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Over the past few years, a gathering of more than 50 unions have united to create the Black Lives Matter Movement (BLM). The intention of this movement was to have the dignity to stand up for equal rights. BLM is an ideological and political intervention in a world where the vast majority within black communities residing in the United States of America lives have been wrongfully harmed. In this essay, I will analyze the cultural trauma throughout black culture and reinforce ideas involving individuals who have experienced or witnessed racial discrimination. This essay will also share and link the importance of how digital media has helped acknowledge, change or strengthen the significance of the BLM movement.
Get original essayIn today’s world, technology has intertwined with many controversial topics revolving cultural trauma. One of the more powerful tools used to create a particular perspective and narrative in regard to the BLM movement is Twitter. However, it started as a hashtag on Twitter which has been used nearly 30 million times on this platform alone, averaging 17,003 times per day. Now it's considered to be a national movement. Furthermore, individuals have had their own say using the platforms such as Twitter, which offers the devoted African-American community an opportunity for their own narratives and perspectives to be created and perceived by numerous of users.
Moreover, the image above explains why the black community has taken matters in their own hands to seek justice. In this day in age, seeking justice can be carried out in many forms of action. The film, on the other hand, has become an outlet which directors used to elaborate on the catastrophic events occurring within black communities. The BLM movement viewed this as a chance to spread their message with movie captions and scenes online in order to gain the respect and acknowledgment they deserve in regard to the mistreatment their communities have been challenged with. Furthermore, films such as Strong Island (2017), Get Out (2017) and the heart-wrenching Fruitvale Station (2013) also viewed this as an opportunity to strengthen the importance of black history whilst basing true stories to represent the pain the black community have withheld for countless of decades.
Following the acquittal of George Zimmerman for lethally shooting 17-year-old Trayvon Martin in 2013, members and activists of the American black community bought their anger to the streets to protest. Although, the killing of Trayvon led to 100 cities protesting for equality, in 2013 President Barack Obama announced that the U.S. is still not a “post-racial society”. Furthermore, digital media has changed the way certain people seek and understand the cultural trauma of African-American people due to the broader cultural impact of the BLM movement becoming immeasurably expansive throughout the U.S. alone. By using the tools constructed by social media, BLM was the first U.S. social movement in history to successfully use the internet as a mass mobilization device. The success of BLM is credible for being responsible of the recent successes of movements, such as #TimesUp #MeToo, and #NeverAgain.
Furthermore, the data above has documented the most used hashtags on Twitter with BLM on top of the list by a substantial margin. This statistic alone can explain the significance of BLM movement had on Twitter users. Surely, without digital media this conversation would be non-existence, however, the simple fact of being available to social media tools in order for discussions regarding equality is what the African-American community took advantage of. Alongside equality, these tools can be used to formulate ideas to help outsiders to better understand the severity of what this campaign obtains.
Moreover, the objective for this movement is comprised of affirmation and intervention, which supports the movement by directing and mirroring the work of counseling psychologists. However, BLM recognizes that black liberation endeavors must be stemmed from the historical and contemporary culture of Blackness and the hinged and embodied encounters of black individuals. With that being said, there is help for call which led the media to therapeutically comfort those who are distorted with police brutality and the demise of the black community. Due to digital media offers free and open-minded platforms such as Facebook chat groups, YouTube comment sections or Twitter’s subscription list, which is a list where people with the same perspectives can view each other’s timelines for moral support. These platforms are very beneficial as BLM supporters who have respect for diversity, identify with the international black community and their issues whilst helping to create spaces that affirm those black individuals who are disproportionately subjected to oppression. Alexander argues, when taking social responsibility for suffering, the chances of others developing empathy are plausible. Furthermore, this connection between the two can later help the black community to view the non-black community not as biased.
Typically speaking, the media has evolved in ways that narrating one’s opinion can do more harm than good. As television has always been aligned with law and order, producing shows that the mass audience have no control of. However, this shift from broadcast to digital networks has assembled new discourses around mediated trauma. This enables diverse sources of narrative, opinion and commentary to be documented against the state or law enforcement. This is evidently true, due to black media outlets failing African-Americans for nearly 100 years by not capturing true black narratives of the journey and story of their everyday lives and their culture. With that being said, black communities use the media to construct traumatic narratives about their own ethnicity rather than outsiders misconstruing their own stories. As explained, the representation of trauma depends on constructing a compelling structure of cultural classification. In other words, this means going through the perplexing process of transforming a published story by telling new one in order to convey the audience the real truth. In addition, it is no secret that television is the main reason why barriers of religion, race, citizenship, and geography separate our moral space. However, by good fortune, social media platforms are providing African-Americans with an opportunity to respond to negative stereotypes by offering them representational agency. Blogs such as “Erase Racism” and “Voices of Africa” aims to publicize stories which are rarely acknowledged nor shown on broader networks. The relevancy of these blogs reflects on how far the African-American ethnic group have come. Unfortunately, in the 20th century, newspapers such as Pittsburgh Couriers and Chicago Defender were the only newspapers known for their outstanding work to not only cover the unpleasant events such as crimes in the black community but to share the accomplishments of black entrepreneurs which distributed as the economic engine for black urbanization throughout the 20th century.
Thankfully, in most cases, with the advanced technology this generation possesses, the majority of the African-American community own mobile devices to record any malicious actions such as racial profiling enforced by police officers. This can later be posted on the digital web for media coverage in order for those responsible to be brought to justice.
However, in many cases filming such horrifying scenarios such as police brutality has its own disadvantages. Witnessing such traumatic event or events can lead to psychoanalytic thinking, where the suffering or affliction of an event makes them so fearful that they can possibly inhibit the experience of trauma itself. Moreover, digital media is also changing the kinds of communities that identify with the African American culture by empowering people globally to build communities, organize activities and make their voices heard on a multitude of issues such as the BLM movement. This can be practiced through online petitions and charities, where people across the cyber sphere can act on causes about which their passionate about. However, the power of digital media does not stop there. There is an undeniable association between social media and scaling which potentially mobilizes new activists for social justice. As scholars have noted, partially due to its “public sphere” nature, social media creates participation opportunities which involves uplifting the number of protesters or supporting fundraising campaigns that unify the African-Americans in groups that broaden mobilization, thus helping scale movement endeavors. For example, for a number of BLM groups, social media was listed as a tool for building direct, personal ties within the community of BLM activists. Multiple group administrators expressed their thoughts about the immense value of having other BLM group leaders online to discuss with about personal pros and cons as movement organizers. For them, social media served as a tool for mobilizing resources in the form of support networks. This allows BLM groups to feel closer as a whole, providing leaders of the groups to have the extra push or motivation to continue their purpose. As well as influencing others to help reduce or conclude this unfair scheme of violence and systemic racism towards black people in the U.S.
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Get custom essayTo conclude, the triumph of BLM will perpetually be recognized as the movement responsible for popularizing what has now successfully turned into an indispensable tool in 21st-century arranging efforts as scholars refer to as mediated mobilization.
Food is vital to our feeling of character. The manner in which any given human gathering eats because of it affirm, its decent variety, chain of command and association, yet in addition, simultaneously, the two its unity and the otherness of whoever eats in an unexpected way. Food is likewise key to singular character, in that any given human individual is built, organically, mentally and socially by the foods he/she chooses to consolidate. In this assignment I would talk about a famous restaurant I once visited in Chicago; Au Cheval.
Get original essayI came across one of my favorite foods till today, the hamburger. I had visited my cousin who had been living in Chicago for almost three years. That very first day after arriving in Chicago, he had told me we should visit this new joint for brunch. We had to wait for hours before getting a table, I was wondering why we couldn’t just go another place. But after eating a hamburger from Au Cheval, it surely answered my question. The hamburgers from that restaurant still haunt me. As Richardson M. (2015) stated that the goal of eating isn’t just fill one’s stomach but to create a memorable experience, that one can link time, place or memory to the diner. The food brings the best memories and great associations I had spending with my cousin.
The hamburger is a commercial food or snack as some may put it but nowadays it’s a domestic food as more people tend to cook them in their homes just by looking for the recipes online. With the name hamburger originating from a city in Germany called Hamburg. It tends to link itself to various things. According to Giddens, A., et. Al (2018), culture is the values, material good characteristics and norms of a particular group. Eating hamburger tends to links us to the German culture due to its originality. Due to the increase in industrialization in the US, the food has grown among the middle and working class because it’s affordable to maintain their industrial and labor production. Industrialization societies have grown.
