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Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee is a boring title for such an extraordinary book. This is my second time reading this book. I began reading this book again just to refresh my memory, but once I started the first page I could not put it down. I was a freshman in high school the first time I read it, and the only reason that I read it was because it was required. Now, I am six years older and I realize what a tragic story this is. Especially after learning about the Native American community in Native American history class. This book is a comprehensive history of the endless Indian wars throughout the American west that began around 1860 with the relocation of the Navajos and ended in 1890 with the surrender of the remaining Sioux at Wounded Knee Creek.

The Author, Dee Brown, based this book largely upon the records of treaty councils and the words of Indian leaders such as Chief Joseph, Geronimo, and Crazy Horse. This book is not merely an Indian History as someone may think. Dee Brown's careful documentation and design is what sets it apart from an ordinary history book. The book covers only 30 years, 1860 to 1890, but they are the years that the West was won, as they say, and the Indians' culture and civilization were lost.

The book is written from the viewpoint of the Indians and it really makes you feel bad for the Indians. Sisseton Chief, Paul Mazakootemane, said "No one, who fights with the white people, ever becomes rich, or remains two days in one place, but is always fleeing and starving." Unfortunately this is not fiction, and your feelings can in no way alter what has happened in our past. The most sickening thought, and what make me ashamed to be linked to this, is a quote from an anonymous Indian. "They made us many promises, more than I can remember, but they never kept but one; they promised to take our land, and they took it." This quote is what really stood out in my mind when I finished the book. The only good that can come from tragic stories such as this, is the old clich that "we can learn from our mistakes". Hind-sight is always 20/20.

Physical barriers are the first defence systems for physical securities (Prevention of any physical attacks like theft, robbery terrorism and all). The considered subject can be divided into two categories namely environmental barrier and human-made barriers (Fennelly, 2016). Environmental barriers are those barriers that are offered by nature whereas human-made barriers fall under the category of human-made barriers.

Environmental barriers like mountains, cliff, rivers or canyons are very helpful in large productive plants (B2B-Bussiness to business). Environmental barriers for large plants (especially power plants) makes the trespassing tricky along with protecting the civilians in case of any radiative leakage from the station (Martinez-Medina et al., 2016). Non-profitable services like prisons and research labs also earn a massive boost from the former and hence they are adopted throughout the world. Though these barriers can be of great disadvantageous for the facilities that are offering B2C (Business to customer) services. Hence, depending upon the type of facility the plants should choose their location that offers environmental barriers.

Human-made barriers (like fences, walls, security system, lighting and others), unlike environmental barriers, can be adopted at any facility. The former is the most prominent mode of the physical barrier as it offers barrier protection depending upon the requirement. Ordinary fencing or walls can provide barrier protection to homes and moderate industries (Fennelly, 2016). On the other hand, barbed wire and electrified fences can be equipped for the defences of the high-security bases like prisons, research labs, government offices and others. An additional offering of human-made barriers is that it gets an upgrade with the arrival of new technologies making the facility more secure.

References

1. Fennelly, L. (2016). Effective physical security. Butterworth-Heinemann.

2. Martinez-Medina, A., Flors, V., Heil, M., Mauch-Mani, B., Pieterse, C. M., Pozo, M. J., & Conrath, U. (2016). Recognizing plant defense priming. Trends in plant science, 21(10), 818-822.

In this essay we're going to cover the difference between quid and pound so that you can fully separate the two words. They're often used interchangeably due to the fact that they are both essentially one and the same but this is where some of the confusion comes from when we look into this subject.

By providing you with the exact definition of each word in conjunction with a quick reference that highlights the key variations between them you'll walk away from our post today with a full understanding of what they mean and how to effectively use them. Ready to put this word debate to rest and start using these terms confidently as part of written and spoken language?

Quid is: “a slang word used to replace the word pound but with the same meaning”. Though the word quid probably sounds like some kind of made up noise when we compare it to the base word that it represents it actually has deeply historic origins that link to early Latin language, specifically the phrase 'quid pro quo' which translates as 'something for something'. If we're asking the question what is a quid vs a pound then we're probably expecting them to somehow be different, but this absolutely isn't the case. Given the historic roots of both words they're actually both valid terms in their own right. The real difference lies in the fact that the official currency of Great Britain is known as the British Pound. This means that any other word used to describe a British pound is categorically unofficial and therefore a replacement or slang word. This is the case with the word quid. As it is used to 'stand in' for the word pound when placed as part of a sentence structure, this by default means that it is a slang word due to it not being recognised as the official word for British Currency. However, when used as part of free flowing conversation you'll find that it's entirely appropriate and contextually acceptable to use either word if you're referring to British currency. There is no difference between quid vs pound other than one word being 'official' and the other being slang.

Pound is: “the official currency of Great Britain, also known as the British Pound or GBP in abbreviated form”. The above definition also reveals another slang variation of the British Pound in the form of the GBP abbreviation which is also commonly used too. The term quid falls into the same bracket and is used as a stand in in much the same way. It's worth noting that though the separation line between quid vs pounds is definitely thin, you wouldn't realistically be expected to use, nor would it be appropriate to use the term quid on any official documentation referencing British currency. The only official way to describe British currency is through using the term British pound. The term quid is only appropriate when used in a casual context to describe this currency type but would not be appropriate for use as part of any official document or writing in reference to this subject.

Now I will give the key differences between these two words with a quick reference that you can come back to any time you find yourself lost about this subject for a memory refresh.

Word: Quid and Pound. Their definitions: a slang word for the British pound; and an official term for the British pound. When we use them? To describe British currency; and to describe British currency. Where they derived from? The Latin phrase 'quid pro quo' and the Latin word “Libra”. Context for quid is casual and for poud is official.

In conclusion. after reading through this text I hope that you now feel completely relaxed about using either of these words in relation to British currency. The easiest way to remember the two is to say that a pound is an official word, and a quid is a casual word both directly meaning British currency. Other than that, there is no difference.   

As human beings, we employ acts of justice in our daily lives, like when you allow the elderly man to take your seat on the bus, or punish your son for misbehaving. Yet, when asked to define the term “justice”, it is challenging.

The course textbook, Pursuing Justice (Hurlbert, 2011), states there are at least four meanings or understandings of “justice”. Nonetheless, I believe that it is possible to have one main definition of justice, moral righteousness, to cover all people, places, and situations in Canada.

Firstly, moral righteousness, though nonreciprocal, encompasses desert, fairness, and equality. It demonstrates fairness and equality, as it aims to make society a better place, as “a morally righteous person may work harder to achieve equality and fairness in broader society” (Hurlbert & Mulvale, 2011, p. 17). Though it may seem contradictory, desert, can also be moral righteousness. Punishing a wrongdoer for a misdeed to benefit the good of society, as opposed to reciprocation the misdeed, is a morally righteous approach to desert.Secondly, it seriously considers the perspectives of the minority and admitting that the disadvantaged must receive privileges in order to rectify the inequality. This is the thought process used by lawmakers according to the article, Sentencing reform is critical for youth in the justice system (Levin & Lavy, 2018). Here, lawmakers are looking at reforming the sentencing laws as it pertains to life sentences for children. They acknowledge that although one must be held accountable for one’s actions, the court must also take into consideration factors, including age, possible abuse, and their limited understanding of risk and consequence, when determining a child’s sentence.

Most importantly, it can be seen in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Rooted in moral righteousness, “The Charter of Rights protects those basic rights and freedoms of all Canadians” (Heritage, 2017). They include the right to a fair trial and Aboriginal people’s rights. It covers all people, places, and situations in Canada. Thus, moral righteousness can be the main definition of justice.

