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Table of contents

1. Introduction
Types Of Drugs1. Stimulants:2. Depressants:3. Hallucinogens:4. Dissociative:5. Opioids:6. Inhalants:7. Cannabis:Uses of drugsPrescribed drugsIllegal street drugsEffects on HealthPreventative Measures
2. Conclusion
3. References

Introduction

Drug abuse is defined as the consumption of harmful medical substances in excessive amounts disobeying the medical guidelines. It has a negative impact on health. Some people who misuse drugs have many social and health problems which lead to the consequence of addiction. Thus, drug abuse refers to a state, when a drug becomes important part of a person’s life and he is completely dependent on that drug. Drug abuse can effect on physiological and physical dependency of a person. Some drugs can cause addiction and all drugs can cause bad health effect. Drug addiction is a complex disease which needs long term extensive treatment. The rush of pleasure for taking excessive drugs can provide temporary solace but later it can cause a serious health issues. The preventative measures of drug abuse are the first and important step to recover the drug addicted persons. This research essay has analyzed the impact of drug abuse among individual health of teenagers and provided preventative measures for mitigating this issue.

Types Of Drugs

There are seven different types of substances. All these have their own effects on the individual body and their own risks. These types are:

1. Stimulants:

Stimulants impact the central nervous system (CNS) of the body, which causes the user to feel 'speed up.'

2. Depressants:

Depressants impacts the CNS of body as stimulants does, but in the opposite effect. They make the person feel as things are slowing down.

3. Hallucinogens:

These kinds of drugs results in disrupting brain communication.

4. Dissociative:

These distort the perception of the reality by the user, and causes users to dissociate themselves or feel like they are watching their own bodies from outside.

5. Opioids:

Opioids are very strong pain relievers that makes the user feel euphoria. They are habit-forming, sometimes they can cause addiction even a couple of days.

6. Inhalants:

These drugs also cause feeling of euphoria. They are made up of household items and as the name suggests, these drugs are always inhaled and taken in in the form of gases or fumes.

7. Cannabis:

It acts like a hallucinogen, as well as depressant. It has a high potential for addiction but it has also many medicinal uses.

Uses of drugs

Utilization of drugs pursues psychotropic as opposed to medicinal purposes. Among the most widely recognized psychotropic drugs are sedatives (opium, morphine, and heroin), psychedelic drugs (LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin), barbiturates, cocaine, amphetamines, sedatives, and cannabis. Liquor and tobacco are additionally some of the time delegated drugs. The term sedate maltreatment is regularly connected to inordinate and addictive utilization of drugs. Since such drugs can have serious physiological and mental, just as social, impacts, numerous administrations manage their utilization. For example, some of the drug sellers tend to target youth folk those are intoxicated or alcoholic. On the other hand, using fake prescription, some addicted heads also try to manage drugs illegally from street sources.

Prescribed drugs

The authorities of prescription to assess and embrace treatment approaches that are quality put together and that work with respect to the assets and qualities of the customer's way of life, singular attributes and encounters, otherworldliness, and family. Among Hispanic/Latina customers, families are commonly an essential piece of the encouraging group of people and can work as an asset in recuperation. Correspondingly, the centrality of family ties may give inspiration to treatment and an awareness of other's expectations to family. In an examination that assessed the job of family in decreasing or postponing liquor use among youthful Hispanic/Latina females, benefits that assistance improves parental clinics can have long haul constructive outcomes.

Financial status, age, and time span are related with substance use and substance use issue among network based people. Of specific concern, the 2015 Youth Risk Behavior Survey found a developing predominance of liquor and other medication use among pre-adult Hispanic/Latina females. Studies have likewise detached work, conjugal status, and instructive dimension as indicators of liquor utilization and substance use issue among Hispanics/Latinas. In an investigation assessing racial/ethnic contrasts among ladies with co-happening mental and substance use issue, Hispanic/Latina ladies had critical social weakness described by lower financial and instructive status, introduction to savage wrongdoings, and higher rates of criminal equity association.

Illegal street drugs

Illegal drug use is incredibly harming our young people today, and in their future. It is in the psyche of each parent and open alike. However with the alarm of harming the lives of things to come and it is a fact that availability of drugs and insufficient administration has increased the practices on illegal drug use on the streets. As stated by Hindmarch (2017), from the beginning of the disclosure of cannabis, cocaine, and other illegal drugs, the open has seen the negative results and outcomes of utilizing them. In any case, transient assessments won't cover them – nor should society need to urge less demanding access to a medication that can prompt reliance, has wellbeing dangers, and diminishes readiness, to give some examples of its contrary results. Through close to home perception, youngsters from age thirteen and up (now and then significantly more youthful), as of now have the friend strain to smoke, drink, be fierce and be explicitly dynamic. Ceasing and sentencing individuals who disseminate the drugs is a decent method to help stop the spread of the substances, yet more cash needs to go to avoiding it. By included requests for anticipation through media, parental help, and government laws, illicit drugs may turn into a panic of the past, not a pattern for what's to come.

There are certain aspects prevailing in the field of illegal use of drugs. However, there is no difference between the categories. In that concern, the important fact is that such usages of drugs has no limitation and excessive intake has caused into mental issues among individuals even in some cases death.

Effects on Health

Taking huge amount of medicines or drug s in an illegal way is harmful to health. As for example drugs that are commonly misused are tobacco, alcohol sleeping tablet and others are very dangerous to health without following medical guidelines. Based on the study of Fang et al. (2016), people in Australia who are taking drugs illegally have faced legal trouble. They also have several students who are using pharmaceutical drugs for non-medical purpose. Many teenagers are using non prescribed medicine in order to reduce their anxiety, stress, pressure and which creates dangerous effect on health. Moreover, from 1999 the death ration by drug abusing has been increased by 4 times (1.6 per 10000 persons respectively) in Australia. Death ratio of the youngsters (Less than 35 years) is greater than the death ratio of other people. As opined by Karpoov (2015) at the schools it has been evident that most of the students start their substance addiction from 14 years of age and all the students have tried the drugs at least once in life. But as per the research results there are students who have negative attitude towards the drug issue. The authors argued that 1% of the parents have a positive attitude towards the drugs which is a very serious issue of Australian society.

According to Haffajee, R. L. (2015), when adolescents reach at that stage of life where they are unable to take the pressure of life, their mentality is to take drugs for releasing the pressure, and almost 79% of the middle aged person is taking drugs for this reason. This can be supported with the findings of Emmers, Bekkering & Hannes, (2015), which shows that people are addicted towards the Euphoria created by drugs. Some people are also addictive towards the dizzy effect created by sedatives and depressants. However, they argued that the indiscipline and unhealthy lifestyles of the parents can harm the future generation. Majority of drug abusers think that taking drugs and alcohol is the solution to avoid realities and pressure of life. Person who is addicted to a drug may suffer from social and health problem which may include cardiac problems, respiratory problem, HIV and others. Moreover, it will create mental health problems like suicidal thoughts, anxiety, depression and others. Intake of excessive amount of drugs may also lead people in doing illegal activities and crimes.

Preventative Measures

CAP Theory: Based on the study of Han et al. (2017), Cap control theory refers to the interaction of Cognitive Affective Pharmacologic Effects of taking drug. This theory is also makes several expectations for treatment of drug abuse. CAP theory is associated with the use of drugs with pharmacokinetics drug effect and interaction of individual’s style. Cognitive approach for drug abuser plays a vital role in individuals while moving from experimentation of drug to drug abuse. CAP theory help in reduction of stress from individual minds which is effective for making person free from drug abuse. This theory can help in implementing multimodal approach which is helpful in mitigating faulty thinking and can teach in developing interpersonal skills. This can provide a scope to the drug addict person in coping up with the pain and anxiety which can further help in the building of self-positive image.

Global Initiatives: initial approach for prevention plays an important role among people before they start to depend on drugs. Thus, global initiative will help to stop using drugs among people who are already addicted to it. People under the age of 14 are more willing to use illegal substances as they get forced or influenced by their companions, relatives or from someone who is already addicted. Thus, global initiative helps them to stop by providing guidance and awareness.

Family support and Guidance: Support and guidance that has been provided by family will help to deal with life pressure and will help in gaining ability to accept the realities. Over the year many medical issue is coming in front regarding this drug issues. Not only are the youngsters, but also the middle age people getting affected by doing the over doses of the drugs. Few parents are also involved in this addiction, as results the rate of unhealthy child birth in Australia Haffajee, R. L. (2015). Although the Australian government is implementing strict decision to stop the drug abuse, the people still need to be taught the methods of meditation so they can get a motivation to lead a healthy life.

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Conclusion

From this drug abuse, it is seen that drug abuse is a serious health issue which can destroy the entire health of an individual. Researchers have also found that facing certain challenges such as doing poorly in school or conflict in family increase the likelihood those boys will abuse substance. Australian government should implement rules and laws that teenagers cannot get easily access to the drugs. Government should provide funds to health professionals, caregivers, medical assistants so that they can arrange camps to provide necessary education about the harmful effects on consuming drugs. As we know that it is long-term treatment to avoid taking drugs, but with the help of government and health professionals, caregivers, it can be easier to take over this issue because teenagers are future of country.