According to Giddens, A., et. Al (2018), industrialization societies are developed nations that most of its people live in the urban cities and they mostly work in offices and factories. Thus, hamburger is associated with the middle and working class. hamburger has been spreading from one continent to another creating a global culinary culture and lead to globalization of food. Over the years, hamburgers have grown with different ingredients which were made with traditional cuisines from various ethnic groups over the world such as hot dogs.
With research done in the USA, Centre for Disease Control (CDC) stated that the young African-American tend to eat more fast foods than other culture. Taking hamburgers while am on recess or during lunch breaks brings me closer not only to the German culture but also the African-American ethnicity thus, enabling cultural appropriation whereby I tend to borrow some elements from the other cultures. With this it enables me to do more research on these ethnic groups and understand better their different cultural values and respect them.
Also, while eating this, it doesn’t make me any different but am associated with different age groups as they are the highest number of people consuming fast foods such as hamburger. Eating of hamburgers isn’t associated with any religion whereby there are different types of people from different religions that consume hamburgers. The only difference that arises is the ingredients and type of meat that is used. For instance, Muslims cannot eat a hamburger made out of pork, but eat the other types of hamburgers. All other religions from Christianity to Hindus.
This essay tries to give a clear view of the women’s position, its rights and conditions, along the 20th century and the 21st century. How it changed and why. It focuses its analysis in two cultural manifestations: the first one is the book ?A Room of One’s Own from Virginia Woolf, which is recognized for being one of the best feminist polemics of the 20th century. Then, the second one is about the recent feminist movement known as the ?Metoo movement?. It compares both views and implications regarding women. It analyses judgements women have suffered all along these decades and its reasons. The essay also tries to highlight the women’s power that has been hidden or ignored. Its desire is to understand how culture helps to interpret the situation of women and, especially, to improve it. In short, this essay tries to make a contribution towards achieving a fair and equal world.
Get original essayRegarding the evolution of women’s position from the 20th century to the present, we have to say that women’s rights have changed a lot in the last century all around the world.
However, it is important to explain that this evolution has a different type of development depending on which country we take into consideration. This essay focuses on occidental countries history.
During the early 20th century, many women spoke out to try to gain a more relevant role in society, to achieve a place in the public life, so they focused on women’s suffrage, property rights, access to education and a recognition as ‘’persons’’ in the eyes of the law.
Women had very few rights in 1900 and no political rights. In that time, as we can see at ‘’A Room of one's own’’ from Virginia Woolf, most women were not able to be a figure in the public life. If they were married, then they stayed at home, raising their children and doing domestic work. If they were single, they did work in something related with cooking, waitress, etc. Most occupations were closed to women (medicine, civic services or law) and they were paid only a fraction of what men earned. Also, women had a low formation and education because they were not accepted in university.
Moreover, women were seen less than men, they cannot have a self-confidence or respect, because they were not even accepted as ‘’autonomous people’’, every female depended on a male. Women were not allowed to vote, husbands had legal power over their wives. It is nerve-racking how they could imprison or beat them with impunity and women were not even allowed to denounce a sexual assault. Furthermore, divorce and child custody laws always favored men.
Over time, women began to rebel against all that injustices and significant changes took place in their lives, especially in politics, home, workplace and education. So, as it is said, in 1930 being a woman was synonym of being a homemaker and a mother. But, when the Great Depression took place, women rebelled from their typical role, life for them started to gain extension as men need to go to war and someone need to supply their position.
In 1960s women started a movement that changed many ways of thinking; women rights in home and workplace were expanded. In the 70s abortion became legal in many countries and in the 80s women were allowed to study and have almost the same opportunities as men in terms of job, even though certain fields such as engineering or law were crowd of men and very few women were in. The 90s have been revolutionary for women. Women today are much different thanks to all these women who rebelled. Women now have mostly all the choices a woman in the 20th century wished to have. Now, many women are stepping out of their historical role of mother and housewife and ?the improvement of women’s status is increasingly widespread in occidental societies. Fortunately, women now are able to vote, they can be president, study whatever they want, be independent and become a recognized artist. The access to education has led woman's opinions to be considered, a woman can be now heard, and a woman has now lots of examples of other women achieving important goals. However, there is still much to do, male chauvinism and sexism is on our society. We still need to fight for a real equality.
“We are coming together to pledge that we are going to make change in big and small ways. We will stand side by side, once again, in solidarity with our sisters, brothers and siblings around the world. Together we are strong and if we all work for a better world then time is really up for oppressors of women.”
In order to deeply understand the change in the women position along both centuries, two cultural manifestations from each century has been selected. The first one is ?A Room of One’s Own from V. Woolf and the other is the ?MeToo movement from Burke.
To start this point, it must be said that V. Woolf didn’t define herself as a feminist. But considering her point of view towards this topic, her work can be classified as a feminist manifestation. That is justified in the way that in ?A Room of one’s own?, Virginia express the oppression women suffered in Victorian England and it is clear she disagrees with it. She claims for the financial independence of women, which is claiming for equality.
Virginia Woolf was born in 1882 in London and she was an English writer. She was born in a wealthy family, daughter of Julia Prinsep Jackson, an artist’s model, and Leslie Stephen, a recognized novelist. ?Woolf is one of the female authors most important of modernism 20th-century and is considered a pioneer in the feminist movement.
Her essay A Room of One’s Own was published in 1929 and it is based on two lectures she delivered in colleges. Woolf writes about ?history of women in literature and her work consists in an investigation of the social and material conditions required for the writing of literature. In A Room of one’s own, she has to write about women and fiction. From the very first chapter, Woolf starts talking about poverty and richness and the difficulties that women have, especially when it comes to enter into the literature world: ?Ladies are only admitted to the library if accompanied by a Fellow of the College or furnished with a letter of introduction (Woolf, 1929). She also explains what it means to be a woman, that is: having no power, no money, and even if the woman had, the money must be taken from her, disposing everything to her husband. To sum up, she emphasizes on the importance to have money and criticizes the society of that time. She tells she have money because of the legacy her aunt left her. So she doesn’t need to worry anymore about that, and which is more important, she doesn’t need a man in her life to provide her this. It is important to mention, that she thinks men who criticize women, do it just to gain self-confidence, they get more confidence in themselves by inferiorizing the other sex.
In her essay, she says the problem is women are the protected sex and wonders when women will be liberated from this. Marriage was not an affair of personal affection, but of family avarice. ?(Woolf, 1929) Women cannot be successful in literature, not even in the nineteenth century. And before the eighteenth century, women never wrote, they probably had no education. A woman was always under a man decisions. They were forcibly married to men. She also talks about an imaginative Shakespeare’s’ sister, with the same gifted mind. Due to the fact that she is a woman, she cannot be educated. Moreover, she cannot be accepted in the public space. Also, she has to suppress herself and pair with men, not to disappoint her family. She is destined to live a repressive life. Totally different from her brother, she could not achieve the successful life she was able to, only due to her sex. They have not the same opportunities.
It is pretty clear that there a lot of material difficulties when it comes to write a successful novel for anybody that tries to, but if it is a woman who is going to write, then it is much more difficult. There are not only material issues, but social repression.
The power that women have to be creative has been seen even in bygone ages. Virginia highlights the essence that women have, which is not as the creativity of men. She also says educations have to bring out this difference, enhancing the richness and variety of human culture.
'?Intellectual freedom depends upon material things. Poetry depends upon intellectual freedom. And women have always been poor, not for two hundred years merely, but from the beginning of time. . . . Women, then, have not had a dog's chance of writing poetry. That is why I have laid so much stress on money and a room of one's own.?'
To conclude the analysis of V. Woolf work, the writer highlights the importance of incomes and space to be alone to write literature, reflecting on the numerous lacks of women of that age. Also she encourages her audience to white and urges them to be aware of their advantages for writing they currently have and also to give importance to what they write in the sense that it is a precedent for many other female writers. Woolf finishes her essay pointing out 'Women and Fiction' is still unwritten.
By analyzing the relation between women and fiction, Virginia is able to give us a clear view of what was to be women in Victorian England, which is in the 20th century.
