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Costa Rica. Just the name sounds relaxing. Costa Rica is a beautiful country filled with so many places. Were gonna find out Costa Rica’s climate, their language and it’s location. So come along while I introduce you to Costa Rica! Let’s get started with climate. The Pacific coast around Guanacaste, on the other hand is hot and dry, perfect for the many world class beaches. Costa Rica itself has an average temperature of 70 F and 81 F. Due to proximity to the equator, it has no real summer or winter. It does however have a rainy season from May to November. The best time to visit Costa Rica is from mid-December to April (the dry season) This peak tourist season boasts plenty of sunshine making it an ideal time for exploring rainforests and lounging on beaches. That said, the dry season is the most popular time to visit. Costa Rica’s official language is Spanish.

The Variety spoken there, Costa Rican Spanish, is a form of Central American Spanish. Costa Rica is a linguistically diverse country and home to at least five living local indigenous languages spoken by the descendants of pre-Columbian peoples: Maleku, Cabecar, Bribri, Guaymi and Buglere. Immigration has also brought people and languages from various countries around the world. And lastly we have location. Located in the continent of Central America, Costa Rica covers 51,060 square kilometers of land and 40 square kilometers of water, making it the 131st largest nation in the world with a total area of 51,000 square kilometers. Costa Rica became an independent state in 1838, after gaining it’s sovereignty from Spain. The population of Costa Rica is 4,636,348 and the nation has a density of 91 people per square kilometer. The currency of Costa Rica is the Costa Rican Colon. As well, the people of Costa Rica are referred to as Costa Rican. Costa Rica shares land borders with 2 countries: Nicaragua and Panama. San Jose is the capital of Costa Rica. It has a population of 335,007.

San Jose is also the political center of Costa Rica, which is considered a Republic, and home to it’s Executive head of state. I’m so glad we got to know a little bit about Costa Rica. Costa Rica is a beautiful and breathtaking place. Reading about it seems cool but actually visiting it is amazing. I do suggest going to Costa Rica on vacation because it just seems like a unique place. I hope you take my advice because I would never past it up. Never pass up Costa Rica.

After his own father’s passing, my father was sent to work for a family who lived in a large home, something he had never seen. Their son was mental. He had been driven mad from the death of his sister, her murder, and they kept him locked up in the attic. It was my father’s job to bathe him and feed him.

The crazy boy slobbered all over his food and my father was forced to eat the leftovers that were covered in spit.  It was disgusting, but if my father ever refused, the crazy boy would threaten him with a baseball bat. He feared his parents and did no want to upset them by not eating all of his food.

One day, the crazy boy got sick and threw up everything he had eaten. He had been poisoned. By his own parents. My father didn’t know what to do. He watched the crazy boy throw up all over himself and die right in front of him. The crazy boy’s parents came upstairs and took their son, no questions asked. The incident was kept quiet and my father was asked to leave.

So, he went to visit his sister who was a stay at home mother, but by the time he got there, it was too late. Her husband told my father that she grew very ill and died a few weeks ago. My father didn’t understand nor believe her husband but there was nothing he thought he could do. After losing his only sister, my father became a criminal. He gambled. He stole. He killed. He raped. And on his back, he got a tattoo of a lion.

Before long, he realized he was following in the footsteps of my grandfather. He knew that if he continued the same path, he would end up dead. So, he moved to a new country to make something of himself. There, he found work on a pig farm. It wasn’t great, but it was an honest job. He met a young lady and eventually they got married and had a baby.

When war came during the summer, he was forced to join the military and fight for a country that was not his own. He killed so many people in that war. When the war finally did come to an end, he returned home to find that his baby had been killed in a bombing raid and his wife had gone out of her mind. He put her out her own misery. A mix of pills and the alcohol she had spent a summer drinking. When he realized what he had done, he decided it was time to leave. He fled the mystery country.

Whenever my father talked about this time of his life, he always said the same thing -- “We live in a hell. Hell on Earth.” Eventually, he made it back to his hometown. There, he had met my mother and they got married. They had two children. My elder brother and I.

When I was a child, I remember how my father would sit at the kitchen table, drinking himself into oblivion. He had a very rough life. My father hated me. Every time he drank, he got violent. He would beat me until I was black and blue. I spent my entire life waiting for my father to kill me. One day, my mother told me to go out to the slaughterhouse and bring my father his lunch. Now it was my job to feed him.When I got there, I found him killing pigs in the yard, under the blazing son. He was undressed form the waist up and was beating the pigs with a baseball bat. It was awful. The pigs squealed as they were killed. I watched my father. I saw his lion tattoo. Its eyes glowed red as it danced back and forth on his sweaty back. His face and torso were covered with blood. Some his own, some not. One dark winter’s night, as the snow was falling outside, my father had not returned from his routined walk which consisted of a backpack full of beer and Jack. My mother was worried, per usual. She sent me off to look for him.I found him. Floating face-down in the river. His bloated body lay in the icy waters. He looked just like one of the fat pigs he had killed that day. I laughed. It was funny to me. It was well deserved.

My older brother was also an alcoholic, just like our father. He grew into a brute. Whenever he drank, he would pick fights with whoever was unfortunate enough to cross him. He got a tattoo on his back also. It was a fire breathing dragon. On one occasion, I was with him at a bar when a fight broke out. When I saw my brother beating a man senseless with his bare fists, he reminded me of my father. It disgusted me. I thought for a moment I hated him like I thought I hated my father. One night, as the snow was falling outside, he was found beside the river, lying in the snow. One of his enemies had finally caught up with him and had almost beaten him to death. His skull was cracked open. He was lingering between life and death, his crimson blood seeping into the snow.

An ambulance rushed him to the hospital where a team of doctors managed to save his life. When I went to see him in the hospital, he was almost unrecognizable. His head was bandaged, his face was awfully swollen, and there were tubes up his nose. He was a complete mess. The doctors said he was paralyzed from the neck down and had some serious brain damage. The only thing they were sure of was his speaking ability. It was unfortunate because I always hoped that one day he would just shut up. As I sat on his bedside, staring at him, watching him sleep,  I started to remember how he had been when we were kids. When our father had beaten me, my brother would always come and try to save me. He tried to be my protector. I was too weak. All I could do was watch him get beat because of me.I wondered why he had changed so much. I asked myself what happened to turn him into the monster he had become. I knew the answer. I always know the answers to my own questions. But I still ask them. What changed a kind and caring child into a violent brute?Just then, my brother woke up from his slumber. His coma. His eyes fluttered open and he turned to me. Behind his eyes was nothing. An empty head. Vacant. I could tell he didn’t recognize me. “Where am I?” he asked weakly. “Is this hell?”Tears streamed down my face. I reached out for his hand but softly so I didn’t startle him. “Yes,” I replied. “This is hell. Hell on Earth.”

Tom Sawyer lived with his Aunt Polly and his half-brother, Sid. Tom dirties his clothes in a fight and is made to whitewash the fence the next day, as a punishment. He cleverly persuades his friends to trade him small treasures for the privilege of doing his work. He trades the treasures for Sunday School tickets which one normally receives for memorizing scriptures, redeeming them for a bible, much to the surprise and bewilderment of the superintendent who thought “it was simply preposterous that this boy had warehoused two thousand sheaves of Scriptural wisdom on his premises—a dozen would strain his capacity, without a doubt”. Tom falls in love with Becky Thatcher, a new girl in town, and persuades her to get “engaged” by kissing him.