References

1. Drummer, O.H. and Yap, S., 2016. The involvement of prescribed drugs in road trauma. Forensic science international, 265, pp.17-21.
2. Emmers, E., Bekkering, G. E., & Hannes, K. (2015). Prevention of alcohol and drug misuse in adolescents: An overview of systematic reviews. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 32(2), 183-198, retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1515/nsad-2015-0019 [Retrieved on 1st February 2019]
3. Fang, H. B., Huang, H., Clarke, R., & Tan, M. (2016). Predicting multi-drug inhibition interactions based on signaling networks and single drug dose-response information. Journal of Computational Systems Biology, 2(1), 1-9, Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hengzhen_Huang/publication/319136841_Predicting_Multi-Drug_Inhibition_Interactions_based_on_Signaling_Networks_and_Single_Drug_Dose-Response_Information/links/599414c9458515c0ce64f890/Predicting-Multi-Drug-Inhibition-Interactions-based-on-Signaling-Networks-and-Single-Drug-Dose-Response-Information.pdf [Retrived on 1st February 2019]
4. Haffajee, R. L. (2015). Preventing opioid misuse with prescription drug monitoring programs: a framework for evaluating the success of state public health laws. Hastings LJ, 67, 1621, Retrive4d from https://repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1075&context=hastings_law_journal [Retrieved on 1st February 2019]
5. Han, B., Compton, W. M., Blanco, C., Crane, E., Lee, J., & Jones, C. M. (2017). Prescription opioid use, misuse, and use disorders in US adults: 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Annals of Internal Medicine, 167(5), 293-301, Retrieved from https://www.doh.wa.gov/Portals/1/Documents/2300/2017/AnnalsInternalMed.pdf
6. Hindmarch, I., 2017. Effects of Prescribed and Over-the-Counter Drugs on Workplace Performance. In Addiction at Work (pp. 87-104). Routledge.
7. Karpov, V. Y., Eremin, M. V., Petrova, M. A., Alifirov, A. I., & Skorosov, K. K. (2015). Modern approaches to preventing drug addiction by means of physical activity and sports. Biology and Medicine, 7(5), 1-4. Retrieved from: http://biolmedonline.com/Articles/Vol7_5_2015/BM-147-15_Modern-Approaches-to-Preventing-Drug-Addiction.pdf
8. Kolind, T., Holm, K., Duff, C. and Frank, V.A., 2016. Three enactments of drugs in Danish prison drug treatment: Illegal drugs, medicine and constrainers. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 23(2), pp.135-143
9. Monteith, S. and Glenn, T., 2018. Searching online to buy commonly prescribed psychiatric drugs. Psychiatry research, 260, pp.248-254.
10. Paul, A.B.M., Simms, L., Mahesan, A.A. and Belanger, E.C., 2018. Teens, Drugs, & Vegas: Toxicological surveillance of illicit prescription and illegal drug abuse in adolescents (12–17 years) using post-mortem data in Clark County, Nevada from 2005 to 2015. Journal of forensic and legal medicine, 58, pp.20-24.
11. Petrie, B., Youdan, J., Barden, R. and Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., 2016. New framework to diagnose the direct disposal of prescribed drugs in wastewater–a case study of the antidepressant fluoxetine. Environmental science & technology, 50(7), pp.3781-3789.
12. abs.gov.au (2019). Drug Induced Deaths in Australia: A changing story. Retrieved on 23 January 2019, from: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Lookup/by%20Subject/3303.0~2016~Main%20Features~Drug%20Induced%20Deaths%20in%20Australia~6
13. Types of Drugs. (2019, January 03). Retrieved from https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/drug-addiction/types-of-drugs/#gref

Table of contents

1. Positive Reinforcement
2. Negative Reinforcement
3. Conclusion

Many people are a witness to some reasonably addiction. Addiction comes in several shapes and forms. As an example, somebody are often captivated with are often medication, alcohol, sex, technology, cigarettes etc. The brain is one amongst the most parts that plays a massive half in addiction. Since the day I entered this world, I actually have full-fledged addiction. I actually have not full-fledged in person, however I actually have had the rare chance to watch addiction. People that suffer from this weakness can't be classified during a whole. Drug addiction doesn't have an effect on a particular demographic; folks from all walks of life area unit in danger and therefore the addiction will most quite get them high.

The term addiction derives from the Latin word addicere, “to sentence.” Addictive drugs are those whose effects are so dominating that some people who are displayed to them are not able to live without taking them. It is not necessary that all the people who are exposed to drugs are become addicted to them. And the mostly addictive drugs are derived from plants. This plant uses them as a protection against insects or other animals that otherwise would eat them, but it is also found that chemists have synthesized many other drugs that have even more effects. Many years ago, people had found that there are many substances found in nature primarily in leaves, seeds, and roots of plants And Also in some animal products had medicinal qualities. They discovered herbs that helped to prevent infections that help in healing that used in upset stomach, reducing the pain. Also help people in sleeping. They also found some “recreational drugs” these are the drugs that produced pleasurable effects when eaten, drunk, or smoked. They are also use in stress, anxiety, or depression. It is not important that only illegal drugs, such as cocaine or heroin that can cause the addiction. Some other painkillers, antidepressants, sleeping pills can also cause the addiction. Even it is also proved that marijuana use as painkiller is most addictive drug in US. Any type of drug either illegal or prescription they doesn’t automatically cause the addiction. Some people are capable of using the prescribed drugs without experiencing any kind of negative effects, while others find that same substance as a serious toll on their health and well-being. The addiction is depend on consequences on which that drugs are use, it is not generally depends on the dose of the drug or amount of drug. Anyone can develop addiction and problems from using drugs; degree to substance addiction differs from person to other person. And the person’s genes, their amental health, their family and social environment play a role in it. It also depends on family history of drug, mental disorders such as depression and anxiety, and method of administration also matters.

Positive Reinforcement

The positive reinforcement model acknowledges that though physiological withdrawal from the consequences of abuse could play a crucial role in relapse following short term abstinence, it fails to account for relapse once long term abstinence. Moreover, it additionally doesn’t justify the pathological “wanting” that continues to be gift even in people who are abstinent for several years. In step with one distinguished positive reinforcement model, the inducement Sensitisation (IS) Model (1), addiction is that the results of neural sensitisation of reward circuits (centred within the ventral striate body (VS)) by the neurochemical monoamine neurotransmitter. Positive reinforcement mechanisms cause a non-associative learning method, named as sensitization, within which perennial confrontation with a substance-related cue (which acts as a reinforce) ends up in the progressive amplification of a response (substance seeking). This ‘sensitisation’ or hypersensitivity is also free lance of negative withdrawal symptoms or associate degree individual’s general negative spirit and ends up in compulsive substance-seeking and substance-taking. These mechanisms of positive reinforcement leave addicts at risk of relapse once confronted by substance-related cues that trigger a pathological “wanting”, as more and more distinct from initial reward-linked “liking”.

Drug addiction is progressively viewed because the end point of a series of transitions from initial drug use — when a drug is voluntarily taken as a result of its reinforcing, typically epicurean, effects — through loss of management over this behavior, such it becomes habitual and ultimately compulsive. Here we have a tendency to discuss proof that these transitions depend upon interactions between physiologist and instrumental learning processes. We have a tendency to theorise that the amendment from voluntary drug use to additional habitual and compulsive drug use represents a transition at the neural level from anterior animal tissue to striate management over drug seeking and drug taking behaviour additionally as a progression from ventral to additional dorsal domains of the corpus striatum, involving its dopaminergic innervations. These neural transitions might themselves depend upon the neuroplasticity in each animal tissue and striated structures that are elicited by chronic self-administration of medicine.

Negative Reinforcement

Negative reinforcement may be a thought developed by scientist B.F. Skinner to part make a case for human behaviour. Skinner believed that an individual can repeat a behaviour if it's strengthened in a very negative manner. This can be not constant as penalty. A penalty stops behaviour. A negative reinforcement keeps an exact behaviour going. For instance, an occasional grade may be a negative reinforcement for finding out for a take a look at, a high grade may be a reward for finding out, and an occasional grade may be a penalty for not finding out. Negative reinforcement isn't constant as penalty. In fact, the 2 ideas square measure polar opposites. Penalty may be a procedure that decreases the likelihood that a selected response can occur. Negative reinforcement, on the opposite hand, means that the stop of adverse stimulation, that thereby will increase the chance of a selected response. Within the addiction context, negative reinforcement happens throughout withdrawal. For example, once a fan is experiencing painful withdrawal effects, reducing the pain by taking additional of the drug negatively reinforces continuation of abuse so as to avoid constant withdrawal effects. In another example, negative reinforcement is once a sick addict begins to hold out once more with friends who once helped alter him/her to abuse medicine. The unendurable loneliness he/she is knowledgeable about on his own is that the adverse stimulation and, once this sense goes away once rejoining the cluster, there can be less of an opportunity that the person will build another break from these friends.

Drug addiction is related to the activation of reward neural electronic equipment, however I argue that white plague additionally involves another major supply of reinforcement, specifically negative reinforcement driven by the ‘dark side’ (i.e., a decrease within the perform of traditional reward-related neurocircuitry and chronic achievement of the brain stress systems). This mixture forms the antireward system or ‘darkness inside.’ Understanding the neuroplasticity of the neurocircuitry that contains the negative reinforcement related to addiction is that the key to understanding the vulnerability to the transition to addiction, misery of addiction, and persistence of addiction.

Conclusion

To conclude the essay, the effects of drug addiction are varied inflicting physical, psychological, economic, and social issues. Effective treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach within which health, education, welfare, community, and family elements ought to all be incorporated.

Among many other problems, modern society today is faced with the problem of ‘Drug Abuse’. Drug abuse is a misuse of, or over indulgence in drugs resulting in physical or psychological harm to the individual involved in it. The World Health Organization defines drug addiction as ‘a state of periodic and chronic intoxication produced by repeated consumption of drug ( natural or synthetic)'.

The drugs may vary from prescribed medications to narcotic drugs such cocaine, hashish, heroine etc. The use of these substances produces a craving or a physical addiction, which leads to regular intake of these drugs and is called ‘Drug Addiction’. In severe cases the drug addict can neither lead a normal life nor survive without drugs.

Drug abuse is a widespread and critical problem not only for the Western countries today, but has emerged as one of the major point concerns for Indian society as well. India today has not only become a key transit of drugs, but also a large consumption centre. According to official figures, India has about 7.5 crore drug addicts and the number is going up significantly, especially in semi-urban and backward areas. The monthly drug sales in India varies between 100 crore to 125 crore rupees.

India’s location, between opioid generation and export capitals of central and south east Asia, may be one reason for the hold that these drugs have within the nation. Sociocultural changes and financial precariousness have cleared out a few people especially powerless. Household generation of opium and relatively open worldwide exchange policies- India is the sole licensed worldwide exporter of crude opium have contributed to the issue.

In spite of the fact that predominance of illegal sedate infusion in India is relatively low, at less than 1% of the entire population, current research and literature reviews estimate that there are between 180 000 and 1.1 million users of injected drugs in the country infused sedate utilize was concentrated within the north east of the nation, but quickly developing population of clients in Punjab and other states within the north west show modern challenges for care and administration.

The typical injecting drugs user in India is Male, aged between 15 and 35, uneducated and unemployed. Up to 20% of injecting drug users are female and even some users are under 18. In one of the studies 66% of female users are also reported engaging sex work in trade for drugs. The most commonly abused infused drugs in India are moderately powerful opioids such as buprenorphine, nalbuphine, dextropropoxyphene and dicycloverine, which are occupied and trafficked by for abuse.