In relation to women in this century, we will analyze a viral movement: The ?MeToo movement. The ?MeToo ?movement is referred to a viral campaign through the social media that consists in publishing a personal story about any sexual assault or harassment suffered. It took place in 2017. Many female celebrities publicized it with the hashtag #MeToo, that is why it is called the ‘’Me Too Movement’’. Not only celebrities followed it, as every viral campaign, many people joined it, more than 500.000 people.
This movement has started since the celebrity Alyssa Milano posted her experience related to a sexual assault and asked people on her social media to talk about their own experiences.
Milano has started it on the Internet, but the truth is that movement has already started in 2006, when Tarana Burke, a black activist woman, created a foundation to create awareness and importance to the sexual assault, focusing the attention on the black communities. This foundation is called MeToo movement and is working in schools, providing a teaching training, giving the resources needed for teachers to prevent and apply solutions connected with the problem of sexual assault. “[Me too] was a catchphrase to be used from survivor to survivor to let folks know that they were not alone and that a movement for radical healing was happening and possible'? (Burke, 2017).
Due to the fact that it has been started by actresses and singers sexually assaulted by directors and other men of the industry, this movement have as a main goal to stop sexual violence, especially on the film industry.
This movement has had a very wide back-up. However, it has some criticisms: some by men, who say men victims of sexual violence are excluded and some by women, who believe that making this kind of publications, women only show themselves as a survivor, underplaying the blame of men.
The MeToo movement is related to the feminism in the sense that it is a way of empowerment for women to speak out the unfair situations they have had to deal with, due to the discrimination they still suffer in the 21st century. This movement has an objective, which is the non-acceptance to the sexual assaults and harassment done by men to women.
As every other movement, the Me Too movement has had effects on the society, really important society implications, but also in law. For instance, in the in the Hollywood industry and in general in performing arts, the equality between the rights of women and men have been more defended after the movement took place, also some laws that do not allow the subvention for media to create advertisement that can be sexist have been established. Moreover, the jobs of hostesses of some events have disappeared.
In sum, this movement has the objective to equal women and men rights. ?MeToo movement is one of the social movements that can be included on feminism. Understanding feminism as a serie of ideologies, political and social movements that have a goal in common, which is to achieve the same social, economic and political rights, power and opportunities as men for women, but also that women need to be treated in the same way and stop them of being in an inferior position in all aspects. We can see the difference about one manifestation and the other. On the one hand, in 20th century women need to fight against a system that did not take them in consideration at all. On the other hand, in 21st century, women still need to claim for that respect and equality, but at least, with the aid of the law in some countries and only in some aspects.
As we can see, culture has a really impact in all social issues, such as the feminism. Culture can start social changes and develop a deeply reflection about social problems or statements. Feminism is one of the most important movements that have indeed been introduced by cultural manifestations and art. Feminism is needed all around the world. That is, cultural manifestations, such us a novel by Virginia Woolf or an art exposition by Frida Kahlo, can cause an impact on the public, turning the stand still into reflection and action and actually change which is established. There is no doubt that A Room’s of one’s own has broken rules of the patriarchy or at least, it has questioned them.
The MeToo movement is a social movement that goes with culture in the sense that is started by female artists. Artists with a necessity to break with the silence, with what is unfairly happening, that is abusing woman and sexualizing her figure. Media is culture and those artists are an icon of media, it is not only what happens on the hidden part of the film industry, but also what happens on the content itself. Many movies and advertising are sexist, that means women are shown as less than men, with a kind of submission, which educate society with ideas that discriminate a gender. For that reason, is so important that actresses, singers and people with an outstanding power to influence society, must rebel against patriarchy and sexism, educating in feminism that means equality.
There are just two elements that keep male chauvinism or roots out it as the time goes by and that is culture and education. ?Culture and its change can make possible that a society which is immersed in a male chauvinism systematized by patriarchy and accepts it turns to become critical and neglect it.
In occidental societies, this has happened, law tries to reject all types of women discrimination, but this is not enough, reality is not in the law.
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Get custom essayIn consummation, one of the points that have in common the book of ?A Room’s of their own and the ?MeToo movement is that Virginia Woolf and Tarana Burke and artists who started the movement, claim for a better women’s position, criticizing the unfair situation and inspiring society to reflect and take action to change it. As we can see nothing is enough and everyone needed to act in other to achieve an equal and fair world.
Culture refers to ‘way of life’ or the way groups of people do things. It includes customs, traditions, values, concepts, rules, practices and set of knowledge that are acquired over a period of time and transmitted across generations through learning. Culture is significant from psychiatric point of view because it influences psychopathology of various psychiatric disorders, how symptoms are perceived, explained and from where help is sought. Some psychiatric syndromes are thought to be limited to certain specific cultures. These disorders are called culture specific or culture bound syndrome, that is, ailments that are generally confined to a certain cultural group or geographic region with similar cultural groups.
Get original essayYap first defined culture-bound psychogenic psychoses in 1962. This term was modified by him 7 years later to culture-bound syndromes. In 1992, the ICD-10 used the term ‘culture-specific disorders’. In the DSM-IV-TR, culture-bound syndromes were seen as recurrent, locality-specific patterns of aberrant behavior and troubling experience that may or may not be linked to a particular DSM-IV diagnostic category.
The following characteristics were seen as crucial for culture-bound syndromes as per DSM-IV-TR (2000):
The DSM-5 discarded the concept of culture bound syndromes with a preference for the term ‘cultural concepts of distress’. The ways by which cultural groups experience, understand, and communicate suffering, behavioral problems, or troubling thoughts and emotions are referred to as cultural concepts of distress. So, rather than culturally distinctive configuration of symptoms, culture bound syndromes are in reality, clinically important cultural differences in explanations or experience of distress.
S.No. Name Region Clinical features Related conditions in other cultural contexts
Usually occurs after some stressful event relating family, e.g. news of death of close relative, conflicts with spouse or children, witnessing an accident involving a family member. Indisposition (Haiti), blacking out (Southern United States), falling out (West Indies)
Nocturnal emissions lead to severe anxiety and hypochondriasis. Patients often present with:
Patient attributes it to the passing of whitish discharge, believed to be semen (Dhat), in urine.
The mainstay of treatment is counseling along with sex education, to remove misconceptions regarding semen loss, fears regarding masturbation and nocturnal emission. Koro (South east Asia), shen-k´uei or kidney deficiency (China)
Interpersonal envy and malice cause people to harm their enemies by sending illnesses like psychosis, depression, social and academic failure, and inability to perform daily activities. Mal de oj (Spanish), mal’occhiu (Italian) (Evil Eye)
In traditional interpretation, it results when bodily channels (jing) conveying vital forces (shen) become dysregulated due to social and interpersonal stressors.
Symptoms include:
Anxiety about and avoidance of interpersonal situations due to thought, feeling or conviction that one’s appearance and actions in social situations are inadequate or offensive to others. Tein kong po (Korea)
Other culture bound syndromes not included in DSM 5:
Amok: It is usually seen in Southeast Asia (Malaysia). It is characterized by a sudden, unprovoked episode of rage in which the affected person runs about (runs ’amok’) and injures or kills, indiscriminately, any person who is encountered on the way.
Koro: This culture bound syndrome is seen in Asia, including India. The affected male person has the belief that his penis is shrinking and may disappear into his abdominal wall and he may die. Rarely, females may be affected, with the corresponding belief that their breasts and/or vulva are shrinking. Koro is usually based on culturally believed fears regarding nocturnal emission and masturbation. It often tends to spread rapidly in other members of the community in an epidemic form.
Wihtigo (Windigo): This syndrome is seen in native American-Indians and occurs especially during periods of starvation. The affected person has the belief that he has been transformed into a wihtigo or a cannibal monster.
Piblokto (Arctic hysteria): This syndrome occurs in Eskimos, usually females. The affected person tears off her clothes, and throws herself on ice in extremely cold conditions, screams uncontrollably, shouts curses, breaks nearby items, eats excrement, or runs out naked into the cold or walks on thin ice. The episode usually lasts for 1-2 hours, followed by amnesia for the event.
