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Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. The character of Shylock
3. Conclusion

Introduction

Throughout the Merchant of Venice, William Shakespeare presents a multi-faceted presentation of Shylock. Although Shakespeare’s presentation of Shylock conforms to the stereotypical views of Jews in many ways by presenting Shylock as villainous and the problem that needs to be overcome in this Shakespearean comedy. Shakespeare also presents Shylock as oppressed, and presents a softer interior to Shylock’s character, challenging this atrocious stereotype that was so typical in the Elizabethan Era by presenting un unbeknownst side of Jews to the stage.

The character of Shylock

When we are first introduced to Shylock in Act 1 scene 3, it is evident that Shakespeare is presenting Shylock as hateful. This is shown when immediately after being introduced to Antonio by Bassanio, Shylock says, “I hate him for he is a Christian”. The word ‘hate’ clearly shows the extent of his antipathy for Antonio, furthermore, the alliteration between the words ‘hate’ and ‘him’ further demonstrates his hatred. Shylock also explicitly stated that he hates Antonio ‘for he is a Christian’, this shows that the hatred Shylock holds for Antonio is based on religion. This correlates to the historical context, because during the Elizabethan era, Jews were regarded as inferior beings, the animosity between Christians and Jews was so great, that even king Edward the First exiled them from England. In the same extract, Shakespeare uses vivid imagery to further convey the hateful emotions of Shylock when he says, “If I catch him once upon the hip, I will feed fat the ancient grudge I bear him”. The imagery used when Shylock says, ‘I will feed fat’, creates an image of Shylock being a barbaric monster in our heads, feeding upon Antonio’s fat. Shakespeare also uses alliteration again here, with the words ‘feed’ and ‘fat’. When the entire line is spoken aloud, these two words gather the most attention, highlighting Shylock’s venomous nature. Finally, at the end of the line, Shylock says: “Curséd be my tribe if I ever forgive him”. Shylock is swearing on his religion that he would not forgive Antonio, and earlier on in the extract, Shylock called his religion ‘sacred’, which evidently means that it is important to him. By making such a religious man swear on his own religion for revenge, Shakespeare is creating an ominous atmosphere of foreboding as the audience worry for Antonio. Furthermore, the antipathy felt in the audience for Shylock is ever growing, for not only is Shylock a Jew in a time where Jews were despised, but he was also scheming against a ‘righteous’ Christian. Additionally, Shylock calls his religion his ‘tribe’. By doing this, Shakespeare hints that Shylock is barbaric and primitive, because the word ‘tribe’ was most used to describe uncivilised groups of people.

At the beginning of the play, Shylock’s hatred towards Antonio was quite secret, when speaking in an aside, Shylock referred to Antonio as a ‘fawning publican’, while in public, he politely called him ‘Signor Antonio’. The contrast between these two ways that Shylock referred Antonio is evidence of Shakespeare presenting Shylock’s deceptiveness and cunning. It is also evidence of Shakespeare pointing out the inferior position, and segregation, of Jews in society, for they were not allowed to express any of their views out loud, only in uttermost secret for fear of legal punishment. Even in Act 4 Scene 1, Jews were legally regarded as ‘aliens’ to Venice, even if they were citizens. However, as the play develops, Shylock’s power over Antonio increases. The turning point is when it is revealed that Antonio’s ships have all sunk. When that happens, it is the Christian’s turn to bend down before the Jew and beg for mercy. Since Shylock was a Jew, it was hard for the Elizabethan audience to emphasize with him. However, when their adored Christian Antonio is called a ‘fool’ by Shylock, a mere Jew, Antonio’s helplessness would be flowing throughout the audience. Cleverly, Shakespeare might be trying to make the audience understand Shylock’s suffering by forcing a Christian character to suffer through the same mistreatment as a Jew.

Not only is Shylock presented as hateful, but he is also presented as vengeful throughout the entirety of the play. When agreeing to the terms of the bond, Shylock declared that if Antonio broke the bond, he would get ‘an equal pound of your fair flesh’. By using the adjective ‘fair’ to describe Antonio’s flesh (which wouldn’t conventionally be described as fair), Shylock could be seen as mocking Antonio, almost challenging him to back out because he feared a Jew. Disgust would be rippling throughout the audience as Shylock persuades Antonio into signing the bond. This vengeful presentation of Jewish characters was not abnormal during the Elizabethan era, for there were countless plays portraying Jews in the same vengeful light, such as Christopher Marlowe’s presentation of the Jew Barabas in his infamous play: ‘The Jew of Malta’. However, unlike these other plays, Shylock isn’t seeking money or anything of monetary value, ‘If every ducat in six thousand ducats were in six parts, and every part a ducat, I would not draw them. I would have my bond’. Shakespeare could be trying to show that Jews were not only driven by a desire for money, contrary to what was believed during Elizabethan times.

As the play continues, Shylock’s desire for revenge remains unwavering. In Act 3 Scene 1, Shylock repeatedly repeats the sentence ‘Let him look to his bond’ in response to Solanio and Salerino begging Shylock to mitigate the repercussions on Antonio if he broke the bond. The short, monosyllabic line hints a tone of obstinacy and determination to make Antonio suffer. This would be quite unnerving for the contemporary audience, while the Elizabethan audience would just have their prejudiced ideas about Jews being confirmed. Furthermore, the repetition of this line indicates Shylock determination to have his ‘bond’.