Injected drug use has a negative impact on families and communities, it causes financial misfortune, affecting social disharmony, brings down self-regard, and advances social withdrawal. Substance abuse is related with expanded rates of crime, domestic abuse and motor vehicle crashes.

Users of injected drugs are more likely to die prematurely out of overdose and have increase rate of morbidity and mortality associated with other high-risk behaviours. Unsafe injection hones such as sharing needles and syringes are common, with rates of 58-95% within the north eastern states. These practices encourage transmission of HIV and hepatitis C. An assessed 9.2% of drug users (1650) in India are HIV positive., and in spite of broad of the broad accessibility of antiretroviral treatment only 11.7% of injecting drug users who are HIV positive receive treatment.

There are various causes of increasing drug menace in India, one of the main reasons is India sandwiched between two largest opium producing regions of the world that is the Golden triangle, (which comprises Myanmar, Thailand, Laos and Vietnam) on a side and the Golden crescent (Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan) on the other side. Other than this their various more reasons also, like Peer pressure, financial problem, social neglect and poor implementation of laws.

The situation worsens because of limited treatment. Less than 6% of infusing drug users in India have access to opioid substitution therapy. Monetary and infrastructural assistance from the government to organizations combating medicate abuse remain negligible. The situation in India is more regrettable since there’s no government framework to identify and treat individuals from infusing of drugs and the country’s total wellbeing budget is as it were 1.2% of net residential product. India contributes ineffectively in healthcare in general, and mental healthcare remains an excessively dismissed area.

Research shows that different procedures are required to recruit a different cohort of infusing drug sedates clients into treatment and HIV prevention programmes. Focused on outreach by prepared workers remain the foremost successful implies of coming individuals for counselling, but it is additionally the foremost asset seriously as distant as people, time and concerned.

When comes to treatment then, no one has treated any significant number of medicate addicts, will wander the assertion that any treatment is fruitful in bringing around lasting cures in the majority of the cases. To create a temporary remedy may be straight forward matter. One can be in comparatively short time deprive the addict of his desires for the drug, build him up physically and to all construct appearances have him totally cured. But return the addict to his previous partners and frequents and in spite of the fact that he completely realizes how this habit has demolished the career, the person will not hesitate to take the vice again.

When the treated patient returns to his previous house, he is greeted by his old companions, who are quite solicitous that he has ‘being’ in case he needs it. As the ordinary drug addicts becomes much of enfeebled volition, he very often falls again. Obviously, the thing to do at that point is to remove the cured addict from his former environment and to place him in new surroundings with new companions or relatives who are on edge to lead him within the right path. This a path for social worker. The director of state hospital or other institution where the remedy is managed cannot be expected to do this ensuring work. As long as they are produced in the quantities they are today, the drug traffic will continue to flourish.

There are number of medications of the medicate compulsion, the best known and the most compelling being the Lambert and the Hyoscine treatments. To this there are modification. The progressive withdrawal strategy isn’t effective, and for the foremost portion has been discarded. A few addicts utilize the strategy themselves. They fill a bottle with saturated solution of morphine and every time they remove a syringe full of this solution, they return to the bottle a like amount of water. In this way the solution gets to be weaker and the addicts gets less of his drug as time goes on. He trusts inevitably to be utilizing plain water as it were, but this once in a while happens, for the monster breaks over and treats himself.

For treating drug addiction, all curative methods can be divided into two broad categories, ‘ambulatory’ and ‘institutional’. The ambulatory treatment is described as any treatment in which drugs are prescribed or dispensed to a patient for self-administration by the patient, so he has control and possession of drugs and is physician’s instruction. The institutional treatment is defined as any treatment in which narcotic drugs, if used at all, are administered by a physician or by a nurse under a physician’s direction.

Aamir Khan’s television show ‘Satyamev Jayate’ also dealt with this concept of alcoholism amongst Indians, especially the youth. It came out with a brilliant example of reputed lyricist Javed Akhtar, who confessed his obsession for alcohol he had almost 27 years. He confessed that it spoiled his life and was happy to come out of it. So, it is clearly also understood that until and unless the addict did not understand himself and tries to come out of the drug trap and take right path, no treatment will show any result.

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Merely observing 26th June as the International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking is not enough. All measures or compulsions even punishment should be laid to check the evil of drug addiction from spreading and paralysing the society. So then the world can see change in the rate of drug addiction.

Introduction: Robert Louis Stevenson's The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde is a novel which is arguably entirely about duality. The most obvious example is of course that of Jekyll and Hyde duality discussed in this essay, but underneath that is a multitude of smaller oppositions, such as dark and light; private and public; and animal and man, which collectively underline and strengthen the feeling of duality which permeates the novella. Thesis statement: This essay will examine several of these dualities, how they interact and how they enhance the themes and messages of the story itself.

Topic sentence: The relationship between dark and light is one which is repeatedly addressed throughout the story. While it is common in many types of novel, it has particular significance in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde, as there are characters onto which the reader can directly imprint dark and light. Hyde is repeatedly characterized in dark ways; during his first appearance in the story, in Enfield's recounting of the night the girl was trampled, he is described as possessing a “black, sneering coolness”  and, for contrast, the doctor is described on the previous page as being of “no particular colour”. In addition, when the doctor looks at Hyde, he is described as turning “sick and white”. Jekyll's change in demeanor after the murder of Carew is also described in these terms; his face is described as seeming to “open and brighten” .

Following the meeting between Dr. Lanyon and Mr. Hyde, as is revealed in Lanyon's letter later in the story, Jekyll sends Utterson a message and this section is replete with images of dark and light. The content of the message is described as “darkly mysterious”, and the portion which is shared with the reader shows that Jekyll is also thinking in these terms; he demands of Utterson that he be allowed to go his “own dark way” ) and suggests that by acquiescing to his wish for isolation, Utterson would “lighten his destiny” . There are many other examples throughout the text, and Hyde is almost always associated with darkness (only once is Hyde described in 'light' terms; just after Utterson meets him for the first time, he is said to be “pale and dwarfish”. Even characters' appraisals of Hyde's temperament include this dichotomy; Evidence & citing: Utterson describes him as possessing “black secrets” , and again directly compares him to Jekyll, whose worst secrets, according to Utterson, are “like sunshine” .

This comparison extends even to the description of setting and place. Stevenson describes a “haggard shaft of daylight which would glance in between the swirling wreaths”, and streetlamps illuminating a scene in “a regular pattern of light and shadow” . The close relationship between dark and light is a recurring technique throughout the story; rarely is the concept of 'dark' mentioned without a corresponding mention of 'light' somewhere in the text nearby. Furthermore, the juxtaposition between light and dark is also addressed several times in the novella; people who are looking at Hyde, or thinking about him, are often said to be white or pale.

The doctor in Enfield's tale is one example, as is Jekyll's reaction to Utterson's mention of Hyde's name during their conversation about his will - “the large handsome face of Dr. Jekyll grew pale to the very lips”. Evidence & citing: Lanyon, too, is described as having “grown pale” after seeing Hyde transform into Jekyll. If dark and light are accepted as metaphors for good and bad, the effect here is that characters' goodness is intensified upon seeing Hyde, in much the same way that a light patch appears lighter when next to something dark. The interweaving of these two concepts serves to make an overall point about the overarching duality of Jekyll and Hyde themselves; as is made clear throughout Jekyll's full statement of the case, the dark (evil) side of man and the light (virtuous) side, while being opposed by definition, are nevertheless lashed together by necessity. This is also the case for dark and light themselves; where there is no light, there is dark, so despite their opposition they are two sides of the same coin.

Topic sentence: Another pairing to which that analogy is applicable is that of public and private. Especially in Victorian society, known for its puritanical bent and clear-cut distinction between lower and upper classes, public and private faces often had to be very different. Evidence & citing: The first example in the text of someone curtailing their wants due to concerns about propriety is Utterson, who is said to drink gin to “mortify a taste for vintages”. He is said, on the same page, to enjoy the theatre but not to have attended a show in twenty years. While Utterson does not precisely 'let loose' whilst at home, these details imply that his private desires are such that they need to be contained; this is again addressed when he is reading “some dry divinity” on his desk, seemingly for a similar purpose as drinking the gin. Utterson's feelings on the matter are actually baldly stated at one point, where he is identified as a man “to whom the fanciful was the immodest”.

The conflict between Jekyll's private and public lives plays out rather more bombastically than Utterson's, but the inclusion of these small details show that these aspects are present even in the unlikeliest candidates and provides a through-line, linking the men together. Naturally, the gulf between Jekyll's public and private selves is the main thrust of the novella, and much of the material illustrating this point surrounds him. Evidence & citing: One of the ways in which Stevenson highlights this is through the mention of windows; a window can be considered a gateway through which one can view the private from a public place and vice versa. Hyde's house is described at the beginning of the novella as “show[ing] no window”, emphasizing the inability of the characters and reader to view what goes on in there; additionally, the block at the end of Jekyll's garden is said to be a “dingy windowless structure”.

Utterson and Enfield finding Jekyll at the window also reinforces this effect; their ability to see him nearly leads them to witness his transformation into Hyde, or his private self, as is suggested by the haste with which he slams the window shut. This is the only time when Jekyll is seen near or through a window, and it is the last time he appears in the story's chronology, so it is arguably a foreshadowing of Jekyll's forthcoming exposure and the illumination of his private life. Connected to this symbolism is the repeated mention of eyes in the story; often, characters in the story make judgements about others based on their eyes, as if they betray something deeper than the person's general manner.

Commentary: In this sense, eyes function a lot like windows, allowing access to private areas of information. This begins in the very first paragraph of the novella; Utterson has “something eminently human beaconing from his eye”, prompting the reader to trust him and identify with him. Also, after Utterson's first mention of Hyde to Jekyll, “there came a blackness about Jekyll's eyes” – this ties in with the idea of Hyde being represented by darkness. When Lanyon becomes ill, Utterson judges the state of his character and health not by his general appearance, but specifically by “a look in the eye” . This relationship between eyes and private thoughts is made more overt during Jekyll's full statement of the case; when he writes about how close Hyde is to him, he describes it as “closer than a wife, closer than an eye” .

Topic sentence: The difference between animal and man is also an important dichotomy in the story. Hyde is very often described in animalistic terms; although not looking like an animal, necessarily, his movements and speech are often described as such. The first parallels are in Hyde's encounter with Utterson; when Utterson says his name, he shrinks back “with a hissing intake of the breath”. Additionally, on the next page, he “snarl[s] aloud into a savage laugh” (p.17). On this same page, Utterson finds Hyde “hardly human”. Later in the story the comparisons are drawn more noticeably; for example, Hyde attacks Carew “with ape-like fury”, when Poole sees him wearing his mask, he moves “like a monkey”  and when Utterson is breaking down the door of the cabinet, Hyde screeches “as of mere animal terror”.