But their romance collapses when she learns Tom has been “engaged” previously, to a girl named Amy Lawrence. Shortly after being shunned by Becky, Tom accompanies Huckleberry Finn to the graveyard at night, where they witness the murder of Dr. Robinson. Tom, Huck, and Joe Harper run away to an island. While enjoying their new-found freedom, the boys become aware that the community is sounding the river for their bodies.

Tom sneaks back home one night to observe the commotion. After a brief moment of remorse at his loved ones’ suffering, Tom is struck by the idea of appearing at his own funeral. Back in school, Tom gets himself back in Becky’s favor after he nobly accepts the blame for a book she has ripped. Soon, Muff Potter’s trial begins, in which Tom testifies against Injun Joe. Potter is acquitted, but Injun Joe flees the courtroom through a window. Tom then begins to fear for his life as Injun Joe is at large and can easily find him. Summer arrives, and Tom and Huck go hunting for buried treasure in a haunted house. After venturing upstairs, they hear a noise below.

Peering through holes in the floor, they see Injun Joe disguised as a deaf-mute Spaniard; Injun Joe and his companion plan to bury some stolen treasure of their own. From their hiding spot, Tom and Huck wriggle with delight at the prospect of digging it up. Huck begins to shadow Injun Joe nightly, watching for an opportunity to nab the gold. Meanwhile, Tom goes on a picnic to McDougal’s Cave with Becky and their classmates. In his overconfidence, Tom strays off the marked paths with Becky and they get hopelessly lost. That same night, Huck sees Injun Joe and his partner making off with a box. He follows and overhears their plans to attack the Widow Douglas. By running to fetch help, Huck prevents the crime and becomes an anonymous hero. As Tom and Becky wander the extensive cave complex for the next few days, Tom one day accidentally encounters Injun Joe, although the boy is not seen by his nemesis. Eventually, he finds a way out, and the two children are joyfully welcomed back by their community.

As a preventive measure, Judge Thatcher has McDougal’s Cave sealed off, but this traps Injun Joe inside. When Tom hears of the sealing several days later and directs a posse to the cave, they find the corpse of Joe just inside the sealed entrance, starved to death. A week later, having deduced on Injun Joe’s presence at McDougal’s Cave that the villain must have hidden the stolen gold inside, Tom takes Huck to the cave and they find the box of gold, the proceeds of which are invested for them. The Widow Douglas adopts Huck, and, when Huck attempts to escape civilized life, Tom tricks him into thinking if Huck returns to the widow, he can join Tom’s robber band. Reluctantly, Huck agrees and goes back to the Widow Douglas.

U.S Imperialism in Latin America has changed the culture and affected the economic structure of many countries in Latin America. The U.S became a world power sometime in the 1870’s as a result of the newly found power the U.S began to invade its neighboring countries in order to advance its own economy. The countries of Latin America are in physical and economic ruin due to U.S Imperialism. The countries that are most affected by U.S Imperialism are Cuba, Haiti, Panama, and the Dominican Republic. Cuba has been highly affected by U.S Embargos and U.S troops in Cuba. European countries were becoming less dependent on Cuban sugar which made Cuba more susceptible to U.S because the U.S became the only major country buying it’s sugar. Seeing that Cuba’s main source of income was the trade of sugar between the U.S the U.S used this to their advantage in order to gain more control over the Cuban economy.

The U.S continued to dominate the Cuban Government throughout the 1920’s. On July 5th, 1960 the U.S ended the long lasting sugar quota with Cuba and the relations between the two states continued to fall apart rapidly. Many Cuban refugees tried to flee to the shores of Florida but were turned away by U.S border patrols. On January 3rd, 1961 the United States broke diplomatic ties with Cuba. The U.S. embargo was tightened further in March 1962 to cover any product that contained any material from Cuba. “Extraterritorial application of U.S. law, it nevertheless made it more difficult for Cuba to open to trade or for change within Cuba to occur. But such penetration is difficult if not impossible with the U.S. embargo and the Helms-Burton legislation.” Michael Tkacik wrote in his article Cuba and the United States: Revolution, Nationalism, and Enemies Next Door. Then in 1962 The United States decides to place another embargo on any products containing material from Cuba. The continuous interference of the U.S in Cuban trade affairs has left the Cuban economy broken. Since 1899 the U.S has had control over Cuba, even though the U.S granted Cuba sovereignty in 1902 the U.S restrictions on the country due to the Platt Amendment has still given the U.S most control over the income of products and currency in Cuba.

Not only has the U.S affected Cuba by interfering in the economy but also by military action. In 1895 Cuba was still under the control of Spain but was in the middle of a revolution. The Revolution started with a man named Jose Marti. “Marti was fearful of replacing Spanish domination with U.S. domination. He was forced to walk a thin line between seeking U.S. support in his revolution, but not so much U.S. involvement that they would simply replace the Spanish and still deny Cuba self-determination”, Michael Tkacik wrote. Marti was killed in his first battle on May 19th, 1895. The revolution continued without him. Tensions grew and the U.S decided to interfere. The U.S sent a battleship called U.S.S Maine to Havana to protect Americans that were in Cuba. While there the U.S.S Maine mysteriously exploded. 200 American soldiers died due to the explosion. The U.S offered Spain $300 million for Cuba but Spain rejected the offer. On April 25th, 1898 the U.S declared war on Spain and thus began the Spanish-American War. The U.S was a growing power and felt the need to test the waters on just how well they could compete with other global powers. The U.S saw Cuba as an economic gain to its growing country. They saw the opportunity to get rid of European interference in the Western Hemisphere which would ultimately lead to the U.S becoming the dominant country in the Western Hemisphere.

“The geo-strategic value of Cuba would only grow with the Panama Canal (1914). Socially, manifest destiny, or the notion that the United States had a duty to expand its way of life and culture, justified such actions”, Tkacik wrote. Spain surrendered after the first battle. “As Marti had feared, rather than freeing Cuba, U.S. intervention seemed simply to replace one colonial power with another”, Tkacik wrote. Under the control of U.S armies Cuba was given public services and better sanitation. Many revolutionists saw the U.S taking over as a poor choice because they promised Cuba freedom from Spain just to take over the country itself. It was a distasteful move on the U.S’s part seeing that the U.S also fought for independence in 1776 from Great Britain. By the 1900’s, however, the U.S began to prepare the government for independence. The U.S drafted the Platt Amendment which stated the following “The Platt Amendment put various restrictions on Cuban sovereignty. For example, Cuba was forbidden from entering into any treaty with any foreign power that might impair Cuban independence (in U.S. eyes). Cuba could not allow any other foreign power to obtain control over any portion of the island. Cuba was not allowed to contract for any public debt that could not be covered by its current revenues and Cuba was required to allow the United States to lease naval basing rights, providing the United States with the naval base at Guantanamo Bay. But probably the most offensive language to Cubans was that Cuba agreed to allow the United States to intervene in Cuban affairs in order to assure Cuban independence or to protect life, property, and individual liberty.” Cuba was granted independence under the Platt Amendment on May 20th, 1902. Cuba grew economically but as Cuban’s had feared the U.S continued to interfere politically. The U.S interfered in 1906 which was only four years after Cuba was granted sovereignty. In 1909 Cuba was given back independence but in 1912 the U.S sent Marines back to Cuba.

The back and forth of freedom and being controlled by the U.S led many Cubans to have anti-American feelings. By March of the 1960’s the U.S was training troops to invade Cuba. People question why the U.S felt the need to use so much force on a country that had little value economically to the U.S. The U.S was a thriving country with or without Cuba so why did they interfere? The answer can be found in almost every international confrontation that the U.S has been involved in. The grow of communism. The U.S has a strong belief that communism should be ended. The U.S also has a strong pride and do not like it when the their pride is damaged. “To fully understand why the United States reacted so forcefully, one must place the Cuban revolution in the broader context of the Cold War. The United States saw itself as engaged in a zero-sum conflict with the Soviet Union, where any victory for the Soviets was a U.S. loss. Cuba not only represented a U.S. loss, but it was a loss right in America's backyard. Furthermore, Cuba was still viewed as a vital strategic area for the control of Latin America. A hostile Cuba could (and did) support unfriendly revolutions throughout Latin America. On top of this, the 1950s had seen the United States lose some level of its predominant role in world politics. As other countries rebuilt following the devastation of World War II, it caused anxiety among U.S. leaders who sought to maintain the United States' clear superiority. Not only were assorted states moving closer to the United States in terms of power and less willing to comply with its demands, but the Soviets had nuclear weapons and China and other states had 'gone Communist.' The 'loss of Cuba,' therefore, appeared to be a significant threat”, Tkacik explained this in his writings. The U.S has done this time and time again, they continue to force their way of life on other countries. As a finally statement on U.S imperialism in Cuba, “For more than 100 years, the United States has caused incalculable misery and suffering for the Cuban people. Any moves by the Bush administration against Cuba must be resolutely opposed. On the other hand, Fidel Castro is not a communist and Cuba is not a socialist society. The Cuban people need to make a genuine revolution to build a genuinely liberating society”, Raymond Lotta wrote in the article U.S Imperialism, the Cuban Revolution, and Fidel Castro.

The U.S doesn’t end their rein with Cuba, they also interfere with Haiti. At the beginning of the 20th century Germany had a high influence in Haiti. The U.S was fearful that European countries would control the country because through 1911 and 1915 seven Haitian presidents were assassinated. In 1914 the U.S sent in marines to Haiti. The U.S removed $500,000 from Haiti’s national bank for “Safekeeping”. In 1915 the president was assassinated and the U.S decided to take over to prevent an anarchy but most people know the main motives for the U.S taking over was to protect American assets in Haiti and prevent German invasion. Once again the U.S proves the point that they are power hungry and out for personal gain at the expensive of other countries. Haiti fell under the control of the U.S and the U.S forced a pro-American president into office. The U.S continued to have control over Haiti and allowed certain laws like allowing foreigners to own land, this was outlawed before to keep other countries from controlling Haiti but the U.S changed this law. Uprisings in the 1920’s led the U.S to begin to withdraw from Haiti. Like Cuba the U.S prepared local government officials for independence. The U.S finally withdrew in 1934 but still maintained economic ties. Haiti still continues to be in poverty even after the U.S left. The U.S did not help the state that Haiti was in and actually left the country worse off without the help of U.S military. Haiti and Cuba are not the only countries that have been affected by U.S imperialism. The Dominican Republic has also been victim to the power hungry country that is The United States of America. The Dominican Republic is the neighboring country to Haiti on the Islands of Hispaniola. The United States never had full control over the Dominican Republic but they did have control over Haiti which was right next door. While Haiti was under the control of the U.S the U.S made a permanent border separating the Dominican Republic from Haiti. For a while the border allowed more structured trade between the two states and allowed the U.S to impose tariffs to help pay off European countries. Many people argue that the U.S had an agenda to make the Dominican Republic a developed white nation and leave Haiti in poverty with a more black population. “Perhaps the most infamous outcome of the US occupation was the creation of a national military force and the subsequent rise to power of General Rafael Leónidas Trujillo. During his brutal dictatorship (1930–1961), Trujillo mobilized a state-sponsored anti-Haitian nationalism through the nationalist intelligentsia, state institutions, and the media. This official version of dominicanidad posited the Dominican Republic as a civilized and modern (white) nation in contradistinction to the poverty and primitivism (blackness) associated with Haiti”.

The U.S pressured their way of life onto the Dominican Republic and pushed for certain agendas. General Rafael Trujillo was a dictator who rose to power in the Dominican Republic due to U.S military occupation. Trujillo advocated for anti-Haitian groups and white supremacy. Trujillo felt the need to push for what the U.S wanted because it was the U.S that offered to train him in the military to become an officer. Trujillo rose quickly to higher power and in 1930 he appointed himself as a candidate for president. He formed a secret police that would kill anybody who openly supported the other candidate. Trujillo took control over major factories and removed Dominican peasants to make room for sugar plantations. Trujillo, along with his supporters, massacred thousands of Haitian immigrants. Trujillo continued his rule but over time lost support from Dominicans and was warned by foreign leaders to back down. “He who does not know how to deceive does not know how to rule.”- Rafael Trujillo. He was assassinated in 1961. The economy of the Dominican Republic saw improvement but only in the capital. The U.S promoted Trujillo to power which ultimately broke ties between Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Once again the U.S has put its own beliefs and policies in Latin America. Panama was part of Columbia and in 1903 declared itself as an independent country with the help of the U.S. The U.S sought what many countries had only dreamed of accomplishing, building the Panama Canal. The Panama Canal is a canal that cuts through the end of North America and the beginning of South. The canal took ten years to complete and when finished the U.S declared sovereignty over the Canal and the land around it. The economy of Panama was poor but the building of the canal offered jobs to the native people. The U.S never had control over Panama but the U.S has the most economic pull over Panama than any other country. The U.S returned the Panama Canal to Panama on December 31st, 1999. The U.S asked to keep its privileges to use the Canal when needed with a discount because to use the Canal it can cost a large boat up to $150,000 which is still less than traveling all the way around South America. Panama now has to pay for repairs and upkeep on the canal because the canal is the main source of income. Panama remains one of the poorest countries in Latin America.

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U.S Imperialism has stretched over most of Latin America. The U.S has brought over specific ideals and agendas to make the countries of Latin American more like the United States. The U.S’s main goal through the manifest destiny was to spread out, absorb land, and create an empire greater than all others. This belief has made the U.S believe that they have a right to conquer other countries and that being under U.S control will help the country grow. In all actuality the countries that the U.S has overtaken in Latin America were left in a worse state then to begin with. Most of the countries had rebellions, mass killings, and poor leaders put in place by the U.S government. The U.S has a habit of sticking their nose in foreign affairs and being the “bully” to smaller countries who can’t protect themselves. The U.S would never try to overtake Russia or China so why the countries of Latin America? The answer is simple, the U.S knows that they can take over these smaller countries with little problems and impose their policies but as the evidence shows this ruins the country that is being overtaken. U.S imperialism must be stopped in order to preserve the countries of Latin America.

