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Table of contents

1. Pestel
PoliticalEconomicSocialLegalKey Drivers
2. Conclusion
Industry Environment AnalysisBargaining Power of Suppliers (Low)Bargaining Power of Buyers (Low)Threat of Competitors (High)Threat of Substitution (Moderate)

G8 Education Limited, founded in 2006, is a provider of early childhood care and education services and facilities across Australia and Singapore. The company is a profit organisations owned by shareholders, and is the largest AXS-listed child care operator in Australia. Through acquisition, it has various brand names under its umbrella. G8 Education owns 495 centres in Australia, with almost 80% in Queensland, New South Wale and Victoria and 21 in Singapore; compared to the market leader, Goodstart Early Learning which has 649 centres across Australia..

The company has a total of 9927 employees. According to its 2017 annual report, it has a total revenue of $796.8 million, and a market share of 6.8% making it the second largest player in the industry, behind Goodstart Early Learning, 7.9%. G8 Education differentiates themselves by recognising demands of the community, and investing in educational resources including proficient educators and carers.

Pestel

Political

In 2016-2017, government expenditure on early childhood education has more than doubled compared to ten years back. In July 2018, a new subsidy, targeting lower to middle income families, varying by income level, hours worked and type of childcare, used was introduced. This subsidy, budgeted at $23.2 billion by the government, will be paid directly to child care operators. Moreover, a $1.2 billion Child Care Safety Net was introduced to aid families most in need. Child care operators with children with additional needs are assisted with additional funding under the Inclusion Support Programme. This initiative is an opportunity for industry players to tap on.

Economic

Recently, the labour force participation rate has increased strongly and the unemployment rate is predicted to drop to 5.25% as GDP increases. Since 2016, the participation rate grew by 1.1% to 65.5% and is driven by higher participation of females (RBA,2018). Moreover, from 2016 to 2017, Full-Time Adult Average Weekly Ordinary Time Earnings grew by 2.3% to $1,567.90 and the Full-Time Adult Average Weekly Total Earnings increased by 2.2%b to $1,628.10 (ABS,2018).

Social

Birth rate increased by 1.41% from 304,100 in 2016 to 308,500 in 2017. Introduction of the baby bonus and government subsidies has helped to increase birth rates, which presents the markets with opportunities.

There was an increase of 4.2% of marriages in 2016 (118,401) compared to 2015 (113,595). Despite that, there is a worrying trend of increasing median age at first marriage for both genders. Compared to 2015, in 2016, the median age increased by 0.2years, to 30.3 years for males, and 28.7 years for females. This is a threat as it would be harder for a woman to conceive at a later age as her fertility starts decreasing at age 32. Also, more common for women over 35, are pregnancy complications and miscarriages. These factors may deter mothers from conceiving which would negatively impact the birth rate. With less birth, it implies that there would be a smaller pool of buyers to tap on.

Female labour force and maternal workforce participation rates have risen over the past decade, and is expected to rise further(RBA,2018). As number of mothers rises, this trend is an opportunity for the child care industry.

Legal

In 2011, under the Paid Parental Leave Act, all workers who are primary caregivers earning $150,000 or less annually are entitled to eighteen weeks of paid leave at the federal minimum wage. Unpaid leave to tend to children’s health, and full-pay leave for spending time with their children and supporting their educational, social, and emotional development are also given. Paid maternity leaves not only improves women’s health, but also guarantee that women are not left out from having jobs or earning income while having children. With these incentives , more people would be willing to have more children, making this is an opportunity for the early childcare industry.

In 2013, reforms to improve quality involving stronger standards, new rating systems, the Early Years Learning Framework, and strategies to develop the early childhood workforce was implemented. As the regulations and requirements gets more stringent, this may pose a threat to the industry.

Key Drivers

As illustrated, the key drivers of change for the child care industry are the social, political and legal factors. The increasing birth rate, government subsidies, and Paid Parental Leave Act are opportunities that market players can exploit. The factor dampening the growth of the industry are the more stringent regulations governing the industry and the increasing age at marriage. Factors like technology and environmental do not greatly affect the industry.

Conclusion

In all, the industry is growing and the opportunities to tap on outweighs the threats. That being said, G8 Education should capitalise on the opportunities, but the threats should not be overlooked and be monitored.

Industry Environment Analysis

The purpose of this analysis is to forecast the attractiveness and profitability of Australian child care industry as a whole.

3.1 Threats of New Entrants (Low)

Despite the industry not being saturated, there are several obstacles for new entrants. According to Australian’s Childrens Education and Care Quality Authority, there are numerous increasingly stringent guidelines a care provider has to follow. The market penetration cost are also relatively high as center-accomodation cost, teachers wages, facilities and equipment may deter new entrants. Also, bigger players are more able to attract qualified staff and have better staff mix like specialist staff which would be a differentiating factor of the operator. These would pose a deterrent for new entrants into the market. Thus, the barriers of entry to the industry is high, and threat of new entrants are low.

Bargaining Power of Suppliers (Low)

To support the operations of the child care provider, supply chain management is essential, thus, powerful suppliers may negatively impact the profitability. According to Job Outlook (2017), a government initiative, the number of child carers in Australia has increased greatly and is expected to continue growing. There are 142,200 carers in the industry in 2017. With the supply of carers in abundance, the bargaining power of suppliers are reduced as there would be a large pool of carers to tap on.

Bargaining Power of Buyers (Low)

With increasing birth rate, which translates to the increased need for childcare services, there would be more buyers. When there are a lot of buyers, they do not hold bargaining leverage over the childcare providers (Porter 1979). However, there are many players in the market, and the cost of switching is low. Despite that, time and effort to look for another provider may dissuade them. As such, the threat of buyer’s bargaining power is low.

Threat of Competitors (High)

The industry is fragmented with plentiful small-scale players. Some larger players such as G8 Education and Affinity Education pursue strong acquisition paths, buying out smaller industry players, seeking market share and economies of scale. Most childcare facilities cater to those living in the nearby neighbourhood, and numerous smaller players operate only one facility; this helps to lower competition. However, according to ABC News(2018), there are several operators within one kilometer radius of each other, hence driving up competition. Operators compete on various factors to differentiate themselves, some include, facilities, extra services like counselling and healthcare. an increasing trend is to provide preschool education services. With numerous competitors, each trying to differentiate themselves, the market competition is high.