Several other animalistic words are used throughout the story to describe Hyde's actions, including “roaring”, “mauled”  and “growl”. These points are especially relevant for two reasons; firstly, the then-recent publication of Darwin's On the Origin of Species setting forth a scientific theory in which humans and animals were, in essence, indistinguishable; and secondly, Victorian society being as image-conscious and puritanical as it was, 'animal' behaviur would be considered a disgrace, and the idea that humans might be descended from animals was practically heretical. It is arguable that The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is, at least in part, conveying that humankind has both an animal side and a refined, cultured side, which the Victorians would have been considered to be polar opposites. However, this interpretation does not tell the full story, as Patricia Ferrer-Medina states in Wild Humans: “given his brutal nature, Hyde's behavior is surprisingly civil: he refers to himself as a gentleman” (Ferrer-Medina, 2007, p.11). Mr. Hyde is shown several times throughout the story to be capable of refinement; when he first meets Utterson, he agrees to doing a favor for him with the words “with pleasure”, and he also furnishes Utterson with his address once he has seen his face - a social nicety which is far from animalistic.

During his meeting with Lanyon, too, he is shown as capable of maintaining a certain level of decorum, saying “I beg your pardon, Dr. Lanyon” and being described as speaking “civilly” . The idea of Hyde as an animal (reinforced by his name being a homophone for “hide”, as in the hide of an animal) is not completely congruous, then, with his characterization throughout the novel; while he elicits extremely negative reactions from others, it is not often due to his behavior. This is arguably a comment on how animals do not necessarily have to act like animals all the time in order to be counted as such, and indeed that perhaps even humans themselves could be animals, as was suggested in Darwin's paper.

Jekyll's statement that “man is not truly one, but truly two”  is perhaps the most revealing comment on this issue; it can easily be taken to mean that humans are not only cultured, but also have an animalistic dark side which is a remnant of our evolutionary history. This is further strengthened by Jekyll mentioning “the thorough and primitive duality of man”, the word 'primitive' potentially referring to humankind's animal past as well as somewhat mirroring the word 'primate', since they have the same root word. Jekyll's insistence when describing himself looking in the mirror as Hyde that “this, too, was myself” is the final piece of evidence which supports this interpretation. In Wild Humans, Patricia Ferrer-Medina states: “The concept of evolution is also mentioned to explain why Hyde is smaller in stature than Jekyll. The doctor explains that because he had exercised his evil side less than his good side, when the evil side was given free rein it was “less robust and less developed”. This speaks of the evolutionary influence on Stevenson's work, an influence which, crucially, placed the concepts of animal and man on the same spectrum, rather than being opposites.

There are also some interesting connections between these established dualities. For example, while a window is representative of private and public, it is also representative of light and dark; a window lets in light just as easily as it may let secrets out. There is also a correlation between the dualities themselves, as the dark is often an effective shield for private affairs, keeping them hidden from the public. One of the ironies of the text is that when Hyde's door is broken by Utterson, he is found dead, but in a brightly-lit, cozy room. One would expect Hyde, as a figure of malice, brutishness and animality, to reside primarily in the dark, as would be in keeping with his characterization throughout the novella. However, the room being bright and warm is actually representative of these dualities, in that Jekyll's private life (i.e. Mr. Hyde himself) is suddenly being illuminated.

Topic sentence: The concepts of public and private are also important within the text itself, as Jekyll uses them to disassociate himself from the consequences of his actions, and to avoid moral responsibility for them. Jekyll says, in his final letter, that he allowed himself to become distanced from the actions of Hyde since “it was Hyde, after all, and Hyde alone, that was guilty. Jekyll was no worse; he woke again to his good qualities seemingly unimpaired” . This puts forward Jekyll's seeming idea that one's private self should not be reflected, at all, in one's public self. In In The Company of Strangers, Ronald Thomas writes:

“Jekyll's consistent absenting of himself from his own texts accords with his purpose in creating Hyde in the first place: to deny himself moral agency, to cease being an "I." This intention is fulfilled at the end of Jekyll's statement in the hopeless confusion with which the first- and third-person pronouns are used; the writer finally begins referring to both Jekyll and Hyde as "them," as autonomous in other words .”

Commentary: By separating the two parts of himself, the public and private, at the end of the text Jekyll himself cannot identify with either one.

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Conclusion paragraph: Ultimately, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde is replete with dualities; these are only three examples, but in many ways they are interwoven and self-reinforcing in such a way that they lend an extreme depth to the text, both in intrinsic and extrinsic readings. The presence of so many oppositions gives the novella a great sense of ambiguity, since they are so often mixed and matched, and it also (perhaps crucially) underlines the overarching theme: as put by Jekyll, that “man is not truly one, but truly two” .

References

1. Edley, N., & Wetherell, M. (2001). Jekyll and Hyde: Men's constructions of feminism and feminists. Feminism & Psychology, 11(4), 439-457. (https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0959353501011004002)
2. Doane, J., & Hodges, D. (1989, October). Demonic Disturbances of Sexual Identity: The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr/s Hyde. In NOVEL: a Forum on Fiction (Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 63-74). Duke University Press.(https://www.jstor.org/stable/1345579)
3. Rose, B. A. (1996). Jekyll and Hyde Adapted: Dramatizations of Cultural Anxiety (No. 66). Greenwood Publishing Group. (https://www.worldcat.org/title/jekyll-and-hyde-adapted-dramatizations-of-cultural-anxiety/oclc/32921958)
4. Becchio, C., Sartori, L., Bulgheroni, M., & Castiello, U. (2008). The case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: a kinematic study on social intention. Consciousness and cognition, 17(3), 557-564. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1053810007000207)
5. Lacey, N. (2010). Psychologising Jekyll, demonising Hyde: The strange case of criminal responsibility. Criminal Law and Philosophy, 4, 109-133. (https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11572-010-9091-8)

Introduction

Should follow an “upside down” triangle format, meaning, the writer should start off broad and introduce the text and author or topic being discussed, and then get more specific to the thesis statement.

Thesis statement

Cornerstone of the essay, presenting the central argument that will be elaborated upon and supported with evidence and analysis throughout the rest of the paper.

Topic sentence

The topic sentence serves as the main point or focus of a paragraph in an essay, summarizing the key idea that will be discussed in that paragraph.

Evidence & citing

The body of each paragraph builds an argument in support of the topic sentence, citing information from sources as evidence.

Commentary

After each piece of evidence is provided, the author should explain HOW and WHY the evidence supports the claim.

Conclusion paragraph

Should follow a right side up triangle format, meaning, specifics should be mentioned first such as restating the thesis, and then get more broad aboutthe topic at hand. Lastly, leave the reader with something to think about and ponder once they are done reading.

The theme of contrast is key to A Streetcar Named Desire as it is so obviously displayed in every aspect of the play. Most importantly, Blanche is in a stark contrast with Stanley – a contrast which ends up being very problematic – and there is also the uncomfortable contrast between Blanche’s shining expectations and the reality she is faced with. The dualism with which we are first faced is that of the surroundings Blanche Dubois finds herself in. The scene Williams first describes is exceedingly romantic: “The sky… is a peculiarly tender blue, almost turquoise” and “the infatuated fluency of brown fingers”. This alliteration heightens the poetic nature of his writing at this point, thereby increasing the image of an idyllic environment. The quirky and up-beat atmosphere of New Orleans (which would undoubtedly have been uncomfortable to Blanche, being such a contrast to the surroundings she is used to) is highlighted by Williams’s description of the music; the forward thinking manner of the place is shown through the way acceptance between black and white people is portrayed, for example the “banana and coffee” show a willingness to adopt things foreign and exotic. Williams also creates a sense of vibrancy and vitality, partly due to the addition of various background characters – a vendor, a sailor, and another man. All of this is used to suggest the idea of a new, superior South. However, there is a darker reality underlying this description. The street name of Elysian Fields ironically alludes to some kind of heaven on earth, a utopia and fresh start for Blanche; instead, it ends up being more like hell for her. This sense of deluded hope is furthered by the description of Blanche herself right at the beginning as she arrives in “white clothes” as if at a “summer tea or cocktail party”, showing how she is expecting so much but in reality is totally out of place with her surroundings. Moreover, the charm of the surroundings is tinged by a sense of decay – “the houses are… weathered grey” – which is a theme running throughout the play. It is almost as though Williams has chosen to make this idea of decay particularly subtle at first in order to slowly reveal it during the rest of Streetcar, creating a sense of crumbling into deterioration.

This contrast in environment (or perhaps more contrast in the perceptions of environment) is extended into Stella’s home. Although a neighbor claims “when it’s clean it’s real sweet” and Stella says “it’s not that bad at all!”, Blanche continues to see it in a negative light. One of the first pieces of description that Williams gives of the house is of the “light blue” blinds, creating an immediately depressing backdrop to the rest of the house. The description of the house focuses on specifics such as “a folding bed” and “narrow door”, creating a sense of impermanence and an environment Blanche is not used to. These aspects add together to suggest that she is not welcome in this place, and does not fit in. Williams also creates an element of exposure as he describes the light, which acts to reveal the truth by revealing all it shines upon. Blanche continually hides from this light repeatedly – “Turn that over-light off! Turn that off!” – suggesting her fear of being exposed. This is continued by the fact that there is no door between Blanche’s and Stella’s room – “will it be decent” – which further extends the idea that Blanche is on show and cannot hide.

Although perhaps something that is more evident as the play goes on, the contrast between certain characters in A Streetcar Named Desire is particularly striking. From the beginning Blanche is displayed as a character that is not at ease with who she is. Williams describes first her as “uncertain” and “incongruous to this setting”, immediately creating the impression that she does not belong and forcing her into the role of an outsider. But she is not only uncomfortable because of her surroundings; this is something inherent to her, as Williams describes her “delicate beauty” that “must avoid a strong light”. This shows how fragile and vulnerable a character she truly is. This idea is emphasized by Bella’s actions when she enters Stella’s house, as she sits “stiffly” with her shoulders “slightly hunched”, suggesting a protective and defensive stance. It is strange how much she feels the need to protect herself when she is only visiting her sister, and suggests she truly has something to hide. The cat screeching at this point perhaps represents how afraid she really is, as though the cat is doing what she feels unable to do but instead does internally. Blanche’s attitude to alcohol is again faintly disturbing and shows a lack of control of herself. Throughout, alcohol is used to suggest cleansing, and so perhaps Blanche’s unstable relationship with alcohol shows how desperate she is to cleanse herself but also how she feels she must hide this. When she first notices the alcohol she “springs up”, showing how eager she suddenly is; this is in stark contrast to her previous withdrawn position. Indeed, all of her actions at this point show a certain unpredictability and recklessness, as when she “tosses it down”. Blanche is not in denial of her need for control as she states to herself “I’ve got to keep control of myself”. However, Blanche’s weak grasp on herself is only exaggerated further when Stella enters the scene, as William’s describes her “feverish vivacity” and “spasmodic embrace”.