Works Cited

1. Hurlbert, J. S. (2011). Pursuing justice: An introduction to justice studies. Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
2. Hurlbert, J. S., & Mulvale, J. P. (2011). The meanings of justice: An introduction. In Pursuing justice: An introduction to justice studies (pp. 1-18). Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
3. Levin, B., & Lavy, E. (2018). Sentencing reform is critical for youth in the justice system. The Hill Times. https://www.hilltimes.com/2018/05/28/sentencing-reform-critical-youth-justice-system/143165
4. Heritage Canada. (2017). The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/how-rights-protected/charter.html
5. Walzer, M. (1983). Spheres of justice: A defense of pluralism and equality. Basic Books.
6. Rawls, J. (1971). A theory of justice. Harvard University Press.
7. Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. Oxford University Press.
8. Nussbaum, M. C. (2000). Women and human development: The capabilities approach. Cambridge University Press.
9. Goodin, R. E. (1980). Utilitarianism as a public philosophy. Cambridge University Press.
10. Freeman, M. (2011). Distributive justice. John Wiley & Sons.

Definitions of what it means to be a successful man are socially and historically constructed, and they evolve based on changing material circumstances and gender systems. Masculinity, like femininity, is a social construction, there is nothing natural or God-given about these roles. It is a product of historical processes as much as a human construction as the pyramids or pewters. According to Catharine Stimpson, “to be masculine is to have a particular psychological identity, social role, cultural script, place in labour force, and sense of the sacred”. All these elements are socially constructed. In many cultures, displaying characteristics not typical of one's gender maybe a social problem as different societies write different scripts for their men. According to Connell, no single type of masculinity exists that fully encompasses every aspect of every male. This lack of singularity allows for greater flexibility in including other constructions of the gender, leaving greater focus on understanding of the whole person. Masculinity is not only the product of men. Also, it is not possible to locate the ways in which both masculinity and femininity exist. So, it is better to use the term 'gender' because it matters indicating the social hierarchy in which men dominate and subordinate women.

According to Pleck and Doyle, five major themes in the construction of masculinity have been noted in the predominant culture of the West. These themes include:

1. The first rule is: Don't be female. According to Brittan, whatever women do is ipso facto what a real man must do. He posits that Masculinity does not exist in isolation from femininity, it will always be an expression of the current image that men have of themselves in relation to women.
2. The second rule is: Be successful. Farrell posits that men are trained to be “success objects” and their worth as friends, husbands and simply as men is determined by their successfulness. Kohn explains further that “the object, a boy soon gathers, is not to be liked but to be envied” not to be a part of a group but to distinguish himself from the others in the group.
3. The third rule is: Be Aggressive. Brittan opines that from childhood, boys are encouraged to be tough, to fight and not to run away. These values have been encouraged by competitive sport, and in many cultures, military training reinforces them.
4. The fourth rule is: Be Sexual. According to Gaylin, Men are supposed to be sexually experienced, and to be always interested in sex. Wood says that “Sex isn't a free choice when you have to perform to be a man”.
5. The fifth rule: Be Self Reliant. According to Wood, “men are supposed to be confident, independent and autonomous, a real man doesn't need others, particularly women. He depends on himself, takes care of himself, and relies on nobody'.

Catharine Stimpson identifies three ways in which “real men” defines themselves: “they earn money in the public force and so support their families, they have formal power over the women and children in those families, they are heterosexual with the women they dominate and bully other men who are not heterosexual”. Fransella and Frost cited by Oakley gave another dimension to who a typical male should be: “someone that is aggressive; independent; unemotional or hides his emotions; is objective; easily influenced; dominant; likes maths and science; is not excitable in a minor crisis; is active; competitive; logical; worldly; skilled in business; direct; knows the ways of the world; is someone whose feelings are not easily hurt; is adventurous; makes decision easily; never cries; acts as a leader; is self-confident; is not comfortable about being aggressive; is ambitious; able to separate feelings from ideas; is not dependent; nor conceited about his appearance; thinks men are superior to women and talks freely about sex with men”.

According to Clines, in spite of who a “real man” should be, the society had better be opened to the possibility of a plurality of masculinities. Perhaps the society legitimated more than one way of being a man- though perhaps not, since social pressures tend towards uniformity rather than diversity. More significant is the fact that not all males, in whatever culture, conform with social norms. For example, the norms may privilege young, heterosexual, strong and physical men, and those who cannot be so characterized will be deviants from socially acceptable way of being a man. These men are still considered to be males. It is therefore pertinent to find in our society representation of conflicting masculinities.

In conclusion, toxic gender stereotypes about men have long been prevalent in our society, perpetuated by media, popular culture, and traditional gender roles. These stereotypes, such as the expectation that men should be aggressive, unemotional, and dominant, can have harmful effects on men's mental and physical health, relationships, and overall well-being. Men who don't conform to these stereotypes may be ostracized, marginalized, or stigmatized, leading to feelings of shame, isolation, and low self-worth.

It's essential to recognize and challenge toxic gender stereotypes about men, not only for the sake of individual men but for the betterment of our society as a whole. We must work towards creating a culture that values and supports men's emotional expression, vulnerability, and diversity. This includes providing resources for men to address mental health issues, promoting healthy relationship dynamics, and challenging harmful representations of men in media and popular culture.

Ultimately, by breaking down toxic gender stereotypes about men, we can create a more equitable and compassionate society that allows everyone to thrive, regardless of their gender or how they choose to express themselves. It's time to recognize that gender is a spectrum, and there is no one 'right' way to be a man. Only then can we truly embrace the full potential of human diversity and create a world that works for everyone.

The Global Status Report on Road Safety published by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Bank in December 2018 reported that Malaysia had 7,152 deaths in 2016, of which 87% were males and 13% females. As you can see, I am here to talk about the mainly the causes of road accidents.

Nowadays, road accidents are very common in Malaysia. Whenever we open our newspapers, we see at least 2 person died or at least hospitalized who involved in road accidents. From the statistics;, it shows us that five to six thousands peoples dead in a year because of road accidents. On the other hand, it also means that, every year there is five to six thousands peoples losing of their love member such as, love partner, family members and so on. There are many types of vehicle on the road, such as motorcycle, bus, car, taxi and goods vehicle and many bring those vehicles whether it is a short drive or a long drive because all of us depend on vehicles to move from a destination to another. As we know that, Malaysia is a multinational country, there are types of religion in Malaysia. Different types of religion will celebrate their own festival such as Hari Raya Aidilfitri, Chinese New Year, Deepavali and so on. Almost all Malaysian will go back to the hometown for the celebration. During the season of festival, road accident will happen more often compare to the normal day. Several causes of road accident such as, the behavior of driver, mechanical failure, road conditions and also weather. We as a Malaysian we need to reduce the number of road accident by some solutions.

Four Factors That Cause Road Accidents

Let’s discuss about the first categorize of road accidents which is due to the driver’s behavior. I believe that the driver’s behavior is one of the causes of road accident, and the statistics also claim that there are 97% of road accidents happen because of the distracted driver. There are many types of driver behavior that will cause road accident and this will result for most of the driver to not realize that those actions are very dangerous while driving. The first type of the driver behaviors that will cause road accidents are on phone while driving. Mobile phone now is too advanced in technologies even can watch television programs by online. Many of the drivers use this kind of technologies while they are driving. As we all know that we just have a pair of eyes and we cannot watch the road and the phone on the simultaneously. On this condition we will lack of concentration and it will cause us to involve in road accident. Beside that, some driver also use the mobile phone to send messages and on talk on their phone whiles they drive. The second type of the driver behaviors are the driver adjusting the radio or the Bluetooth connection while they drive. After we finish heard the song, the playlist will change a new song which sometimes we don’t like. Let’s imagine if the car is on road and the driver are searching a new song from his playlist then this is will cause a few moment of distraction for the driver to not notice the road and this will increase the chances for accidents to occur. There are also high possible chances of accidents will occur if we are try to alter the radio channel when they are driving. Thirdly, due to the driver’s behaviors which is popularly knowns as drunk and drive. According to the write-up by Alcohol Problems and Solutions, they stand firm that a driver with high blood alcohol content (BAC) has the most risk which will involve in car accidents. Reason is when a person with high BAC it will affect the person’s coordination and this have been shown by Alcohol Problems and Solutions. There is an test to show that, a person is trying to write such words “Drinking doesn’t affect my driving” before and after drunk. The result show that, the person after drunk will write the words more blur and unoccupied. Besides that, it also means that if we are drunk driving we will drive in a blur situation, and it will result to road accidents.