Threat of Substitution (Moderate)

As the employment rate in Australian rise, more parents would be unable to look after their children, this would increase the demand for childcare services. However, instead of sending their children to childcare facilities, parents may choose to send them to informal caregivers such as relatives, friends or grandparents. Other alternatives includes hiring babysitters, home educator or nannies (Baxter,2015). Such arrangements offer more flexibility and may cost less. Despite that, informal care do to reap the same social and educational benefits as formal care. As such, the threat of substitution is moderate.

Figure XXX compares the five competitive forces that influence the child care industry in Australia. The threat of new entrants is low, where new competitors may easily enter the market. The suppliers do not have high bargaining power due to the large pool of child carers to tap on. Due to the increasing need of formal child care and birth rates, the bargaining power of buyers is reduced. All of which presents opportunities for the market players to exploit. On the other hand, the competition within the industry is high, with many market players, aiming to differentiate themselves, posing a threat to other operators. Informal care, an alternative to child care facilities, also poses a threat to the industry.

With most of the five forces favourable to the early child care industry, the industry has attractive growth prospects with its key drivers being low threats of new entrant, buyers and suppliers. However, companies would face strong competition within the market which should be monitored. G8 Education, being a big market player is not as threatened by competition due to its large number of strong brands under its umbrella and is well positioned to take advantage of the opportunities.

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In summary, the child care industry has an attractive and profitable outlook, with the opportunities outweighing the threats. Some key drivers in the industry are the social, political and legal factors, while the ecological and technological factors do not strongly impact the industry. Its low threat of entrants, buyer and supplier bargaining power further enhances the industries appeal. Nonetheless, G8 Education, despite many competition within the marke, is able to survive in the industry.

Education on top priority Today, education stands on top of the priority list. Anywhere you go or anything you want to achieve in your life, you require education. The opportunities to get educated and earn degrees are increasing in numbers. Long gone are the days where students used to walk hours to reach schools with their heavy bags. Today, everything is available on our fingertips. Everything has become digitalised traditional methods hardly exist or is at its verge of extinguish. As part of digitalised education, education as well as jobs is turning out to be online. This requires neither books nor any other stationary materials for the purpose. This is why most of them prefer digitalised life, where they are able to do everything sitting in their comfort zone. Like for everything people look out for cheap and quality materials. As online education has already proved to have good quality teaching now what people look is for the cheapest online colleges. Why online education? As mentioned above, online education has already proved about its quality education.

This is one of the major reasons why students prefer online education. They get best quality education sitting at their home, which is also cost effective and also they get a chance to earn a degree from one of the most recognised colleges all over the world. This helps them to be unique in the crowd. Online education has its benefits of choosing any colleges in any place you wish. As the demand for online education is increasing day by day there are many colleges which have only online education as their major programs. Many other colleges which had only traditional programs in their academics has also introduced online education scheme in their academics. Online education can also be considered much cheaper than the traditional education as in online education there is no need of travelling, which can be of great expense depending upon the distance you stay away from the college. If no travelling then there will be requirement of another place to stay that again leads to other expenses.

Education in Indiana

• Indiana being the first state in US to have state funded public schools has many well-known universities and schools. Indiana has many of its universities ranked as the best. The education system and teaching is really been appreciated. With so much educational importance and best colleges students who cannot reach up to this state for traditional education look for best online colleges in Indiana. This helps them getting education from one of the best colleges in Indiana.
• Education from such well-known universities and colleges helps the student in creating a good career profile. Indiana also has its colleges accredited to recognised accrediting agencies or organisations.
• Indiana was the first state to implement the Common Core State Standard Initiatives which is basically about introducing the quantifiable benchmarks in English and Mathematics in every grade including the kindergarten classes. Though this was an American educational initiative, it was Indiana which put the work first into implementation.
• Indiana also is serving of the best purposes in giving students earn, work, study program. This can help the students learn things practically and help them to how to work on things practically rather than just going through theoretical concepts. It also helps students to be self-sufficient from a very young age.
• Indiana has its own and different school system which is complex and different when compared with other states. This tells us that the Indiana school system and teaching system is unique from other states.

Works Cited

1. Allen, I. E., & Seaman, J. (2017). Digital Learning Compass: Distance Education Enrollment Report 2017. Babson Survey Research Group.
2. American Psychological Association. (2021). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
3. Indiana Commission for Higher Education. (n.d.). Accreditation in Indiana.
4. Indiana Department of Education. (2021). Common Core State Standards Initiative. https://www.doe.in.gov/ccr/common-core-state-standards-initiative
5. Indiana Department of Workforce Development. (n.d.). Earn, Work, Learn.
6. Indiana University Bloomington. (n.d.). Home.
7. National Center for Education Statistics. (2021). Distance education courses for public elementary and secondary school students: 2018–19.
8. Purdue University Global. (n.d.). Online degree programs. https://www.purdueglobal.edu/degree-programs/online-programs/
9. U.S. News & World Report. (2021). Best online bachelor's programs.
10. University of Notre Dame. (n.d.). Home.

Water is a principal component of nature and it is the major source of life in our ecosystem. It covers 70% of the total earth surface but actually, represents 0.05% of the earth's total mass. The total volume of water present on the earth's surface is about 1,386 billion cubic kilometers 333 million cubic miles. Out of this volume, 97.5%is salt water, and 2.5% is fresh water. Only 0.03 percent of freshwater is present as a liquid form in the earth. The water cycle is a closed system of water because the amount of water involved does not change but can be changed from one state to the other. It involves the movement of water in the earth in a cycle form through series of processes. The processes involve the input, output, transport, and storage of water. Output- precipitation. Input- evaporation, transpiration, and sublimation. Water storage- interception, artificial things vegetation, storage, surface storage, and groundwater storage. Also, water transport-runoff, stem flow, percolation, channel flow, infiltration, and groundwater flow. The main processes involve evaporation, sublimation hydration, and transpiration considered as the first stage, then followed by condensation, precipitation, percolation, and infiltration.