Similarly, in Act 3 Scene 3, when Antonio begs Shylock to spare him, Shylock continuously interrupts his pleads with the declaration: ‘I’ll have my bond’. This reveals many things, firstly, it shows how in terms of power, the tables have completely turned. In the beginning of the play, Shylock was constantly interrupted by Antonio when trying to speak, though the converse is true in this scene. This would be quite unexpected for the Elizabethan audience, as they viewed Jews as worthless, however, Shakespeare is proving that one’s religion doesn’t determine their influence in society. The short, monosyllabic line, and the contraction ‘I’ll’, hints a feeling of finality, confirming to both the audience and the characters that Shylock will not alleviate Antonio’s punishments. Furthermore, every time Shylock refers to the ‘bond’ with Antonio, he uses the possessive pronoun ‘my’, this shows how important the fulfilment of the bond is to him.

However, Shakespeare also presents Shylock as oppressed and mistreated countless times throughout the play. Firstly, Shylock is constantly dehumanised from act to act. He is constantly referred to as a ‘devil’, a ‘dog, a ‘cur’ and a ‘villain’. By making the characters call Shylock such derogatory names, Shakespeare is showing how Jews were wrongly thought of as an inferior species, below Christians in the Great Chain of being, and amongst the rank of the animals. Furthermore, by making every character refer to Shylock using these terms, repeatedly, Shakespeare is revealing that everyone in society viewed Shylock in such a way. Shylock is also constantly insulted with words from the same semantic field of religion, such as: ‘devil’ and ‘misbeliever’. This shows how the insults shot at Shylock were not just because of the characters’ dislike of him, but also because of dislike for his religion. Shakespeare is highlighting not just the mistreatment of Shylock, but the mistreatment of all Jews at that time. The words indicate that the characters viewed Judaism as an inferior religion, and anyone following that religion was to be mistreated. Additionally, Antonio, who was meant to be the perfect Christian, treated Shylock with uttermost disrespect. In Act 1 Scene 3, when Shylock says, ‘you, that did void your rheum upon my beard’, Shakespeare uses vivid, disgusting imagery to encapsulate the mistreatment of Jews in one, atrocious image. By showing this oppressed side of Shylock, Shakespeare is questioning the audience on whether Shylock’s bond against Antonio was actually justifiable, because although Shylock’s idea of punishment seemed to be excessively harsh, Shylock has a point when he says: ‘If you wrong us, shall we not revenge? If we are like you in the rest, we will resemble you in that’. By using a rhetorical question, Shakespeare is questioning the paradoxical theme of justice. Shakespeare is asking the question: Why Is it that on one hand, it is completely unacceptable for a Christian (Antonio) to almost be killed by a Jew (Shylock), even though it was perfectly within Shylock’s rights, whereas it is perfectly fine for a Jew to be forced out of his religion, lest he wanted death, and forced to relinquish most of his assets and his wealth, which is arguably worse than death, by a Christian?

There are also moments throughout the play where Shylock’s hard, hateful exterior is pierced, and his inner emotions are revealed. The most adequate example of this is in Act 3 Scene 1. When Shylock is being interrogated by Solanio and Salarino, Shylock delivers his famous ‘Hath not a Jew eyes?’ speech. In this speech Shylock is constantly using rhetorical questions to convey his annoyance of the mistreatment of Jews. Normally, Shylock only shows anger and hatred for Christian characters, and is always trying to differentiate himself from them. However, in this speech, Shylock is saying that Jews are like everyone else, which was contrary to his earlier actions. By doing this, Shakespeare is showing that underneath his hateful and angry exterior, Shylock is just an ordinary man that just wants to be treated with equality and respect. Since this was acted out on stage, it could also be suggesting that Shakespeare was indirectly questioning the mistreatment of all Jews by society at that time. Furthermore, rhetorical questions are used communicate with the audience, further supporting this notion.

Later in the same act, Shylock’s more humane nature is revealed when he realised that Jessica sold his wife’s ring. He reacted with immense sadness. ‘Thou torturest me, Tubal.’ Is what he said after being revealed that. The verb ‘torturest’ shows us that his ring was very important to him, and that it held great value. In fact, the ring belonged to Shylock’s wife, ‘Leah, who previously died. Shakespeare challenges the notion that Jews only cared for money by revealing the sadness emanating from Shylock after losing his wife’s ring. Furthermore, this notion is supported by the next line, where Shylock says, ‘I would not have given it for a wilderness of monkeys’. Monkeys were very expensive and exotic creatures at that time, and by caring for his wife’s ring more than a ‘wilderness of monkeys’, Shakespeare is showing that Jews didn’t judge something’s value just because of its monetary value, which was completely contrary to conventional beliefs during the Elizabethan era. Furthermore, Shakespeare is subtly demonstrating the quote: ‘All that glisters is not gold’, because even though Shylock was seen as greedy and uncaring, he valued his wife’s ring beyond anything, whereas Bassanio, a perfect Christian, relinquished his wife’s ring to who he thought was a man. Shakespeare is imploring people to not hate or love someone based on assumptions, but to look deeper into their character, for ‘all that glisters is not gold’.

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Conclusion

In conclusion, neither does Shakespeare present Shylock as demonic and animalistic, as conventionally thought of during the Elizabethan era, or as angelic and perfect. Instead, through Shylock, Shakespeare presents a kaleidoscope of shifting emotions to emphasise the fact that Jews are just human. Throughout the play, even the perfect Antonio and the righteous Bassanio have made great errors. Antonio, when he seemingly attempts to seduce Bassanio. And Bassanio, when he gave away Portia’s ring. However, by the end of the play, these characters are nonchalantly let off the hook by both the audience and the characters, while Shylock has been stripped of everything: his wealth, his family and his religion. Since Shakespeare was a playwright for the people, he couldn’t blatantly support Jewish rights and oppose the views of society at that time, however, by presenting Shylock as constantly mistreated and never shown mercy, Shakespeare is imploring the audience to treat everyone equally, and not to judge a book by its cover.