Mechanical failure is contemplated as a factor that will result road accidents. Speaking about cars, ask yourself , do you service your car at the secured particular period. Do you service your car? We must not simply look down on car’s maintenance. This is because some of the error will happen if we do not service our car and it will cause the road accidents. One of the mistakes is the lack of breaking system, if we do not service our car we will be careless whether our break pad is still in a well condition. If the break pad is not in well conditions, break failure will occur. Which is also means that, wewill fail to stop our car when we are driving. This is very threatning and will cause many road accidents. Despite that, defective wipers also make the road accident occur. Imagine that, when we drive on the road and suddenly heavy rain until we cannot get a clear look of the road. In such situation if the car wipers out of functions we will not be able to drive anymore which it also means that we need to stop the car immediately. This will cause the a car crash of our car because of the heavy rain hard is will be hard to control the car speed and handling the emergency stop situation. Tires are indeed one of the important parts of a car. Without tires the car cannot move, it also means that, if suddenly the car faces tires blow up, the car will lost control because of without the tires the car cannot move. When we lost of control it might cause a crash, possiblities of crashing with other cars on the road.

In addition, the road conditions is another main reason of accidents. Oily roads without a doubt will cause road accidents. Oily roads will make us to easily lost control because of the tires cannot move in a normal condition and will usually drift. Accidents will be appear when the car loses control. Holes on the road also will cause road accidents. By the way, why do roads have holes? Roads undergo less maintenance from government or even if the place is under construction the road will have many holes because of construction many lorries often use the road. Why do hole on the road will cause road accidents?The situation when we using the road at the night and the road lacks of road light. Such road will cause motorcycle to easily fall into the hole and offence is because the motorcycle lacks of brightness to look clear at the conditions of the road. Nowadays as we can see rubbish everywhere on the road. Let’s seek for the truth, ask yourself have you thrown rubbish on the road before? Just shoulder that a Malaysian throws rubbish on the road. Accident will occur when the road covered by rubbish. This is because when we using the road we will try to stay away from the rubbish. Plus, if we do not notice the car from the back or side, we might crash when trying to avoid the particular rubbish.

The last factor of road accidents is because of the weather. Weather is known as a significant point that we need to look out before we are going out to any destination. In Malaysia, there are two types of weather which is raining season and a muggy day. The raining season will make it difficult to look in front of the road if there the rain is overly heavy. When there is over heavy rain, it will make us hard to approximate the distance between a car with the car in front of us. Even the road condition cannot be estimated because of overly heavy rain. This will be higher possibilities of accidents to take place.

Conclusion

To sum up, road accidents in our nation is increasing every year and is not safe for anyone. In this state, everyone must realize and give more awareness to reduce the rate of road accidents. At the same time, citizens have to cooperate with authorities such as police to settle this issue. As we know plenty factors that result to this problem and the main factor is us,humans. After that the causes are road condition from poor weather and vehicle factors. The rate of road accidents could be decreased by the many actions including from education, road condition, campaigns and by the law. If all people shower support and cooperation, this issue could be settled easily and our country also can reduce the number of deaths that result from road accident. 

Translations of Sophocles’ play are generally interpreted in one of two ways, ‘Oedipus Rex’, meaning Oedipus the King, or ‘Oedipus Tyrannus’, meaning Oedipus the Tyrant. The exact distinction between the two titles is undefined, though through the lens of Socrates’ five characterizations of the soul, the readers can identify what type of man he is. Throughout the text, Oedipus exhibits elements of Socrates’ tripartite soul: the rational, the spirited, and the appetitive. Each person has a unique balance of these parts, and only by combining these with Socrates’ five characterizations of the soul is it possible to place Oedipus.

The five characterizations are the aristocratic, the timocratic, the oligarchical, the democratic, and the tyrannical soul. Oedipus fulfills a share of each of these characterizations with his actions in Oedipus Tyrannus. Oedipus embodies all of these different types of character; and within them he resembles all three parts of Socrates tripartite soul. Socrates believed that one could have a gold soul of pure reason and willingness to learn, a silver soul, of courage, or an iron soul, one that hasn’t the purity or drive to complete true goodness. Oedipus is able to embody each characterization, proving that he cannot truly have a gold, silver, or iron soul, due to the wealth of actions that he takes. His soul, and thus the type of man he is, must be regarded as a mix of gold, silver, and iron as a result of his mercurial nature.

Within The Republic, Plato relays through writing Socrates’ vision for an ideal city, Kallipolis. The foundation of the city is built on the idea that society is perfectly balanced, and ruled through the system of aristocracy, the rule of the best. Socrates believes these aristocrats take the form of philosophers, yearning for knowledge and only ruling because they view it as a responsibility, not as an honor. Plato writes of the philosopher kings that they are, “they must refuse to accept what is false, hate it, and have a love for the truth”. Socrates’ explanation of the philosopher king provides an explanation to how highly regarded they are, and as a result these kings carry golden souls. In relation to Oedipus, he amiably saves the city of Thebes from the clutches of the sphinx, allowing him to come to power and free the people of Thebes. His wit allows him to rise to power, after solving the riddle of a sphinx to free the city of a former plague, “You came to Thebes, saved us from the Sphinx.” He addresses his people when they congregate at the palace, and tells of how he won’t relent in his search for knowledge on how to end the plague within the city.

This displays how Oedipus naturally is inclined to take responsibility for his people, likening him to a philosopher king, who gives all he has to benefit his subjects. In addition, he wants to know this for the benefit of others selflessly. In Oedipus’ conversation with Jocasta after Oedipus begins to come around to the idea that it may have been him who committed the murder, Jocasta urges him to stop investigating the case of Laius’ death. However, Oedipus believes that he cannot stop until he finds the truth, “I still want/That herdsman here.”, referring to a witness of the death of Laius. His earnest inquiry relating to the death of Laius shines light upon his ability, albeit inconsistent, to control his emotions and think rationally, regardless of what is at stake. At a multitude of points during the play, Oedipus is able to logically pursue truth, displaying attributes associated with that of a golden soul. This suggests that Oedipus’ soul partially consists of gold, that of the highest social ranking in Kallipolis.

A group known as the auxiliaries also exists within Plato’s Kallipolis. The auxiliaries are born with souls of silver, and their duty is to defend the city, of them Socrates says, “isn’t it truly most correct to call these people complete guardians (auxiliaries), since they will guard against external enemies and internal friends.”As evidenced by this quote, their role was distinct from the philosopher kings in the sense that the auxiliaries’ pursuit of knowledge is not as strong as the philosopher king’s pursuit of knowledge, and honor replaces wisdom as the primary concern for auxiliaries. The silver souls of auxiliaries are equated to souls of honor, which is closely tied to the soul of a timocrat. The timocratic man is one who holds valor above all. Throughout Oedipus Tyrannus, Oedipus embodies the timocrat at a couple points. He sought retribution upon the person who put the city under a plague, he exclaims, “I will stop at nothing to find/ The one who has this man’s blood on his hands”.

Though he wants to help the city, he also aims to uphold his reputation while gaining respect for saving the city of Thebes once again, cementing himself as the most adept ruler. His drive to curse the murderer stems from his spiritual soul, not from his rational soul. As the play concludes, Oedipus learns of his fate as he falls from grace. He laments, “I am the destroyer, the curse,/ The man the gods loathe most of all”, in this way, Oedipus is a timocrat. He realizes the honor that he has lost, and bemoans how he cannot get it back. Oedipus displays a timocratic character with a silver soul, and as a result he cannot be philosopher king or golden soul.

The natural progression from a timocratic character is to an oligarchical one. The oligarchical character possesses an appetitive soul, Socrates’ believed that this appetitive soul was the weakest of the parts of the soul, and easily submits to desire. The oligarchical soul desires wealth, and its insatiably appetite for wealth is treasured above all else. Oedipus makes his own oligarchical tendencies apparent through his obsession with power. He accuses Tiresias of conspiring with his brother-in-law, Creon, and cannot let go of his throne until he learns the full truth about his family, when he finally surrenders outside of his palace. Oedipus later accuses Creon, “Here’s the murderer in plain sight./ Clearly, he meant to steal my power”. His extremely defensive of his power results in a fight between the brother-in-laws, establishing that Oedipus tests his familial relationship with his wealth and power. Oedipus obsesses over his wealth, which comes in the form of his royalty and political power. Terrified of losing these values, he goes to any extent to protect them, making him oligarchical. The oligarchical soul does not place emphasis on the truth of knowledge, and is only appetitive, meaning Oedipus’ soul is furthered cluttered with iron metals.

The Republic proposes another characterization of the soul, that of a democrat. The democratic soul is appetitive by nature and covets freedom above all else, sacrificing all they can for the sake of newfound liberty. Though freedom is important, it can often turn to licentiousness if it is unstructured, which restricts freedom if it is not used in moderation. The democratic characterization stresses that all everyone is involved, and Oedipus reflects that in his actions throughout the play. When Creon returns with news on how to end the plague, Oedipus makes sure all of Thebes hears, “Let everyone hear. I grieve for them/ Far more than I do for myself”.

His trust in the strength of the citizens as a collective is closely aligned with the ideologies of democratic characterization. Within a speech to the people where he promises to punish the perpetrator who killed the Laius, Oedipus is completely fair, “I damn myself, if I should come to know/ That he shares my hearth and home –/ Then I call this curse to fall on me.” has a partially democratic character, meaning there is more iron mixed into his soul, separating him further from Socrates’ ideal of a philosopher king. Oedipus displays the soul of a democrat through his belief in people, and the idea that all are equal under the law. The notion of this is noble, but still appetitive, as he inadvertently damns himself with this statement. The soul of the tyrant is also present within Oedipus. The tyrant is chained to his appetite, he is obsessed with lust and entrenched in himself. The tyrant is willing to do anything for more of whatever he may think will satisfy his appetite, and cannot think rationally, making him the opposite of the philosopher king. Oedipus can be seen as a tyrant when analyzing the extremes he performed to in order to gain and keep power. Without intent, Oedipus commits patricide, and incest. Afterwards, he threatens to kill his brother-in-law, Creon, “I demand your death.”

Another commonality amongst tyrants is being blind to the truth. The soul of a tyrant is also present with Oedipus, further muddling his mix of gold, silver, and iron soul. The tyrant proves to be the soul farthest from that of a philosopher king, and though he shows negative characteristics, it cannot be said that Oedipus is a tyrant himself. Oedipus exhibits aspects of each of the five characterizations of the soul in Sophocles play. Oedipus uncovers certain aspects of the tripartite soul in his character, yet they all combine to form his soul. It must be concluded that his soul is a mix of gold, silver, and iron metals. It can threaten murder, and it can pursue learning and knowledge, Oedipus is a character that bridges is hard to define under one category. He cannot be only ‘Oedipus Rex’, nor only ‘Oedipus Tyrannus’, Oedipus can only be Oedipus.

The soul of the tyrant is also present within Oedipus. The tyrant is chained to his appetite, he is obsessed with lust and entrenched in himself. The tyrant is willing to do anything for more of whatever he may think will satisfy his appetite, and cannot think rationally, making him the opposite of the philosopher king. Oedipus can be seen as a tyrant when analyzing the extremes he performed to in order to gain and keep power. Without intent, Oedipus commits patricide, and incest. Afterwards, he threatens to kill his brother-in-law, Creon, “I demand your death.”[10] Another commonality amongst tyrants is being blind to the truth. The soul of a tyrant is also present with Oedipus, further muddling his mix of gold, silver, and iron soul. The tyrant proves to be the soul farthest from that of a philosopher king, and though he shows negative characteristics, it cannot be said that Oedipus is a tyrant himself.

Oedipus exhibits aspects of each of the five characterizations of the soul in Sophocles play. Oedipus uncovers certain aspects of the tripartite soul in his character, yet they all combine to form his soul. It must be concluded that his soul is a mix of gold, silver, and iron metals. It can threaten murder, and it can pursue learning and knowledge, Oedipus is a character that bridges is hard to define under one category. He cannot be only ‘Oedipus Rex’, nor only ‘Oedipus Tyrannus’, Oedipus can only be Oedipus.

The soul of the tyrant is also present within Oedipus. The tyrant is chained to his appetite, he is obsessed with lust and entrenched in himself. The tyrant is willing to do anything for more of whatever he may think will satisfy his appetite, and cannot think rationally, making him the opposite of the philosopher king. Oedipus can be seen as a tyrant when analyzing the extremes he performed to in order to gain and keep power. Without intent, Oedipus commits patricide, and incest. Afterwards, he threatens to kill his brother-in-law, Creon, “I demand your death.” Another commonality amongst tyrants is being blind to the truth. The soul of a tyrant is also present with Oedipus, further muddling his mix of gold, silver, and iron soul. The tyrant proves to be the soul farthest from that of a philosopher king, and though he shows negative characteristics, it cannot be said that Oedipus is a tyrant himself.

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Oedipus exhibits aspects of each of the five characterizations of the soul in Sophocles' play. Oedipus uncovers certain aspects of the tripartite soul in his character, yet they all combine to form his soul. It must be concluded that his soul is a mix of gold, silver, and iron metals. It can threaten murder, and it can pursue learning and knowledge, Oedipus is a character that bridges is hard to define under one category. He cannot be only ‘Oedipus Rex’, nor only ‘Oedipus Tyrannus’, Oedipus can only be Oedipus.

References

1. Plato, Republic, Trans, G.M.A Grube (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1992), 485b
2. Sophocles, Oedipus Tyrannus, trans. Peter Meineck and Paul Woodruff (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 2000),
3. Plato, Republic, Trans, G.M.A Grube (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1992), 414b
4. Sophocles, Oedipus Tyrannus, trans. Peter Meineck and Paul Woodruff (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 2000), line 266
5. Sophocles, Oedipus Tyrannus, trans. Peter Meineck and Paul Woodruff (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 2000), 534-535
6. Sophocles, Oedipus Tyrannus, trans. Peter Meineck and Paul Woodruff (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 2000), line 622

Table of contents

1. Diffusion and Importance of the Phenomenon
Data and SampleMeasurement of Variables
2. Independent and Control Variables

“Binge drinking” is a very debated term. It can historically be defined in two main different ways, with the discrepancy mainly regarding the length of the episode in question, but also according to the actual quantity of alcohol consumed. The first definition, and the older one, of the term refers to an extended episode of heavy drinking to the point of experiencing a hangover, usually implying more than one single day (WHO, 1994).

The other, and more common use nowadays, is to explain a situation of heavy drinking in a much shorter period of time, mainly several hours. There were some attempts to try to define the concept more objectively, for example by identifying this behaviour with the drinking of 5 or more drinks successively (Cahalan & Room, 1974). Another slightly different definition of this term is consuming half of the suggested weekly quantity of alcohol in one single session (Bennet et al.’s, 1990), which can be quantified as at least 10 units for men and 7 for women.

According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, binge drinking is interpreted as an event leading to a Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) count of 0.08% (0.8g/L) or higher, which happens after 5 drinks for men and 4 for women in two hours-time (NIAAA). The problem with this technical definition and the reason why it has been largely criticized, is due to the fact that there is also some subjectivity to be taken into account, such as a person’s alcohol capacity, a person’s drinking habits, as well as the differences in tolerance related to the different gender, age and also occasion.

The basic idea that people have of “binge drinking” is the one of drinking so much to be intoxicated with the will of getting drunk, but actually, the problem with this explanation is that no one is assessing the speed of the drinking and the concentration of alcohol present in the blood, which can surely be considered more objective measures of intoxication.

After the comment upon the different uses of the term, for the purpose of my paper I will always refer to “binge drinking” with the consumption of 5 drinks or more in a single short episode, because I want to take into account the concept of heavy drinking but considering it as something not only occasional but also restricted to few hours, which is usually a night, since the sample I will analyze is the adolescents, for whom the latter definition is surely much more appropriate and more frequently happening for many different reasons, that I will analyze deeper throughout the paper, as celebrating something, the will to have fun or the desire to try something new also due to peer pressure, the will to feel older or the hope to forget for a few hours about the issues and to reduce stress.

Diffusion and Importance of the Phenomenon

According to the World Health Organization for the European Region (WHO, 2014), alcohol is the sixth cause of ill health and premature death in high income countries and the proof stays in the fact that Europe has the highest level of consumption of alcohol in the world, which is mainly driven by some very high percentages of consumption in Eastern and Central Europe. Going deeper, the percentage of adults who drink alcohol is roughly 70% and the individual average yearly consumption of pure alcohol is around 10.7 litres, with the male portion consuming in proportion more than women, reaching an average male quantity of 19.4 litres per year.

Moreover, the use of alcohol among adolescents is another major public health concern in many European countries. According to the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC), which is a WHO cross-national study, in the WHO European Region one fifth of the young population aged 15 and over shows ‘binge’ use of alcohol for recreational purposes and the rate at which this happens is the highest in the world (HBSC, 2016).

Among adolescents, according to the different ages the percentage of alcohol use is very different. As it can be seen in the graphs below, at the age of 11, the presence of weekly drinking and drunkenness is quite low, but as the age increases to 13 or 15, the percentage of this phenomenon increases significantly.

Alcohol can harm through both short-term use, which is often related to intense use as binge drinking episodes and is considered as the acute effects of drinking, and long-term use, depicted as the chronic effects. Alcohol is a toxic substance which can harm any organ or system of the human body and can lead to many different underestimated but serious diseases, such as an increasing risk of appearance of a wide variety of cancers, cardiovascular diseases, lung diseases, gastrointestinal conditions, it can affect the developing fetus with an intensified risk of premature birth and low birth weight and it can also impact the development of the brain.

This latter concern is even more worrying when taking into consideration drinking alcohol during adolescence, because by negatively affecting the brain, it causes severe consequences for the cognitive function and the emotional and social development. When analyzing the impact on health of alcohol and decide to measure it through the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), alcohol is responsible for 2% of female and 12% of male premature death and disability, which makes this drug dependence one of the highest risk factors for the people in the European Union.

One DALY can be referred to as one year of healthy life lost, and the sum of DALYs of the whole population can be considered as a measurement gap between the current health status and the ideal situation in which the population lives to an advanced age without diseases and disabilities. Alcohol can also harm other people than the drinker, and this can happen for example, through violence, domestic violence and traffic accidents due to the loss of the clarity of thought.

When taking a deeper insight into the consequences, it can be better understood the seriousness of this phenomenon. The use of such a substance causes 17000 deaths per year due to road traffic accidents which is one third of all road deaths, 2000 homicides, 10000 suicides which are one sixth of all suicides, 27000 accidental deaths, 50000 deaths because of cancer, 45000 deaths from liver cirrhosis and 200000 episodes of depression (,). It is quite straightforward that the greater in magnitude and frequency of the episodes of heavy drinking, the greater the negative impact on life and the greater the probability of incurring in one of the previously mentioned diseases or conditions.

Among young adolescents the incurring of diseases and disabilities is quite low, but as they grow the rate increases strongly, mainly related to road accidents, unsafe sex, psychological problems and alcohol use (Gore et al., 2011). Suicides, homicides and other accidents are highly linked to the consumption of alcohol and since the 80% of young deaths are connected to these causes and not to the appearance of cancers or infections, the presence of powerful interventions will prevent them to drink so much and often and will strongly reduce the mortality rate among young adults (Carpenter and Dobnik, 2011).

Data and Sample

I use data coming from the fifth data collection wave (2011) of the European School Project on Alcohol and other Drugs (ESPAD) survey, which is the largest cross-national research database on the use of substances among 15 and 16 year-old adolescents in the European Union. In order to reach this work, there was also the support from other entities, such as the Swedish Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, the Portugal European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addition (EMCDDA) and the Pompidou Group at the Council of Europe, which funded also the participation of the researchers coming from central and eastern Europe in the annual Project Meetings.

The aim of this project was to collect comparable data on this topic in as many European countries as possible and the long-term objective is to monitor trends and compare those trends within and between countries, this is why the survey is repeated every four years, with the 1995 as the starting year. In order to collect the data, it was established a common methodological protocol including also a master questionnaire in the early 1990s and for pragmatic reasons it was conducted among students in classrooms.

The participation of the students is voluntary and anonymous with teachers or assistants that act as survey leaders and the results are presented only in a comprehensive way including all the involved countries. All the steps are conducted in a standardized way, from the data collection period, which is usually spring, to the capture, from the cleaning to the delivery and the final analysis of the collected data, in order to have results that are as much comparable as possible.

The first wave of the ESPAD survey, in 1995, contained information coming from 26 countries, while the sixth wave, the one of 2011, includes data from 36 countries, with the subsequent collection of results from other three countries in autumn of 2011. Consequently, we can safely say that now ESPAD survey covers more or less the whole European continent, with information in the different waves coming from 40 countries.

The samples of 2011 can be considered nationally representative, with the exception of four cases: in Belgium the survey was conducted only in the Flanders, which is the Dutch-speaking part, in Bosnia and Herzegovina it encompasses only the Republic of Srpska, in Germany five out of the sixteen Bundesländer are included and in the Russian Federation only the city of Moscow was incorporated.

The overall validity of the results is considered to be high in most countries, albeit we have to take into account the different cultural contexts in which the students have answered to the questionnaire. Where the size of the country in terms of population allowed for, the national sample size was usually close to 2400 participating students, but as it can easily be understood, for some smaller countries, that number was higher than the whole population of students of the desired age, so it would be impossible to reach that sum.

Measurement of Variables

The dependent variable chosen is the dummy binge drinking. The initial idea for the dependent variable was binge drinking (5+ drinks), which comes from the following question ‘How many times (if any) have you had five or more drinks on one occasion in the last 30 days?’. Subsequently, by looking at the descriptive statistics and at the histogram of that variable (Table 1), it was evident that it was extremely right-skewed and the possible attempts to try to reduce it where quite unsatisfactory, so the only possible choice was to transform it to a dummy variable and compute a logistic regression instead of the linear one.

The new dummy variable has value 0 in the case of the absence of binge drinking and 1 for the presence of it, regardless of how many times it occurred in the last month. By doing this, I decided to focus my attention not on the frequency of such phenomenon among my sample, but just on the presence or not. Nevertheless, for the purpose of my analysis and having considered that my sample is composed of adolescents, analyzing the presence or absence of such heavy drinking is sufficient and satisfying because the fact that a 15-year-old adolescent in the last 30 days incurred even only in one episode of such behavior is in any case already something to worry about.

Independent and Control Variables

The first independent variable that I want to study because of the findings in previous studies is the Family well off, which according to the questionnaire, indicates the perception of well-being of one’s family compared to the other ones and is measured on a scale from 1 – very much better off, to 7 – very much less well off. The second couple of variables that is of my interest was Mother and Father education, which at the beginning I thought could be highly correlated with the family well off, but by looking at the Variance Inflation Factors (VIF) coefficients, which is an instrument to detect multicollinearity between independent variable, I saw that it was not the case.

Furthermore, in order to avoid the possibility of correlation between the two variables of education, I decided to create only one single variable called Education, which measures the highest level of education between the two parents, with a scale going from 1 – completed primary school or less, to 5 – completed college or university and furthermore, there was a country, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which didn’t have valid values, so I put that country’s results as system missing. Moreover, another important independent variable to consider was the Average grade at school at the end of last term, for which Hungary hadn’t have values, so I put them as missing.

In addition, the variable has outcomes that were spread from 1 to 345 with categories from 1 – majority 10s, to 7 – majority 4s, so I decided to calculate the outliers, with the formula [mean ± 3.5?] and after having calculated the confidence interval, which was [-6.0175;10.835], I decided to leave only values going from 1 to 10, and put as system missing all the values greater than 10. Furthermore, another independent variable chosen was Friends get drunk, which indicates the number of friends estimated to get drunk and is measured on a scale from 1 – none, to 5 – all the friends.

Also this variable has problems regarding one country, which in this specific case is Netherlands, for which I put its outputs as system missing. At the beginning I wanted also to include in my analysis the variables Mother and Father on drunk, but when looking at the frequency tables, it was clear that they had roughly 60% of missing values, surely too much to be included in my regression.

In addition, there were three variables that were extremely right skewed according to their histograms, consequently, to avoid this problem I transformed them into dummy variables. The first one measures how many days the adolescent in question missed school in the last 30 days because he/she decided to skip or “cut” and ranges from 1 – none, to 6 – 7 days or more and what I did was to create a dummy with value 0 – never, and 1 – skipped some days.

The second variable is Daily smoking, which measures how frequently the young adult smoked cigarettes in the last 30 days, with 1 – indicating not at all smoked, and 7 – more than 20 cigarettes per day. I transformed it into the variable Dummy smoking, which has value 0 – no smoking and 1 – smoking, without indicating the frequency of such activity. The third is Cannabis lifetime, which evaluates the number of occasions in which the boy/girl used cannabis during his/her life and is measured on a scale from 1 – never, to 7 – 40 or more. Also in this situation I created a dummy variable, which has the following values, 0 – no cannabis use and 1 – cannabis use.

Another aspect I wanted to analyze was the relationship that the adolescent has with the people around him, to better understand whether the environment in which he/she lives is comfortable for him/her, therefore I included in my regression also other three variables considering the satisfaction of the relationship with mother, with father and with friends, which are measured on a scale ranging from 1 – very satisfied, to 6 – no such person. Again because of the distribution of the variables I transformed them into three dummies with value 0 – not satisfied, corresponding to the values from 3 to 6 in the initial variables, and 1 – satisfied, standing for the values 1 and 2.

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Finally, I added also some control variables, which are sex and country. The former is a dummy and has the following categories, 0 – male, and 1 – female. For the latter, I created as many dummy variables as the number of country to add them to my regression analysis I put the country “Albania” as my reference category, so in the end not included it in my analysis.

Table of contents

1. Unstable Family History as a Factor
2. Antisocial Disorders
3. Childhood Trauma

Per 100,000 people, the country who has the highest murder rate in Southeast Asia, Philippines, has a murder rate of 9.84 for 9,784 recorded cases according to reports from the year 2014. And if one would ever wonder, how many of these cases can actually be considered serial murders? These kinds of murders are committed by serial killers, someone who has committed murder three or more times with a cooling-off period from which broken families, inherent disorders, and childhood trauma might have caused such a disposition to abnormally gratify his psychological needs. In this age, using the term “serial killer” has become familiar with different media forms tackling it. But linking it with actual crimes are more often done internationally than it is in the Philippines.

The country does not believe in serial murderers since some justify that most of the goals of the people in the country is to get ahead in life and escape poverty. Given that the people in the country are mostly family-oriented, they would prioritize relationships and will do what it takes to earn money, while not risking getting caught doing such acts. Nonetheless, the paper aims to prove that serial murderers may actually roam around the country’s streets, as connections will be made on the factors that could actually be conducive to their psychotic behavior and are present in the country’s environment.

A term coined by the FBI in the 1970s, a ‘serial killer’ is someone who has committed three or more murders as a baseline definition. The murders from which ample evidence patterns to a common perpetrator, need to be committed at different times and locations with an indefinite time period between the killings. The presence of cooling periods between such horrendous activities is what differentiates serial murderers from other killers. There are also types from where a serial killer could be distinguished, and some of them are: the visionary motive type who display signs of psychosis who think that they are compelled to murder because an entity ordered them to do so (God-mandated or Devil-mandated); the mission-oriented type who displays no signs of psychosis but believe that they need to rid the world of immoral or unworthy people like prostitutes, homosexuals, and such; the power or control type whose objective is to assert dominance over their victims and often sexually abuses them for the feeling of control and not for sexual gratification; and the hedonistic type who derives pleasure from killing, either to satiate their need for lust, comfort or thrill.

Unstable Family History as a Factor

Studies (Dalal, et.al, 2009; Barber, 2016) observed what the lives of serial killers were like when they were children, and most of them point to poor relationships with their families. A chaotic home or a broken family negatively influences the psychological well-being of a child. Neglect from the parents were also noted to have adverse effects on their behavior or thinking. It was also common for the serial killers to come from a family that had experienced divorce, separation, or the lack of a parent. In a psychological view, insufficient attention and physical touch given to a child in his infancy period would significantly affect the child’s emotional development. This disruption of their formative period could be damaging in the long term. Another common link among most serial killers was that they were brought up by their mothers, either as a single parent or as the dominant figure between the couple. Their upbringing could have been “controlling, overprotective, physically and emotionally abusive” (The Psychology of a Serial Killer, n.d.) which also negatively develops their psychological behavior. Hatred towards their mothers were also found to encompass most serial killers as the reason or motive for their murders.

Factors present in the Philippines may contribute to this ongoing phenomenon of having broken families. Due to poverty, parents often consider going abroad to work as OFWs. This in turn, affects the development of the children as one or two important figures in their life would be missing as they grow up. And due to some instances such as time constraints and temptations from being away or working abroad, parents would separate. This often leads to the neglect or rejection by these important figures in the children’s life, which adversely affects their development in coping mechanisms and behavior.

Antisocial Disorders

Moving on, evidence from various profiles show that serial killers do not necessarily have an unhealthy relationship with their family, rather they were affected by their genes. An abnormality in the hereditary makeup or brain structure, is observed to adversely impact the children’s behavior; in turn, could account for their turning into a serial killer. Serial killers exhibit antisocial personality disorders such as sociopathy or psychopathy, which are not considered mental illnesses, but may already be present in their genes and are more likely to be exhibited due to the arising of certain factors. People who are diagnosed with the aforementioned disorders may manifest a blatant disregard for laws, social ethics, and respect for others’ rights. They also have a tendency to display violent behavior, as they fail to feel any remorse or guilt. These characteristics have a direct correlation to a serial killer's nature of being a callous and exploitative individual with blunted emotions and impulsive inclinations.

A concerning topic that should be discussed is the Philippines’ disregard on mental health before, which is shown by the common opinion that illnesses such as depression and anxiety are “sakit pangmayaman” or afflictions only felt by those who are well off in life. This then leads to unhealthy coping mechanisms for children when dealing with stress and other problems. Most will disregard what they are truly feeling as they have yet so much to do and they have no time for such trivial things. The stigma concerning these mental health illnesses also hinder those struggling to be open about what they are experiencing so as to avoid being made fun of or looked down on. This leads to detrimental effects on their mental health, and it may lead to unwanted disorders. However, a sound proposal has been made by the government in which the Philippines now has the Mental Health Act of 2017. This act is implemented to raise awareness on these mental problems and provide high quality care for those who are afflicted with such conditions, alleviating the current situation and previous mindset of some Filipinos.

Childhood Trauma

Another factor which may induce some detrimental consequences on the psychological well-being of a person is trauma, which can be related to the aforementioned factor of broken families. Previous studies have found a link between serial killers and childhood abuse, including physical, mental and sexual. They were often abused by a near and dear family member when they were young which may have resulted to things such as bedwetting, isolation, introversion. Also, another factor to consider is the negligence of parents who are caught up with drinking problems or substance abuse, leading to the lowering of self-esteem of the child and leaving him feeling powerless and inadequate as an adult. Children who are often mistreated creates a sort of an alternative reality where they can take control and have power, and as they reach adulthood, they would continue doing so to attain those feelings or experiences that they missed out when they were young.. Studies (The Psychology of a Serial Killer, n.d.; Dalal, et.al, 2009) have also shown that trauma leading to isolation like bullying, evokes them to harbor aggressive fantasies. These secret fantasies develop into detailed plans on how and who they would kill.

The Philippines today is marked with plenty extrajudicial killings concerning the war against drugs, whose victims are often those in poverty. Communities have been raided and ‘suspicious’ men were taken from their homes, and the police were not as trusted as they were before. Children were not spared from witnessing, or even experiencing, these unconstitutional killings. Aside from the possibilities of wanting to avenge their families or friends, this could also highly induce childhood trauma. Also, when groups of people have lives that are generally recognized to have no value, then it would be natural for them to resolve to murder. This is tagged as a socio-cultural factor that creates serial killers (Dala, et. al, 2009). It could be contextualized to the victims of Tokhang as they are unrecognized by the state to be treated fairly. Witnesses or close relations to those murdered would experience trauma, and the feeling that they are not seen as equal beneficiaries of the law. In turn, the making of a serial killer could start either to release their anger, a form of revolt, or to avenge. With victims that are often the poor, crimes done to them do not garner as much attention as needed; this then results to possible unchecked sequences in murders (Barber, 2016).

A crime of this caliber is usually solved through comprehensive detective work, the use of deduction, logic, and science, the accumulation of clues and pieces of evidence, and a series of trial and error. International crime work boasts of how the crime bureau is funded by the government, as they enjoy a reliable system backed up with state-of-the-art-databases. Meanwhile, given the system the country has, missing persons are never expected to be found after a period of time, catching a prime suspect takes years to accomplish, and much more. The police task force isn’t that efficient, their equipment are decades past their manufacturing date, the justice system is all about pleasing the social circle of the powerful and the wealthy, and overall, the system does not look out for the good of the people. Also, when inefficient crime force is faced with serial killers whose cooling periods are extremely long, then it is more likely for them to not notice the patterns nor arrest the murderers (Barber, 2016).

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This is a country where all the effort put into solving the crime will all be for nothing given the evidences. To add more, the situation in the Philippines is bleak, in which such an environment can create detrimental motivations to the creation of serial killers. Broken families and other factors are present in the country for instance, the Tokhang, the large percent of OFW’s, or the perpetuation of poverty. These are significantly influential to the psychological behavior and mechanisms of children. The gathered information from legitimate sources and studies points to different events or factors that are also present in the Philippines. The psychology and behavior of serial killers should move the police and the citizens to stop discounting the possibility of their presence in the country. As F.H. Batacan disproved the notion of “there are no serial killers in the Philippines” in her novel “Smaller and Smaller Circles,” so does this paper enlighten the often overlooked likelihood of their existence in the country.

As for the final year, it is required to submit a graduation thesis. The title selected for my thesis is “Museum”. It is very honorable to have an opportunity to design something which is magnificent and significant for a country. Nowadays, everyone is chasing after trendy things and losing interest in history and art. A place where everyone will be able to learn these things again is required in this society. With better support, people will become eager to study history and art once again.

Some architectural projects such as bus-stop design, guest house design, nursery school design and apartment designs were accomplished in the last semester. The title, “Military Museum” is chosen for the following objectives –· People need to give more attention on history and culture. To fulfill this purpose, museums with better architecture and more organized data are required.· People need to step back into museums instead of spending all of their time on social media or entertainment. · To broaden the citizen’s knowledge of the military history of our country.· Aim to build the country’s monument which the citizens can be proud of.· Making people understand how a military operates and realize how it is important for a country.· To always appreciate the country’s heroes and special incidents. · To preserve the country’s military history and share to next generations.· To archaize museums and boost the interest in history and culture.· To get tourists’ attraction.· To show people how great the standard of the country’s armed forces are.

A military museum, which displays or emphasizes the history of Myanmar Navy from ancient times to nowadays because its history and process are not well-known among citizens in the comparison to the history of Army and Air Force. The history of Myanmar Navy needs to be archaized.· The presented military museum will offer facts and knowledge not only with pictures and sculpture but also with some activities as visitors can be bored of history without some interesting events.· Unlike most of the museums in Myanmar, open-air areas, resting areas and food stalls will be provided for visitors’ convenience and recreation.

Museum is a place where valuable knowledge can be gained at once. It is a non-profit institution for public, exhibiting the historical or cultural heritage. Museums encourage us to learn the past and make better in the future. It is an institution which preserves the material evidence of the human race, culture and history. Museum and its architecture represent the country’s standard.

(Lewis, 2017) claimed that the word, “Museum” was derived from the Greek word, “Mouseion” that meant “seat of the Muses” and specified as a philosophical organization or a place for discussing and observation in Roman times. During the 19th and most of the 20th century, the word “Museum” is used to indicate a building housing cultural material to which the public had access. Later, as museums continued to respond to the societies that created them, the emphasis on the building itself became less dominant and museums or study with outdoor environment like open-air museums, eco museums were established. Furthermore, virtual museums exist in electronic form on internet. Although the virtual museums have opportunities and benefits to the existing museums, they still need depend on the processes such as collection, preservation, and clarification of materials and facts made by the real museums. Museums have a long history, dating back to Ancient Greece. Many early museums were private, established by wealthy individuals, and later made public.

There are several types of museums in the world to be classified. Basically, there are (18) types of museums as following: ·

Aquariums· Anthropology Museums·

Art Museums·

Botanic Gardens·

Children’s Museums·

Historic Houses·

History Museums·

Local and State History Museums·

Military Museums·

Nature Centers·

Natural History Museums·

Science and Technology Museums·

Sculpture Gardens·

Transportation Museums·

Visitor Centers· Zoos.

Phayre Museum(Naing, 1980) claimed that the first museum of our country is called Phayre Museum. It is named in honor of Sir Aurthur Phayre who was selected as a commander of Bago Division. In 1871, the Phayre Museum was built in the gardens of the Yangon Agri-Horticultural Society where Yangon General Hospital is situated nowadays. Bagan Archaeological MuseumAccording to (Department of Archaeology and National Museum, 1997), Bagan Archaeological Museum was established near Ar Nandar Pagoda in Bagan in 1903. It was the first museum after Myanmar had been taken over by the British. In 1942, the artifacts of this museum were buried in order to prevent from destructions in the Second World War. After Myanmar had repossessed the independence in 1948, the Ministry of Union Culture was established in 1952 and started trying to reopen the museum.

The Bagan Archaeological museum was reopened in 1945. Museum collections increased and a new octagonal-shaped museum had to be built in 1979. In 1995, the present Bagan Archaeological museum was established in 1995 and opened to the public on April 17,1998. The Earliest Museums of MyanmarOne of the earliest museums of Myanmar, established in Hmawza Village in Pyay, was the Sri Ksetra Archaeological Museum. In the 1900s, the Epigraphy Department explored and collected antiquities within the area of Sri Ksetra and between 1907 and 1910, a small building called Thayet Taw Museum was established near the ancient palace site of Sri Ksetra to store them. After it was burnt down in 1915, Kyaukka Thein was constructed as the first museum of Sri Ksetra in 1915. The current museum building near Kyaukka Thein Museum and the Monastery Museum was built in 1960.

One of the earliest museums in Myanmar is Myauk-U Archaeological Museum.Another early museum was established in Shwebo in 1904. At first, the Indian government provided fundings but later it was difficult for it to stand permanently. Now, it has been substituted by the Shwebonyadana Palace Museum, built in 1994 and opened in 1999. Another early museum was located in Mandalay. It was established in 1905 in Mandalay Palace City and called the Mandalay Palace Museum. It is totally different from the present Mandalay Palace Museum, because its collection, comprising objects related to the Palace and various other artifacts, was destroyed by fire because of bombing during the Second World War. (Naing, 1980)National MuseumAfter regaining independence, the National Museum was opened at the Jubilee Hall Building on the Shwedagon Pagoda Road in June 1952.

The collection gradually increased and in 1957, the Royal Lion Throne was moved from the President’s Residence to the National Museum and exhibited there. In 1968, it moved to a building in Pansodan Street, which was a former private bank, and it was opened to the public on February 8, 1970 with six exhibition rooms. Twenty-five years later, the National Museum moved to its present location on Pyay Road, Dagon Township in Yangon, and was opened to the public on18th September, 1996. (Naing, 1980)

(Giebelhausen, 2006) suggested that collections of war materials became popular during the colonial period as the power of the armed forces increased. Armies were ruled by the royals and noblemen in the colonial period. After battles, the treasure and loot from foreign lands illustrate the power of the King and his armies. In the earlier times, war materials are only displayed as the symbols of powerful military and loses or defeats were excluded.According to (Dresden, 2012), warehouses of weapons known as armories were exhibited to emphasize the heroic sacrifices and unforgettable battles showing the brave spirit of soldiers serving their lives to protect the country in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

During the late 19th century, nationalism and democracy encouraged the western world museums to turn out to be more formal. Armories were transferred from simple warehouses to formal exhibition where the rooms and other conditions were already suitable to exhibit the museum objects properly.Due to World War I, there were changes in the military strategies. These changes made people understand more about wars and what it meant for a society. The need for a collective identity to let the generations know what had happened and a memorial place for the heroic soldiers. This would eventually lead to the formation of military museums. (Szacka, 2013)(Malvern, 2000) commented that countries began to develop bigger museums, committed to the military history of the nation instead of local collections.

The Imperial War Museum in England was created to honour the dead and the lived experiences of people who suffered from the horrors of World War I. It was the first museum created for memorializing a war in its entirety. England was among the countries struggling to deal with its losses during World War I, and became concerned with creating some sort of physical and memorial record of the terror. (Hacker, et al., 2013) stated that he United States also felt the need to recognize pieces of its own history while Europe was the primary location for World War I memorials and museums. With the end of World War II, military museums grew exponentially in Europe and in the United States. They became places to celebrate victory and remember the sacrifices. At the end of the 20th century, communities had temporal distance from major World Wars and military museums became tourist centers. They have become tourists’ attraction till nowadays.

Humidity and temperature (Littlefield, 2008) claims that he control of the relative humidity, temperature and air pollution of areas in the museums (For example; exhibition areas, collection storage, and conservation, display and photographic work areas) need to be taken into consideration. Full air conditioning is necessary to handle climatic extremes, and to ensure proper temperature and moisture.Air pollutionSeeking information about local air quality is required to decide whether air filtration system is necessary or not. If it is needed, it should not be the electrostatic type, as it can lead to damaging ozone levels.

David Littlefield, claimed that museum lighting is a complex subject. It is important to determine a balance between natural and artificial lighting. Direct sunlight should not fall on any collection item. Chemical changes can occur in vulnerable materials due to direct sunlight. Thus, UV radiation must be effectively eliminated from all light reaching a collection item. The maximum light dosage recommended for different categories of collection item is shown in the following table. These dosages are achieved by limiting the level of illumination on collection items during visiting hours. Sudden changes in lighting levels and extreme contrasts of brightness in the field of view should be avoided as the eyes have only a limited ability to adapt to changes.

According to Littlefield: ‘The transport of sound through structure should be controlled. Functional zones should be provided with surface or sub-surface materials that dampen impact sounds and isolating cavities to interrupt the structural transmission of sound. Noise levels should be controlled within zones by appropriate choices of material finishes on floors, walls and ceilings, and the shaping of interior spaces to prevent flutter and unwanted amplifying effects. To generalize and simplify, the penetration of low-frequency sound is lessened by structural mass, of middle frequencies by diffusing and absorbing surfaces, and of high-frequency sound by the elimination of small- scale air gaps in doors, windows and partition walls.’

Firstly, the Defense Services Museum was opened in Yangon on 24th March, 1994 and it is moved to Naypyidaw on 18th November, 2010. It was situated on the corner of Shwedagon pagoda road and Panthra road. It was three-storeyed building with six booths. Its total area was about 100000 square feet. The Defense Services Museum was formally re-opened in Zeyarthiri Township in Naypyidaw on 18th March, 2012. Along with the instructions of the chiefs of the government, choosing site location, deciding site plans and designing buildings are performed in February, 2010. Its total site area is 603.68 acres.

There are six booths for Army, three booths for Navy, three booths for Air Force, three Guest Lounge with corridors, rest halls and souvenir shops. The independence struggles, historic battles and actions of the Armed Forces since its birth in 1945 till now are exhibited in this museum. Theatres are provided for each field to explain its history in short movie clips.

Open-air space for exhibition of Army has the area of 10.58 acres. The pathways are made up of concrete and objects are railed with steel railings.Open-air space for exhibition of Air Force has the area of 9.87 acres. A lot of types of military planes are shown and visitors can observe them from their cars as the ways for traffic are also provided there.Open-air space for exhibition of Navy has the area of 9.87 acres. Some types and models of military ships and weapons are displayed.There are (3) monumental statues of the Army, Air Force and Navy between two main gates. There is a water fountain with the area of 20.25 acres in front of the booth A-1 constructed for visitors’ recreation. Moreover, there are (4) pools, (2) stone gardens and (4) car parking areas with the capacity of (300) cars. For landscaping, over 400 thousand of trees and plants are grown in the area of 316.41 acres. Corridors are constructed for wheel chairs to be able to travel from one booth to another. Three elevators are placed in booth A-6, A-11 and A-12 for elders, unhealthy visitors and visitors who have to use wheel chairs. In order to preserve materials of the museum and for the visitors, comfort, the whole building is accessed with (502) air-conditioners.

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According to (Ontario Cast-In-Place Concrete Development Council, 2018), the Canadian War Museum is established on 8th May, 2005. It is located in Ottawa. The owner of the museum is Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation. The total cost of the construction is $115 million. It took (2) years to complete building the museum. The building emerges from the bank of the Ottawa River. Its rooftop is draped mostly with a blanket of grass. Due to its expressive power, concrete was chosen to be the chief building material for the Canadian War Museum. Concrete is used as both the structure and the finishing for the building. The building is constructed with tilting planes that intersect with one another; some at dramatic angles and some that are barely visible. There are concrete walls that emerge sharply from sloped floors at 3° to 31° angle. The sloping and colliding planes demonstrate the tension and revolution of war. The construction of sloped walls was a challenge to the formwork contractor who had to devise diagonal braces to support the walls after the formwork was stripped. Without the braces, the walls would not be stable. The extensive steel buttresses and tension cables need to be used.