Latah (Startle reaction): This syndrome has been reported from Malaysia, affecting the Malay and Iban people. It usually occurs in women. It is characterized by automatic obedience, exaggerated startle responses and involuntary vocalizations, echolalia and echopraxia.
Apart from Dhat syndrome, koro and amok (described above), other culture bound syndromes seen in India include:
Jhin Jhinia- Characterized by bizarre and seemingly involuntary contractions and spasms.
Bhanmati Sorcery- Seen in South India., it is believed to be due to psychiatric illness i.e. conversion disorders, somatization disorders, anxiety disorder, dysthymia, schizophrenia etc.
Suudu- Characterized by painful urination and pelvic “heat” seen in south India, especially in the Tamil culture. It occurs in males and females. It is usually treated by the following:
Gilhari Syndrome- Characterized by patient complaining of small swelling on the body changing its position from time to time as if a gilhari (squirrel) is travelling in the body.
Ascetic Syndrome- First described by Neki in 1972. It appears in adolescents and young adults. Characterized by social withdrawal, severe sexual abstinence, practice of religious austerities, lack of concern with physical appearance and considerable loss of weight.
Mass Hysteria- Short lasting epidemics where hundreds to thousands of people are seen to believe and behave in a manner in which ordinarily they would not.
Possession Syndrome- Patient is allegedly possessed usually by ‘spirit/soul’ of deceased relative or a local deity and speaks in changed tone. Even gender changes at times if the possessing soul is of opposite sex. It is usually seen in rural areas or in migrants from rural areas. Majority of these patients are females who otherwise do not have any outlet to express their emotions.
Sati : self-immolation by a widow on her husband’s pyre.
Jouhar : Suicide committed by a woman even before the death of her husband when faced by prospect of dishonor from another man (usually a conquering king).
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Get custom essaySanthara/Sallekhana : voluntarily giving up life by fasting unto death over a period of time for religious reasons (to attain God/ Moksha).
Culture and its behavior are a sturdy part of everyone’s life. It has a major impact on our perspectives, our values, humor, hopes, believes, and worries. According to me, learning other cultures motivate us to visit and experience unique heritage and practices around the world. It may also simulate our mind and even teach us different ways of doing a task. International students travel from different areas of the world to study in different schools or institutions.
Get original essayBeing an international student, I understand that most of us leave their families behind in their respective countries and for this reason they face amazing personal challenges. Maximum global students struggle in the method of adapting to a new culture, studying a brand-new language and information plus getting involved in a new manner of life so it will not be a wonder that most of them stumble upon infinite difficulties. It takes difficult paintings to triumph over the challenges of dwelling in one of the kindest nations. Because every human being identifies his or herself with a selected institution, it’s far important to understand the values and norms of different cultures so as for ours to be understood as properly. What I believe is that if one wants to embrace different culture, then they must be open-minded. This is essential if people ants to know each other and set up common ground.
Language barrier, cultural shock in addition to the pressure due to homesickness impacts the manner a person perceives things. For example, the way human beings speak with each other here isn’t always the equal as the manner they did in students’ national locations. One incident happened to me when I went to Montreal for a stay and few of restaurants were served in a French manner. Even the menu’s and servers used to talk in French, and it was mandatory for them to know the language. When students like us are not able to share their experiences and express their needs, sometimes one may feel trapped in their minds due to lack of expression of the thoughts.
Secondly, Christmas trees may be taken into consideration as ceremonial or cultural materials as well. When I used to work at a restaurant, during Christmas and new year, there was a culture to decorate the trees and play games so that we can gift each other. Coming to a new country may be disorienting and overwhelming. Whether you are analyzing in a country with the identical first language as your very own or not, assimilating to a new lifestyle comes with a few issues. One of the dangers of being a global student is experiencing cultural shocks.
What is suitable in our way of life is probably unusual and strange in the host tradition. This creates anxiety inside the hearts of various international students which i know since they may be constantly aware of a new or second environment. Throughout this time, miscommunication could be very possibly to take place. According to many it far looks like a burden for some international students as they are trying to be the respectful and tolerant. For others, they could not prefer to be recognized and called a visitor as they’re trying very hard to understand the new tradition. As we know it is hard to eliminate cultural shock between natives and international students or employees, but it could be reduced in certain conditions.
Social behaviors might also confuse, marvel or offend international students. For instance, one could locate humans seem cold, distant or usually in a rush. Or a person may be surprised to see couples holding fingers or kissing in public. We can find the relationships among ladies and men more formal or much less formal than what a person is used to, as well as variations in identical gender relationships.
Moreover, discrimination is a commonplace problem in many institutions. Due to several misconceptions and misjudgments instructors often unintentionally discriminate in opposition to student’s background or cultures. In different countries, student’s intelligence and look may be judged and their skills are ignored. It’s surprising how maximum people automatically make assumptions about college students, considering them to be irresponsible, drug addicts, or violent.
Major step to stay safe and reduce the cultural shock is to open our thoughts to new environments. Surviving such lifestyle shock has lots to do with the way we select to approach the given or new environment. We should take some positive actions like to be interested in meeting new people, learning their cultures and believes, attending multicultural events and sharing different thoughts and experiences so that people are able understand each other.
Practical solutions can be to take advices from loved ones, spending time with ones we care, focusing on goals and having a positive mindset is the key. Finding a hobby, making new friends, attending events and even volunteer in community activities is helpful. On a positive note, we should try and droop judgment till we apprehend how elements of different cultures fit together. All should try to observe what other people say or do inside the context in their own subculture’s norms. This may assist us to recognize how other human beings see a particular behavior or conduct, in addition to how to recognize theirs. When we apprehend each culture, we will likely discover some aspects that we truly appreciate and others which we don’t.
The United States is believed to be divided into issues regarding politics. The media has made the greatest contribution to informing people about politics, but it has also caused misunderstanding on where America stands on the political spectrum. As of today, the issue of a “culture war” has been an ongoing discussion and some believe that it does not exist. In this essay, we will be discussing Morris P. Fiorina’s argument on the polarization of America, evaluate how efficiently Fiorina used evidence to support his claim, and explore how the “culture war” resonate with today’s generation and discuss how it affects them.
Get original essayOn electoral maps, it is noticeable that the states are either colored Blue (Democrats) or Red (Republicans) which represents the party the states support during presidential elections. The idea that America is a polarized country comes from the grounds that the states are divided solely into being a Democratic or a Republican state, therefore creating a “culture war”. Political Polarization refers to the division of a population based on the political ideology that is taken to the extreme. Although there are individuals that take their political ideologies to the extreme, Morris P. Fiorina argues that there is little-to-no culture war and America is not polarized. Fiorina stated that one of the reasons that Americans think that the United States is polarized is because of the influence of media.
Journalists tend to cover materials that have “news value” to interest people to read them. To do this, journalists occasionally exaggerate their news headlines and content to gain more audience. According to Fiorina, journalists have biased exposure as a result of spending most of their time talking to members of the political class and attending political events that consist mostly of people that work in the government. Thus, journalists are not accurate representatives of people’s stand on politics. This has a significant effect on public opinion because faulty news can spread quickly through social media and other online resources. Fiorina mentioned other people who argue about the misconception about a polarized country, she stated,
Ironically, Glenn was searching for evidence of depolarization because many at the time thought that the spread of the mass media would have a homogenizing effect on public opinion.
To strengthen his argument, Fiorina provided statistical evidence in her work titled “Red Versus Blue State Political Factoids” that shows the position of Red and Blue States in terms of owning a gun and voted for Bush. The result revealed that “a 13 percent red-blue difference in gun ownership translated only in to a 9 percent difference in vote”. Fiorina ought to convey that although Conservatives and Liberals have opinions that differ in some matter, they have more similarities than differences. To further prove his point, Fiorina added more evidence that shows similar results.
Abortion has always been a controversial issue in society and raises questions about the ethics behind it. Most of the time, Conservatives are perceived to be against abortion, or pro-life and Liberals are deemed to be always for abortion, or pro-choice. Fiorina previously mentioned that the reason why polls fail to accurately represent the public’s opinion is because of how the questions are asked. Questions can be manipulated to get the answer that the inquirer desires to get out of certain individuals or groups. Fiorina validates his argument by displaying 6 different question scenarios that were provided by the General Society Survey about abortion. Some might expect that the opinions of Liberals and Conservatives on abortion are opposed to each other, but the results from other works states otherwise. The majority of the votes were between scenarios 3 and 4 which states that abortion should be legal if it is proven that the baby will have serious defects or if the family is unable to raise another child. The percentage of the Liberals and Conservatives that chose either scenario 3 or 4 are relatively close to each other. Overall, Fiorina is attempting to convey that “…majority of Americans consistently responds legal only under certain circumstances.