Would you spread your ideas if you thought they were superior? Imperialism in the United States was desired by many due to their belief in which everyone should be civilized nations, however, it was based on American standards and did not reflect the wants or needs other nations faced. Reasoning was clear to some leaders of the United States, wanting to expand its horizon because they saw it as an opportunity to help other countries and peoples to become as successful as they saw themselves to be, contrarily, it seemed to others that the United States wanted to expand and force their ideas onto nations, rather than to help them become independent. Some agreed with the idea of Imperialism and other’s thought it went against the very foundation the United States was built on.

One can infer from Josiah Strong, an Anglo-Saxon advocate, many opinions of imperialism were a necessary action because of religion. His view was that the world was in need of Anglo-Saxon interference because they were the noblest race and could help other nations experience civil liberty as they had. In the case of the Philippines, the United States made the decision that the Filipino people desired a western lifestyle, when they sought independence after being under the control of Spain for hundreds of years. However, by attempting to force the nation to accept their views, they ended up in a war. The war brought forth mainly death, famine, and false hopes of freedom.

One illustration of Theodore Roosevelt exemplified the United States as the world’s police, showing characters, representing countries, bringing forth an item explaining the problem their countries faced. Roosevelt would help settle the issues and bring the world closer, especially to the U.S. Unlike the big business side of the United States’ expansion, individuals, such as Lottie Moon, sought to influence countries on a religious aspect. She spent years teaching the Chinese of Christianity out of purely the love for the Chinese and Jesus.

On the other hand, many Americans questioned why the United States would take over a country and force their beliefs on them out of simply wanting to have more land. Anti-imperialists sympathized with countries the United States were trying to forcefully influence because their ancestors had to fight England for freedom. It was clear that the U.S. was playing the “The World’s Constable”, yet they sought out nations to take control over. Many were becoming greedy because of the success of the U.S., it seemed like a clear choice to expand. In the image by J.S. Pughe, Uncle Sam is a very large man, with the names of States and territories the U.S. had come to own. Three men are trying to get him to take anti-fat medicine, which is in a container that says “Anti-Expansion Policy”. Depictions of Uncle Sam only gets larger as time goes on and as the Unites States expands to other nations in another anti-imperialism photograph. As with many deals at the time, the U.S. was putting themselves in the position to get the upper hand; after the Spanish-American war, The Teller Act was put forth when the U.S. obtained Cuba, therefore on paper, Cuba was free, but American forces still controlled many aspects of Cuban life and trade.

To conclude, Both Roosevelt and Taft used demeaning ways to get what they wanted, as The Big Stick Policy and Dollar Diplomacy, they used the United States’ strength in their favor. They obtained nations through various means and acted as if they were helping the world but were wanting to seem superior to other nations. With the growing Navy and growing economic strength, it seemed to some that Uncle Sam wanted control of the world.

Bibliography

1. httlis://kctcs.bnedcourseware.com/#/classes/01dd624a-873b-4eb5-b575-d0037949d87a
2. httlis://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/war
3. httlis://elearning.kctcs.edu/bbcswebdav/liid-25722364-dt-content-rid-175378337_2/courses/SMC_4176_HIS_109_E0Z1_87941/03%20The%20Age%20of%20Imlierialism%20liictures.lidf
4. httlis://elearning.kctcs.edu/bbcswebdav/liid-25722364-dt-content-rid-175378336_2/courses/SMC_4176_HIS_109_E0Z1_87941/03%20The%20Age%20of%20Imlierialism.lidf httlis://www.imb.org/who-was-lottie-moon

Since birth, people are taught to live a certain way and be a certain someone by those who raise them. Many individuals are born into Christianity, attending church since birth, going to church camps and living the lifestyle of a good Christian, it is a label they carry with them for the rest of their lives. Christianity is a religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus, who was brought down to teach the word of God. His word is said to bring peace and happiness to those who follow it and if followed right, are granted eternal life. Over the past thousands of years, its popularity has skyrocketed, growing to two billion followers, it is considered the largest religion practiced worldwide. Despite some positive outlooks, it has affected the world in a more negative aspect rather than positive, producing a plethora of ignorance and stagnation by Christians who feel comfortable being hateful towards individuals who do not live the doctrine laid out in the bible.

These hateful thoughts can affect those in and out of the religion, from guilting “bad” Christians to murdering those living a sinful life; now that Christianity plays a big role in Politics, the problem only seems to get bigger. The name Christianity is derived from the Bible and was used as a degrading word to describe the followers of Jesus Chrsit, but Christians were fond of it and accepted the name. In order to become a Christian, one must be willing to change their sinful ways of living and when they do so, they are able to convert. The converting process is simple, the individual must get water baptized in a church and accept the Spirit of God within them in order to call themselves a Christian. Once they’ve completed the process, they must live according to certain standards; worship God from Friday sunset to Saturday sunset, be compassionate and loving towards others, and follow God's Ten Commandments.

The Ten Commandments according to Mike Bennett state “You shall have no other Gods but me. You shall not make for yourself any idol, nor bow down to it or worship it. You shall not misuse the name of the Lord your God. You shall remember and keep the Sabbath day holy. Respect your father and mother. You must not commit murder. You must not commit adultery. You must not steal. You must not give false evidence against your neighbour. You must not be envious of your neighbour's goods. You shall not be envious of his house nor his wife, nor anything that belongs to your neighbour”. Although these commandments may seem easy enough to follow, it is often broken by Christians in simple, but various ways. At times these commandments can be unintentionally broken, but it is more so broken due to the fact that not everyone is perfect. These people cannot possibly achieve all these things asked of them in their whole life spans.