Both Stella and Stanley offer a strong contrast to Blanche, although perhaps it is most obvious in Stanley. Where Blanche feels the need to control her behavior, Stanley is open and domineering with his. Williams’s initial description of Stanley shows his rough, alpha-male like character through the “blue denim working clothes” and the “red-stained package from a butcher’s”. The second detail in particular suggests an aspect of brute force to Stanley’s character, so different to Blanche’s faint and fragile disposure. However, in some aspects Stanley and Blanche are actually very similar. Both consider themselves to be dominant, and establish this through belittling Stella. Whilst Blanche refers to her as “child” and inappropriately suggests that Stanley would be interested in her, Stanley does this by calling her “baby” and throwing his ‘meat’ at her, forcing her to take it. This sexual innuendo also shows the other trait that both characters share: they are both very sexual characters. Although in Stanley this is expressed through the way he treats Stella, whereas in Blanche it is shown in how she speaks of herself. Blanche boats of herself – “I want you to look at my figure” – and later tells Stanley “in my youth I excited some admiration”. This shows not only her obsession that she is aging and needs to find a man to make some kind of partner, but also is representative of her deliberate gloating in an attempt to lead Stanley into admiring her as well. She relies so much on the approval of others – and particularly men – that she is desperate for Stanley to think of her as beautiful and worth admiration.

Stella is also very clearly different from Stella. Whereas Blanche struggles to keep a grip on herself and slips into erratic speech, Stella is described as being very calm. She is sensible and rational where Blanche is not, as is shown through her shorter and more controlled speech – “You look just fine” and “Thanks”. Blanche seems to be incapable of such answers and must instead enter into a long outburst at the least provocation. However, this is perhaps done to prevent Stella from asking any questions which could possibly lead to the revelation of what has happened to Belle Reve. Williams also shows that whilst Blanche is trying desperately to cling onto some sort of gentility and superiority (as is shown through her abruptness to Eunice whom she considers inferior), Stella feels no shame in accepting a more relaxed and modern approach to life. This is partly shown through her modest and unconcerned style of talking – “Look’n see, honey."

Williams frequently uses costume to enhance the differences between his characters, as was a common part of plastic theatre. The “work clothes” Stanley first appears in represent how stereotypically male he is, as the breadwinner of his family. Williams also uses the “bowling jacket” to emphasise his superiority as they symbolise a proficiency in sports typical of an alpha male character. Whilst Stanley’s work clothes show how at ease he is with himself, Blanche’s show the opposite. She is dressed in a “white suit with a fluffy bodice” as though dressed for “a summer tea or cocktail party”. This immediately shows her to be out of place and almost delusional about what she’s coming to, echoing the idea expressed through the street name “Elysian Fields” about her naïve expectations. Her “white clothes” show how Blanche wants to be considered innocent, when in reality she is not innocent at all – a technique often used by Williams. Again this is an indication of trying to hide her true character, as well as perhaps a deep desire to be innocent again and cleanse herself of her sins (most specifically, losing Belle Reve).

Throughout the first scene – and indeed the play – there is the theme of conflict between the old and new South. This was a theme relevant to Williams as he was writing at a time in which the beauty and grandeur of the old South were crumbling apart, whilst he himself moved to New Orleans (part of the ‘New South’) during the mid-20th century in order to find acceptance and the freedom to express who he truly was. Therefore, this is an idea running beneath the backdrop of the play, expressed through many different means. Williams shows this in Blanche and Stanley most obviously. Blanche’s constant focus on appearances – “I haven’t put on one pound in ten years, Stella” – represents the vanity of the old South. This is not merely limited to physical appearances, as Blanche seems equally concerned about Stella’s opinion on her intellect. We can infer this from Blanche’s bizarre outburst of “Only Poe! Only Mr.Edgar Allan Poe!”, which seems incredibly affected and deliberately constructed. Similarly, Williams suggests the pressure felt to conform to or retain the values of the South through Blanche’s obsessive need to hide the parts of herself she deems shameful, such as when she disguises the fact that she has already had a drink: “I know you must have some liquor on the place! Where could it be, I wonder?” Stanley on the other hand represents the New South, and is therefore the son of Polish immigrants, immediately conveying the sense that in this environment people of any nationality, race or sexuality can mix. Blanche’s inability to openly express who she is was an idea that Williams would have been able to relate to, as he could only open up about his feelings and experiences through the medium of writing; therefore, it is no surprise that Blanche so accurately matches his fears of exposure in the world. However, unlike Blanche, Williams is able to at last find some kind of acceptance and comfort in the New South which she is never able to do.

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Duality is an idea most prevalent in the opening to A Streetcar Named Desire because it is so crucial to the play as a whole, as this allows The entire foundation of this play is based on the conflict between Blanche and the couple she goes to live with, and so this is instantly obvious to us from the beginning of the play. By creating a situation in which Blanche does not fit, and with people whom she does not fit in with, Williams is setting us up for the conflicts which arise during the play.

Question 1

Due process refers to a fundamental principle of fairness in all legal related matters, both criminal and civil, especially in the courts of law. In due process, all the procedures set by court practice and statute must be followed for every individual to prevent unequal or prejudicial treatment. The Fifth Amendment of the United States constitution is the universal guarantee of due process. It is of the idea that no person should be deprived of liberty, life or property without the due process of the law (Strauss, n.d).

Question 2

Due process is a central notion in the American criminal justice system. It is a central notion because it ensures fair treatment for everybody regardless of their race, income status, or migration status. In most cases, when people of color, immigrants, and low-income earners get involved in the criminal justice system, their rights are usually ignored or compromised (Strauss, n.d). However, due process ensures that they receive fair treatment throughout their encounter with the criminal justice system.

Question 3

Without due process, the justice system would be full of injustice. For example, the Fifth Amendment requires that a grand jury investigation take place before an individual can be accused of any serious crime. In addition, it also ensures that no individual undergoes a second trial for the same crime (Hall Association, n.d). Without the due process, the justice system might ignore or compromise these rights, leading to unfair trials for the involved persons.

Question 4

Living in a society that does not guarantee due process rights is a bad idea. For example, the due process clause promises that the government must follow fair procedures before depriving a citizen of property, life or liberty (Hall Association, n.d). A society that does not have such rights paves the way for unfair treatment to its citizens. Unfair treatment includes double jeopardy, and sometimes unfair trials for persons of color, immigrants, and low-income earners.

Works Cited

1. Amar, A. R. (1995). Fifth Amendment First Principles: The Self-Incrimination Clause. Harvard Law Review, 108(1), 77–143.
2. Brest, P. (1980). The Misconceived Quest for the Original Understanding. Boston University Law Review, 60(2), 204–238. https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/bulr60&i=209
3. Gudridge, P. (1996). The Emergence of the Due Process Clause. The University of Chicago Law Review, 63(1), 1–61.
4. Hall Association. (n.d.). Due process of law. Legal Information Institute. Cornell Law School. https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/due_process
5. Levi, E. H. (2014). Due process and American exceptionalism. Journal of Law, Culture and the Humanities, 10(2), 316–332.
6. Roach, K. (2018). Due process as fairness. Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence, 31(2), 239–259.
7. Strauss, D. (n.d.). Due process of law. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/due-process-of-law
8. Sunstein, C. R. (2001). The Second Bill of Rights: FDR's Unfinished Revolution and Why We Need It More than Ever. Basic Books.
9. Tushnet, M. (2008). The Constitution of the United States of America: A Contextual Analysis. Hart Publishing.
10. Waldron, J. (2008). The Core of the Case against Judicial Review. The Yale Law Journal, 117(7), 1362–1406.

Table of contents

1. History of Brand
History of Dunkin DonutsHistory of Krispy Kreme
2. Similarities
The OriginSpecializationTypes of Meals
3. Differences
QuantityPreparationSpecializationAvailability and Prices
4. Conclusion
Consumer Preference

According to Wiersbitzky, “Fresh popcorn is near impossible to resist, second only to fresh doughnuts”. There is no doubt that the doughnut industry has made outstanding progress to an extent where doughnuts have become an eminent food around the world most commonly among the younger generation. The emergence of the name of this sweet delicacy is still speculative, but there has been a proposition made by a few researchers where it resembles the method of placing a nut inside the ball of dough for an uncooked center. The other intriguing idea was that the shape of the doughnut in the earlier days, called “dough knots” had been taken into consideration. This sweet treat’s original name which was called “olykoeks” is far less tempting than the current version.

In the United States, the doughnut franchises have flourished incredibly where the rate of doughnut production made each year has reached over ten billion whereas, in Canada, a country with a smaller population in comparison to the United States, produces only one billion doughnuts per year but yet has a substantial number of doughnut shops in the world. The pastry and dessert that was once proclaimed as the “hit food of the century”, are distinctly known as small spherical-shaped fried cakes with either a hole in the middle or filled with a toothsome filling. There is a vast array of doughnut flavors ranging from sweet to savory; however, the unremarkable glazed doughnut still remnants as one of the customers’ first choices. Nevertheless, mouth-watering flavors like the Chocolate-Frosted Doughnut or the traditional Jelly Doughnut have also been the ultimate pick of the customers as well.

Considering doughnuts differ in consistency, quality, and relish, millions of customers always return to their favorable doughnut shop to devour in this gratifying pastry. Dunkin’ Donuts and Krispy Kreme are two nationally known outlets that have a comprehensive range of doughnut flavors. Dunkin' Donuts and Krispy Kreme are able to province individuals scrutinizing for a little something for their sweet tooth or maybe caffeine for their addiction to coffee. Both of these franchises have made over billions of doughnuts and have marketed it to millions of gaga doughnut customers each year. So, when a customer is craving a doughnut there is definitely no hesitation to choose the perfect shop to enjoy one's temptation. Hence, we will be discussing Dunkin' Donuts and Krispy Kreme, identifying the similarities and comparing both of the brands as well as deducing which brand is more preferable for the type of consumer.