Introduction: Christianity is currently the world most followed religion in the world. The religion has about 2.3 billion followers worldwide or about 31.2% of the population and teaches the teachings of Jesus Christ. Background: Throughout the world, many people choose to follow Christianity as a way to worship ‘God’ and in return, they are able to attain salvation and have a figure to look up to and believe in. Throughout time Christianity can prove its adherents and the society they are a part of with a system and a set of laws that they can follow and trust. Thesis statement: Christianity can provide its believers with a sense of purpose and help contribute to their lives by giving them support for when they need it most as well as provide them with a set of goals and ideas to believe in.

Topic sentence: Christianity at its core helps people when they are in need of assistance and provides the support they would need in order to move on in their life. Christianity is the belief in God, whereas Jesus Crist is a religious leader for Christianity. Evidence & citing: By being a Christian, a believer is able to have a personal connection with Jesus, Jesus will act like a person who will also ways be with them in every moment. Through the bibles teachings, it tells the believers that being a Christian allows them to have a deep connection with Jesuses, regardless of when and where. In Isaiah teachings it tells god is always with us this can be shown when he speaks of God in the verse 'Fear not, for I am with you; be not dismayed, for I am your God; I will strengthen you, I will help you, I will uphold you with my righteous right hand.' This verse from the bible expresses his ideas on how god will always be there to help a person, even in that person’s darkest times.

Topic sentence: The Bible tells its believers Jesus look after its people, Christianity also teaches believers that there are holy spirits that will be a companion in their lives to help guild them along their life’s journey. Evidence & citing: The Bible teaches us holy spirits are sent from heaven and guild us to the correct path throughout our lives, as well as this the bible also teaches us that holy spirits are there for us to help us when a person is in need and when a person is weak, just like Jesus would in a person toughest moment. Through the teachings, a verse in the bible tells us “Likewise the Spirit also helps in our weaknesses. For we do not know what we should pray for as we ought, but the Spirit Himself makes intercession for us with groanings which cannot be uttered.” Commentary: Through gaining help from God, this teaching from Christianity is able to provide its adheres with hope and affection. Through holy spirits and Jesus, Christianity teaches its believers there will be someone able to support believers when they are in need of assistance, regardless of where they are, and the teaching tells us God is always beside its believers ready to help. Through Christianity, the belief of god being beside its followers helps contribute to a person’s hope and self-esteem and additionally gives them a sense of hope in their time of need.

Topic sentence: Christianity as a religion provides its adherers with purpose, but it also provides them with redemption. Evidence & citing: In the Bible, the sin is a wrongdoing or act of transgression act against God and is seen as a terrible deed that a person must live with. Often it is seen that cursing and murder are seen as a sin however the religion Christianity would be able to take this guilt of committing a sin away from people, so they are able to live their lives without guilt and move on. By being believers of God, many people are able to see how their actions affect their surroundings and they are able to gain remorse from their actions. As it is taught in the Bible, “Do not judge, and you will not be judged. Do not condemn, and you will not be condemned. Forgive, and you will be forgiven.”, this tells us that anyone can be forgiven, and god will be able to give the sinner redemption for the sin they have committed as long as the person owns up to their sins and understand the consequence of the sin they have caused. Commentary: This idea of forgiveness is a dominant theme in the bible, the bible tells us it that sinning isn’t good however if a person understands the consequences and choose to forgive, then all will be forgiven. Through the Bible's teaching, it has given many people a set of beliefs that they can believe in and help them understand themselves and what they need to do in order to become a happier and remorseful citizen.

Topic sentence: This act of belief in Christianity provides adheres with a path of perfection and helps them in becoming more like Jesus, which gives believers with a sense of purpose and hope. Evidence & citing: Through Christianity, it provides believers with peace and rest. Through Christianity the bible teaches us god will bring peace to the world, adheres of god get the benefits of peace and prosperity, as it tells us in the bible “And we know that all things work together for good to those who love God, to those who are the called according to His purpose.” Commentary: Through god teaching many adherents are able to gain peace and a life without worry, this teaching of God gives it believers peace of mind that God will keep its believers at our absolute best no matter where we are or what state we are in. Through god, Christianity will provide its believers with experience and joy throughout their life. Believing in Christianity allows adherers to become free and have peace of mind that God is watching over them and making sure they are at their best.

Topic sentence: Christianity also provides an absolute eternity with Jesus, after death it is taught in Christianity that there will be eternal life after death. Evidence & citing: This eternal life after death is called heaven and it is presented a utopia for many people, as stated in the bible “They shall neither hunger anymore nor thirst anymore; the sun shall not strike them, nor any heat; for the Lamb who is in the midst of the throne will shepherd them and lead them to living fountains of waters. And God will wipe away every tear from their eyes.” Heaven is a promise given from God as a way to provide its adherers with hope and a bright future to look forward into. Commentary: Through Christianity, it teaches us that God would give everything we could possibly want or need and how freedom will continue to exist into eternity. Through Christianity it provides its adherents with hope and prosperity as well as a future to look upon in the future, creating a sense of comfort and relief for many believers. Conclusion paragraph: Overall Christianity is able to provide a vast amount of support and a set of belief for many of its adherents. Through providing services like communication directly to help from Jesus or the twelve apostles at any time or even gain redemptions for a sin, many believers are able to achieve a sense of purpose and hope within their lives. Through providing a future after death and providing a sense of relief Christianity can give many people enough support to move on or continue joyfully in their lives. Thus, creating a religion where its admirers are able to gain from the teaching of God to use throughout their lives.

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9. ThoughtCo. (2019). What Does Redemption Mean to Christians?. [online] Available at: https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-redemption-700693 [Accessed 10 Mar. 2019].
10. ThoughtCo. (2019). 7 Questions (and Answers) About Forgiveness in the Bible. [online] Available at: https://www.thoughtco.com/what-does-the-bible-say-about-forgiveness-701968 [Accessed 10 Mar. 2019].
11. ActiveChristianity. (2019). 7 benefits of being a Christian. [online] Available at: https://activechristianity.org/7-perks-of-being-a-christian [Accessed 10 Mar. 2019]. Biography. (2019). Jesus Christ. [online] Available at: https://www.biography.com/people/jesus-christ-9354382 [Accessed 10 Mar. 2019].
12. ThoughtCo. (2019). Scripture That Illustrates Jesus' True Sacrifice on the Cross. [online] Available at: https://www.thoughtco.com/bible-verses-on-redemption-712107 [Accessed 10 Mar. 2019].
13. you, 7., Mabilog, P. and Today, C. (2019). 7 Bible verses to remind you God is always with you. [online] Christiantoday.com. Available at: https://www.christiantoday.com/article/7-bible-verses-to-remind-you-god-is-always-with-you/107961.htm [Accessed 10 Mar. 2019].

Introduction

Should follow an “upside down” triangle format, meaning, the writer should start off broad and introduce the text and author or topic being discussed, and then get more specific to the thesis statement.

Background

Provides a foundational overview, outlining the historical context and introducing keyinformation that will be further explored in the essay, setting the stage for the argument to follow.

Thesis statement

Cornerstone of the essay, presenting the central argument that will be elaborated upon and supported with evidence and analysis throughout the rest of the paper.

Topic sentence

The topic sentence serves as the main point or focus of a paragraph in an essay, summarizing the key idea that will be discussed in that paragraph.

Evidence & citing

The body of each paragraph builds an argument in support of the topic sentence, citing information from sources as evidence.

Commentary

After each piece of evidence is provided, the author should explain HOW and WHY the evidence supports the claim.

Conclusion paragraph

Should follow a right side up triangle format, meaning, specifics should be mentioned first such as restating the thesis, and then get more broad aboutthe topic at hand. Lastly, leave the reader with something to think about and ponder once they are done reading.

The world we live in is very unique and been very diverse. Every human on earth is different from each other, very original and unique in its own way which is important trait for our characteristic. The same is with culture around the world. With every century there was a start of a new culture movement, new religions, believes, practices, traditions, duties, norms, rituals, and influence. Every nation would live accordantly the constructed standards, decrees, laws and regulations of a higher power. From the beginning Roman culture was polytheistic because of different cultures that settle over time. Where society worshiped and believed in multiple different gods and goddess like god of sun, moon, thunder, fire, and etc. As Rome Empire grew bigger Christianity formed as a new religion and spread throughout the Rome society. It was developed in Judea by Jews in ancient land of Israel where they believed in One True God based on teachings of Jesus.

Despise of all the differences between these two religions, Christianity became a recognized religion to bring the churches and the state into unity. There are many differences between Roman religion and Christianity. Roman people depended on duties and rituals by brining offerings and sacrifices to their gods and goddess. By doing that they believed gods would be merciful and happy toward them and bring happiness to their fate. However, if something horrible happens Romans would think that they are being punished because of their disobedience or misbehavior. On the other hand, Christian believed in existence of One and only true God. They believed that God send his Son Jesus to earth he was called the prophet Messiah (the “Anointed One”).

The life, death, and resurrection of Jesus became the corner stone of their faith and Christian Gospels (“Good News”) fundamental and essential elements of gospel message. Jesus lived a very short life only thirty three years on this earth and His mission was to die for all the sinners to free everyone from the bondage of sin and death because “For what the Law could not do, weak as it was through the flesh, God did: sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh and as an offering for sin, He condemned sin in the flesh”. Jesus did all the work by dying on the cross and he offers to give this gift freely to anyone who believes in Him. In returned the method Christians use to please their God is to communicate through Bible, praying to Him, and worshiping Him. In his teachings he promises to those who are faithful will gain eternal life and ultimate reward in “the kingdom of heaven”.

Even though Christianity grew and was spreading throughout Rome the transition was very brutal, awful, and horrific. Christians were not recognized as a religion and suffered horrific persecution: they were tortured, and thrown to wild animals in public arenas. But many people would convert into Christianity any ways even though they were treated as criminals. By spreading the gospel to others, Christian believers knew the risk they were taking every day because punishment for spreading message about Jesus was death. And many gladly did it because Jesus said: “blessed are you when people insult you and persecute you, and falsely say all kinds of evil against you because of me. Rejoice and be glad, for your reward in heaven is great”. Death did not scared them nor stop them to spread gospel because they were loyal and they knew that they owe everything to Jesus for what He has done on the cross.

However, by the end of fourth century under the ruling of Emperor Constantine everything changed and Christianity was official legalized religion of the Roman Empire. Then between fourth and sixth century Roman Catholic Church replace the Roman Empire and Council of Nicaea represented basis of Christian “dogma” (prescribed doctrine). The Nicene Creed was a firm declaration as a statement of belief and Christian faith “we believe in one God the Father All-sovereign, maker of heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible”. Where it’s clearly acknowledge that God is the True God of all, Mary conceived from Holy Spirit, and His Son Jesus was born and send to earth to be crucified for all the sinners. As we can see that Empire Rome did not accept Christianity overnight. It took several centuries and many deaths, execution, and sacrifices of innocent Christian believers until Christian religion were officially legalized. Even though Rome religion was very different from Christian religion but indeed they both played a very important role not only in lives of people but also in society and even entire universe.

Introduction: We live in a day and age where climate change is a very controversial yet important topic. Thesis statement: With many prominent world leaders who usually disregard climate change as a myth and don’t do anything towards preventing the ill effects of it, it becomes our responsibility to educate ourselves on what it is and why it is important to do our part so that future generations don’t have to face the implications that we couldn’t help resolve.

Topic sentence: The article posted by The Guardian is a good take on the importance of being aware of climate change. The article has cited multiple sources and statistics to provide its stance on why it is of outmost importance to save the planet. Compared to the four other articles that I would be using for this essay, the article by The Guardian is one of the best and is quite unique from its counterparts. Commentary: Unlike other articles which talk about only about the history of carbon emissions and its implications on nature, The Guardian takes it a step further and prevents a political viewpoint on the whole situation. The article focuses its audience, that is the general public, to urge governments and politicians to do their part in helping the environment. Evidence & citing: After the withdrawal of the USA from Paris Climate Accord and fears over environmental reports to be watered down by the US, Saudi Arabia and other oil-rich countries for monetary gains, Jim Skea, a co-chair of the working group on mitigation quotes “We have presented governments with pretty hard choices. We have pointed out the enormous benefits of keeping to 1.5C, and also the unprecedented shift in energy systems and transport that would be needed to achieve that. We show it can be done within laws of physics and chemistry. Then the final tick box is political will. We cannot answer that. Only our audience can – and that is the governments that receive it.” Finally, the article uses data rich statistics to provide proof of environmental conditions worsening which in turn affect our livelihood. Moreover, the article provided an aerial picture of continents’ geography that have changes drastically over the years due to climate change. To understand the implications of climate change on our planet, the article from the BBC revolves around climate change is and its effects on the earth and its inhabitants. It starts off by stating what the definition of climate change is followed by the evidence for the increase in greenhouse gases and global warming through statistics. Commentary: The article further supports the arguments by talking examples on how the flora and fauna are slowly but surely getting negatively affected. Few of the arguments that the BBC talks about include:

• Evidence & citing: Climate change is expected to increase the frequency of extreme weather events. Although this means an overall increase in rainfall which may seem beneficial, it can actually cause devastating droughts in some and massive floods in others.
• Evidence & citing: Poor countries would be the ones most affected as they do not have the means or infrastructure to adapt to such changes.
• Evidence & citing: Life on this planet could face extinction due to fast changing habitats, faster than which species can adapt to. The counterargument presented is that there is a certain factor that could offset global warming. This factor being reservoirs on the surface of earth which are responsible for the absorption of CO2 as part of their carbon cycle.

Topic sentence: As a reader, I completely agree with the points laid out. It truly is terrifying when we comprehend the fate of our planet if we don’t do anything to save it. Because end of the day we have no one else to blame but us for being in this situation. Therefore, it becomes our responsibility as a generation to be more aware of the issues that global warming and carbon emission has on our planet so that we can produce a better environment for the future generations. All this information on how our planet is doomed by climate change is in fact supported by many scholarly researches. Evidence & citing: The article from NBC goes over multiple reports such as the U.N.’s latest climate report in October and the American Phycological Association that talk about how “unprecedented” action and catastrophic conditions could arrive in the near future. Not only does the drastic change in the climate cause various physical issues such as floods, draughts and mass destruction, but it can also take a toll on the mental health of people bring affected by this. Commentary: As a matter of fact, it’s the youth that are most concerned about this as they feel there’s nothing much left to do to reverse this process of calamity. Some researchers have even gone as far as to term this mentality as “climate grief”.

Topic sentence: To combat the issue of climate grief, the author provides certain ways in which we can cope this sense of guilt and grief that might put our future generations in risk of danger. Evidence & citing: One such way is through a 10-step program that tackles climate grief by confronting their fears and sadness. Commentary: The program runs as a 10-week cycle with a weekly meeting that encourages people to confront their despair by acknowledging the fact that they are part of the problem as polluters, but at the same time also motivate them to be part of a solution. The founders of this program truly feel it’s okay to grieve and that they will normalize those feelings. As a millennial myself I agree with the arguments that the author presents. It really is a scary thought that we are placed in a helpless situation where the planet is slowly dying because of previous generations actions. Evidence & citing: Although reports from the Trump administration have declared that cutting down greenhouse gas emissions could avert this problem, various other studies have shown that the levels of global warming are steadily increasing and could hit an all-time high. Moreover, a recent survey from Yale has shown that there is rising levels in anxiety shown by the general public when it comes to the alarming news of drastic change in the weather. Just like any other form of grief, there is a form of climate anxiety that many of the youth in this generation must be feeling. Commentary: Educating ourselves on how we can be part of a solution would not only benefit our generation but future ones as well.

Topic sentence: The article by NOAA, a notable government website takes a deep dive and provides a frightening reality into how climate change is affecting the united states and its inhabitants. Evidence & citing: It talks about all the sectors climate change effects such as water, energy, transportation, agriculture, and many more, things that we depend on the daily and how a depletion in these resources can cause a hard time for us humans, and in extreme cases even cause extinction of the entire human race. The article provides multiple resources for teachers and students to educate themselves further on the topic. Commentary: As the saying goes: “Knowledge is Power”, knowing more about the effects of climate change can truly inspire a young generation of students to strive for better conditions. Finally, the article from global change, a government website is focused on climate talks and about how we are living in an era where the earth’s climate is changing more than ever as compared to previous civilizations, and we are the ones to be blamed for this phenomenon. This does not only have an impact on our environment but also many sectors of the economy that are expected to grow. The article also provides numerous resources to learn more about what is happening as well as why, its impacts on society and response options to tackle this catastrophe.

Conclusion paragraph: To conclude, through various scientific research conducted over the years it becomes evident that climate change is very much a reality and it can have devastating effects on our environment, such as draughts, floods, starvation, etc. It is therefore of outmost importance for us to cope with this sad reality and apply pressure on politicians to do right thing and employ environment friendly methods such as clean energy to save the environment. Moreover, like many of the articles suggested, even one person can greatly contribute to the greater good. We don’t have to wait on others to start acting before we can provide a positive impact on the environment. I personally will try to be more aware of my actions in everyday life to ensure I am being as eco friendly as possible and even employ certain technologies that I learn through my major of Computer Engineering to combat this phenomenon. Examples include devices that reduce carbon emission and software that help predict certain statistics. Slowly but surely, we all can make a difference!

Bibliography

1. Watts, Jonathan. “We Have 12 Years to Limit Climate Change Catastrophe, Warns UN.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 8 Oct. 2018.
2. “What Is Climate Change?” BBC News, BBC, 3 Dec. 2018. Scher, Avichai.
3. “'Climate Grief': The Growing Emotional Toll of Climate Change.” NBCNews.com, NBCUniversal News Group, 24 Dec. 2018.
4. “Climate Change Impacts.” National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. “Understand Climate Change.” GlobalChange.gov.

Introduction

Should follow an “upside down” triangle format, meaning, the writer should start off broad and introduce the text and author or topic being discussed, and then get more specific to the thesis statement.

Thesis statement

Cornerstone of the essay, presenting the central argument that will be elaborated upon and supported with evidence and analysis throughout the rest of the paper.

Topic sentence

The topic sentence serves as the main point or focus of a paragraph in an essay, summarizing the key idea that will be discussed in that paragraph.

Evidence & citing

The body of each paragraph builds an argument in support of the topic sentence, citing information from sources as evidence.

Commentary

After each piece of evidence is provided, the author should explain HOW and WHY the evidence supports the claim.

Conclusion paragraph

Should follow a right side up triangle format, meaning, specifics should be mentioned first such as restating the thesis, and then get more broad aboutthe topic at hand. Lastly, leave the reader with something to think about and ponder once they are done reading.

Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. Courtroom Observations
3. Reactions and Analysis
4. Integration
5. Works Cited

Introduction

A numerus amount of cases is brought upon courtrooms every day and scheduled for the same time in different court rooms. DUI’s remain a big issue and concern to the public health and the safety of other as well as those under the influence. As I was asking the officers there outside the courtrooms, I asked on a serious note what was the vast majority of cases they get on a daily basis and he told me that its DUI’s and DWI’s. Being assigned this assignment got me to think how everything was going to take place at a court room.

I never even knew where the Hidalgo courthouse was at nor how it looked inside and how to even get inside. As I was walking from the parking lot and crossing the street I came across a security that was sitting down in a chair and I was looking at the billboard that is posted up there outside and he didn’t bother to ask me if I was looking for something specifically or if I needed help. I decided to continue walking and then I was stopped by a tall man in a suit to appeared to be a lawyer and he asked me if I was lost and if I needed assistance and then he directed me to the main entrance and told me what court room to go to.

As I was walking along the pathway that is under instruction at the moment, I saw many people dressed super fancy like in dresses and nice suits and I thought to myself they must work here or be attorneys. I finally made it to the front sliding door and was quickly stopped by the guards that are there which made me feel safe because they don’t let anyone in without asking where r they are going or without directing them to the metal detectors.

I was asked to put all my belongings in a bucket and asked to walk through and then was told to stand in a tee formation so they can pass the small metal detector through my body. I was told since it was a Friday there was only court in the outside area which I had no idea where it was but, was escorted by one of the officers that was on his way over there. As I was walking up the staris that are outside I noticed that there was a lot of people waiting outside some sitting on the benches that are provided there for us and others just standing around.

Courtroom Observations

As I was standing around as well as all the other people around me the officer that escorted me to that place also asked me to enter the courtroom, he was going into so I can see what was happing there at the time. It was Friday early in the morning October 4, 2019 and I was still a bit nervous because I was not really prepared to hear and see things in a court room due to this being the very first time actually in a courtroom.

I asked the officer who was the judge and what courtroom it was because I didn’t catch a glimpse at the door before coming in. He informed me that it was courtroom number eight and I was going to be hearing and seeing judge Omar Maldonado. Judge Maldonado to me seemed to be Mexican just like me and seemed super lenient and well organized. As I was following the officer he assigned me to sit to the right side and I expected there to be benches but in fact they were regular chairs and as I was looking around the room I noticed that aside from me and 4 other teenagers everyone else where adults. This courtroom that I was observing was decorated with Halloween decorations and as they would open the door to the small office that was located to the right of me it also had Halloween decorations and it looked so pretty.

Judge called upon four men which I didn’t quite get their names because I had entered right when they were already walking up to the front of the tables where they sit with their attorneys. As I was waiting for the judge to tell them something I was still taking a peek at everything around and as I was doing so I noticed that there was a lot of printed out signs that stated for us not to use our phones, not to eat and drink, and for us not to talk while court was being held. As the judge was talking to the defendents it was quiet but then the attorneys that were waiting to be next were just talking to each other.

To me that was very rude because even after there a several signs posted up no to talk while court is being held they still do so and if anything they should be the ones in enforce the rules so the people can learn from them as well as already having the knowledge that you shouldn’t be disrespectful at a court hearing. There were four defendants that were standing in front of a judge and the judge them sked them for to raise their right hand. Out of those four men only one of them was wearing the orange suit that they provide for you in prison and he was chained up as well. He also had a translator but which I didn’t not understand why because he would answer the judge in English and sometimes in Spanish, but the translator would translate everything the judge was telling him to Spanish which I found it very confusing.

As the judge called out that everything they say must be the truth and nothing but the truth they all answered at the same time yes sir. After that Judge Maldonado then asked each individual if they were United States Citizens and the one man who was already in prison said he was not and judge then stated that depending on the felon’s felony it can lead him to get deported and not be able to come back to the United States.

The defendant understood what the judge told him and did not argue what could happen to him. The four men that were standing there were being charged with a DWI and only one of the guys that was standing there was issued an ankle monitor which I was a bit confused as to why only him and was told that no later than the following Wednesday it had to be on him already. That case was then dismissed and another case was brought to hearing and it consisted of the three teens who I thought where there to observe just like I was but it turned out that they were being charged with possession of marijuana in a class b misdemeanor and were also asked to raise there right hand and swear to only tell the truth and nothing but the truth during their hearings.

The three teens where sentenced to be held for three months then to be set on juvenile probation. Judge Maldonado went through the cases extremely fast and he did not speak loud enough for us sitting on the chairs to hear everything being said. Maybe I was the only one that couldn’t hear but there was just so much commotion happing at the same time as Judge Maldonado was talking.

Reactions and Analysis

As I was there sitting down observing everything that was taking place at that time I kept thinking to myself that what I was experiencing right at the moment is that what I thought would be going on, I always assumed that court rooms where as big as they looked on the television but I was indeed very wrong. These court rooms were smaller than what I would have expected but even though it was not what I expected it was still a good experience and I was indeed satisfied with what I learned while attending court. Judge Maldonado seemed very organized, but a bit rushed in getting through the cases fast. I personally didn’t not like the fact.

The people that worked there or that were assigned to be in that courtroom kept coming in and out while judge Maldonado was talking to the defendants. I just found it very rude of them but then again, every judge is different just like our professor mentioned. I was surprised at how fast he was getting through the cases and that the teens that I thought were there also observing came out to be offenders as well as the four gentlemen that were there. I was not bored nor was I shocked about anything but ore like annoyed of all the commotion that was happening. According to the attorneys and the judge there was enough evidence to both cases that I saw for the defendants to be considered guilty of the crimes and acts they committed.

Integration

Not all we read and hear about courts are the way it is prone to happen at the actual court hearings or at the trials of criminal cases, but I can say that what out professor has mentioned to us about courts and of what I have read I can say even though it is not as we picture it all comes back and leads to the same direction just in many different ways. I thought I was prepared to see what happens at an actual court hearing but in reality I believe I was prepared but not so much, just because I expected it to be different and I mean different like how we see it happen on television and social media.

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However, other than that it is the same because there is a Judge present, the offenders, and all the people that are there to help at that specific court room. There was in fact points made in class pointed out in the court room and they were that not all courts we attended will be the same but they will all consists of about the same things which include calling the defendants up and issuing them if they are guilty or not and sentencing to prison if needed or if not.

Works Cited

1. American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Drunk driving.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, February 16). Impaired driving: Get the facts. https://www.cdc.gov/motorvehiclesafety/impaired_driving/impaired-drv_factsheet.html
3. Hidalgo County. (n.d.). Welcome to Hidalgo County.
4. National Conference of State Legislatures. (2021, February 18). DUI / DWI laws.
5. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2020, October). Traffic safety facts research note: Alcohol-impaired driving. https://www.nhtsa.gov/traffic-safety-marketing/research-data/alcohol-impaired-driving
6. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2020, December). Alcohol facts and statistics.
7. ProPublica. (n.d.). Courtrooms: An investigation.
8. Rizzo, M., Daugherty, L., & Wikstrom, P. (2019). DWI courts: An effective strategy for reducing recidivism. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 30(5), 721–743.
9. Texas Department of Transportation. (n.d.). Impaired driving. https://www.txdot.gov/inside-txdot/division/traffic/safety/sober-safe/intoxication.html
10. United States Courts. (n.d.). Court role and structure.

The dystopian story is a kind of science fiction. It always sets up in a “what if” society that the author pushed one or more social problems to an extreme condition. ‘The Lottery’ was written by Shirley Jackson and it was first issued in 1948. At that time WWII had just ended, it had uncovered the cruelty and violence that hidden in humanity 27 years after the Great War. Shirley Jackson pointed out and discussed how humanity treated violence in this sort of story. I will be indicating and arguing about three different human natures and why they are important to think about. Human is undeniable self-preservation to the degree of our lives. A few billion years ago, our ancestors, Homo sapiens, massacre all other human species made us the overlord of this planet. Like what Charles Robert Darwin said, we are the “survival of the fittest”. Human is always willing to sacrifice others to save themselves because all the animals do to survive. In ‘The Lottery’ after Bill Hutchinson got the paper with the dot on it, Tessie event wants her daughters to draw, who had married and should draw with their husbands, to increase her chance of living. Tessie was quite enjoyed in the lottery at first. However, she only stood up to protest 'It isn't fair, it isn't right' because she is the one who’s affected. It was clearly too late then.

But how could other villager give up the opportunity to save themselves from sacrifice? So, they reminded Tessie “all of us took the same chance”. Jackson gave her a point of view about human’s self-preservation in this text, that people would accept violence or other actions as long as it doesn’t harm themselves directly. It is important to think about our humanity. It helps us to know better and the real selves, although sometimes human nature could be cruel and dreadful. This dystopian story had also warned us what would happen if we don’t have the right control to our self-preservation, and how terrible it could be. Our society has an unwritten rule that is many against the few or we can say the minority is subordinate to the majority. I think it is human nature to conform to the big flow. We feel more secure when we are with the most. Therefore, people sometimes seem forgot to question, that is the majority always the truth? In ‘The Lottery’, the moment that Tessie had been “marked” as different, the villagers that she had lived with for most of her life attacked her. There must be someone who didn’t want to commit destruction of Tessie. Because they are the minority in that condition, if they stand out, they are very likely to be rejected by society.

Along with other villagers’ encouragement, like Old Man Warner urges them by saying “Come on, come on, everyone.” No one wants to stay out of crime and violence. Jackson suggested to us that we should pay attention to those traditions are continuing only because everyone fears standing up to against the majority. She also suggested us not to fear by non-conformity, because it could push people to do things that are immoral. It is important because when it becomes a unified perception of society it could become another ‘The Lottery’. In real life, Nazi Germany had used conformity to eliminate the Jews because it is for the “goods” of the majority.

Those two points had led to my last idea, are we inherently violent as a part of human nature? We were evolved from animals, this means we must have some violent written in genes. Yet, I think this is something that can be controlled by education and establishing correct values at childhood. But in ‘The Lottery’ it has been completely opposite. Children were taught it’s okay to stone someone to death for the majority’s benefits. Children were looking forward to “the lottery” although they didn’t even know why adults do that, “Bobby Martin had already stuffed his pockets full of stones, and the other boys soon followed his example, selecting the smoothest and roundest stones”. They chose “the smoothest and roundest stones” so it can take longer but more surfers to the scapegoat, Tessie. Even Davy, Tessie’s little boy had been given a few pebbles to kill his mother. These kids didn’t receive the right values in their childhood. That means they might use violence constantly to solve problems in their lives, as long as it has the benefit to them.

Jackson wanted to express that human’s violent nature can be refrain if we educate people, especially children, and have correct values in society. It is important to know because it is happening nowadays. In 2009 Taliban trained children as their bombers and soldiers. They used the name of religion to convince those children and trained those kids 16 hours a day for both physical and ideological. Those kids had been brainwashed and do not have correct values. They uphold violence. I felt this action is highly consistent with the lottery or even above that, cause those kids were even willing to sacrifice themselves. Jackson had issued a statement about her purpose in writing ‘The Lottery’, “I suppose, I hoped, by setting a particularly brutal ancient rite in the present and in my own village to shock the story's readers with a graphic dramatization of the pointless violence and general inhumanity in their own lives.” From human’s self-preservation, conformity and inherently violent genes’ point of view to look at the society we are living now, it’s not far away from ‘The Lottery’. Just about one month ago Brunei introduced death by stoning, which is such an “ancient rite”, as punishment for gay sex. I think it is time to have some changes in our world and society. We need to put more efforts to extend and educate our society about the correct values. We can also use the power of public opinions to influence those countries to make a change in their laws.

In conclusion, ‘The Lottery’ had a deep and interesting discussion on three different aspects of human nature. Human is self-preservation, we are willing to sacrifice others for other own benefits, without it I can’t even sit here writing this easy today. However, we need to control it sometimes. It is also human nature to conform, but if you disagree with it stand out and express your idea. Don’t be fearful to be the minority, because the majority is not always right. We have inherently violent, with the right education, it can be controlled. Violence is always not the best way to solve problems. It is important to think about because it has relevance to our society if we don’t take any action we are not far away from ‘The Lottery’.

The paper being critiqued by Purwaningrum and Muraki is about redesigning elementary school chairs for easy carrying and moving after observing them. They stated that chairs that can easily be moved are essential when changing classroom settings. It would encourage children to be engaged in student learning when chairs are arranged in a way that corresponds to an activity (Earp, 2017). They observed that elementary classrooms in Indonesia have chairs that are not easily moved or carried by the students. The chairs are built with the same dimension from all grade levels in elementary school. The chairs would be harder to carry for younger groups of elementary students than the older batches. The design of the chairs as stated by the researchers are dangerous to carry for young students. The objective of the study was to observe how the children are carrying chairs in order to design a chair that can be easily moved and carried. In addition, chairs should be designed in a way that it would not only be carried safely, but also be used for better classroom productivity. According to Faculty of University of Manitoba (n.d.), well-designed chairs, or comfortable chairs increases student productivity in the classroom by reducing discomfort. Furniture in classrooms, especially chairs need to be ergonomically designed to improve physical health when being used. After long hours of sitting, our bones may degrade and discomfort us that is why chairs should be ergonomically designed in a classroom where learning while sitting takes place. (Hoque et al., 2014).

41 Indonesian and Japanese children aged 6-9 were gathered and their anthropometric measurements were recorded. The study used three types of chairs from Indonesian and Japanese elementary school classrooms with different dimensions and weights. The children were tasked to sit on the chairs, and carry and move the chairs for 3 meters. Time was also recorded as well as an audio-visual recording. The researchers determined different parts of the chairs where the children could carry them. The researchers observed four methods of carrying the chair and found no significant difference between them to the results on how they carried the chairs. They also observed 9 different kinds of holding patterns and found out 2 patterns were frequently used. They found out that Japanese chairs are safer to carry following the holding patterns than Indonesian elementary school chairs. They stated that the Indonesian chairs are thicker, heavier and have sharp corners making them unfit for children's use. According to Education Business (n.d.), properly designed chairs prevent long-term physical damage to students and help them concentrate learning by removing sitting discomfort.

Critique Proper

The topic chosen is beneficial to elementary school children so that their learning environment would not hinder them from gathering new knowledge.

Positive Points: Pictures, tables and figures are used so that the reader would understand the paper more, be guided, and would not be confused on their methods. Pictures of the chairs are used to help the readers know what chairs are being described in the paper as well as what parts of the chairs are labeled and used in the experiment. The methods of how children carry the chairs are well presented that without it, the description of it would not be easily understood. According to Rodrigues (2013), Figures, tables, or display items are essential for research papers to give readers guides on data presented, and help readers understand detailed data presented through a summarized tables and figures. The paper answered their question well by identifying the current problem of the chairs and discussed thoroughly the findings of the research. The paper was well written that it could be understandable and comprehended by readers. The paper also concluded well by identifying what makes the chair hard to carry and suggesting a new design to counter it. The paper contributed to new knowledge in the industry in order to design a better chair for elementary school children. According to Hughes (2001), a good research paper should contribute to new knowledge and have a structure easily understandable and comprehendible by the readers. It entices them to appreciate and read more about the topic of the research.

Negative Points: The research did not provide a section of related studies about chair handling. A good research needs to have related literature in order to know the questions that needed to be answered by the research paper. The questions would be the guide for the researchers about unanswered querries related to the topic. The purpose of the related literature is to know that there would be no duplication of the current studies with another, have assumptions in conducting research, and help the researcher choose methods that would be best used to answer the questions of the topic. In addition, it gives a comparison on whether the results of this experiment is the same or contradicting with other experiments. (Reyes, 2014). Another is that the sample size of the research is too small that the results may be inaccurate. The experiment only used 41 participants, which could represent millions of elementary school children from Indonesia and Japan. The research should have calculated the sample size that should be used to have a smaller margin of error and have better accuracy to real results. A small sample size would have a larger margin of error in an experiment, making it unreliable, or inaccurate. (Science Buddies, n.d.). According to Dessel (2013), computing for the sample size would determine how many participants are needed to have results close to real results. For best results, 385 participants are needed to have a margin of error 5% and a confidence level of 95%.

The paper was well thought of and the research did contribute to new knowledge which makes it significant. It would help young students improve their learning environment when the findings would be used in designing a chair that can be easily moved or carried. It was well though of that a chair should be versatile not only by being comfortable in sitting but also comfortable in transporting it. According to Erwin (2016), in order to have a good learning experience in an elementary classroom, activities are highly recommended by the teacher to build camaraderie among other students, and influence them to go to school. For these activities to happen, a change in classroom setting is required. To do so, chairs and classroom furniture have to move to have space. This is where the chairs that are easily carried may come in handy.