There are temptations that cannot be overlooked and sometimes it can act as a positive benefit to their lives, but is seems as a sin in God’s eyes. Guilt is a horrible feeling people get when they do something wrong for Christians it’s the most common feeling. Christians are supposed to live a certain way according to the standards laid out in the bible and when they fail to do so, it is considered sinning. Sinning can vary from small wrongdoings such as not praying enough and permarital sex to bigger ones such as murder and rape. Although some of these sins deserve much more than God's punishment, they can be easily wiped away with His forgiveness, which is supposed to take the tension off an individual's shoulders; at least in some cases. Often the guilt is the reasons many Christians become ex-christians because they feel as though the set of rules they are set to follow is just a mirror that reflects their wrongdoings onto them. Everyone is affected by Chritstian hate crimes, the LGBT community, people of color, and other religious groups: if you are not a white Christian, then you've been sinning since birth.

In the article, Religion, Religious Fanaticism and Hate Crimes in the United States, Mokhtar Ben Barka compares these religious hate crimes to terrorism. Often these crimes are committed by one individual but occasionally it will be committed by a group, like Aryan Nations, the anti-semetic group of the 1970s. The group was founded by the pastor of the Church of Jesus Christ, Richard Girnt Butler, who had a goal of ridding any race that wasn’t white, God’s “chosen people”. They would target unsuspecting victims and sometimes succeed in accomplishing their goal, but not always. Victoria Keegan, an American Inidain, was walking with her son on the night of July first 1998, when they were attacked by the Aryan Nations. They shot at her car, blowing out her tires.

Quickly they were removed from their car violently and threatened. Victoria and Jason were able to escape after a car began to approach the scene, and the group had fleeted. The Aryan Nation slowly began to become something from the past, many groups still spread their beliefs and refer to themselves as members of the Aryan Nations but no one from the original group is still around. However, not all religous have lost popularity, the Westbro Baptist Church is an anti-gay activist organization formed in 1955 to assault and harrass the LGBT community. Upon their physical violent acts, they also host demonstrations such as riots. One of these riots was formed outside of Matthew W. Shepard's funeral in October of 1998. Shepard was a 21 year old gay male who was tricked into entering a Wyoming bar with two strangers, who would beat him with a pistol and tie him to a fence where they would leave him to die.

This act of crime shocked everyone worldwide, but what was more shocking was the Westbro Baptist Church shouting out anti-gay slurs at the mourning Shepard family, not allowing the funeral to continue in a polite demeanor. They continue to spread their belifes through the website, God Hates Fags, where they discuss bible verses in which they can justify their hateful acts. Although this century seems to be more accepting of the different communities, due to a recent election in 2016, the hate crimes have increased as a result of people feeling more comfortable being hateful with a hateful president in office. Of all the religious people voting in the 2016 election, Christians made up 139% of the population that voted for Donald Trump. Donald Trump, the same man who talked about woman genitals in public settings, the same man who is working to seperate families, was voted most fit to run a country by the people who are taught to love thy neighbor and honor women. Not all Christians felt comfortable calling themselves one knowing they made up most of the population and didn’t want to be a part of such bigotry, like Elizabeth Baker.

In Bakers article in the HuffPost, I Don’t Want To Call Myself A Christian Anymore, she opens up about her experience in realizing the truth of the religion. Baker was the definition of a good Christian; she read the Bible everyday, went to church camps, youth retreats, and was in a Chritsian sorority in college. That all changed the coming election. She no longer felt that her fellow Christians were Christian anymore and she described their role in the election as “horrifying and embarrassing. Christians were now supporting travel bans, turning away the LGBT community, and no longer supporting Medicaid, the most accessible health care to God's “children”. It’s not just the hypocrisy either, it’s the hate that comes with it. Since the election, the crime rate has increased tremendously; it has affected ethnic groups by 59.6%, religious groups by 20.6%, and the LGBT community by 15.8%. During his time in office, he made many promises to the Christian community and kept them, which may be a reason the crime rates have increased.

According to Craig Huey in the article, 10 Surprising Realities About Christians and President Trump, president Trump has promised all Christians to support pro-life and did so by slecting pro-life judges to represent the Supreme Court. He also said he would support Israel and now accepts Jerusalem to be its capital. President Trump wants to keep his Christian supporters and as long as he follows through with his promises, he will continue to gain the support of Christians. Christianity had one sole purpose, to bring God’s children together, but it has done the opposite by putting limits onto people; it has not only separated people, but has cursed the world we live in. It is unfair to those outside of the religion to be judged for living their life not following any of God’s rules, when Christians are out doing the same thing by spreading their hateful beliefs and belittling those not meeting the standards. In conclusion, calling oneself a Christian is hypocrisy in of itself.

In “The Declaration of Independence” Thomas Jefferson calls for the separation of the American colonists from the grips of an abusive and tyrannical England. He makes his position clear to the colonist and most importantly the world by using persuasive appeals, syntax and diction Thomas Jefferson used all three methods (Ethos, Logos, and Pathos). I’ll analyse how he used each one starting with Logos. The most common rhetoric that Thomas Jefferson used was logos not that he didn’t like pathos. Who are we to say though? Thomas Jefferson said something like this “People have natural rights, which the government was created to protect. This government is not only neglecting its purpose but is doing a whole bunch of other wrong things on top of that, so obviously we must declare independence.” Now the cause of this was the government wasn’t doing its job. Now here’s the effect, we declared independence. This is clear cut so far isn’t it? All Jefferson really must do is reason with the people. He didn’t threaten and starve them like other people. Although it seems like using logos was enough, he had to seal it all with using emotion. This is called pathos and it’s just as effective. When mixed it can be a dangerous combination for the good or the bad. Here’s where we get a little more logical, Jefferson talked about independence from the people who have inalienable rights there for not letting the United States of American have our basic rights.

Which is love, life, and the pursuit of happiness. Moving past the most famous part of the document, Jefferson proves the failures of the British government: The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world. Not only does Jefferson state that the government has wronged the people, he sets out to demonstrate exactly how by continuing with a specific (and lengthy) list of evidence. He tries to not anger anyone with this but gives a detailed list of twenty-seven examples. Now, Jefferson wasn't all logic and reason, he lets some Pathos sneak in there. Phrases like 'all men are created equal,' 'mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable', and 'absolute Tyranny' certainly appeal to the more emotional side of the audience. I must note that these are credited to the declaration of independence Jefferson also later describes how the British people were 'deaf to the voice of justice,' which is a pretty dramatic way to say they didn't respond to a letter. Next time you ask someone for a favor, and they ignore you, tell them they were 'deaf to the voice of injustice” and if you just get weird looks, though, you didn't get the idea here. Jefferson continues to persuade the people to become independent. As a concerned human being would of course. The document is calm cool and collected from the mind of Jefferson and some others. It’s not jumbled and it again gets logos put into play again. Whereas it’s the main rhetoric he uses as I have stated before. He uses logos and pathos, but I don’t believe he uses ethos. Now when he did use pathos it was, mainly to unite the Americans against the king. Who will fight the king? The everyday man the person to your left and the person to your right. I’ve read multiple essays over what rhetoric Jefferson uses and I can say it’s highly debated.

Although not many says he relies on ethos just logos and pathos. I myself believe in logos. Jefferson was a meaningful man that didn’t want to manipulate the population to do good by him. He wanted them to do good by them all. Now near the end of the declaration of independence we have already read about the love life and pursuit of happiness due to its famous words that started this country. Now there’s more than just those simple statements. It made you feel the excitement. The readiness of the new country. And it started more than a revolution. Although the last paragraph is the one that declares the independence of the United States of America. Because this is a momentous thing to do, this whole paragraph is dripping with pathos. He started with logos and ended with pathos. When he started with logos he was talking of the creation of the independence while he was creating the declaration of independence that’s sort of a two for one there. He invoked sadness with pathos to show everyone that it’s sad to be in a land so free yet controlled by a bigger country. Stated that we needed to join and rebel. Explained how we could be on our own and be independent. Now in conclusion Thomas Jefferson made a longer essay then mine but he created a country with it using logos and pathos. When he used logos and pathos it created emotion and movement towards their goal. The declaration of independence wasn’t just a thrown together book report or essay. It was toughly thought out. All during a war when emotions were high strung and edgy. With the help of logos and pathos he harnessed that emotion and created for the better good.

Recently, politicians all across the United States have debated over the topic of whether college should be free or not. Although it sounds like an incredible idea, it definitely has its flaws. There are a variety of issues within the plan of erasing student debt, and creating a free-university system throughout the nation however, recently, the National Student Clearinghouse had completed a survey with data concluding that 47% of community college students dropout of school, and even more research shows that completion rates fall the less students pay towards the cost, hinting that free tuition across the nation may result in an increase in dropout rate. Along with an increase of dropouts, top universities will begin to overpopulate and teachers would begin to struggle. Not only will their salary be hard to pay, but the majority of teachers will end-up having classrooms filled far past capacity, which leaves students at a disadvantage.

As much as I love the idea of free tuition, as an out-of-state student paying over $36,000 a year, I can recognize the fact that it would never work. For starters, the most prestigious universities and highest-ranked party schools would be the top choices for incoming freshmen. The smaller schools, private schools and universities that aren’t known nationally would begin to struggle with student population. They would not be able to pay their staff, which leads to a massive loss of jobs throughout the entire nation. I, personally, can name over twenty colleges back home, in the state of Illinois that would shut-down as they are not widely-known nor recognized. While simultaneously, big schools like the University of Alabama, Harvard University, MIT, etc. would begin to be flooded with students. Not only would they not be able to house the students, they’d have to receive the funding to establish new buildings for classrooms and dormitories.. Where would that money come from if the students are not paying to go to school? The state’s taxpayers would have to pay for it, which would lead to residents of states with many big schools, to relocate to states like Montana, Utah, etc.

One of the biggest flaws in the proposition however is the degrading value of a degree in our country. If a bachelor's degree is widely available to everyone, at any time, why would it hold any more value than a high-school diploma? My guess is that it would eventually be roughly equivalent to a high-school diploma, and students would be funneling into the four-year university system just as they funneled into high-school. It would just be another four-years of schooling, with insanely large classroom sizes, teachers with no-morale, and not enough dorm rooms. Professional jobs would then eventually have the minimum requirement as a master’s degree, how would that work? Would doctoral and master’s program also be free of charge? Would Americans eventually have to be a doctor for a basic sales job? Why not? It is free, so employers would expect their best potential employees took advantage of the free-education system and went as far as possible.If the schools are unregulated, free-of-cost programs will experience a type of “tragedy of the commons” in which overconsumption leads to a depletion of resources and subsequent rationing of courses and programs, due to students. When students are given the opportunity to attend school for no personal cost, they will find it easier to drop out of course, compared to if they had just paid for it. Psychologists refer to this as the “sunk-cost effect,” people who have invested anything significant to themselves, whether it be time, effort or money are more likely to complete the degree, fearing wasting finances, or their personal time. The idea of free-college sounds too good to be true, and that is exactly what it is.