History of Brand

History of Dunkin Donuts

It all started in 1948, when a caterer named William Rosenberg, who was also known as Bill Rosenberg, decided to open a restaurant at a city in Massachusetts called Quincy. The restaurant was named “Open Kettle”. Rosenberg managed to start his business by cashing in $1,500 in war bonds after the second World War and borrowing $1,000. The restaurant originally served pastries, sandwiches as well as coffee to factory workers. One day, Rosenberg realized that 40 percent of the profits came from just two products, coffee, and doughnuts. Afterward, he put his executives in a room to brainstorm as he thought that the restaurant needed a better name. It is said that his architect came up with the name of “Dunkin’ Donuts”, which is now a well-known name. It was officially renamed “Dunkin’ Donuts” in the year 1950. Rosenberg’s goal was to “make and serve the freshest, most delicious coffee and doughnuts quickly and courteously in modern, well-merchandised stores”. The first Dunkin’ Donuts franchise was opened five years later in Worcester, England. The brand has more than 12,400 restaurants in at least 46 countries.

The same year Dunkin’ Donuts’ first franchise opened, Harry Winokur, William Rosenberg’s brother-in-law, and former business partner broke their partnership and went to open his own doughnut company named “Mister Donut”. The company did well abroad as well as domestically. It is the largest doughnut chain in Japan. Dunkin’ Donuts was bought by Allied Lyons, a British food and spirits conglomerate in the year 1990. The company took possession of both Dunkin’ Donuts and Mister Donuts. So, the majority of Mister Donut companies converted into Dunkin’ Donuts. Allied Lyons then merged into Allied Domecq. In 2005, a French-based company called Pernod Ricard took over Allied Domecq and concurred to sell Dunkin’ Brands to an association of three American private justice firms. Since 2012, Dunkin’ Brands have been independent of the three owners. However, Mister Donut can still be found in Japan as in 1983, a Japanese company was sold the rights to all the stores based in Asia. Mister Donut is only available at one location in America which is at Godfrey, Illinois.

In 1972, Dunkin’ Donuts started selling their doughnut holes. They were introduced as “Munchkins”, named after the characters from the film, Wizard of Oz. It instantly became a big hit. While adults went for the whole doughnuts, the doughnut holes or, Munchkins rather, were marketed to children. Over the years, Dunkin’ Donuts has expanded its menu and are constantly innovating to provide a wide variety of food as well as beverage options for their customers to choose from.

History of Krispy Kreme

A New Orleans French chef sold a secret yeast-raised doughnut recipe to a young man named Vernon Rudolph. After selling the doughnuts in Nashville, Tennessee with his uncle, Rudolph rented a building in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and started selling doughnuts to local grocery stores by the dozen. That’s how Krispy Kreme officially started business on July 13, 1937. The scrumptious scent of the doughnuts wafted into the streets of what is now historic Old Salem and passersby stopped by to ask whether they could buy hot doughnuts. Rudolph had an epiphany to make a hole in the wall so he could sell his famous Original Glazed doughnuts directly to people on the sidewalk.

By the 1940s and 1950s, there were a group of stores that were mostly family-owned. The doughnuts were made from scratch in each store, using the Krispy Kreme recipe. The results were always good, but not consistent enough for Rudolph. The company built a mixing plant and came up with a distribution system that will deliver the perfect dry doughnut mix to each Krispy Kreme store. Afterward, Rudolph together with his equipment engineers invented and built Krispy Kreme’s own doughnut-making appliance. From that point on, they focused to improve and automate the doughnut-making process.

Krispy Kreme experienced steady growth throughout the southeast of the United States during the 1960s. Thus, the brand started developing outside of its traditional roots. The theme of hallmark green tile roofs and heritage road signs became consistent in all Krispy Kreme stores. Although, the growth of sales slowed down in 1976 as the company was reorganized for sale to Beatrice Foods Company. Six years later, a small group of franchisees bought Krispy Kreme back from Beatrice Foods. The refreshed focus on the ‘hot doughnut experience’ became a priority for the company. They began to expand the franchise outside of the southeast of the country. Then in 1996, they opened their first store in New York City and another in California three years later. In 2001, Krispy Kreme officially went international after opening a store in Canada. With their continuous international expansion and growth, the company is constantly innovating on new as well as tasty treats for the future.

Similarities

These franchises which serve astonishingly yummy doughnuts have a vast array of similarities.

The Origin

It is perspicuously known that both Dunkin’ Donuts and Krispy Kreme originated from the United States. The very first Dunkin Donuts franchise was opened outside Boston in Quincy, Massachusetts in 1948 by William Rosenberg, called Open Kettle. Rosenberg was inspired by the experience obtained as a food seller at a construction site to start of the Dunkin’ Donuts empire which sold delicious doughnuts and top-notch coffee where both were absolute top sellers. As a matter of fact, it took around five years for Dunkin’ Donuts to achieve its huge success and have attracted many interested franchisers to help expand the brand not only in the States but around the world. Currently, there are nearly 11,000 locations open worldwide so that is the main reason why Dunkin’ Donuts is very ubiquitous nowadays. Meanwhile, the humble beginnings of Krispy Kreme started off with a man named Rudolph who decided to sell hot doughnuts to customers on the street thus making it the first branch of Krispy Kreme in New Orleans. The company became popular in the States by the year 2000 and expanded internationally a year later with a store in Canada. Krispy Kreme now has over 500 stores worldwide owned by local franchisees.

Specialization

One of the most apparent similarities is that both of these brands make and sell doughnuts. There are over 70 varieties of doughnuts that are sold in the Dunkin' Donuts store worldwide. Flavors such as the Blueberry Cobbler, Strawberry Frosted, and French Cruller are one of the many famous doughnuts sold in Dunkin' Donuts. The most enthralling fact is that Dunkin’ Donuts sells about 2.9 million doughnuts per year. Krispy Kreme, on the other hand, makes one of the best-glazed doughnuts which have become such a craze among the nation. According to Flager, there are other popular flavors among the consumers like Dulce de Leche, Glazed Chocolate Cake, and New York Cheesecake.

Types of Meals

Ultimately, the first meal of the day is also served in both Dunkin’ Donuts and Krispy Kreme. Many consumers think these franchises only sold doughnuts, but that is absolutely wrong since the breakfast sold in both brands is incredibly gratifying. At Dunkin' Donuts the customers are given an option to customize their very own breakfast according to their likes and dislikes, which has been proven to be very efficient. According to Wala (n.d.), Dunkin’ Donuts’ “Wake-Up Wrap” and “Sausage, Egg and Ham Sandwich” are one of many breakfasts being sold and have been quite the hype. In addition to that, Dunkin’ Donuts provides satisfaction to coffee addicts since coffee is now available for breakfast and has become a huge deal where now in just seconds; 30 cups of coffee would have been sold. Whereas at Krispy Kreme, they do have a variation of breakfast selections but there is not as much compared at Dunkin’ Donuts. However, at times customers do visit Krispy Kreme for a quick-serve breakfast. More recently, coffee has become a priority in the franchise as well.

Differences

Quantity

Despite Krispy Kreme and Dunkin’ Donuts both being two American doughnut shops, they also have their vast differences. For starters, these different companies sell different quantities of doughnuts. Dunkin’ Donuts sells approximately 128 different types of doughnuts that range from Vanilla Berry Shortcakes to an Oreo Cheesecake square doughnut. Krispy Kreme, on the other hand, sells approximately of 55 flavors of doughnuts which include their specials. These doughnuts include, Famous Amos Double Chocolate Holiday doughnuts to Powdered Strawberry Filled Doughnuts. This is only half of the options an individual will have in Dunkin’ Donuts.

Preparation

Besides that, another difference is how the doughnuts are made or transported. According to Myers, for Dunkin’ Donuts, all the doughnuts arrive at the stores in the morning via a truck, and doughnuts that are in high demand, are replenished through a second shipment in the afternoon. Krispy Kreme however, makes their doughnuts in-stores. Staff is properly trained to prepare batches of dough in the stores which are then cut into circular rings, proofed, fired, and glazed.

Specialization

Furthermore, Dunkin’ Donuts and Krispy Kreme have different specializations. Dunkin’ Donuts focuses on coffee while Krispy Kreme focuses on doughnuts. This means that Dunkin Donuts uses coffee to attract customers but also ends up selling doughnuts while Krispy Kreme uses doughnuts to attract customers but also ends up selling coffee to the customers too.

Availability and Prices

Lastly, other variations that these two brands have are their availabilities and prices. Dunkin’ Donuts has 11,000 stores in 33 different countries whereas Krispy Kreme has 884 doughnut shops in 39 states in 23 unique nations. Dunkin Donuts is a lot more commonly found and has a bigger chain compared to Krispy Kreme. This makes Dunkin Donuts easily accessible. In terms of prices, a dozen doughnuts in Dunkin’ Donuts costs up to $10 whereas Krispy Kreme only charges $8.99. This has an approximate difference of 1 dollar. However, Krispy Kreme charges $0.10 less for their iced coffees and gives out free doughnuts if you dress up like certain characters from movies upon their release dates.

Conclusion

In summary, both Dunkin’ Donuts and Krispy Kreme have their advantages and disadvantages. This essay has compared the two brands in terms of the history of the brands the similarities, the differences, and the preferable brand for different types of users. However, this essay was unable to discuss the future predictions of both brands. It did not predict which brand would most likely outdo the other in the Food and Beverage Business. All in all, these two brands are the ultimate go-to for a cup of coffee and a doughnut. Based on this research, consumers prefer the doughnuts served at Krispy Kreme and the coffee at Dunkin’ Donuts. Hopefully, in the near future, both brands would offer more vegan-friendly and gluten-free options so everyone would be able to indulge in their scrumptious delicacies.

Consumer Preference

The similarities and differences in both brands make it easier for them to appeal to different types of customers, the ones that prefer more variations of coffee and the ones that favor different variations of doughnuts. Nevertheless, both Dunkin’ Donuts and Krispy Kreme are two similar brands with different goals. Dunkin’ Donuts focuses more on their coffee selection while Krispy Kreme pays more attention in serving high-quality doughnuts.

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When buying Krispy Kreme doughnuts, it means that customers can get them hot right off the glazing assembly line in any Krispy Kreme store. However, Dunkin' Donuts has more options. These options include Munchkins, which are tiny bite-size doughnuts filled with jelly. Hence, people have the option of buying between regular-sized doughnuts and mini doughnuts. Depending on your priority when doughnut hunting, if you prefer doughnuts with a pillow-like texture that melts in your mouth, Krispy Kreme would be the best choice. If you pay more attention to flavor variations, then Dunkin’ Donuts is the place to go. Although, based on this research, consumers are more likely to purchase doughnuts from Krispy Kreme instead of Dunkin’ Donuts.

All teachers are required to carry out the duties of a school teacher as set out in the current School Teachers Pay and Conditions Document. All teachers should also have due regard to all of the Teacher Standards (2012). Teachers’ performance will be assessed against the Teacher Standards as part of the appraisal process as relevant to their role in the school.

Teaching and Learning

• Deliver the curriculum as relevant to the age and ability of the class of children that you teach.
• Be responsible for the preparation and development of teaching materials, programmes and pastoral arrangement as appropriate.
• Be aware of pupils’ capabilities their prior knowledge and plan and differentiate your teaching appropriately to build on these demonstrating knowledge and understanding how pupils learn.
• Be accountable for the attainment, progress and outcomes of pupils’ you teach.
• Have a strong understanding of the range of needs involved with all the pupils in the classroom. This will include those with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND); gifted and talented (G&T); English as an additional language (EAL); and be able to use and evaluate distinctive teaching approaches to engage and support these pupils.
• Demonstrate and understanding of and take responsibility for promoting high standards of literacy, which includes the correct use of spoken English, whatever your specialist subject may be.
• If teaching early reading, demonstrate a strong understanding of an appropriate teaching strategy, for example systematic synthetic phonics.
• To use teaching strategies that keep pupils engaged through effective questioning, lively presentation and good use of resources.
• Set tasks that challenge pupils and ensure high levels of interest.
• Provide clear structured lessons, that maintain pace, motivation and challenge.
• Ensure that pupils attain and strengthen knowledge, skills and understanding appropriate to the subject being taught.
• Ensure that your teaching is effective and makes best use of available time.
• Select appropriate learning resources and develop study skills.
• Use a variety of teaching strategies which involve planned adult intervention, first-hand experience and play and talk as a vehicle for learning.
• Evaluate your own teaching critically to improve effectiveness.
• Mange parent and other adults in the classroom as appropriate.
• Set targets that stretch and challenge pupils of all backgrounds, abilities and dispositions.
• Have a secure understanding of how a range of factors can inhibit pupils’ ability to learn, and how best to overcome these.
• Demonstrate an understanding of the physical, social, intellectual development of children, and known how adapt teaching to support pupils’ educational at different stages of development.
• Monitoring, Assessment, Recording and Reporting
• Assess how well learning objective have been achieved and use them to improve specific aspects of teaching.
• Mark and monitor pupil’s work and set targets for progress.
• Assess and recorded pupil’s progress systematically and keep records to check work is understood and recognise the level at which the pupil is achieving.
• Prepare and present informative reports to parents.
• Undertake assessments of students as requested by examination bodies, departmental and school procedures.
• Know and understand how to assess the relevant subject and curriculum area, including statutory assessment requirements.
• Make effective use of formative and summative assessment to secure pupils’ progress.
• Make accurate and productive use of assessment to secure pupils’ progress.
• Give pupils regular feedback, both orally and through accurate constructive feedback and marking in line with policy. Encourage pupil to respond to the feedback, reflect on progress, their own work and study.
• Use relevant data to monitor progress, set targets and plan subsequent lessons.
• Set homework and plan other out-of-class activities to consolidate and extend the knowledge and understanding pupils have acquired as appropriate,
• Participate in arrangements for examinations and assessments within the remit of the School Teachers’ Pay and Conditions Document.
• Behaviour and Safety
• Establish a safe, purposeful and stimulating environment for pupils, rooted in mutual respect and establish a framework for discipline with a range of strategies, using praise, sanctions and rewards consistently and fairly.
• Manage classes effectively, using approaches which are appropriate to pupils’ needs in order to inspire, motivate and challenge pupils.
• Maintain good relationships with pupils, exercise appropriate attitudes values and behaviour, which are expected of pupils.
• Have clear rules and routines for behaviour in classroom, and take responsibility for promoting good and positive behaviour both in the classroom and around the school, in accordance with the school’s behaviour policy
• Have high expectations of behaviour, promoting self-control and independence of all learners.
• Be a positive role model and demonstrate consistently the positive attitudes, values and behaviour which are expected of pupils.
• Be responsible for promoting and safeguarding the welfare of children and young people within the school, raising any concerns following school protocol.
• Fulfil wider professional responsibilities
• Work collaboratively to develop effective professional relationships with colleagues, knowing when and how to draw on advice and specialist support.
• Deploy support staff effectively as appropriate.
• Communicate and co-operate with relevant external bodies.
• Make positive contribution to the wider life and ethos of the school.
• Communicate effectively with parents/carers with regards to pupils’ achievements and well-being using school systems/ process as appropriate.
• Take responsibility for improving teaching through appropriate professional development, responding to advice and feedback from colleagues.

Works Cited

1. Department for Education. (2019). School Teachers' Pay and Conditions Document. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/832719/School_teachers__pay_and_conditions_document_2019.pdf
2. Department for Education. (2012). Teachers' Standards. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/665520/Teachers__Standards.pdf
3. Ofsted. (2019). School Inspection Handbook. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/830361/School_inspection_handbook_-_section_5.pdf
4. The Teacher Development Trust. (n.d.). Effective Teaching and Learning Strategies. Retrieved from https://www.teacherdevelopmenttrust.org/evidence/effective-teaching-and-learning-strategies/
5. The Education Endowment Foundation. (n.d.). Teaching and Learning Toolkit. Retrieved from https://educationendowmentfoundation.org.uk/evidence-summaries/teaching-learning-toolkit/
6. Haycock, K., & Wong, H. K. (2017). The First Days of School: How to Be an Effective Teacher. Harry K. Wong Publications.
7. Marzano, R. J. (2007). The Art and Science of Teaching: A Comprehensive Framework for Effective Instruction. ASCD.
8. Hattie, J. (2012). Visible Learning for Teachers: Maximizing Impact on Learning. Routledge.
9. Tomlinson, C. A. (2017). How to Differentiate Instruction in Academically Diverse Classrooms. ASCD.
10. Wong, H. K., & Wong, R. T. (2009). The Classroom Management Book. Harry K. Wong Publications.

Table of contents

1. A protagonist born out of adversities
2. The making of the real man
3. A rigorous training brought out his strength & abilities
4. The title of “The Rock”
5. Breakthrough into Hollywood
6. Dwayne Johnson’s Family and life currently
7. Works Cited

Do you need some inspiration to stop lamenting over life and set up unimaginable goals like a superhero? Who can be a better inspiration than the king of the ring Dwayne Johnson. Today Dwayne ‘The Rock’ Johnson has reached those heights of success where dreams look small and goals seem to be summed up. His success story is an inspiration to many. From being a man stuck in adversities to being an inspiration for every aspiring wrestler his story will take you on a roller coaster ride of emotions! His journey to become a wrestler and drawing power personality did not only catch the attention of the wrestling industry but also of many Hollywood Producers. This was a breakthrough point for his career. But was it so simple? Was it as easy as it sounds and seems to be? Dwayne Johnson has more to himself than we can see. His ring name ‘The Rock’ justifies his life story. The hardships, the struggles, the failures, and the successes, led to being the unstoppable Dwayne ‘The Rock’ Johnson that he is today.

A protagonist born out of adversities

Dwayne Douglas Johnson was born on May 2, 1972, in Hayward, California. Dwayne Johnson was born to a professional wrestling family where his father was a Canadian, and his mother a Samoan. For schooling, he went to Richmond Road Primary School in New Zealand and did his 10th grade from President William McKinley High School in Honolulu, Hawaii. He was a grandson to professional wrestler Peter ‘High Chief’ Fanene Maivia and he grew up watching his father playing in the ring as well. However, he was more inclined towards playing football in his teenage days.

But in his early childhood, most of his memories were from that of wrestling. He used to attend as many wrestling shows as possible with his mother, to watch his father pulling off some great moves. He used to love to wrestle and practice a few moves too. He admired his father’s skills and techniques and as a child, he would imitate all his father’s moves. When no one used to be around to see him, he would practice some dropkicks in his room. He was very mischievous as a child and was always involved in his family’s wrestling business.

The making of the real man

When Dwayne Johnson entered 11th grade, he had to change his school because of his father’s job’s relocation. His family moved to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. There, he got admitted into Freedom High School where he caught a knack for playing football and later got an opportunity to play at the East Penn Conference. During those days, he was also a member of the school’s track and field, and wrestling teams.

Dwayne’s life changed when he was just 14 years old. His childhood got crushed and he was left with broken dreams. When he was just 14, his family was evicted from their small apartment in Hawaii. And because of this, he started training hard. He started working out at the tender age of 14. He did not do it for fame or popularity. At that point, he had this desperate urge to fight his hopelessness. To give his emotions an outlet, hitting the gym felt like a hope. On his Facebook page, he stated these words-

“Started training hard at the age of 14. Not for fame or a competition, but because we were evicted from our small apartment in Hawaii”. I really hated that feeling of helplessness and never wanted that to happen again. So, I did the only thing that I could control with my own to hands in hopes that one day my family would never worry about being evicted again- I trained”

A rigorous training brought out his strength & abilities

A secret love for football.

His rigorous training turned out to be useful for his own shift in life. It helped him during his struggle period. At the age of 16, Johnson was already at his peak height of 6’5” and he weighed more than 200 pounds. With such personality, charisma and physique he was recognized by everyone on and off the field. Because of this, he found himself a coach who was like a fatherly figure to him. Till date, Johnson is grateful to his then coach. His coach’s name was Jodi Swick. Jodi Swick saw a massive potential in Dwayne at that time and he also noticed the attitude he carried with himself. Because of this, he gave him a chance into the football team.

Johnson played football with utter dedication and was a promising football player. He started receiving offers from many Division 1 collegiate programs. Realizing his own potential, he decided to go for a full scholarship program from the University of Miami, where he played the defensive tackle very well. In the year of 1991, he was a member of the Miami Hurricane’s national championship team. As he was chasing his dreams, his wings of vision were cut off when he met with a shoulder injury. He was then replaced by another team member. Not being able to play anymore led him to severe depression. He stated in The Hollywood Reporter that “I didn’t know what it was; I didn’t know why I didn’t want to do anything. I had never experienced anything like that.”

In 1995, Dwayne graduated from Miami with a Bachelor of General Studies in criminology and physiology. He tried his luck once more by joining the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League, but then he was cut two months into the season. This was the probable end of his football career. Later on, he shared about his mental journey with Oprah explaining that-

“I found that, with depression, one of the most important things you could realize is that you’re not alone. You’re not the first to go through it; you’re not going to be the last to go through it. I wish I had someone at that time who could just pull me aside and (say) ‘Hey, it’s gonna be OK. It’ll be OK.’ ”

The title of “The Rock”

It was in the year 1996 that he finally went onto becoming ‘The Rock’! He just had $7 to his name, but still decided to take a turn in his career. It is then when he decided to join his family business by entering the wrestling ring. When he discussed his intentions with his father, his father hesitated initially, but then he agreed. He made his WWF debut as Rocky Maivia and won the WWF International Championship from Hunter Hearst Helmsley on Monday Night Raw the next year. ‘Rocky Maivia’ was the first name from his father, and the last name from his grandfather. But soon he established himself as a successful professional wrestler, owning several titles under his belt and he changed his ring name into ‘The Rock’.

Breakthrough into Hollywood

Dwayne Johnson’s wrestling physique and rugged good looks caught the attention of his every female fan. And because of this, soon he started receiving offers to appear on the big screen. During his acting career, he was one of the highest paid and the most successful Hollywood actor.

He began his acting career alongside wrestling, on television. In 1999 he played his own father in an episode of That 70s Show called ‘That Wrestling Show’. His acting career began with his famous roles in the 2001 action film ‘The Mummy Returns’ and ‘The Scorpion King’. He then appeared in many other films, including the 5th and 6th part of ‘The Fast and The Furious’. In 2014 he starred in the movie ‘Hercules’.

Even though he started getting so much involved with movies, he did not leave wrestling. From time to time he kept going back into wrestling. This included a 2014 appearance in ‘Hulk Hogan’ and ‘Stone Cold Steve Austin at WrestleMania 30’. In 2015 he went onto dominate Hollywood with two big action films, ‘Furious 7’ and ‘San Andreas’. He also debuted in his dramatic comedy series in the year of 2015, called ‘Ballers’ as Spencer Strasmore, a retired pro football turned financial player.

In 2016 after starring in the action comedy ‘Central Intelligence’, Johnson voiced for Demigod Maui for the Disney hit animated film ‘Moana’. In 2017 he did many hits like ‘The Fate of the Furious’, the 1990s adapted lifeguard series ‘Baywatch’ and ‘Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle’.

In 2018, he debuted in a trailer for the movie ‘Skyscraper’, in which he is portraying deathly stunts with a prosthetic leg. He will also be hosting a 10 episode unscripted competition show ‘The Titan Games’.

Next was the action movie ‘Rampage’ based on the 1980s arcade game in which giants animals destroy a city.

In the year 2012, he was honoured with the Action Star of The Year award by The CinemaCon Awards.

Dwayne Johnson’s Family and life currently

Dwayne Johnson got married to his school sweetheart, Dany Garcia on May 3, 1997. They got blessed with a daughter on August 14, 2001 name Simone Alexandra. They separated mutually in 2007, though she continues to be his manager. Dany is a woman who sticks to a strict schedule and a woman who is continuously in a hustle to build her brand. Apart from being Dwayne’s manager, she is a bodybuilder who is a fitness freak. A management company is led by her named ‘The Garcia Companies’ which looks after the running of Seven Bucks Productions, the Team Rock Enterprises. After Dany, Johnson went into a long-term relationship with musician Lauren Hashian. With her, he became a father to Jasmine Lia in December 2015. In 2018 the couple welcomed another daughter named Tina Gia.

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Dwayne Johnson’s life is not less than a movie power packed with romance, emotions, fight and lots of inspiration. Turn the pages of his life and reward yourself with an inspiration to lead life like a hero.

Works Cited

1. Johnson, D., & Tresniowski, A. (2012). The Rock Says...: The Most Electrifying Man in Sports-Entertainment. HarperCollins.
2. Johnson, D. (2017). The Rock: Through the Lens: His Life, His Movies, His World. St. Martin's Press.
3. Johnson, D. (2020). The Rock: WWE Superstar and Hollywood Icon. DK Children.
4. Shapiro, M. (2017). Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson: The Life, Lessons & Rules for Success. Createspace Independent Publishing Platform.
5. Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson. (2022). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dwayne-The-Rock-Johnson
6. Dwayne Johnson Biography. (n.d.). In IMDb. Retrieved from https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0425005/bio
7. Dwayne Johnson. (n.d.). In Biography.com. Retrieved from https://www.biography.com/actor/dwayne-johnson
8. Dwayne Johnson. (n.d.). In WWE. Retrieved from https://www.wwe.com/superstars/dwaynejohnson
9. The Rock: Every Movie Ranked, From Worst to Best. (2022). In Screen Rant. Retrieved from https://screenrant.com/the-rock-every-movie-ranked-worst-to-best/
10. Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson: From Pro Wrestling Icon to Global Movie Star. (2022). In NBC News. Retrieved from https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/celebrity/dwayne-rock-johnson-pro-wrestling-icon-global-movie-star-rcna18263

Known as "D-Wade" or "Flash," Dwyane Wade was born in 1982 in Chicago, Illinois. Wade has competed for the Miami Heat, as a shooting guard, since 2003. He’s a three-time NBA champion (2006, 2012 and 2013), all with the Miami Heat. In Gregorian calendar month 2012, Wade—along with power player LeBron James—helped the team to a 121-106 win against the capital of Oklahoma Thunder, within the fifth game of the NBA finals. The subsequent year, he and therefore the Heat clenched a second consecutive title - this point usurping the city San Antonio Spurs. Among varied honors, Dwade was named to the NBA All-Rookie team in 2004, and was named the 2006 NBA finals MVP and therefore the 2010 NBA All-Star Game MVP.

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Professional basketball player Dwyane Tryone Wade Jr., called "D-Wade" or "Flash," was born on Jan 17, 1982 in Chicago, Illinois. After his birth, Dwade's parents, Dwyane Sr. and Jolinda Wade, separated. His mother, Jolinda, was given custody of the 2 younger kids, Wade and his 5-year-old sister, Tragil. The family struggled financially and was eventually forced to travel on welfare.

A year later, Wade's father stirred the family to Robbins, Illinois—a south Chicago suburban area. Wade's new setting allowed him to play basketball outside along with his stepbrothers, new friends and father, who coached part-time at an area recreational center. It absolutely was here that Wade attended Harold L. I. A. Richards high school in Oak field, wherever his older half-brother full general had already created a reputation for himself because the star of the team.

Although he at the start found additional success as a good receiver on the football team, Wade worked exhausting to earn regular time on the varsity court throughout his junior year. when rising his ball-handling skills and outdoors game, moreover as popping up by nearly four inches—to quite 6 feet tall—Wade emerged because the basketball team's new star. Throughout his junior year, he averaged 20.7 points 7.6 rebounds per game, creating a reputation for himself throughout Chicago. His success continued into his senior year—at that point, he was averaging twenty seven points and eleven rebounds per game. However, as a result of his poor grades, he was solely recruited by 3 school basketball programs. Wade has explicit that his high school coach, Jack Fitzgerald, was one in every of the foremost positive influences in his life throughout this point.

Wade's junior year, he led Marquette to the school's first Conference USA championship, and a return to the Final Four for the first time since 1977. He averaged 21.5 points per game, as the team's lead scorer. In the 2003 NCAA Midwest Regional Final, Wade recorded the fourth triple-double in NCAA tournament history. His 29 points, 11 rebounds and 11 assists against the top-seeded Kentucky Wildcats were publicized by the national press. Wade was even chosen as the MVP of the Midwest Regional Final. Unfortunately, his success ended in the Final Four, with a 94-61 loss to the Kansas Jayhawks.

Due to his new fame and success, Wade determined to forgo his senior year and instead enter the 2003 NBA draft. He was chosen by the Miami Heat, and was picked fifth overall. Wade's initial year with the warmth, he averaged 16.2 points, 4.5 assists and 4.0 rebounds per game, and was a unanimous choice to the 2004 NBA All-Rookie team. once Shaquille O'Neal was listed to the Heat, Wade's numbers redoubled additional, with a replacement average of 24.1 points and 6.8 assists per game. within the 2006, Wade gave a powerful performance within the NBA finals against the metropolis Mavericks. within the third game of the finals, he scored forty two points and created thirteen rebounds, serving to the warmth defeat the Mavericks for a detailed 98-96 win. His thirty six points, ten rebounds and 5 assists within the sixth game earned him the honour of the NBA finals MVP.

After a series of operations to repair shoulder and knee injuries, Wade emerged for an additional robust season in 2008, arguably his best season ever with the warmth. Averaging 30.2 points per game, he earned his initial NBA evaluation title. In 2010, Wade became a free agent for the primary time, however signed once more with the warmth, connection new teammates Chris Bosh and LeBron James. The trio evidenced to be terribly robust throughout the 2010-11 season, and though the Miami Heat came back to the NBA finals once more, the team lost in six games to the Dallas Mavericks.

In 2012, the Heat came back to the finals all over again, with a triumph. They beat the Oklahoma City Thunder, 121-106, within the fifth game of the series—Wade's second NBA Championship win, and also the initial for a few of his teammates, as well as Chris Bosh and LeBron James. the subsequent year, Wade was back within the finals, this point against the San Antonio Spurs. the Heat went on to require the title and gave Wade his third NBA Championship win. the Heat met the Spurs for a replay within the 2014 NBA Finals, however this point a triumph wasn't within the cards. The Spurs went on to win in 5 games. The subsequent season, Wade lost enjoying within the post season once tending to variety of injuries. In 2016, back in action, Wade and also the Heat created it to the playoffs.

Wade married his high school girlfriend, Siohvaughn Funches, with whom he has 2 sons, Zaire (born in 2001) and Zion (born in 2007). The couple unmarried in 2007 and in 2011 Wade obtained full custody of each Zaire and Zion. Wade's coming memoir, A Father First: how My Life Became Bigger than Basketball, documents his life as each one father and hoops player.

Wade married historian Gabrielle Union on August 30, 2014 in Miami.