Morris P. Fiorina believes that the political party is split into a “black and white” area where both parties are on the extreme side on the political spectrum with no people in-between. With the influence of media, only a small percentage of Americans are accounted for when discussing the public’s opinion on political issues. Fiorina also explored the issues of the gender gap and discovered that if the issues on gender gap comes “from traditional issues of peace and war and social welfare, and not from the issue of abortion” then it is additional evidence that the culture war is only a misconception. He proves this claim by using the poll from The Public Perspective as evidence that explains how Women’s and Men’s attitudes Differ. Fiorina proves all his arguments by using evidence from credible resources to make him credible.
Morris P. Fiorina is effective at using evidence to support his claim because he can convey the idea that America is not polarized and that the culture war does not exist by showing the similarities between Conservatives and Liberals using data that he gathered from credible resources. The evidence that he provides is compelling because they are issues that the majority of Americans are aware of and know sufficient information that enables them to create their own opinion. The most popular issues that Americans are aware of are abortion and homosexuals. Knowing this, Fiorina discussed various situations that he used to explain why he believes that America is not polarized. The people can use the information that Fiorina displayed to reflect back on society and see how things are currently.
In today’s generation, it is apparent that Americans are becoming more accepting and open to homosexual people., Fiorina displayed a graph about the declining hostility towards homosexuals from the National Election Studies. He uses this evidence to back up his claim about the increase in support for homosexual people. Thermometer percent from 1984 to 2004 and it shows a percent increase from 30% to 50%. This concludes that as the year go by, more people are opening up to homosexuals. Fiorina is trying to communicate to Americans that it is impossible for a culture war to exist if people are growing to be more accepting on what used to be complicated issues over the years. The evidence that he provides makes people think about issues that some people have never really thought about.
Some of the evidence is quite surprising because it is a subject that is barely thought out by people that are not as interested in politics. Fiorina was able to provide information to Americans that exhibits issues that some people may be aware of but have not given much thought. For instance, the issue of the gender gap. Men and women differ percentage wise about the role of government and force/violence. Fiorina is able to show the readers that men and women can have big differences in opinion in some matters, but they also have opinions that are similar. For example it was shown that men and women’s opinion in abortion in general is quite similar and both believes that women should have a say in what they do to their bodies. As was mentioned earlier, Fiorina was attempting to argue that a culture cannot exist if the issues originated from the issues of “peace war and social welfare'. The readers are able to comprehend the evidence that Fiorina provided by carefully analyzing the graphs and tables. Although it can be slightly difficult for some readers to comprehend, Fiorina does a wholesome job in explaining the content that can successfully convince the readers that America is not polarized.
The people in today’s generation usually do not follow news about Politics and does not have much knowledge on issues regarding it. Fiorina’s argument on America’s polarization resonates with my generation because it is impossible to have a polarized country if the majority of America barely knows about the issues surrounding politics. I personally think that America is not polarized because the individuals that are saying that America is polarized are mostly political activists that are on the extreme sides on the political spectrum.
In some ways, there might be a culture war because having no culture war means that everyone has the same opinion, but I don’t believe that it is a huge issue that divides the country as the media portrays it out to be. Some people in this generation are convinced that politics does not affect them and as a result, they do not follow up on issues regarding politics. During constitution day, it was confirmed that people barely knows anything about politics after taking a test on knowledge on politics. I agree with the results.
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Get custom essayMost of the time that the issue of politics is discussed in class or in public, you can hear at least one person say, “I know nothing about politics”. Perhaps the only person in politics that people are interested about today is President Donald Trump as he seems to be the center of attention in politics. Overall, I believe that Fiorina’s argument that America is not polarized is convincing because most of the people around me and the people in today’s generation can be considered as the silent majority because they do not want anything to do with politics.
Sustainability for Cummins is the future and the way forward, and it is particularly necessary for them as they are a resource heavy industry. Without sustainable development, it won’t be possible for them to survive in the market and this fact is what guides their approach towards CSR. The dependability of Cummins products is of paramount importance for the sustainability of the company and hence the Cummins engineers strive to achieve perfection in their production methods before the end product reaches masses. Cummins views sustainability on a much broader aspect, and thus includes various factors such as environment, corporate responsibility, safety, diversity and inclusion, employee development and governance as key performance indicators. Corporate Social Responsibility has always been one of the core values of it, with the motto of ‘Serving and improving the communities in which we live’.
Get original essayIn India, Cummins works alongside of Cummins India Foundation (CIF), incorporated in 1990. It is a public charitable trust registered under the Bombay Public Trusts Act, 1950, the Income Tax Act, 1961 and the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 2010 and it focuses its attention on serving the community and in the process enhancing the quality of life of the people of those communities. CIF doesn’t accept charity from public at large. It has addressed various issues in the fields of environment, society, etc., Cummins has made significant contributions in 2017 18 with projects on Education, Rural Development, Water Neutrality, Solid Waste Management, Scholarship Program and Coach Them Young just to name a few. The three primary areas of focus of the Cummins India Foundation are Higher Education, Energy and Environment and Equality of Opportunity.
To promote and encourage employee participation such activities, Cummins introduced the ‘Every Employee Every Community ‘(EEEC) initiative, wherein it is mandatory for each employee to devote four working hours for any CSR project. For the fifth consecutive year, your Company achieved a 100% score under this initiative. The Foundation works closely with its local communities to identify the right projects and channelize CSR contribution.
The Board of Directors of Cummins India constitute what is known as the “CSR Committee”, and this committee comprises of the following Members:
The Committee has formulated a CSR Policy indicating the activities to be undertaken by it as per the Companies Act, 2013.
It also monitors and then makes suggestions regarding the amount of expenditure to be incurred on various activities in addition to reviewing the CSR Policy of the Company at regular intervals.
1 Average Net Profit of the Company for Financial Years 2014 15, 2015 16 and 2016 17 830.64
2 Prescribed CSR Expenditure (i.e., 2% ) 16.61
3 Details of the CSR Spent during the Financial Year 2017 18
a. Total amount spent for the Financial Year 16.61
b. Amount unspent, if any Nil
CSR Interventions:
Higher Education
Cummins’ commitment to Health, Safety and Environment continued in 2017, reinforcing its responsibility towards employees, natural resources and the environment. Sites have taken efforts through various projects and have focused on training to strengthen the safety culture.
At its core, The Odyssey is a story that centers around the cunning of its main characters. Throughout the epic poem, both Odysseus and his wife, Penelope, are known for their mental capabilities. Odysseus is constantly referred to as "godlike," and Penelope is called "circumspect." Circumspect, as defined by Dictionary.com, means "heedful of circumstances and potential circumstances; prudent," and Book 23 clearly illustrates the circumspection of both Penelope and Odysseus. In this book, Odysseus uses his cunning to rid his home of the unwelcome suitors, and Penelope, in turn, uses her cunning to protect not only herself, but her people as well, by forcing Odysseus to prove his identity to her. Closely interwoven with the plot in this book is also the theme of using disguises and hidden identities to achieve one's desired results. This is something Odysseus and many other characters do, and it plays an especially important part in this book. Ultimately, the scene in Book 23 in which Penelope tests Odysseus' true identity serves to emphasize the importance of cunning as Odysseus' means of survival, as well as Penelope's means of survival; most importantly, though, it emphasizes the fact that their mutual cunning forms the basis for an unbreakable link that binds them unwaveringly together.
Get original essayCircumspection is Penelope's defining characteristic, and no where is this more evident than in Book 23. From Eurykleia's first mention of Odysseus' return, Penelope is wary. She responds to the nurse's claim by saying, "'Dear nurse, the gods have driven you crazy.../ They have set you awry...'" (XXIII, 11-14). Though her emotions manage to get the better of her momentarily, "...Penelope in her joy sprang up from the bed, and embraced the old woman, her eyes streaming/ tears, and she [Penelope] spoke to her.../ 'Come, dear nurse, and give me a true account of the matter,/ whether he has really come back to his house...'" (XXIII, 32-36), she refuses to allow herself to believe because she must first consider all the possibilities. She finds it most likely that Odysseus' ostensible return is but a ruse of the gods. She says, "'You [Eurykleia] know/ how welcome he would be if he appeared in the palace:/ to all, but above all to me and the son we gave birth to./ No, but this story is not true as you tell it; rather,/ some one of the immortals has killed the haughty suitors in anger...'" (XXIII, 59-64). Though she wants nothing more than for what Eurykleia says to be true, she is still ruled by her circumspection. She is fully cognizant of the fact that if she allows herself to believe, she is putting herself at risk emotionally and allowing for the possibility of additional pain and severe disappointment. Because of this, she is unwilling to accept the possibility that Odysseus has indeed returned until she can discover for herself, without any doubt, if this is true.
Also augmenting Penelope's unwillingness to accept Odysseus' return is her awareness of the results of the trickery of the gods. She believes that the Trojan War was caused by the meddling of the gods and she refuses to allow herself to become part of a similar event. She says, "'The gods granted us misery,/ in jealousy... For there are many who scheme for wicked advantage. For neither would the daughter born to Zeus, Helen of Argos,/ have lain in love with an outlander from another country,/ if she had known that the warlike sons of the Achaians would bring her/ home again to the beloved land of her fathers./ It was a god who stirred her to do the shameful thing she/ did...'" (XXIII, 210-223). By being wary, therefore, she is protecting not only herself, but also her people. Helen's acts brought much strife and destruction to her land and her people, and Penelope was unwilling to do the same. Penelope and Odysseus are both gifted with an understanding of the gods and their ways that allows them to achieve much more favorable results when dealing with the gods than can be achieved by most mortals. This is witnessed time and again on Odysseus' journey home, such as when he deals with the Old Man of the Sea (IV), Kalypso (V), Polyphemos (IX), and Circe (X). In each of his dealings with the gods, Odysseus manages to settle things favorably. The mental capabilities of Odysseus and Penelope not only allow them an advantage in dealing with fellow mortals but also with the gods.
After rousing herself to go and see the dead suitors and the man who killed them, Penelope finally comes face to face with Odysseus. Even as she descends the stairs, though, she remains ambivalent as to her course of action. She thinks to herself, "...whether to keep away and question her dear husband,/ or to go up to him and kiss his head, taking his hands" (XXIII, 86-87). As always, her mind prevails over her heart and she chooses the former course of action. Even under the reproach of her son and Odysseus himself, she refuses to give way, saying, "'...[I]f he is truly Odysseus,/ and he has come home, then we shall find ways, and better,/ to recognize each other, for we have signs that we know of/ between the two of us only, but they are secret from others'" (XXIII, 107-110). She is determined to follow her plan through to the end, and Odysseus is surprisingly receptive to the idea, smiling in response to her suggestion.
Odysseus, whose cunning is world-renowned, exhibits it once again in Book 23 both in dealing with the suitors and his wife. As with Polyphemos and the Old Man of the Sea, Odysseus recognizes that he cannot overcome the swarm of suitors with brute strength - he must use his intelligence. Because of this, he assumes the disguise of a beggar when he returns to Ithaka, thus allowing him to enter his household without raising suspicion. Having gained successful reentry, he then plans and executes the deaths of the suitors. Once again, he knows that he must plan things out and think things through in order to succeed. When Penelope announces her intention to test his identity, his initial response is to smile. Despite all that he has gone through in order to return safely home, his wife presents one more obstacle to their reunion, but he is nonetheless able to accept it. He smiles because he recognizes Penelope's cunning in such a move and is reminded of the bond that they share through their mutual appreciation of each other's mental capacities. He is more than willing to prove himself to the woman with whom he shares such an incredible bond.
Penelope's attempt to ascertain Odysseus' true identity, however, does not involve straightforward questioning such that we have seen in the other instances where a host attempts to discover the identity of an unknown guest. The norm, except in the case of Polyphemos (IX), is to feed the guest and then question him once the meal is done. This is seen time and again when Odysseus travels to Pylos (III), Sparta (IV), Scheria (VI), and Aiolos (X). Penelope instead chooses to trick Odysseus by suggesting that their marriage bed, which was built around a living olive tree, be moved. The only way the bed could be moved, however, is if the tree has been cut down. Odysseus, of course, knows this, and so he responds angrily, saying, "'What you have said, dear lady, has hurt me deeply. What man/ has put my bed in another place? But it would be difficult/ for even a very expert one, unless a god, coming/ to help in person, were easily to change its position./ ...There is one particular feature/ in the bed's construction. I, myself, no other man, made it./ ... I do not know now,/ dear lady, whether my bed is still in place, or if some man/ has cut underneath the stump of the olive [tree]...'" (XXIII, 183-204). Following this, Penelope is at last able to allow herself to accept that Odysseus is indeed the man before her: "...[H]er knees and the heart within her went slack/ as she recognized the clear proofs that Odysseus had given;/ and then she burst into tears and ran straight to him, throwing her arms around the neck of Odysseus, and kissed his head..." (XXIII, 205-208). Odysseus' journey has, at last come to a temporary end, and he is finally reunited with his soul mate.
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Get custom essayAt the end of The Odyssey, Odysseus and Penelope are allowed to live out their days in peace. This, however, was not something that was just given to them; rather, they earned it by living by their minds rather than their hearts. Because they did not live by rash, heat-of-the-moment, emotional decisions, but instead were restrained and collected, they obtained the life that so many mortals seek. In the end, their love and their relationship proved as solid and unchangeable as their marriage bed, of which it was symbolic. As the bed was built around the living tree, so their marriage was also built around a living foundation - their undying connection of love and their unbreakable bond of mutual cunning.
Purchasing power parity (PPP) is the disarmingly straightforward experimental suggestion that, once changed over to a classic cash, national value levels would be same.( Assailable, B. (1964). The purchasing-power parity doctrine: a reappraisal.? Journal of political Economy,? 72(6), 584-596. )
Get original essayOne fundamental contention against adaptable trade rates has been that swapping scale instability could affect exchange and venture. If exchange rate movements are not fully predicted, an increase in exchange rate volatility, which increases risk, will lead risk-averse agents to reduce their import/export action and to move production toward domestic markets.
Exchange rate developments effect a MNC's value subsequently they can impact the amount of currency inflows got from trading or from a supplementary and the measure of currency flows expected to pay for imports. An exchange rate measures the estimate of one currency in units of currency. As financial conditions change, exchange rates can change considerably. A decrease in cash??™s value is regularly alluded to as deterioration. At the point when the British pound undervalues against the U.S. dollar, this implies the U.S. dollar is supporting with respect to the pound. The growth in currency value is frequently alluded to as appreciation.
It is conventional to categorize foreign currency exposures to below three types:
Transaction exposure, a subject to be inspected in this section, can be characterized as the affect-ability of "acknowledged" local currency estimations of the association's authoritative trade streams named out remote financial forms to surprising transformation scale changes. Transaction exposure emerges from established value contracting in reality as we recognize it where trade rates are developing randomly.
Economic exposure can be defined as the degree to which the estimation of the firm would be influenced by sudden changes in exchange rates. Any predicted changes in exchange rates would have been now reduced and reflected in the company's appreciation. Changes in exchange rates can deeply affect the association's focused location on the world market and along these positions on its currency streams and market rate.
Translation exposure refers to the potential that the firm’s consolidated financial statements can be affected by changes in exchange rates. Merging includes translation of subsidiaries’ financial statements from local currencies to the home-based currency. Think about a U.S. international firm that has backups in the United Kingdom and Japan. Every backup will deliver monetary proclamations in neighborhood’s money. To combine money related deliveries around the world, the firm should decipher the auxiliaries' financial announcements in region economic standards into the U.S. dollar, the home cash. And we will understanding joins various uncertain issues. Resultant understanding increases and hardships address the accounting system's undertaking to measure money related presentation.
These cases suggest that at whatever point the firm has outside cash named receivables or payable, it is in danger to trade overview, and their payments are in all chance going to affect the proposal's wage place. Similarly, in setting of how relatives are directly a greater amount of the time starting a new business and financial contracts allocated in remote financial structures, astute organization of trade presentation has transformed into a basic limit of universal currencies related organization. The span of trade introduction is the same as the measure of foreign currency that is receivable or payable.
Market Capitalization (USD): $6.982 trillion
Number of Listed Companies: 2,850
EOB Value of Share Trading (USD): $1.211 trillion
Shanghai Stock Exchange
Market Capitalization (USD): $4.125 trillion
Number of Listed Companies: 1,071
EOB Value of Share Trading (USD): $1.691 trillion
Part in the Economy
In the face of being a portion of the major trades on the globe, China's stock markets are still mostly youthful and don't assume as unique a part in the Chinese economy as America's do in the U.S. economy. As indicated by one analyst, as of April 2015, equity markets only accounted for 11 percent of the M2 currency supply in China compared with 250 percent in the U.S. Further, whereas U.S. companies are heavily dependent? on ? equity supporting, in China only five percent of total corporate financing is funded by equity, according to Arthur R. Kroeber of the Brookings Institution. Chinese corporations rely much more heavily on bank loans and ? retained earnings.
Stock markets evidently assume a significantly bigger part in the U.S. economy than the Chinese economy at both the individual financial specialist and firm levels. While this implies China's economy remains moderately shielded from problematic good and bad times in the stock market as of late encountered this past summer, it furthermore implies that organizations stay constrained in supporting openings, a factor that can delay general economic expansion.
A few examinations establish that expanding the extent of expert and institutional financial specialists relative to predictable trade speculators enhances the quality and effectiveness of stock markets. Much more troubling, one review found that more than 66% of China's most up to date retail financial specialists hadn't earned.
China's stock exchanges have been matched to a crazy casino as opposed to an instrument for financial development. As China is hoping to extend the profundity and part of its securities exchanges it will need to change this discernment to impart more prominent certainty for proficient sorts of speculators, particularly pull in outside financial specialists.
Openness to Foreign Investment
Not at all like the U.S. also, every other significant stock market on the planet, the Chinese markets are for the most part forbidden to remote speculators. Regardless of easing capital controls agreeing a set number of outside exchange controllers to exchange on the Shanghai and Shenzhen exchanges, under two percent of offers are foreign owned.
China’s stock shares are divided into three separate groups: A shares, B shares and H shares. An offer is essentially exchanged among domestic investors on the Shanghai and Shenzhen exchanges, while Qualified Foreign Institutional Investors (QFII) are also allowed to participate by special authorization. B shares are principally exchanged by external financial specialists in the two markets, but on the other hand are existing to household speculators with foreign currency accounts. H shares are allowed to be exchanged by domestic and foreign investors different and are recorded on the Hong Kong exchange. Despite the fact that China's stock exchanges are more open to foreign savings and run into a massive gathering that undergone until June 2015, worldwide financial specialists stay careful about bouncing in as remote streams of money stayed far beneath day by day restrictions.
Efficient Market Approach
Forecasting the exchange rates using the efficient market approach has two benefits. First, since the efficient market approach is constructed on market-determined prices, it is cost less to generate figures. Both the present spot and forward exchange rates are open data. Second, given the proficiency of foreign exchange markets, it is hard to beat the market-based conjectures except if the forecaster approaches private data that isn't yet reflected in the present exchange rate.
Fundamental Approach
The fundamental approach to exchange rate forecasting has three main problems. First, one needs to estimate a preparation of free factors to inference the exchange rates. Estimating the previous will absolutely be liable to blunders and may not be essentially less demanding than determining the last mentioned. Second, the limitation values, that is, ?± and ??’s that are assessed utilizing related information may change after some time due to changes in administration strategies as well as the unseen structure of the economy. Third, the model itself can be wrong. For example, the model described by Equation 6.18 may be wrong. The figure generated by an incorrect model can't be extremely accurate.
Technical Approach
The technical approach at first examines the past conduct of trade rates to identify "examples" and afterward extends them into the future to create conjectures. Obviously, the technical approach is based on the evidence that history repeats itself (or at least rhymes with itself). The technical approach from this time is inconsistent with the dynamic market approach. However, technical examiners at times consider different exchange information like exchanging volume, exceptional interests, and bid-ask spreads to help their investigations.
There are three distinct approaches to exchange rate forecasting: (a) the efficient market approach, (b) the fundamental approach, and (c) the technical approach, using such market-determined prices as the current exchange rate or the forward exchange rate to forecast the future exchange rate. The fundamental approach utilizes different formal models of exchange rate assurance for anticipating purposes. The technical approach, on the other hand, perceives outlines from the past history of the exchange rate and exercises it into what's to come. The current experimental proof demonstrates that neither the fundamental nor the technical approach outperforms the efficient market approach.
A adaption (swap option) is the decision to go into a credit expense swap or some other sort of swap. As an end-result of an elective premium, the buyer grabs the honesty anyway not the promise to go into a foreordained swap concurrence with the support on a per-characterized future date.
The adaption Market
Adaption are generally used to fence choices positions on bonds, to help in reconstructing current positions another swaps, with sorted out notes, and to change an entire portfolio or affiliation's aggregate outcome profile. In light of the nature in which Adaption are utilized, the market individuals are routinely immense money related associations, banks and theoretical stock ventures. The tremendous innovative and human capital required checking and keeping up an arrangement of Adaption is for the most part out of the span of littler estimated firms.
Swap
A swap is a subsidiary contract through which two gatherings trade money related instruments. These instruments can be nearly anything, however most swaps include money streams in light of a notional key sum that the two gatherings consent to. As a rule, the foremost does not change hands. Each income includes one leg of the swap.
The most well-known sort of swap is a loan cost swap. Swaps don't exchange on trades, and retail financial specialists don't for the most part participate in swaps. Or maybe, swaps are over-the-counter contracts between organizations or budgetary establishments.
Interest Rate Swaps
In an interest rate swap, the parties exchange cash flows based on a notional principal amount (this amount is not actually exchanged) in order to hedge against interest rate risk or to risk.
Asset Swap
An asset swap is comparable in structure to a plain vanilla swap, the key contrast is the fundamental of the swap contract. Rather than standard settled and drifting advance loan fees being swapped, settled and gliding ventures are being traded.
Termination Date
Unlike futures contracts, swaps are not institutionalized, taking into consideration more tweaked terms. While exchanged fates will all be settled on the third Friday of the lapse month, a swap might be completed on either date the assemblies agreement to.
What is 'swap (Swap Option)'
A swap (swap option) is the option to enter into an interest rate swap or some other type of swap. In exchange for an option premium, the buyer gains the right but not the obligation to enter into a specified swap agreement with the issuer on a specified future date.
Risk:
That counter gathering will default on its finish of swap.
It is difficult to discover to counter gathering which likewise needs to obtain the perfect measure of the money and at the ideal time.
The country will impose the exchange rate restrictions and will affect the performance of swap
The interest rate may move against the swap bank after it has gotten half of the swap, or it has an un-hedge condition.
The danger of swap bank faces from change of conversion standard amid the time it takes for the bank lay off the bank which embraces with on counter gathering with a restricting counter party.
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Get custom essayFor effortlessness, the previously mentioned illustration avoids the part of a swap merchant, which fills in as the middle person for the cash swap exchange. With the nearness of the merchant, the acknowledged loan cost may be expanded somewhat as a type of commission to the mediator. Ordinarily, the? spreads on money swaps are genuinely low and, contingent upon the notional principals and kind of customers, might be in the region of focuses. Subsequently, the genuine acquiring rate for Companies A and B is 5.1% and 4.1%, separately, which is as yet better than the offered worldwide rates.
The biological advancement is rapidly expanding in the correction of spine surgical procedures. The demands of expertise are increasing in the medical field of surgeons, especially in spine surgeries. There are numerous technological developments which might be complicated to understand, the main reason for some controversies are due to unidentified stem cells involved in spine surgeries. There is a less invasive method introduces in recent years which includes graft replacement and spine fusion surgeries.
Get original essayThis paper summarizes the various inventive techniques used to correct spine injuries either involving cervical spine injury or thoracolumbar in children or in adults. The main process of providing surgical correction is to use a less invasive method with less postoperative pain and complications.
The processes of providing care to the patients having spinal injuries are becoming complex day by day. This will make the medical staff more active towards the procedure in providing care to their respective patients. Therefore, it has huge spectra in managing injuries which include operative, non- operative and process of managing the pain. The first and most initial step in managing the spinal injuries is care provided by the primary care physicians. Their responsibility is to manage the pain, by providing anti-inflammatory, muscle relaxant medications are most recommended.
Although the vertebral column is made up of 33 bones which are called vertebrae, it makes the backbone of the body which provides the support to stand firm (Viezens, Helmers, Vettorazzi, Schroeder, & Hansen-Algenstaedt, 2017). There are discs in between each vertebra to reduce the friction during movements. Each vertebra has specific points for muscles and ligaments to attach in order to provide firm shape and coordinated movement.
The spinal cord is divided into five segments:
The basic manner by which the spine is treated are categorized into three basic routes; namely;
The treatment options are broadly divided into two categories: non-operative options and surgical options. The non-operative option depends on managing the pain and providing symptomatic treatment to the patient. However, the other option is surgical which is provided according to the disorders that include spinal fractures, degenerative disc diseases, and spinal deformities are treated with minimal disruptive procedures. Non- invasive procedures required a small incision to prevent the trauma and sparing techniques which will use to assist and to produce minimal blood loss and reduces the postoperative pain.
There are exciting changes in the art of treating spinal injuries, the focus of this paper is to address contemporary techniques and equipment to practice in the modern era of spine care while surgery over the next decade. There are various diseases which include deformity, degenerative diseases, trauma, and infection. There are different techniques used for cervical spine injuries ad thoracolumbar spine injury while it is present in a child or present in the adult.
It is the recent term which encompasses the different degenerative pathologies in which there is a damage to a bony framework of a vertebra, it includes spondylosis, degenerative disk disease, and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament this will result in compression of the spinal cord. This clinical syndrome is characterized by the presence of symptoms which include decreased hand dexterity, gait imbalance, and presence with possible sphincter dysfunction. The management of these diseases depends on the timing of its intervention with the ideal surgical approach.
The important procedure which is used to correct the cervical spine compression is achieved through surgical decompression approach; it is effective in moderate to severe myelopathic patients with less chance of producing serious complication. There is a slight difference in the surgical approach used in an anterior and posterior region of the cervical spine. However, it is still a controversial debate about the relative efficacy of achieving laminoplasty vs. laminectomy (Marquez-Lara, Nandyala, Fineberg, & Singh, 2014). Or either the differences in minimally invasive surgery vs. open surgery along with the adjuvant pharmacological management. Majorly, the surgical approach divides into two parts like the anterior and posterior parts of the cervical spine. Thus an anterior approach describes less disruption to the normal musculature and it is also easy to maintain the normal alignment of the spine.
An Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion is the procedure used in neck surgeries. It is the procedure which involves removing the damaged disc which relieves spinal cord or nerve root pressure and lessens equivalent pain, tingling, numbness, and weakness. Hence, discectomy is the procedure of surgical decompression and this complete art of surgical repair is known as anterior cervical decompression. It is observed that this surgical approach is most commonly done to treat the patient present with the symptomatic cervical herniated disc; it is also suitable for cervical degenerative disc disease. The advantages which are obtained from ACDF are it provides direct access to the disc, so direct visualization of the cervical disc can be easily achieved. It is the process which produces less postoperative pain which makes it more compatible with the patient.
At time myelin is directly inhibited this technique is now called NOGO, this technique has been studied for years and has detailed research on it. In this mylien is inhibited. Dr. Martin Schwab from Zurich research ton this treatment by treating sharp partial transection injury by
The management of the cervical spine procedure in children is quite a challenging issue. There are huge diseases which required surgical arthrodesis in a pediatric patient. The basic steps of the process are similar to the managing process of the adult. While the factors which need attention is the high osteointegration capability of a child's bone tissues that allows for stable and simple fusion after the surgical process.
Instrumentation is another aspect which needs to be carefully managed in a child. It is evident in the literature that rigid and firm instrumentation is used in a child after the age of 10 years. But from the year of three years till ten years sub laminar wirings are used. In many cervical spine cases, the surgical procedure closes and stabilizes and the level of C0 to C2 levels in 17 months old babies. The main reason to obtain this procedure is that it healed without producing any major complications. The process of bone completion is achieved within 1 year of life which is completely satisfactory (Hedequist & Emans, 2016).
Furthermore, the cartilaginous tissue in the cervical spine of babies requires the placement and insertion of screws which should be done accurately. Therefore, the surgical planning should be based on the complete and effective study of the anatomy which will be based on complete investigational process include CT scan, plain radiographs, and angiographs which will be used to assess the course and variation of vertebral artery more often present in severe vertebral deformity.
Bone grafting is another process which can be used to correct the cervical spine injuries, while it is also evident that for babies under 36 months old, combination of using bone promoter with local autograft will give suitable and satisfactory results at the time of surgery and also after the one year within surgery after fusion of the bone.
There are some numerous harmonizing fields of spine surgery which consists of deformity, osteobiologics, and robotics are the procedure that actively being combined to treat the upcoming generations present for the treatment of the degenerative thoracolumbar diseases. Lumbar decompression is the procedure which is used to correct the compressive thoracolumbar diseases. But it needs to be avoided in elderly patients present with substantial medical comorbidities present with pre-operative conditions. However, the risk and profit balance will be checked by using the introductive procedure of named as interspinous process spacers, endoscopic approaches, and some percutaneous instrumentation. It involves the broad inclusion criteria to be used in degenerative thoracolumbar surgery. To minimize the blood loss with fewer infection rates the techniques which can be used and achieved as insertion of intervertebral fusion cages it becomes more safer techniques achieved by obtaining less invasive transformational extraforaminal and oblique lumbar interbody fusion techniques (Scemama, Magrino, Gillet, & P., 2016).
The purpose of attaining the decompression surgery is to relieve the pain which is generated by nerve root pinching. There have two major causes for lumbar nerve root pressure; lumbar spinal stenosis and lumbar spinal stenosis. The procedure of decompression surgery involves eliminating a small portion of the bone from the nerve root area or the disc material under the nerve root which is used to relieve the pain which is continually creating a room for the nerve to heal. The most common type of decompression surgical procedure is microdiscectomy and laminectomy.
In general, the process of lumbar fusion is used to relieve pain during movement in the lower segment at the back. This is mostly done in the diseases of lumbar degenerative disc diseases and spondylolisthesis. Spinal fusion is also used to involve the bone grafting that will stop the painful vertebral motion, which ultimately helpful in reducing the pain.
In children, surgical approaches should be maintained by providing special care. The most common injury present in children is idiopathic scoliosis, the most common procedure used to treat this condition is spinal fusion, and it is the process in which surgical incision is made on the spine by either using a posterior approach or an anterior approach. Whereas placement of the rods are done into the spine from the direction where the incision has been made. It is noticed that from previous years an anterior approach is much more increasingly used. The metal rod is placed in the spine from the side to provide support which is much needed in a child patient. These rods are directly attached to the vertebral bodies (Luo, Jr, D.W., Ledonio, & Larson, 2016).
Another approach which is used and refer to a less invasive method known as thoracoscopy. In this approach large incision is not needed, telescopic instrumentation is used which allowed placement of metal rods into the chest with the deflated lungs and attached to the vertebra. It requires more expertise as this is the more technical procedure. The method of inserting a growing rod is more effectively used in pediatric patients, it will provide stabilization thus it will easy to elongate the rod in every six months with non-invasive surgery in growing children. However, the new approach is designed named as stapling the spine which will use and try to modulate the growth of the spine but this technique is not approved for the general use.
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Get custom essayThere are different approaches used to correct the spine injuries and pathologies. The most frequent method to produce correction by using spinal fusion method. It is the process which is surgically achieved, it requires minimal incisions during the surgery. Besides that, the biological substance used as bone grafts are new techniques which are developing during the last decades. Thus, there is a various advancement in the category of spine surgery which includes spinal instrumentation, some minimally invasive technologies, vertebral prosthesis, and bone grafts. There are certain biological substances which are used in a vertebral column that induce the growth of cell and correct the demineralization, but their proper use is still controversial therefore the spinal fusion techniques are much more acceptable in accordance to relief pain either in children or presence of spinal injuries in an adult.