However, there actually could be many improvements that would help significantly without making college completely free. According to The New York Times, “Rather than free tuition, we need targeted policies that result in more money for need-based aid, from both public and private institutions, and from both state and federal governments. While lower net prices would reduce the need for students and their families to borrow for college, federal student loan programs will remain an important tool to improve college access. Even zero tuition wouldn’t eliminate the need for loans, since room, board and travel expenses would still be a constraint for some students.” I am a firm-believer this would help low-income students struggling to get their education, without depleting our entire education system. The issue I believe that is often forgotten about when discussing the idea of a free-college tuition is, teachers. Educators in the United States are already incredibly underpaid. For example, at the University of Mississippi, there are several instructors in every department that are getting incredibly underpaid with the minimum salary of $24,000 a year for an instructor. This is a huge in America and large universities, as myself and several other thousand students pay almost $40,000 to attend this school.

Even with the high-cost of school, a numerous amount of teachers are still not paid well. I know personally my EDHE teacher is a postgraduate student and she still has to work 3 jobs. That leaves me dumbfounded. If we aren’t able our instructors well, while college is insanely expensive, how will we pay for our incredible teachers when school is free? Where is the money going to magically appear from? If the states tax-payers are expected to pay for teachers salaries, people would begin moving to states with a low-populated colleges. Basically due to the fact that states that have large recognizable schools like the University of Alabama, University of Southern California, etc. will be in a lot of trouble when tuition is suddenly free and students begin to funnel into these large “dream” schools. Not only would colleges begin to overpopulate, but tax-payers would be required to pay for a massive amount of increase in teachers. The U.S already does not invest enough into our teachers, and free-college is basically taking a step-back from tackling that issue.

Another issue we would encounter is the loss of trades throughout the nation. According to The Washington Examiner, generation-z is joining trade-schools and programs at a remarkable rate. I believe this would come to an end however if college was free of cost however, as people that definitely should be trades, will begin to join the overpopulated schools for no other reason than it being free. This would absolutely kill the trade-field. Vocational schools would come to a stand-still with only a few students, and there would be job vacancies all over the entire nation. Although I’d love to live in a fantasy world where free-college is an actual viable option, and it would work without any issues, I am able to realize how unrealistic that fantasy is. The United States would run into a countless amount of issues, whether it be underpaid teachers, overpopulated schools, demotivated students dropping out, or a decrease in students joining the trades. There are just too many flaws in this idea, and even if the college-system made such a detrimental change, it would devalue the bachelor's degree, which would basically put all this hard-work to waste.

Plus, there are a numerous amount of citizens who already paid an extreme-amount of money for their degree already, and in some cases, they paid it by themselves, how fair would this be for them exactly? Will the government refund everyone or? Andrew P. Kelly, resident scholar and the director of the Center on Higher Education Reform at the American Enterprise Institute, once stated “A valuable degree is worth the investment even if you have to pay something for it.” (The New York Times) He took the words right out of my mouth. College should be an investment, not just another 4-years of public high-school.

Works Cited

1. Hill, Catharine. “Free Tuition Is Not the Answer.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 30 Nov. 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/30/opinion/free-tuition-is-not-the-answer.html. Neelakantan, Shailaja.
2. “Does Free College Come with Trade-Offs?” Education Dive, 12 Aug. 2019, https://www.educationdive.com/news/does-free-college-come-with-trade-offs/560729
3. “Should College Be Free?” The New York Times, The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/01/20/should-college-be-free/the-problem-is-that-free-college-isnt-free.
4. Turner, Cory. “If 'Free College' Sounds Too Good To Be True, That's Because It Often Is.” NPR, NPR, 12 Sept. 2018, https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2018/09/12/643673271/if-free-college-sounds-too-good-to-be-true-that-s-because-it-often-is.

Adolescent pregnancy has been an ‘epidemic’ to different societies. As proven by scientists, contraceptive use would have led to erasure of this life-threatening experience, but it seems like the invention was partly of no use. At first, failures would be attributed to lack of knowledge and easy accessibility to abortion, contraceptive pills, condoms and other contraceptive methods. These would have limited the use of contraceptives, thus reducing the number of teenage pregnancies. But after, the above was not the case, as it has been proven that there was a willingness in not using contraceptives, which led to the conclusion that pregnancies in the majority of teens were planned. Other factors accounted for, and still account for why young women become pregnant. In this essay, I am going to talk about four other reasons, other than lack of contraceptive use, for early pregnancies. Those are: poverty, influence of politics, peer coercion and family and societal influence on individuals. Teenage pregnancies have been of a social concern and it is very surprising the way with cultural evolution, the number of teenage pregnancies rose beyond expectations. As to Martha C. Ward, with the evolution of societal culture, younger teens have failed to develop individual character and practical knowledge, which would be their guides to decision making when it came to sexual behaviours. Who should have helped them acquire those characters? In their societies, no one, other than parents, was responsible for their sex education.

I concur with Martha’s analysis about family role in instilling values, knowledge and attitudes concerning adolescents. Parents are the primary educators, they are the ones responsible for knowing their children’s sexual lives, but they seem to either communicate not deeply or start too late and fear complicity in teenager’s sexual activity. This discomfort shown by parents in provision of sex education to their children is what results into lack of decision making and lack of control on sexual desires.

On the other hand, Pregnancy seems to be results to problems faced by youth who are disadvantaged. As of Marta C. Ward, researchers believe that sexual decision-making depends on individual aspirations. Most teenagers who become pregnant are of low socio-economic status. With this status of being disadvantaged, many young women have proven to want to carry babies so that they would get support either from kins or even families of the genitors. For example with Rethabile’s story, she wanted to carry the baby because the father’s family had happily accepted to support the child to be born. The support wouldn’t bring riches to their families, but they would benefit in either ways. Teenagers who plan and decide on becoming pregnant are most of the times unhappy with their early lives thus want to prepare better futures. Early motherhood appears to offer an escape from an existence of that little or no satisfaction. Another factor that may be the leading cause to early pregnancies is the way the politics of reproduction is perceived in different societies. In some societies, it seems like women are not responsible for their own reproductive health. The control of women’s fertility belong does not belong to her, but rather to her elders and her genitals belong to her father. This doesn’t provide freedom to choice for a young woman to decide when and with whom she is going to have sex with. Some families, for example, in South Africa, parents would oblige a girl to marry as long as they received ‘lobola’ (dowry) form a rich man. This is also another reason to early pregnancy.

In her article, Martha C. Ward again demonstrates how peer coercion influences teenage pregnancies. She suggests, from the results of different studies especially the one carried out in a high school from Louisiana, that it is not because they are not aware of the availability or the appropriate use of contraceptives, but because they want to become pregnant. Some teens envy the support and care given to pregnant teens, others feel like it is a pride to bear a kid, and others feel like it is a better way of maintaining their relationship with their partners. In addition, most of the times, reasons for teenage pregnancies were attributed to cultural practices which guided a particular society. I couldn't be lying if I said that culture is still worth of the blame. In some societies, mothers are respected because they are assumed to be responsible, resilient and experienced. It is thus no doubt that some teens plan on becoming pregnant, either out or in of wed-lock, to gain respect from other society members mainly from kinships, who would sometimes regard her as a child and practice economic violence. Briefly, it is not a matter of lack of contraceptive use. Most pregnancies are not accidental, but they occur while they are planned. The issue to tackle is no longer the knowledge about contraceptive use, but instead the things which make teens make decision on getting pregnant. If we want to solve the problem, we should first deal with what makes young women decide on getting pregnant. First address the problem family role to enhance sex education to their children. This is what will instill in them values and practices that not only help them decide on appropriate age of bearing a child, but also erase the culture of doing things because their peers did the same.

To select the correct market for a companies’ success it is important to look at two factors which include environmental and firm influences (Lee and Carter, 2009, p220). An analysis of the international market environment is useful as it reduces risks and aids decision making; this can be done through targeting. Targeting can be described as a company “a specific customer group with a specialised and tailored marketing offering” (Lee and Carter, 2009, p199). Thus, before choosing a market it is useful to evaluate environmental factors include looking at micro and macro global environments such as politics and international industry structures. During the time, the South African currency was plunging to an all-time low against the U.S. dollar and British pound. (BBC News, 2018) This could have acted as potential challenge for Starbucks. (Fleisher & Bensoussan (2002). Yet, despite the currency falling Financial analyst such as Celeste Fauconnier said entering into South Africa, during the time acted as an easy “business environment to work in and has better infrastructure than some countries" (BBC News, 2018). Moreover, South Africa’s coffee consumption was at an all-time high as consumers, particularly in the middle–to–higher income market, was shifting to more premium offerings (Holmes, 2018). This was proven by the latest data from Statistics SA released in April which showed income from restaurants and coffee shops increase’s 5.3% year on year (Writer et al., 2018). Therefore, this is an attractive audience for the implementation of Starbucks.

Market entry is “the most significant international marketing decision [most companies] are likely to take” (Doole & Lowe, 1999). Companies can take different approaches to market entry either an ‘waterfall’ or ‘shower’ approach (Keegan, 1989:30-1). Starbucks entry into South Africa resembles the waterfall approach being that prior to this entry Starbucks expanded in many advanced countries including Europe and Asia. Additionally, there are different methods of entry either direct or indirect entry. Starbucks first step to entering the South African market was having a licensed partnership with South Africa’s Taste Holdings, which was founded by entrepreneur Carlo Gonzaga (Endeavor, 2018). “A partnership can be between two or more persons/parties” (Sars.gov.za, 2018). This form of entry can be successful if partners share the same goals. This was one of the many reasons why the launch in South Africa was successful as Taste Holding and Starbucks we able to work together efficiently due to have similar goals and morals (Endeavor, 2018). Although, Starbucks has opened more than 22,000 outlets in over 71 countries the CEO, was “astonished by the scene this week at his new store in an affluent Johannesburg suburb, where some customers had driven for two hours just to try the American coffee brand” (The Globe and Mail, 2018) . This in turn, demonstrated the success of Starbucks partnership as a mode of entry. This form of market entry was also useful for Starbucks as partnering with a well-known brand in South Africa helped to support the expansion of the coffee chain. Research suggests that partnerships can speed up market; this alongside Taste Holdings good brand image being a leading licensor of food and retail brands in the region, previously helping Dominos launch in South Africa also provided Starbucks a smooth entry reducing the risk for Starbucks (Endeavor, 2018).Moreover, to make the entry successful Starbucks and Taste holding came together to ensure that there was a big focus on localisation in terms of empowering the locals and elevating employment levels. Thus, local contractors and artisans were involved in the launch to help with design and décor. (Thulo et al., 2018).

However, there are also some drawbacks to having a licensed partnership as management can become complicated as well as having to share rewards. Taste Holding are still waiting for a recover from their investment for their recent investments. (Anon, 2018). However, it is evident that this launch brought other challenges. Firstly, despite their being a high demand, Starbucks is still operating in a challenging economy. Moreover, Starbucks also faced some culture issues, due to the rise of complaints since the launch. Culture is “an integrated system of learned behaviour patterns that are distinguishing characteristics of the members of any given society”. Czinkota & Ronkainen (1998, p. 65). Many people complained about "neo-colonialism" by U.S. multinational companies. Many argued that with launches like Starbucks, it was encouraging white privilege in South Africa. Thus, there was some racial tensions during the launch. (The Globe and Mail, 2018).

Marketing mix is a useful tool that companies can use to ensure that aspects within their marketing strategy cannot be neglected. This can be done through implementing the fours Ps being product, price, place, and promotion to ensure an effective marketing strategy. (The Marketing Mix, 2018). Analysing the marketing mix can be useful to for Starbucks to analyse the potential success of their service in another market. Starbucks has positioned themselves as a well - known brand, which has kept them distinguished when it comes to their brand/product. This focused differentiation has enabled them to have an effective marketing strategy.

Starbucks has become a brand that is customer focused, ensuring they give their customers a product that will retain them (Martin Roll, 2018). With the new coffee era developing speedily Starbuck has been able to find a niche and provide different forms of sustainable/fair trade coffee. Their product has now expanded beyond coffee and other beverages such as fresh food items and handcrafted beverages (Starbucks Coffee Company, 2018). Moreover, Starbucks include other aspects within their products such as design, services, and packaging. Ensuring that their products as eco friendly through implementing their fair-trade policy. “Our brand equity is built on our customers’ experience and that depends on the quality of our people” Mr Schultz said to the New York Times (Stewart, 2018). Starbucks product reflects their brand image strongly that it did not need to change much when entering South Africa. Analysts such as 36ONE Asset Management, said that Starbucks success in South Africa is due to their “strong brand” (Hine and Hine, 2018). This strong product image has been able to push sales and enable Starbucks to have a successful entry in South Africa.

Starbucks are known for providing premium priced coffee. Around the world many people are willing to pay high prices for their coffee. However, South Africa are not used to paying such high prices. Thus, when entering this market, Starbucks reduced their prices by 30% (Chutel, 2018). However, although Starbucks watered their prices down, some reports highlight that their prices are still too high leading some individuals in South Africa to assume that Starbucks is only targeting the upper-middle class population. Furthermore, poverty is also on the rise in South Africa since 2015, a year before the launch of Starbucks; with the head count increasing by 55,5% of those whom are poor (Africa, 2018). Currently, Starbucks prices are the highest when looking at the coffee market which may prevent locals thus in turn effect profit.

Table of contents

1. Food Scarcity for Animals
PollutionClimate Change
2. Conclusion

In this essay I want to bring up the great impact of inhumane acts towards nature. Do we really want the next generation to suffer because of our negligence? Of course, it is a no for everyone. I know that we all want the future generation to never experience what we are facing today but our actions say the other way. Nowadays, no one seems to care of what’s happening in this world. If you will observe and compare the world before and now, you will notice how much this generation changed this planet. We are too selfish to think about the future, we are too busy in fulfilling our own happiness while the world is crying and desperately begging for our care and love.

Food Scarcity for Animals

The all-inclusive process of factory farming is inimical as much as it disrupts the environment and of one's own. On a day-to-day basis of the animals' welfare involved in factory farming or not, it is nearly impossible to prolong a stable health. For example, when food scarcity transpires, tendency is wild animals would migrate and quest after food they naturally don't eat, like humans. Although they prefer impotent animals, they will eat whatever they can in order to survive the crisis. Hunting may seem absurdly ferocious as it is, but, it keeps their health intact from fluctuating.

Pollution

In our everyday lives, we use and sacrifice too much resources to survive. We often think that it is okay and forget the reality that it can greatly harm our environment and as well as ourselves who live in this planet. Water pollution, Yes we are so blessed with so many things in this world that we forget about being responsible. Oceans and seas are giving us all the water for us to live yet, we give them garbage and kill their chance to provide us what we need. We turned our oceans from clean and clear to contaminated and Dark Ocean where a lot of people are in despair due to the lack of drinking water or dehydration. Also, animals who live deep in the ocean are in despair and begging us to stop, they are losing their habitats and as well as their lives because of our greed. Air pollution, wherever you are, you will always hear the horns of every cars and see factories making things to give everything we want. Indeed, they make our lives easier by providing us the best service they can offer. However, they play a great part in contaminating the air we have in the atmosphere to keep us alive, making it harmful and might lead to serious problems. We must not be blinded by our greed and start to think how to turn this planet back to how it was before humans were born, where the beauty and the roof our planet was clearly visible.

Climate Change

Climate change results to extreme temperature and leads to the rise of sea levels due to the melting of glaciers. Also, it threatens our health and as well as animals who cannot survive with high temperature climate. With our selfishness and lack of responsibility, mother earth who did nothing to us but to support our lives are facing serious problems, yet no one is giving the attention to it. It did not surprise us anymore when they revealed that our planet earth will not last any longer due since the negative changes that are happening in our surroundings is way faster than taking actions to improve this planet. Changes in our climate results in various natural resource problems such as agriculture, forestry and fishing. Health hazards has been up due to the fact that the earth is warming resulting to a home for millions of bacterias and viruses that affects health in us humans. For instances mosquito borne diseases such as dengue, malaria, yellow fever and etc. These diseases are effects of warmer weather and wetter climate. Human caused climate changes varies from increased use of fossil fuels and deforestation.

Conclusion

We, the community, was granted a great responsibility in this planet and we must do our very best to avoid climate change. Are you wondering if why do we have the biggest responsibility in this place? It is very simple, we are the one who needs the earth and not the other way around. This planet can live without us but we cannot live without it. So, we are the one who must take care of it, appreciate its beauty and love it wholeheartedly for in the end, we will be the ones to benefit the most in all of the resources that this world could give. We can live happily and enjoy everything we have but always remember to do no harm to our mother earth.

New Century Health Clinic

Office System Design Preliminary Report Charles Webb Introduction New Century Health Clinic, a traditional medical care facility located in Fullerton, CA, is looking for ways to support their operations through Information Technology that will also allow for future growth. With a patient base of 3,500 patients working for 275 separate companies, the proper maintenance of patient records is a high priority. