culture must be high class and formally worshipped, and have neglected the fact that culture is already being preserved healthily if it is pragmatically applied to the “everyday use” of the people.

On the other hand, it is ironic how Wangero used to despise the quilts as items of “out of style”, before she received college education. There is possibility that Wangero has learnt about the cultural heritage of her African roots in college, thus she started to reevaluate the cultural value of quilts. This leaves room for thought: has the education she received enhanced her cultural awareness or distorted her views on what culture is?

The author has offered the world, especially to the people of color, food for thought through this short story, yet sophisticated piece. It has triggered the people of color to rethink and reevaluate the value of their cultural heritage. Should one just follow the mainstream culture of the society blindly for pragmatic purposes, or should one strive to preserve one’s own cultural roots, despite how difficult it may seem? This leaves substantial room for debate and discussion in the academic world, since its publication in 1973. It can be anticipated there will be more discussion to come in the future, along with the emerging and monotonous phenomenon of “globalization”.

Teen pregnancy has always been common, up until the early 1900s, however, it has become something looked down upon. In the earlier days, it was common for a teenager to be childbearing. Now, in this day and age, teen parents, mostly mothers, are looked down upon, belittle, and some are even kicked out to be on their own with no help. The pressure and judgment females go through when they are pregnant can cause detrimental downfalls, emotionally, mentally, and physically. Safe Sex is not something naturally spoken of in a home to prevent teen pregnancies from happening. Most parents try to avoid the conversation with their child(ren), hoping they will not involve themselves in sexual activities until they are older. Without the knowledge of safe sex and being a parent, teen parents can go through major downfalls, for example, depression, lacking education, and as well as, not being financially stable to provide for themselves and their child. This issue affects communities, ethnicities, and families all over, from grandparents to grandchildren. Every family member is affected from the conceiving of a child is brought upon them. The pregnancies change many factors in the lives of the teen parents, more females than males, however, their lives can take a drastic negative change. Changes that are not taught to teenagers as much as it should be and as often. Safe sex and pregnancy is a lesson that should be thoroughly taught to a child as they grow up. Depression is a major downfall that a teen parent can go through. Statistics prove it is more likely for a teen parent to go through depression than a teenager without preparing to become a parent. Research suggests that childbearing causes psychological distress among teenagers. Having a baby at a young age even affects your social life, your personal life and communication skills. Childbearing pushes you away from people, being scared of judgment from peers and elders.

In “Teen Pregnancy Issues and Challenges,” from the American Pregnancy Association, states “Many people say it is hard enough just being a teenager by itself – add in pregnancy and all that planning and preparing that comes with it, and it becomes even more challenging. Sometimes, “challenge” can be an understatement.” A teen parent being lost and lacking the knowledge of raising a child can put them in a hard place where they do not know if they want to keep their child, abort it, or put it up for adoption. The rate of teen pregnancy and depression are relating to the community in many ways. They distant the child from society and life in general. With depression forcing its way through a teen parent, it would make it hard for a teen parent to continue their schooling to graduate. Jason M. Fletcher mentioned in his entry in Journal of Human Resources that most teen mothers do not graduate high school. It tends to be hard on a female to carry a child and make sure they stay on their school, while learning the basics of raising a child. Studies show “teenage childbearing likely reduces the probability of receiving a high school diploma by 5 to 10% points. ” During pregnancy you have to miss a certain amount of days in school causing them to get behind in classes, school work and other school activities. Catching up on missed work can be a hard task to do while getting items ready for a child and going through the pain of carrying a child. It can be uncomfortable being at school and trying to focus would be hard with a discomforting pain. It also increases the probability of receiving cash assistance and decrease years of schooling. With depression and lacking knowledge, leads to being unable to be stable financially. Without a high school diploma it is hard to get a well-off job, unless it is a fast food restaurant, a waiter(ess), or a cashier at a local mini mart. It becomes hard to obtain the requirements needed to get a good paying job. Leaving the adolescents parents to pick up the slack of what they cannot get, since they are lacking the pay they may need. A major problem teen mothers face, is not having a job to buy the essentials needed to care for her child.

However, if they do have a job, they can’t bare to work enough hours, considering their physical disadvantage. Teen fathers statistically are more likely to abandon the responsibility of being a father. Resulting in them not being in the child’s life. Leaving the mother, the only dependable person. Having a baby so young which can reduce the likelihood of the teen to finish school. Meaning, they’re robbed of good education and therefore a stable job afterwards. Teen mothers work long hours and will have the least time to study, do homework or may even find it difficult to make it to class. Some teens are lucky enough to have a supportive family, but the responsibility is ultimately still on her and her family might struggle to help her provide. Most doctor visits the teen partakes in, to attend to babies prenatal care are covered by teens parents or another support system. This social issue has become important because it is happening more often than expected nowadays. More girls are dropping out of school and going through depression because the judgmental society we live in.

According to Laura McDavitt, “have struggled with high poverty and high teen birth rates and local governments could reduce both poverty and teen birth rates by re-examining the predominantly conservative abstinence-based programs popular in many states.” Many people want to establish more abstinence and safe sex programs hoping for the numbers of teen birth rates to slow down the increasing numbers. The rates of teen pregnancy have risen from 9% to 41% since 2015. There are nearly 193,477 cases of teen pregnancies a year. More cases in a year that have ever been counted for. Most of the teens give their child up for adoption, abort them, or sign their rights over to their parents to be raised as their siblings. It has become detrimental in the society that we live in. Teen parents have become childish, immature, and nonchalant to the idea of condoms or female condoms. Adolescents have been raised without being taught the consequences and dangers of unprotected sex. Teen pregnancy has been around for many, many years and will never become extinct, however, it can decrease in percentages with the teachings of safe sex, pregnancy, STIs, STDs, etc. If there were more programs around to benefit the issue there could be a hope in decreasing numbers. We chose this topic to do our research on because we are all teenagers who see other teenagers go through such problems daily, showing that none of us are educated thoroughly on the topic at hand.

As a whole, we believe this issue should be talked about more and taught to all children across the world. Teen pregnancy has resulted in deaths and miscarriages in several cases from the downfalls we have talked about and many others. There should be more lessons and programs on pregnancy in teens. The percentage increase from 2015 to now is outrageously high. In the early 1900s, it was normal for teenagers to be pregnant, however, the percentage from the time period was 11%, still a low number compared to the 41% it has now become. Most teens have become excited to carry a child thinking it would make them an adult earlier, only to leave them in the wild about things they did not know they would go through during and after the pregnancy. Most teen fathers do not stick around for the baby, claiming they are not ready for the child or the child is not theirs, leaving the teen mother to fend for herself with the help of her family who may be overwhelmed with another mouth to feed, clothes to buy, and the amount of stress that comes with the infant coming into the world. There are so many factors that can cause downfalls within teen pregnancy. My group and I believe this topic is something that should be a serious topic at the dinner table, in the classroom, and even on the streets. It is something that has taken the world by shock and used its disadvantages against those of young descent who does know any better.

Without spectacles, it’s impossible to create realism and without realism, it’s impossible to have spectacles. ?The Glass Menagerie, ?written by Tennessee Williams, is a realistic fictional play based off the theme, memory. Taking place in 1944, ?The Glass Menagerie ?portrays the current era accurately by capturing the imagination and heart of the American public. Tennessee Williams would not have been able to accomplish this modern day touch without the use of specific spectacles he chose himself. Learning what realism and spectacles are makes it easier to understand how Williams incorporated them into the ?The Glass Menagerie.

With the dramatic romance era coming to an end, the realism movement began in the early 1900’s. However, realistic fiction didn’t become popular in the theater until the mid-nineteenth-century. Realist fiction authors, such as Williams, accurately report the details of a specific historical era. In their portrayals of love, marriage, and family, realists explore social and psychological factors contributing to conflicts in nineteenth-century domestic life. In fact, many are noted for their attention to the complexities of human psychology and the numerous factors contributing to individual motivation.

Spectacles are used to create a visually striking performance or play through various elements of theatre. The spectacle in the theatre can involve all of the aspects of scenery, costumes, and special effects in a production that determines the world and atmosphere, influencing the quality of the play through the audience's eye. Williams incorporated lighting to his scenery in ?The Glass Menagerie ?to create a realistic fiction play for his audience seeking to form a close relationship with his audience through relation.

The usage of lighting affects the mood of characters and emphasizes important parts of the play. Williams used lighting in ?The Glass Menagerie ?to enhance the emotions of his characters that otherwise may not be detected through sound itself and to help the audience focus. ?In the quarrel scene between Tom and Amanda, in which Laura has no active par, the clearest pool of light is on her figure. ?The previous sentence is a direct example from the play where Williams used lighting to capture Laura’s emotions throughout Amanda’s and Tom’s argument.

The concept of understanding spectacles is essential in learning how they contribute to a play’s overall theme and how they contribute to create ?The Glass Menagerie. ?In Williams's case, he used spectacles to create a realistic fictional play for his audience and he succeeded in doing so. “No play in the modern has so captured the imagination and heart of the American public as Tennessee Williams' ?'The Glass Menagerie?”.

In the early 1950’s, racism and segregation of black and white people in public facilities were key problems in American society. Minorities, especially African-Americans, were highly discriminated by a radical amount of the white race. The vigorous treatment towards a high percentage of African-American citizens was the cause of activists and citizens cooperating together to revoke against segregation and protesting civil rights for all minorities. These actions from civil-rights activists would result in police brutality, conviction, and discriminatory against whoever was in support of desegregation and anti-racism. During the 1950’s, African American parents challenged the segregation of white and black children in Public schools. This practice was challenged in the case Brown vs. Board Of Education after receiving multiple cases about the practice beforehand.

In the case, segregation in public schools was looked at as a violation of the 14th amendment which guarantees “equal protection of the laws”. Citizens in support of segregation in public schools were intrigued in claiming that the practice of segregation is allowable because of the supreme court’s precedent “separate but equal”. Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson held his official opinion that the Plessy verdict should stand. September 1953, before Brown v. Board of Education was to be heard, Vinson died, so President Dwight D. Eisenhower had him replaced with Earl Warren, governor of California. May 17, 1954, In the decision “In the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place,” as segregated schools are “inherently unequal” was written by Warren. The plaintiffs were“deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment” as a result toward what the court had ruled. In support of Desegregation in public schools, the Supreme Court’s decision of ruling that all Public Schools were to be desegregated was the right decision because of the struggle for African-American parents and children and also was a step into the process of the civil-rights movement.

Early 1950’s most schools in the south including 17 district public schools were segregated since franticly all public facilities were. Most of the white community in southern and also numerous urban areas supported segregation in public schools and believed it was apart of the Supreme Court's ruling on being “separate but equal.” Being segregated publicly accomplishes being “separate” but the struggle and negativity of understanding and following the “equal” part of the Supreme Court’s ruling placed a dehumanizing effect on minorities, especially African Americans. Students that were African-American are deprived of education because they're considered inferior to white students so segregation was able to be allowed in education particularly for that one reason;which created conflict and a need for change, challenging desegregation in Education. “Segregating children in public education created and perpetuated the idea that African American children held a lower status in the community than white children, even if their separate educational facilities were substantially equal in “tangible” factors. This feeling of inferiority reduced the desire to learn and achieve in African American children, and had “a tendency to retard their educational and mental development and to deprive them of some of the benefits they would receive in a racially integrated school system.” The white community considers that this form of education is safe because keeping different races like black and whites seperated was to resent conflict and keep students be focused and on task. Being separated was causing more conflict for various reasons toward civil rights being taken away from African Americans and we’rent being granted the same guarantees in education as the white students. The options that were given to African Americans were schools that were already over crowded.

African American children were more exposed to low income, crime, and education is all their parents wanted for them and that was being taken away by the government; education should not be prior to segregation and discrimination against African culture. No plans that schools in the south were following along with to combine multi-race schools. The White community was not comfortable to be exposed to African-American students which was demeaning toward children that want to learn. The education system was similar but if an african american child lived closer to a school for all-whites than all-blacks they still could not attend. Until parents finally stood up to the problem with the desegregation in the education. “In the early 1950s, several black parents challenged this practice in the Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education.” In this case the Browns were not allowed to send their child to the closest school to their home because it was an all-white school. “There was a school closer to the Brown's house, but it was only for white students. Linda Brown and her family believed that the segregated school system violated the Fourteenth Amendment and took their case to court.” Browns placed an appeal on their case that didn't end in their favor. So they brought the case to the Supreme Court. “Such practices violate the Fourteenth Amendment, which requires all Americans to be treated equally under the law. Furthermore, segregated schools harm black children by teaching them that they are inferior.”

Black children are being perceived as “inferior” in other words, A danger to white students. Four class action suits were filed in four states by the (NAACP) “National Association for the Advancement of Colored People”. They were on behalf of African-American students being denied by admission to attend all-white schools. The Supreme court denied numerous amounts of cases having to do with segregation before Brown vs Board of Education. If the education system was desegregated then other public facilities would be desegregated which created a substantial amount of fear for the white population, especially down South. “The case was fought through the legal arm of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) which had been fighting civil rights battles since the 1930s.” The NAACP had been dealing with civil rights for many years and the fact that education plays a role in segregation is horrific especially because it creates a struggle to develop opportunities for the future and will cause the unemployed rate to increase.

America saw education as the path to future for children to find their professions and to boost the economy so education was looked at to be equal amongst everyone no matter what. “The Supreme Court upheld the principle of segregation and 'separate but equal,' with its ruling in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson. This decision essentially legalized discrimination and made African Americans second-class citizens.” Discrimination against African Americans when the supreme court ruled segregation in education were violent and verbal assault towards students in all-white schools. African-American Students would be harassed in bathrooms, classrooms, cafeteria etc. These encounters were all taken place after “Brown” won the case for the NAACP due to segregation in education violating the 14th Amendment. “In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Brown. The Court found the practice of segregation unconstitutional and refused to apply its decision in Plessy v. Ferguson to “the field of public education.” Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote the opinion for the Court. Federal courts decide even though segregation was legal, that the segregation in public schools was harmful to black children even though the school buildings were the same, transportation, and had teachers. “In the decision, issued on May 17, 1954, Warren wrote that “in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place,” as segregated schools are “inherently unequal.” The case didn’t end segregation it started a numerous amount of nascent political movements in the upcoming years for civil rights especially desegregation.

Human emotion is a subject many find too complex to fully understand. Humans feel such a variety of different emotions and it can be difficult to explain the reasoning and purpose of each one. The research question that will be discussed is: How has evolution brought the factor of emotion into human lifestyle?

The first dive into the idea of evolutionary emotion was from Charles Darwin himself. Darwin wrote a book entitled “The expressions of the Emotions in Man and Animals,” and in it, he provided the first theory of evolutionary emotion. Darwin spoke about how emotions were heritable in humans and not just learned as we grew in society. The two main purposes he believed emotions had were to aid in survival and communication with other creatures. An example of survival aid is how fear drives the human body to become more precise with certain senses to aid in a way to escape. The idea of emotions aiding in communication is based off of the observation that humans can recognise different emotions in each other and in other animals, and the same goes for other living creatures.

Darwin described emotion with three different principles. The first is that beneficial habits strengthen over time such as the emotion disgust. Disgust aids in the avoidance of things that may be poisonous or harmful to one’s body. The second explains that opposite situations of ones a habit has been already formed around will result in opposite reactions. The third is that there can be an accumulation of energy in the nervous system that is released as a certain behavior. This happens involuntarily and Darwin referred to it as a “nervous discharge.” Darwin supported his theory of evolutionary emotion through two main examples. The first is the example of newborn babies. On birth, newborn babies cry and express other vital emotions, and even in babies that are born blind, they still show the same vital emotions including the behavioral response of seeing an individual. The second example is the one based around the idea that different creatures can instinctively recognise certain emotions in others.

The process of how emotions occur in our brain is difficult to explain. In a paper written about the evolution of human emotion, Joseph E. LeDoux, an American neuroscientist states: “First came “primitive” cortical regions in early mammals. In these organisms the basic survival functions related to feeding, defense and procreation were taken care of by fairly undifferentiated (weakly laminated) cortical regions (primitive cortex, including the hippocampus and cingulate cortex) and related subcortical areas (such as the amygdala) that were closely tied to the olfactory system. Later mammals added highly novel, laminated cortical regions (neocortex) that made possible enhanced non-olfactory sensory processing and cognitive functions (including learning and memory, reasoning, and planning capacities, and, in humans, language).” An example used many times to explain how emotions work is fear, and an explanation for how fear occurs in the brain is provided by LeDoux. “As mentioned already, Pavlovian conditioning is the initial phase of avoidance conditioning. After the subjects rapidly undergo Pavlovian conditioning, they then slowly learn to perform avoidance responses using the CS as a warning signal… In Pavlovian fear conditioning, the subject receives a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS), usually a tone, followed by an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US), typically footshock. After one or at most a few pairings, the CS comes to elicit innate emotional responses that naturally occur in the presence of threatening stimuli, such as predators.”

Leda Cosmides and John Tooby, pioneers in the idea of evolutionary emotion state that “[emotion] is the statistical composite of selection pressures that cause the genes underlying the design of an adaptation to increase in frequency until they become species-typical or stably persistent.” and “modes of operation or an orchestration of all the different mechanisms; turning some off, turning some on, in particular situations, which are particularly well-designed to deal with the challenges of given situation.” They describe how emotions are like programs that help in the resolve of evolutionary issues. These programs are triggered by signals sent out when different situations occur. Cosmides and Tooby also use the example of fear in their explanation. The situation of being in the presence of a predator will send a signal that activates the fear program in the brain. This program is meant to help solve the situation by changing the brain’s current motives, prioritizing functions in the body at the given moment and changing the sensitivity of certain senses. Almost all the features of psychology can be altered by different emotional states. These states slightly change certain psychological features in order to access a mode of that feature that, through evolutionary adaptation, is the “best bet” to be able to help solve the situation.

The conditions or situations relevant to the emotions are those that (1) recurred ancestrally; (2) could not be negotiated successfully unless there was a superordinate level of program coordination (i.e., circumstances in which the independent operation of programs caused no conflicts would not have selected for an emotion program, and would lead to emotionally neutral states of mind); (3) had a rich and reliable repeated structure; (4) had recognizable cues signaling their presence; and (5) in which an error would have resulted in large fitness costs.

Because of the different roles played by chance and selection, the evolutionary process builds three different types of outcomes into organisms: (1) adaptations, that is, functional machinery built by selection (usually species-typical), (2) byproducts of adaptations, which are present in the design of organisms because they are causally coupled to traits that were selected for (usually species-typical), and (3) random noise, injected by mutation and other random processes (often not species-typical).

In a lecture given by June Gruber of Yale University, she describes the EEA, or the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptiveness, which is what helps us understand the true reasons why emotions were needed and why they came along in lives of early hominids. Hunter and gatherer societies that still exist today were studied to help understand why humans needed to evolve emotion, and properties of the EEA were revealed. Five properties that Gruber speaks about are: the vulnerability of offspring, monogamous bonds, emergency of caring and compassion, flattening of social hierarchies, and need of collective action. Vulnerability of offspring is a common thing most animals; However, the offspring of humans is much more vulnerable. It can take years for the human brain to develop enough to even begin to understand things, while most other animals are leaving their mother to be on their own before that. Because of human offspring being so vulnerable, we have evolved the need of emotions such as nurture, love and compassion to be able to feel and care for them. Monogamous bonds refer to the long term relationships between humans. An instinctive priority in humans is the need to reproduce, and in order to complete that goal, emotions of needing a long term commitment to another human is needed in order to reproduce and help support the vulnerable offspring. Emergency of caring and compassion became important because of the need to care for young offspring and for older members of society. The flattening of social hierarchies is explained by humans’ innate need to have egalitarian societies, meaning that each member is treated equally. The need for collective action is important because many things humans do require collaborative efforts, and in order to satisfy to those needs, humans developed behaviors that assisted in becoming more cooperative.

The evolutionary approach to emotions includes five main ideas: gene replication, selection pressures, natural selection pressured, sexual selection pressures and group selection pressures. Gene replication talks about how certain genes are concentrated on more frequently to make sure they make it to the next generation. Selection pressures push or pull away at the chance of survival of certain genes. Natural selection pressures decide how likely an organism is to survive and reproduce. Sexual selection pressures push the ability to be able to reproduce. Lastly, group selection pressures describe how more cooperative members of society are more likely to survive and reproduce.

In recent studies of evolutionary emotion, even more specific groups of drives of emotion have been dug up. An article by Laith Al-Shawaf, Daniel Conroy-Beam, Kelly Asao, David M. Buss lists these groups. “This diverse range includes sexual consummation, intrasexual mate competition, mate retention, mate poaching, hierarchy negotiation, losses of status, gains of status, punishment of coalitional free-riders, retribution for social cost infliction, strategic interference, kin protection, kin investment, food acquisition, and others”.

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The main ideas needed to summarize the evolution of emotions are all here: the original theories, why emotion came along, how emotion programs function in our brains, and how they have changed to help human society flourish. All of these studies, explanations, and pieces of evidence come together to explain the origin and evolution of emotion. Emotion is more deeply connected with psychological functions than was originally thought and ties in to almost all of our natural behaviors. It has been found that they aren’t just “feelings,” they are our brains’ ways of coping with certain situations and trying to solve each one. There is much more to know and learn about emotion, we just have to dig deeper.

Among various religions in the world, one of the largest faith groups is Christianity. It at least has one-third of the world’s total population due to its huge following. Christianity means having a life that one emulates the characters of Jesus and keeping a good relationship with God. Christianity has had many of its followers criticized, killed, battled in wars and others taken into isolation for torture but it still has survived. Christianity has beliefs on divine creation, a great significance of God the father, equality on all men and belief in the scriptures. For several centuries, the Christian religion has spread and grown rapidly throughout the whole world thereby increasing its followers. This essay will focus more on the origin of Christianity, its beliefs, its teachings, the Bible, the modern church, about Christianity and its effect in the world. In the olden times, the early civilization believes that religion was developed from the theological and social climate of that time. The Jewish community gave birth to this religion thereby splitting between the Protestant and the Catholic Church. Due to disagreements about the leadership of the early church, the Jews had God bring them a savior who they later called “The King of Jews”, this was the only Jesus Christ.

Christianity is extracted from “Christ” which means the “anointed” one. This religion began over two thousand years when Jesus Christ started His ministry. He won many hearts and due to the large following, He took many people with Him. His followers were collectively called “Christians” which later transformed into “Christianity”. His ministry was about love and compassion, to seek the lost, to proclaim back the freedom to the captives, to comfort all who mourn and to set free the oppressed. Jesus Christ had the power of God in Him, He was born through the Holy Spirit by which His birth was prophesied. When He became of age, He began His ministry on thirty years. He had seventy-two disciples which later came down to twelve, these were the people who were close to Him during His teachings till His crucifixion. In His times, the Disciples went with Him and called Him teacher, Jesus taught them about the will of God and the suffering of the humankind as a result of their sins. He came to relieve the suffering by crucifixion on the cross and carrying all the sins of mankind. Due to the huge following and turning away many hearts to Him, the Roman authorities were angered and began to think of how they would get Him.

The pursuit of Jesus started with imprisoning and punishing the Christians. The teachers of the law and other religious leaders took a keen eye on His teachings and charged Him against proclaiming to be the King of Jews, failing to observe the law of Sabbath amongst other offenses (Kautsky, 2014). After Jesus had completed His mission, He was betrayed by one of His disciple’s (Judas Iscariot), who handed Him over to the authorities. He later was arrested, underwent a severe whipping and punishment, was crucified, died, He resurrected on the third and ascended on Heaven. Biblically, the trials, suffering, and perseverance and humility of Jesus Christ had been foretold through the Old Testament Prophets. After the ascension of Jesus Christ into Heaven He left with them a helper who would come to look after the disciples and be with them and this was the Holy Spirit. Since then the few people spread all over the gospel of love throughout the world. During the ministry of Jesus Christ, He taught people about eternal life.

This was the life that God has prepared for all that live in-accordance to His will and has followed the decrees of Jesus Christ. In Christianity, it is believed that when one receives Christ into His life, his past life is taken away, he becomes a new creation and the old is forgotten, this marks an everlasting life with Christ. When one gets into a relationship with Christ that is when one is said to be a “Christian”. Christianity starts from point one surrender and submits their life for servant hood to following Christ. Nevertheless, after Christ’s ascension into Heaven, the gospel had to be spread around the world irrespective of age, gender or race. Christians had to use a manual that had to guide them in their welfare, this was the Bible which was derived from the traditional scroll that was read in temples, synagogues and other places used for religious worship. The Bible includes the instructions that God wants Christians to follow in as much as they need to perceive His will. The Bible has 66 books which are categorized into two; 39 books in the Old Testament and 27 books in the New Testament.

In the Bible, the New Testament gives a major highlight on the beginning of Churches and the first believers in the world. It begins by noting the major differences the early churches had in terms of administration, their places of worship, how they handled cases and how they observed rules. The modern church came to overthrow the traditional practices which the Jewish had as a way of worship such as; burning of sacrifices, observing the law of the Sabbath and different levels of authorities in the churches. The Bible which contains the major teachings of Christianity has set the four pillar foundations of Christianity that includes; Love, Joy, Peace, and Faith. These form the basic strong foundations of Christianity, according to the Theological scholars, they have concluded that Love is the greatest of all, without love it is impossible to reach to people, therefore, it is difficult to reach the level one has desired to be in. The Bible talks about Love in a whole chapter (1 Corinthians 13), an emphasis of love is laid, the love to neighbors and about the service to mankind. Therefore Christianity has helped to transform selfless people into charitable people with royal hearts. It is enough to say that through Christianity, the world has received new dawn from the past. This is well justified by the Christian organizations, Churches or even agencies around the globe, in cases of emergency response or aid the Christians are always on the front line to help in hand. From the spread of Christians around the world, still, there has been increased devoted people who are always and are ready to stand for the truth. Due to this generation, the world can battle some of the social evils which are highly regarded in the Christian community as sins. As a result of the spiritual teachings and the manifestation of God’s power through His people, people receive miracles till-to-day such as healing, casting away demons, breaking of the yoke and the restoration of whatever is lost or even peace. These life-changing events traditionally were rarely performed due to the lack of the word of God and so much of traditional worships.

Traditionally miracles would be performed by overseers, and medians. Christianity has brought about the series cycle of change in our ways of civilization, on how people carry out their duties and different aspects of lives have changed due to Christianity. In the early Centuries, Missionaries came from the western countries to Africa, as a result, they introduced Christianity among the residents and also colonized its people. Due to the western culture, there is modernization everywhere, technology advancement which has positively impacted its users. Without Christianity, people would be hostile to one another and would not carry out their roles diligently. In conclusion, it is enough to say that Christianity is the root cause of the civilization of the modern society we live in. So much extreme work has the Christian foundation done to our economics, our laws, our politics, our cultural and moral priorities. The Christian religion owes much to the few Jews who first believed to Jesus who was a great teacher. Beginning with missionaries to the civilization from the early churches, so much has happened. Christianity has preserved heritage and a legacy for as a religion it has stood to teach its followers a sound doctrine, the followers have kept the doctrines and passed over generations without any of it losing its moral values and teachings.

References

1. Kautsky, K. (2014). Foundations of Christianity (Routledge Revivals): A Study in Christian Origins.
2. Routledge. Gabra, G. (Ed.). (2014). Coptic civilization: two thousand years of Christianity in Egypt. The American University in Cairo Press.
3. Vilaça, A. (2016). Native Christians: modes and effects of Christianity among indigenous peoples of the Americas. Routledge.
4. Bilbro, J. (2015). Loving God's Wildness: The Christian Roots of Ecological Ethics in American Literature. University of Alabama Press.

The Glass Menagerie is a memory play by Tennessee Williams. This play gave its first performance in 1944. The play takes place in the Wingfield family's apartment in St. Louis in 1937. The play strained from the memories of Tom Wingfield, the narrator. Tom is a character in the play. Tom wants to be a poet, but works in a shoe warehouse to support family. In this play, all of the characters' dreams and desires of life are crushed one at a time and show a reflection of what it looks like to sink. This is shown in Amanda’s relationship with reality, Tom’s hard work and trying to hold on to his dreams, and Laura’s quitting school.

Amanda's relationship with reality is not very solid in this play. This puts her in a sinking state. There is a line that Amanda says “My devotion has made me a witch and so I make myself hateful to my children!” and “I worry so much, don't sleep, it makes me nervous!” This is very heartbreaking and shows that Amanda is not happy in her true reality and the life of her children. She yarns deeply for her past life that it makes her blind to her true reality. She devoted her life to focus on her children and managing their life and dreams for success. This is a pacifier to her life and her past. It helps her not to live in her reality. Amanda becomes so focused on success than letting her children living life. She provides them dissatisfaction with life and the dreams they had.

Tom is a hard worker and trying his best in life. There is a scene in the play when he knocks down his sister, Laura, glass menagerie and still shows her no love. There is also a scene Tom’s proclaim Laura as odd and cannot survive in the outside world. It is clear that Tom does not want to live in that reality a would rather follow his own dreams. Tom is a stable of what it looks like in an everyday society of a dreamer. Tom is a daydreamer who longs for a life of adventure. Toms is faced with loneliness and disconsolate because of his life duties to take care of his family. Tom is also an aspiring poet who works in a shoe warehouse to support the financial responsibility of both his mother and sister. The job is boring, dreary and very different from the kind of career he would like to have. This puts him in a very dark place and he is really trying to care but doesn’t want to be around his family. Tom’s attitude toward Amanda and Laura is very puzzling. Tom tries to support them but is also very cruel toward them, especially Laura. There is not a moment in the play where Tom behaves lovingly toward Laura.

Laura quit business college in the play. Laura becomes very nervous that it makes it extremely difficult to attend business school without becoming brutally sick. Laura pretends to her mother that she is still attending business school. Laura is ashamed and embraced to reveal the truth to her mother who has her own dreams for Laura. Laura is shamed with dissatisfaction from her mother Amanda. Her mother finds out coincidentally when she visits the college to see how Laura is doing. The teacher defines as “a terribly shy little girl.” “Her hands shook so she couldn’t hit the right keys! The first time we gave a speed-test she broke down completely – was sick at the stomach and almost had to be carried into the washroom! After that, she never showed up anymore.’’ This event clarifies Laura’s bashfulness, shyness, and difficulties facing reality. Laura basically extracts herself from the reality of the world and devotes herself to old records and her collection of glass figurines. The glass figures become her world. A world full of color and delicate illusions.

In conclusion, the character's dreams and desires of life are crushed one at of time and show a reflection of what it looks like to sink. While Amanda the mother wants to fulfill her own perspective of the American Dream, Tom’s having a dream to become a writer but takes on the responsibility to take care of his family and Laura extremely shy that she cannot experience the outer world. This makes it hard for them to live life and be their authentic selves. We go over and beyond to have a good perception in society than to live and be you.

Works Cited

1. Williams, Tennessee. The Glass Menagerie.1945. Print.

The Great Depression started from 1929 till 1941 where many of the US economy crash and many of the top wealthy people lose their money as 1/3 of the US economy is based on the richest 5 percent of Americans. Millions of the usual employed got unemployed as thousands of the business went bankrupt, as more and more people found themselves out of work with smaller paycheck they cut back on buying new things with credit because if they cannot pay the installment payments on time they will lose the goods that they purchased. The suicide rate also increase by 50% comparing to the previous eight years records. Within the first week of the stock crash the stocks fell by a total of $30 billion which is about 406 billions of today price. Most banks closed their doors and other banks struggled to remain open. The federal reserve raised interest rates, which further discourage more borrowing. Many Americans dump their stocks by no matter how much money they get and refuse to invest again as long as the market is falling.

By 1933 the American exports are at the lowest price since the 1905 where almost ninety thousand business had failed and corporate profit were down to 60 percent. At that same year New Deal by Roosevelt started to declare. Roosevelt declare a national Bank holiday to close all the banks on that day. Three days later after that declare the president presented the new freshmen congressmen with the Emergency Banking Relief Act which was the permission from the congress for the banks to reopen and the government will supply the funds to prop up some banks. Without any written version of the bill within less then 4 hours the Democrats and Republicans give FDR what he wanted. This was a new change for the banking part of the New Deal.

For the Job Creation part of the New Deals Agencies the first relief program called Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was declared on March 31 same year the Bank Holiday was declared for the first step to make people have jobs and home. It established several thousand army style camps to houses, employment, health care and a good environment for unemployed male age from 18-25. Within a few month of the Act over three hundred thousand men got $30 per month where $25 were sent back home to their parents. By 1941 more than 3 million received employment through the Civilian Conservation Corps. CCC only reached a small percentage of whose are needing relief, so Roosevelt administration created another Act called Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) to widen the range of assistance. Within the first year of the Act in action it take care of as many as 5 million people to have housing, meals and medical care around the nation. A temporary Act called Civil Work Administration (CWA) was also created to provide emergency unemployment relief during winter of 1933-34. The goals of this program was to provide as many work projects as possible for during the winter. It hired 4 million jobless for federal state and local work projects occurring during the winter.

For the Farming part of the New Deal Roosevelt administration declared Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) to help the agriculture recover where the farmers were paid to reduce the mass production of surpluses which could lead to down price of the farm products. After helping solve the farmers problem with the Agricultural Adjustment Act Roosevelt administration next turn to another part of the New Deal which was Industry and Labor to recover the industrial. In June of 1933 The National Industry Recovery Act (NIRA) was approved which compromise among the Roosevelt’s advisers who advocated two different approaches. To incorporate both approaches two new agencies called National Recovery Administration (NRA) and Public Works Administration (PWA) was created. The National Recovery Administration (NRA) was led by former army General Hugh Johnson which restart the national economic planning by establishing industry by industry with code that set prices, production levels and wages. The businesses supported the NRA as it allows price fixing which raise both the prices and profits. By 1935 several hundreds of industries with 2.5 millions of works displayed a poster with a blue eagle meaning that they were covered by the National Recovery Administrations codes. On the other side the Public Work Administration ( PWA) took a different approach where they provide jobs directly to the construction workers and jobs in the industries that supplied construction materials. These jobs as it goes stimulate more demands for consumers products and create more jobs. PWA become the largest federal public works program which over six years spent some $6 million to cooperate with state and local government to make thirty four thousand projects which include road, bridges, huge electricity dams, new school, new hospitals two aircraft carriers and much more. The most popular program was the Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA) which develop a regional approach to develop rural and impoverished region of forty thousand square miles which benefit repairing dams and improve flood controls.

The New Deal Roosevelt administration declared not only improve the country topical area such as banking, industry and farmer but also give a lot of people income and job when they are needed. It help both the citizens and the country to improve with the development of the country and on the other hand to give a reasonable amount of income for the people to not hesitate on how they are going to survive their life without jobs. The New Deal also left the permanent legacy of more activist federal government by increasing regulation of business, Social Security, the Wagner Act, and many more. The New Deal changed the way American think about themselves and what they expect from the government as the government prevent depression, reduce unemployment and assist those in need. After Roosevelt’s presidency the Americans want president rather than congress to be the chief policymaker.  

In the epic poem, The Odyssey, by Homer, one Greek value explored is Kleos, otherwise known as glory. This value is not only explored in the Odyssey by the protagonist (Odysseus), but is also used to explore different themes through the protagonist reaching their Kleos. Some examples of Kleos would be when Odysseus blinds the Kyklops, returns home after 20 years out at sea, and gets his revenge on the suitors. Throughout all of these events, Odysseus’s behavior also reveals themes throughout the epic such as intelligence, patience, and arrogance. In the middle of Odysseus’s journey, Odysseus comes upon a cave on a small island. Later did he and his men know that they would soon be the guests of a Kyklops named Polyphemus.

After being patient, Odysseus and his men blind the Kyklops and escape. One example of Odysseus reaching Kleos is when he says, “ Kyklops, if ever mortal man inquire how you were put to shame and blinded, tell him Odysseus, raider of cities, took your eye: Laertes’ son, whose home’s on Ithaka!” Odysseus tells the Kyklops that it was him who blinded Polyphemus after him and his men escaped. A theme shown through Odysseus’s action is arrogance.

Another example of Kleos is when Odysseus returns home to Ithaka disguised as an old beggar. One quote that best exemplifies this is when Athena says,” Now, for a while, I shall transform you; not a soul will know you, the clear skin of your arms and legs shriveled, your chestnut hair all gone, your body dressed in a sacking that a man would gag to see, and the two eyes, that were so brilliant, dirtied, contemptible, you shall seem to your enemies, as to the wife and son you left behind.”

After Odysseus returns to Ithaka, Athena disguises Odysseus as an old beggar so he can have an even greater Kleos of seeing his wife and son again and defeating the suitors. One theme created throughout this scene is patience because Odysseus plans to wait for the right moment to win his wife and son back. Lastly, Odysseus reaches his Kleos by defeating the suitors in a match to test which man can bend the bow of Odysseus. An example of this is when the author says, “And Odysseus took his time, turning the bow, tapping it, every inch, for borings that termites might have made while the master of the weapon was abroad.

The suitors were now watching him… so effortlessly Odysseus in one motion strung the bow. Then slid his right hand down the cord and plucked it, so the taut gut vibrating hummed and sang a swallow’s note.” Homer is talking about how effortlessly Odysseus strings the bow and prepares to shoot the arrow. Odysseus creates intelligence as a theme because he creates a plan to get his revenge on the suitors. In the epic poem, The Odyssey, by Homer, Kleos, is explored by Odysseus when he defeats the Kyklops, returns home to Ithaka, and gets revenge on the suitors. This value explored by Odysseus also creates themes such as intelligence, patience, and arrogance. Because themes are created, the audience of the novel has the opportunity to connect with the novel and apply the themes to real life situations.