To begin with, evaporation, transpiration, sublimation, and hydration are the first processes of the water cycle. These processes make water found on the surface of the earth lose into the atmosphere. They change water from its liquid state to a vapor or gaseous state. This is how it occurs; water in its liquid state has a closed molecule arrangement which makes the water not rise. When the sun shines on the earth the temperature rises making the water absolves heat. This heat breaks the molecule arrangement of the water at its liquid state making it wider and less heavy to flow this changes the water into gaseous or vapor and begins to rise and move upward into the atmosphere. Water escapes into the atmosphere through evaporation. Man-made things like cloths, buildings, dams among others found on the earth serve as a medium for water storage they lose water into the atmosphere when the temperature rises through evaporation. Also, water bodies found on the earth’s surface and below the surface like the sea, lakes, rivers, and groundwater loses water into the atmosphere through evaporation. During precipitation, water gets into vegetation through its leaves through interception. These waters stored in the vegetation lose into the atmosphere through the stomata of the leaves during high temperature, this process is called transpiration. In the cold regions of the earth such as the Arctic and Antarctic, polar and the temperate zones and places on high elevation such mountainous region have water stored in ice and Ice Cap. They lose water directly from their solid-state to gaseous states without melting when they absolve heat. This process is called sublimation. Lastly, humans and animals also serve as a medium for water storage. During high temperatures, they lose water to the atmosphere through hydration.

Secondly, condensation is the second stage of the water cycle. This process changes the water in the vapor state into the liquid state. According to the law which states that “the higher you go the cooler it becomes” when the water vapor which escapes into the atmosphere reaches the higher troposphere since the temperature is very low at that point the molecule which is wide apart coming closer to form a water droplet. The help of dust and volcanic ashes that are ejected into the atmosphere serves as a platform or surface for these water droplets to settle on for a given time to form clouds.

Moreover, precipitation is the next stage of the water cycle. It occurs when the water droplets become so heavy that they cannot hold themselves together anymore due to lower temperature at the place then they fall in many forms like rain, snow, and according to the temperature it reaches. For instance, when the temperature reaches zero degrees the precipitation will be snow. Before precipitation, clouds can separate and move to the other part of the hydrologic drainage basin under the influence of wind and then precipitate. This process is called advection. When advection occurs, clouds move to the sea, the land, and also to the mountainous regions or the colder regions and then precipitate. As I said early on, the kind of precipitation that will occur depends on the temperature of the place mostly in the mountainous regions their precipitation that occurs is mostly snow.

Also, runoff is the fourth stage of the water cycle. It is the movement of water on the surface of the earth. When there is precipitation, some of the water flows on and below the earth’s surface in the form of flooding channel flow, river flow, groundwater, and infiltration. Some flow into lakes, ponds, oceans, and rivers depending on the relief and channels of the place or field. Runoffs also happen when ice caps on mountains absolves heat, melt and flow down onto the nearby lower lands and into, rivers, ponds, lakes to be mentioned but few.

Lastly, percolation and infiltration are the last states of the water cycle. It occurs when water gets into the ground during precipitation. During precipitation, some water is able into the earth's crust. Infiltration happens when water sinks into the soil for a short distance depending on the nature of the soil mostly in sandy and loamy soil, water infiltration is very high. When water gets into the soil through infiltration depending on the nature of the rock inside the crust water can penetrate deeper into the soil and eventually into the groundwater. In places where there is an aquifer that is very porous water can penetrate or percolate inside very easily and flow within it along slopes into the nearby streams.

In conclusion, the hydrological or water cycle is a closed system of water because the amount of water involved does not change but changes from one state to another and involves the movement of water in the earth in a cycle form through series of processes. They are the loss of water in the earth's surface through many forms with the aid of heat, condensation, precipitation, runoff, and percolation and the process starts all over again.

As the modern world progresses and innovations in technology continue to expand, new challenges arise concerning the integration of these innovations into schools. Justin Banitt and his associates state that “in today’s 21st-century classroom, teaching and learning must look different than even 10 years ago. Current digital native students demand new styles of teaching and engagement, and through innovative technology integration teachers can meet these demands”. With the style of learning changing with each generation, policymakers as well as parents and educators are concerned with the potential outcomes of increased integration of technology and schools. However, educational technology is a failed enterprise leaving some in the dark about it consequences.

Technology in the classroom is serving as a distraction instead of an effective tool for students to learn. Handheld devices such as cell phones, tablets, and iPods serve as major disruptions in the learning process both inside and outside of the classroom. Harvard University states that “in one survey at six different universities, college students reported using their phones an average of 11 times per day in class. In another study, 92% of college students reported using their phones to send text messages during class”. An overwhelming majority of students reported they are utilizing their cellphones to send texts during class, demonstrating the true ineffectiveness of electronics in the classroom. In an article concerning the rise of distraction in the classroom, Leslie Reed states, “It’s not just a quick glance to see if someone’s trying to reach them. Students in the study estimated that, on average, they spent 20 percent of their classroom time using digital devices for activities unrelated to class – mostly text messaging but also e-mailing, web-surfing, checking social media, and even playing games”. Students are spending an increasing amount of time logging in to their technology to check the latest news or respond to texts instead of tuning in to the lecture. As a result, students are losing valuable class time along with decreasing their comprehension of the lesson. Furthermore, students often believe they can multitask between their smartphones and educational activities. However, true multitasking is believed to be a myth. Our brains focus on one thing by simultaneously shutting out the other and students who are constantly multitasking are receiving lower grades (Kolodner and Tugend “Dealing With”). If our brains are only focused on one thing at a time, the time that is spent on cell phones or other electronic devices is interrupting the brain’s ability to focus on the lecture or educator. Therefore, concentrating on an educator's instructions or lessons is becoming a thing of the past as students continue to put their usage of smartphones and other technology ahead of their educational experience.

Not only is new technology offering distraction, but is limiting vital student-teacher interaction. In order to have a more successful learning environment, the interaction between the student and the educator is critical. During a classroom observation project, it was found that “lessons, where students have multiple opportunities to communicate with the teacher, are essential for the effective construction of student knowledge. By welcoming curiosity and encouraging students to raise their own questions about the content or claims being discussed, the instructor can guide students to develop habits of mind for framing and answering questions” (“Student-Teacher Interaction”). The opportunities to interact and communicate with the educator further engage the student in to the lesson. Furthermore, it provides a guiding hand to a better understanding, whereas a computer program forces the student to come to a conclusion on their own. In addition, online courses, as well as online learning tools, decrease the amount of communication and interaction that occurs in a learning environment. In an article written by Hani Morgan, it states, “Interacting with a teacher only through a computer or technological device limits communication modes that are crucial in the teaching and learning process”. The lack of connection between an educator and a student often leads to a decrease in the overall understanding of the material and the effectiveness of the learning process. We as humans communicate through body language such as facial expressions, gestures, posture, and eye movement. This communication, which occurs between an educator, a student, and their peers contributes to a healthy learning environment of personal interaction and collaboration. However, the addition of technology into the learning environment inevitably decreases vital student-teacher interaction.

Technology does not just present an absence of interaction, it leaves some students who do not have access to the internet behind. Not every child in a school system has the ability to have access to the internet once they leave school property. According to the article, “The Dark Side of Educational Technology,” it states, “Of the elementary through high school students surveyed, 97 percent of white students and 93 percent of Asian students have access to the Internet – but only 74 percent of African-American students and 79 percent of Hispanic students have access. Similarly, only 78 percent of low-income students have access to the Internet, compared with 98 percent of students that did not fall into the low-income category”. When equal access to the internet or technology at home does not present itself, it becomes more difficult for students to complete their work at home. The twenty percent difference between low-income students and other students who have access is a considerable gap between students who are able to successfully complete their work or other activities at home. As the usage of educational schools continues to advance, it is falling into the hands of the wealthy. Data is already displaying the widening achievement gap between poor and rich students in certain areas. Therefore, it is unfair for those students, even educators, who do not have access to technology or the internet at home to entirely teach with technology or require students to complete their work online. Alternatives and lessening the use of technology can significantly improve education for those students and educators who will get left behind as educational technology continues to advance.

Others believe the usage of technology in the classroom is an innovative way to aid in children's learning more efficiently. However, technology offers major distractions for students making it difficult for them to concentrate on the lesson at hand. In an article, Kristen Frohlich states, “most of the students have laptops on their desks that appear to be there for the use of taking notes. Still, more than half of them seem like they’re not paying attention to what’s going on in class. Students using their laptops during classroom lectures can be spotted playing computer games, shopping online, browsing through social media, working on assignments for other classes or doing various other activities not relevant to the class”. Even when students seem as if they are using their computers, cell phones, or tablets for educational purposes, they can still be distracted by other activities not related to the task. Without the ability of educators to be in constant control over the websites their students are visiting, it becomes increasingly difficult for students to not be distracted while using their technology.

The lack of availability is not the only problem, schools are using a vast amount of funding for technology upgrades. A vast amount of school funding is utilized to support the integration of educational technology in schools, while some schools are even going into debt to afford the newest technology. It is estimated that schools in the United States spend about fifty-six billion dollars on educational technology, with thirty-six percent being spent in K-12 education. Fifty-six billion dollars is an abundant amount of money to spend on technology for classrooms, especially when there are areas in certain schools lacking sufficient funding. In an article concerning funding for technology, Amadou Diallo states, “Baker says these short-term bonds ‘violate the premise of bond debt: that the taxpaying public is investing in an asset of some value. If these districts start tacking on incremental increases to their tax rates for the ongoing costs of short-lived computers, it significantly reduces their ability to go back to the voters for bigger stuff they may need later on, like construction or a new roof’”. Schools and administrators lose the ability to come up with the funding for more serious problems, such as a new roof or new desks, when they increase tax rates to compensate for the cost of new technology. Administrations are becoming more concerned with the need for the newest technology than they with being prepared for future issues that are far more significant.

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In conclusion, educational technology is a failure to the school systems as they try to implement it the correct way. Students are struggling to concentrate as their devices serve as a distraction during class time as they text and browse social media. Furthermore, students are not getting equal opportunities as lower-income families do not have the same access to technology and the internet. Along with the failures of distraction and the lack of equal opportunity, schools are spending a considerable amount of funds on new technology and not putting as much effort into student-teacher interactions. As the integration of technology into our lives and schools continues, we must find a way to “plug in” that does not inhibit the learning process for students.    

A masterpiece is an outstanding portrait, movie, literature or other work of art. I masterpieces is a work that encapsulates everything an author or a painter us trying to achieve. Its something that is exceptional in its quality. The Scream is considered one of Edvard Munch greatest work in his career or. ‘The Scream” is one of the world’s most identifiable works of art. A masterpiece doesn’t always have to be pretty as long as it evokes a memory, thought or an idea to the person viewing this masterpiece

Edvard Munch is viewed as the pioneer of the Expressionist movement in modern painting. Munch used his artistic ability to express his feelings about the social changes that was happening around him. His mother died when he was only five years old, his older sister died of a disease at the age of fifteen, and Edvard himself was often sick. One of his youngest sisters was also diagnosed with a mental illness at an early age. With death and illness as a major element in his childhood, painting and drawing was a way of expressing himself.

Munch had an astonishing ability to convey a profound and raw emotion onto a canvas which brought him negative criticism from the press and his father. Although many of his painting may not be considered beautiful I considered them as masterpieces because you can see his emotions in his paintings. Many of his paintings like The Scream seem to convey a message. Edvard Munch was somewhat of a rebel. His nonconforming approach to art eventually lead him to become one of the worlds most famous artist. Many of paintings can go for millions of dollars

Edvard Munch is best known for his work ‘The Scream’ sometimes also referred to as “The Cry”. This painting depicts a strange character holding their face and eyes and mouth wide open screaming in fear on a bridge while there are two individuals walking behind him in the opposite direction. The two individuals seem unbothered or unaware of the screaming figure behind them. Which leads me to believe that the screaming character is going through an internal conflict and is under duress. According to Munch the inspiration for “The Scream” was very autobiographical. A bulk of Munch’s work was created in the style known as symbolism. The Scream is considered a masterpiece in my opinion because it reflects this, and you can clearly see Edvard Munch’s emotions in this painting. He was the definition of a tortured soul.

Munch suffered from panic attacks and anxiety. A panic attack is a sudden surge of overwhelming anxiety and fear. Anxiety is a main factor in Munch’s art, so it was not surprising the mood of this painting is so haunting. Although Munch uses analogous colors like reds and oranges, yellow and greens, the picture is very muddy looking, and you get a feeling of gloom and doom. Analogous are colors that lay next to each other on the color wheel. When Analogous colors are used they are typically soothing to the eye. The dense brush strokes of oil paint give the effect of a movement blur, like the world was whirling around the figure. It is hard to differentiate between the water and the land. Munch uses atmospheric perspective to create the illusion of depth in art especially painting. Atmospheric perspective refers to the technique of making an illusion of depth by portraying distant objects as lighter, less detailed, and usually blurrier than nearby objects. The Scream was a fascinating piece and Munch himself was an extraordinary artist and thinker of his time.

Works Cited

1. Berman, P. (2012). The World’s Most Famous Expressionist Painting. Huffington Post. Retrieved from https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-scream-painting-edvard-munch_n_1549580
2. Munch, E., & Eggum, A. (2019). Edvard Munch: Signs of Modernism. Munch Museum.
3. Prideaux, S. (2007). Edvard Munch: Behind the Scream. Yale University Press.
4. Prelinger, E. (2018). Edvard Munch: Masterpieces. Hatje Cantz.
5. Gundersen, A. (2015). Edvard Munch: A Genius of Our Time. Taschen.
6. Munch, E., & Knausgård, K. O. (2019). Edvard Munch: Signs of Modernism. Thames & Hudson.
7. Prideaux, S. (2005). Edvard Munch: The Life of an Artist. Yale University Press.
8. Borresen, K., & Borresen, K. (2012). Edvard Munch: Psyche, Symbol, and Expression. Mercatorfonds.
9. Johnson, L. (2019). Edvard Munch's "The Scream": A Symbol of Modern Anxiety. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved from https://www.metmuseum.org/blogs/now-at-the-met/2019/the-scream
10. Stangos, N. (2002). Edvard Munch: The Frieze of Life. Thames & Hudson.

Glycerine is vegetable fat organic compound. It is colourless and has no smell( odorless). This experiment was to test to see the end result test the glycerine effect on the plastics.

This experiment hypothesis was that the : A biodegradable plastic can be smother depending on how much of the glycerin is is added, because plastic is made from polymers and we can whoop out some of those polymers by eating the chemical in a. On research it is said that glycerin is very soft liquid. It can be used to moisturizer by this i mean it can be used to prevent or treat skin like rough,dry etc skin. The reason why glycerin makes the plastic smoother is because the glycerin has a chain between polymers that give sit a soft surface and a soft glow. (Agriculture at work of bioplastic). The glycerine has a great function which by it feels the spaces between the polymer chains in the bioplastics thus making the plastic more stretchy ( Odec).

• Corn starch 10g
• Water 50ml
• Vinegar 5ml
• Glycerin 5ml
• Food dye ( optional )
• Beaker
• Stirrer
• Aluminum Foil
• Lighter
• Bunsen burner

Independent variable: In this experiment the independent variable is the glycerine because the more glycerin is add the smother the texture of the plastic would be and this is something that could be changed. Dependent variable: In this experiment the dependent variable is the end result which is the biodegradable plastic having a smooth texture because to point was to see the effect that glycerin would do to the plastic and that can be explained and observed when the experiment is done this experiment was to c, which let to a smooth blue plastic.

• Pour 50 ml of water to 10 ml of the cornstarch and Glass rod together by mixing.
• Add 5 ml of glycerin and make sure to add 5 ml of vinegar then mix it. Later add 3 drops of colouring to the mixture.
• Take the bunsen burner and light it up and gently put the baker to the bunsen burner to warm the mixture and stir the mixture while heating.
• After that take the baker and remove the mixture with a spoon by putting it to a baking paper. Now put it aside and let it for several days.

Were the results the same for each group? No the was not the same result for each group but very close. Other groups their plastic texture were less and more sifter The reason why is because each group that took part of the experiment did not exactly follow the procedure exactly the same way. They might have measured amount of the substances that should be mixed not exactly the same amount. As it is different maybe other groups add less glycerin ·

What variable might affect plastic? The variable that the experiment have at temperature. During the experiment while hitting the mixture of the substances, when the temperature increase the substances started to boil bubbles increasing by going up and. On the experiment the mixture should be stare while being heated If not it would have gotten the shape of becoming more solid.

According to ( Sciencelearn) the reason is because the particles are less densely pack then in the liquid state.

Conclusion: ?The purpose of this experiment was to determine if the effect that the glycerine will have in the plastic was an exceptional plastic. It was proved to be true by the observations. it was difficult to determine if the layer of paint was distributed equally across the surface of the plastic. Glycerin could be eco friendly and efficient substance because it is composed of all organic compounds and can be very easily produced.

The Product is the very future of plastics because it will change the environment since it does not require that many days to biodegrade and it will create better options for human beings to keep toxic chemicals out of our bodies. The tests results themselves prove that cornstarch plastic is exceptional and has many properties to it that could replace harmful plastics such as plastic bags. Glycerin is very simple to make and requires very little time to create. it requires at least 24 hours to dry. Glycerine will be be a good recommendation for the future because it is efficient, requires a very minimal cost and has minimal effects on the environment. Hopefully in the future the plastics will be hazardous chemical free, and that the environment that us people live in will be safe and economically friendly.

Evaluate: Since it was proven on the experiment that glycerine is the substance to gives a smooth texture to the plastic. This shows that glycerine is really great material that we can use to smoothen plastic and biodegradable plastic with. They are being improved by different type of starch in different forms with many synthetic polymers that are both non biodegradable and biodegradable to achieve great biodegradation. They have been having problems of the starch exhibit poor materials like tensile strength, yield strength etc and also poor moisture stability. Glycerin can be used to make other production. Mostly skin care production which is the reason why their or mostly used to make soap. which will have to include renewability meaning they can be capable of being renewed.

Reflection:In this experiment what went well was the end result. What i found easy was lighting a bunsen burner and knowing why the result turned into a solid at the end and. I think i didn't do much because i was not given much work. What i found hard was when we had to measure the amount of each material we had to put. Also when we had to stare the mixture while its heating, because i had to reduce the level of heat that was heating so much on the other tube before the mixture boils up and starts spilling off. I could not stare the mixture and trying to take up and down the heating temperature. What i should do next time is read the procedure carefully and also ask for some help to my friends when i need trouble.

Table of contents

1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Materials and Methods
Chemical analysis of plant sampleChemical analysis of soilStatistical analysis and interpretation of data
4. Results and Discussion
Grain and straw yieldNutrient ConcentrationNutrient uptakeAvailable nutrients in soil after harvest of crop

Abstract

An experiment was conducted during Kharif 2015 at water management research farm, Sher-e-kashmir University of agricultural sciences and technology of Jammu (J&K), India to study the effect of irrigation scheduling on yield and nutrient uptake of different direct seeded basmati rice varieties. Results revealed that, irrigation schedules control recorded significantly higher grain yield (3370 kg ha-1) and straw yield (6030 kg ha-1) and which was on par with irrigation at 2 days interval through sprinkler at 150% PE over the other treatments. Var. Pusa-1509 recorded significantly higher grain yield (3240 kg ha-1) which was on par with Pusa-1121 (2960 kg ha-1) and non-significant effect of varieties was observed on the straw yield. However, irrigation schedules control recorded significantly higher uptake of nitrogen (61.09 kg ha-1), phosphorus (19.70 kg ha-1) and potassium (116.18 kg ha-1) and Pusa-1509 also recorded significantly higher uptake of nitrogen (51.87 kg ha-1), phosphorus (16.51 kg ha-1) and potassium (103.68 kg ha-1).

Introduction

Rice (Oryza sativa L.), the staple food of more than half of the population of the world, is an important target to provide food security and livelihoods for millions. World’s rice demand is projected to increase by 25% from 2001 to 2025 to keep pace with population growth (Maclean et al., 2002), and therefore, meeting ever increasing rice demand in a sustainable way with shrinking natural resources is a great challenge. The most common methods of rice crop establishment are direct sowing (dry direct seeding and wet direct seeding) and transplanting. Direct seeded rice (DSR) technique is becoming popular now a day because of its low-input demanding nature.

Presently, in direct seeded rice (DSR) is gaining momentum due to labor shortage during peak season of transplanting and availability of water for short periods. Direct seeding of rice refers to the process of establishing the crop from seeds sown in the field rather than by transplanting seedlings from the nursery. Direct seeding avoids three basic operations, namely, puddling (a process where soil is compacted to reduce water seepage), transplanting and maintaining standing water. DSR under aerobic conditions is one of the alternatives to replace traditional transplanting method. According to Lafitte et al. (2002), concept of DSR comprises of use of rice varieties, which are nutrient-responsive and well adapted to aerobic soils with yield potential of 70-80% of high-input flooded rice. The development of short duration, early-maturing cultivars and efficient nutrient management techniques along with increased adoption of integrated weed management methods have encouraged many farmers to switch from transplanted to DSR culture. Rice varieties exhibit wide variation in the production of high density grains which showed maximum potential for grain filling and test weight. Keeping these facts in view, the present investigation was undertaken as effect of irrigation scheduling on yield and nutrient uptake of different direct seeded basmati rice varieties.

Materials and Methods

An experiment was conducted during Kharif 2015, at water management research farm, Sher-e-kashmir University of agricultural sciences and technology of Jammu (J&K), India (situated at 32o40’ N latitude and 74o58’ E longitude with an altitude of 332 m above mean sea level). The soil was sandy loam in texture having a pH of 8.23, EC 0.18 (dS/m) organic Carbon (0.36%), total N (231.17 kg ha-1), available phosphorus (13.21kg ha-1) and available potassium (142.17 kg ha-1). The experiment was conducted in strip plot design with replicate thrice consisted of five irrigation schedules viz. Control (Normal transplanting with recommended water management practice), Irrigation/saturation at 0.3 bar suction at 15 cm depth* (* Suction measured by Tensiometer installed at 15 cm depth), Irrigation/saturation at 0.4 bar suction at 15 cm depth* (* Suction measured by Tensiometer installed at 15 cm depth), Irrigation at 2 days interval through sprinkler at 125% PE (cumulative value of pan evaporation for 2 days) and Irrigation at 2 days interval through sprinkler at 150% PE (cumulative value of pan evaporation for 2 days) in vertical plots and three varieties viz. Basmati-370, Pusa-1121 and Pusa-1509 in horizontal plots.

The crop was sown in the 3rd week of June. The recommended dose of fertilizer was applied as per the variety. Rice from each net plot in each replication was harvested and dried. The grains after threshing were weighed and recorded as grain yield per net plot. Further, this net plot grain yield was converted to grain yield per hectare.

Chemical analysis of plant sample

The plant samples were taken from each plot at the time of harvesting for estimation of N, P and K concentration. The samples were oven dried, then finely grounded with electric grinder and analyzed for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentration. N, P and K uptake in grain and straw samples were calculated by multiplying per cent nutrient content with their respective dry matter accumulation as per the formula given below:

Nutrient content (%) x dry matter accumulation (kg ha-1)

Nutrient uptake (kg ha-1) = 100

Nitrogen content of grain and straw were estimated by modified micro-kjeldhal’s method as outlined by Jackson (1967) and expressed in per cent. The phosphorus content of grain and straw were determined by Vanadomolybdo phosphoric acid method and absorbance of the solution was recorded at 430 nm using spectrophotometer and potassium content in plant sample (grain and straw separately) was determined by flame photometer method.

Chemical analysis of soil

Representative soil samples from the experimental plot were drawn from the top 15 cm depth before sowing of the crop. Similarly, the surface soil samples from 0 to 15 cm depth were also collected from each experimental plot at harvest. Soil samples thus collected were air dried under shade, powdered with wooden mallet and passed through 2 mm sieve and analyzed for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content. Available nitrogen was determined by alkaline permanganate method as outlined by Subbiah and Asija (1956). Available phosphorus was determined by Olsen et al., 1954 and available potassium was determined by ammonium acetate extractable K method using flame photometer as outlined by Jackson (1973).

Statistical analysis and interpretation of data

Data recorded on various parameters of the experiment was subjected to analysis by using Fisher’s method of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and interpreted as outlined by Gomez and Gomez (1984). The levels of significance used in ‘F’ and ‘t’ test was P= 0.05. Critical difference values were calculated where F test was found significant.

Results and Discussion

Grain and straw yield

The outcomes of the study showed that scheduling of irrigation at various thresholds and basmati rice varieties significantly influenced the grain and straw yield is presented in Table 1. The highest grain (3370 kg ha-1) and straw yield (6030 kg ha-1) was observed with irrigation scheduling with Control (Normal transplanting with recommended water management practice) which was found at par with Irrigation at 2 days interval through sprinkler at 150 % PE. The decrease in grain and straw yield in other treatments was due to the decreased soil water content as a result of differential irrigation schedules and hence showed greater sensitivity for biomass production, leaf area and tillers production. There was a consistent trend of decline in grain and straw yield as the irrigation threshold increased from 0.3 to 0.4 bar. Lower yield of direct seeded rice under greater water deficit was largely due to reduced panicle density, higher tiller mortality and reduction in fertility which could be due to abnormal pollen development as a result of insufficient availability of assimilates under higher stress conditions as reported by Sudhir-Yadav et al. (2011), Zubaer et al. (2007) and Venuprasad et al. (2007). Application of irrigation at 2 days interval through sprinkler at 150% PE resulted in comparable yield to transplanted rice. This was due to the availability of moisture near to field capacity at 0-20 cm depth after irrigation scheduling which resulted in more availability of nutrients in soil solution.

In respect to var. Pusa-1509 was recorded significantly higher grain yield (3240 kg ha-1) which was on par with Pusa-1121 (2960 kg ha-1). This might be due to greater vegetative growth and better light interception which resulted in higher leaf area index and later on higher dry matter partitioning towards economic part. Yield variability among rice cultivars could also be attributed to genetic characters. Ramanjaneyulu et al. (2014) revealed that phenotypic expressions largely depended upon genotypic ability.

Nutrient Concentration

Among the treatment, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in grain and straw as influenced by irrigation schedules and varieties were differed significantly (Table 2). Highest N, P and K concentration was recorded with irrigation scheduling control which was on par with Irrigation at 2 days interval through sprinkler at 150% PE. In terms of varieties significantly highest N, P and K concentration was observed with var. Pusa-1509 which was found at par with Pusa-1121.

Nutrient uptake

Irrigation scheduling control recorded significantly higher nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake by direct seeded rice (61.0, 19.7 and 116.1 kg ha-1, respectively) and which was on par with the Irrigation at 2 days interval through sprinkler at 150% PE (55.5, 17.4 and 110.1 kg ha-1, respectively). This might be due to the fact that under adequate soil moisture there is more solubilization of nutrients and thereby increasing more availability to plants and hence increased uptake.

However, Irrigation/Saturation at 0.4 bar suction at 15cm depth recorded significantly least nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake by direct seeded rice (27.4, 7.8 and 75.4 kg ha-1, respectively). In terms of var. Basmati-370 recorded significantly least nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake (36.2, 10.4 and 93.7 kg ha-1, respectively). This might be because of reason that Pusa-1509 being high yielding variety recorded higher N, P, K content and more dry matter accumulation that led to higher nutrient uptake values. Similar observations were recorded by Mallareddy and Padmaja (2013) and Mahajan et al. (2012).

Available nutrients in soil after harvest of crop

In soil, after harvest of crop, the available nutrients viz., nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were significantly influenced by the irrigation schedules and varieties. Results revealed that, Irrigation/Saturation at 0.4 bar suction at 15cm depth recorded significantly higher available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil after harvest of crop (227.3, 12.6 and 138.9 kg ha-1, respectively). This might be due to differential uptake of N, P and K with irrigation schedules.

Keep in mind:
This is only a sample.

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In the different basmati rice varieties Basmati-370 recorded significantly higher available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil after harvest of crop (221.0, 11.5 and 136.1 kg ha-1, respectively) as compared to Pusa-1121 and Pusa-1509 but both were statistically at par. This might be due to differential uptake of N, P and K by rice cultivars. Fageria et al. (2010) also reported difference in soil nutrient status after harvest of rice crop and observed that highest available N, P and K in soil was recorded with var. having significantly lower N, P and K uptake values for both grain and straw.

Abstract

Alpha-Melanocyte Stimulating Harmone (MSH) also called intermedin or melanotropin, derived from a protein known as proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and secreted primarily by the Pitutary gland. MSH is responsible for inducing melanocytes to produce pigment called Melanin which is responsible for pigmentation in the skin, hair and eye. Skin being largest and most visible organ influenced by environment factors is idle for studying effects of ageing. In recent studies MSH plays a vital role about learning, memory and good behavior apart from pigmentation. MSH not only performs melanin synthesis, regulation of temperature, control of pain, learning but also cures inflammatory conditions of brain and peripheral organs. Kayakalpa Yoga effects a lot of biochemical changes and alteration of hormone status in our body and one such hormone is alpha MSH that increases our learning, memory, behavior as wells improves our immunity and affects ageing process.

The Siddha saints, who lived in our country during the olden days, undertook research into the ways to postpone death and increase the life span. Kayakalpa Yoga an anti-ageing technique was systematized by Yogiraj Vethathiri Maharishi. It conserves Life energy and prevents onset of pain, disease and death, making for a happy and contended disease free life. Kayakalpa yoga increases Perspicacity one makes decisions quickly and wisely. Receptivity and memory power also increase. To understand the same, a pilot study was carried out in voluntary subjects who were practicing Kayakalpa yoga observed significant changes in alpha MSH. The blood was collected before starting Kayakalpa practice and these participants were taught Kayakalpa Yoga practice by respective teachers. Few of the participants were already practitioners of SKY. All the participants strictly followed the practice and maintained the log for the practice. Those who followed the practice for at least 70 % were taken for further analysis. After 3 months of regular practice, blood samples were collected again from all the participants.

These blood samples were processed to get sera samples and these samples were stored at -80 deg C till the analysis of alpha MSH, which was measured by ELISA assay. We have conducted the paired “t” test in the samples which were collected before and after SKY practice. The analysis revealed that alpha MSH was found to be increased after the 3 months Kayakalpa practice.

Conclusion

By practicing Kayakalpa yoga in day to day life, one can improve the functioning of body and brain cells, paving the way for peace and contentment in life. Kayakalpa yoga helps a person to withstand ageing process thereby maintaining youthfulness, health and increases immunity.

Table of contents

1. Background to the Study
2. Problem Statement
Relevance of studyLimitations of the studyStructure of the study

Background to the Study

There is a growing interest in the concept of market orientation, as empirical evidence shows that companies with higher market orientation obtain better economic and commercial results. Researchers have extensively collected evidence of the positive effect of market orientation on business performance. (Narver and Slater, 1990 USA Positive relation MO-BP). Hurley and Hult (1998) have explicitly provided a theoretical framework linking market orientation, business performance and innovation, drawing on Slater and Narver’s (1995) account of the relationship between market orientation and business performance. According to Slater and Narver (1995) market orientation only improves business performance when it is coupled with a learning orientation. They state that because of its external emphasis on developing information about customers and competitors, the market-driven business is well positioned to anticipate the developing needs of customers and to respond to them through the addition of innovative products and services. This ability gives the market-driven business an advantage in the speed and effectiveness of its response to opportunities and threats. Thus, a market orientation is inherently a learning orientation (Slater and Narver, 1995, p. 67). At present almost all the companies, irrespective of developed or developing countries, consider market orientation as a pivotal point in their decision-making process. Literature on this concept suggests that environmental factors such as technology turbulence, competition, market turbulence create the need of market orientation (Malhotra, 2001). Therefore, companies now adopt market orientation either as a culture or philosophy or behavior (Kohli and Jaworski, 1990, Narver and Slater, 1990).

Defining Market Orientation Several views of market orientation are apparent. In early 1990s Kohli and Jaworski (1990) have offered a formal definition of ‘market orientation, as a set of behavior and activities in an organization. Specifically, the organization-wide generation of market intelligence pertaining to current and future customer needs, dissemination of the intelligence across departments, and the organization-wide responsiveness to it. In other words, it is a process of generating and disseminating market intelligence for creating superior buyer value. Narver and Slater (1990) reinforce Kohli and Jaworski’s (1990) conceptualization by defining market orientation as “the organizational culture that most effectively and efficiently creates the necessary behaviors for the creation of superior value for buyers and thus continuous superior performance for the business”. Based on this, they identified three behavioral components: customer orientation, competitor orientation, and inter functional orientation. According to Slater and Narver (1995), market orientation provides strong norms for learning from customers and competitors; it must be complemented by entrepreneurship and appropriate organizational structures and processes for high order learning. In general market orientation is concerned with the processes and activities associated with creating and satisfying customers by continually assessing their needs and wants (Uncles, 2000)

Problem Statement

There is a positive relationship between market orientation and performance as established by many researchers. (Narver and Slater, 1990 USA Positive relation MO-BP). Marketing orientation is an emerging practice adopted by many companies to improve its performance that is, their effectiveness and their innovation. (Aliyu Mukhtar Shehu and Rosli Mahmood August 2014 The Relationship between Market Orientation and Business Performance of Nigerian SMEs, Kajendra Kanagasabai 2008 Market orientation and Company Performance: A study of Selected Japanese and Sri Lankan Companies, Nora Lado 1998 Department of Business Economics, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Spain and Albert Maydeu-Olivares 1998 Department of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Spain Exploring the link between market orientation and innovation in the European and US insurance markets). But from many searches, the research was based on marketing orientation on performance on SME’s and comparing marketing orientation on performance between two firms from two or more different countries. The researcher did not come across the link between marketing orientation and performance in the after sales operations of automobile industries. This has necessitated the need to research this topic in line with automobile industry.

Scope of the study The research will be focused on the effect of market orientation on the performance of Toyota Ghana company limited as an automobile industry. The research will be looking at how market- oriented practices adopted by Toyota Ghana impacts its performance to make it competitive in the market and ensure its survival. Scope of the study will be limited to two branches of Toyota Ghana namely: Accra and Tema. The research will be based on after sales services provided by Toyota Ghana. The research will be concentrated on Service and spare parts department.

Relevance of study

There are numerous researchers that have already been done in market orientation and its effect on performance on firms. This study will still be important in contributing enormously to practical and academic implications. This study will help after sales managers in Toyota Ghana understand the usefulness of market orientation and how it affects performance in their operations. The study will make after sales managers more proactive in anticipating and attending to customer needs and wants to improve customer satisfaction which will eventually lead to customer retention and Loyalty since there has been a growth of other competitors offering similar services at a lower price. The study will enhance after sales managers effectiveness of its response to opportunities and threats. The study will help after sales mangers review existing market-oriented practices, improve upon them and adopt new practices. If this is successfully implemented it will be shared as a best practice in other branches of Toyota Ghana, i.e., Kumasi, Tarkwa and Takoradi and Toyota Ghana Authorized Service Shops (TGASS) across the country. In the long term other automobile industries in Ghana would also try to emulate this study and incorporate it in the after sales operations.

Limitations of the study

This study will not be completed without limitations. First would be the limited time needed for the research to be completed. Also, the research will be concentrated on only one automobile firm which is Toyota Ghana therefore can not be a true reflection of all automobile industries in Ghana. Since the assessment would be conducted by a staff of Toyota Ghana who is the researcher, it would be obvious that in the study, certain degree of subjectivity could be found. It would have been sort of objective if it had been conducted by a researcher outside the company.

Structure of the study

The study would be done under five (5) main chapters. The First Chapter of the study will look at background of the study, statement of the problem, research objectives, questions the study seek out to answer, significance of the study, scope the study will be covered, limitations the study is likely to be encountered and the structure of the study. The Second Chapter will review academic studies on market orientation and performance. The Third Chapter will explain the methodology used to complete the study. Chapter Four (4) will discuss the findings of the data collected and the Final Chapter will summarize the research finding, conclusion on the study and make some recommendations.

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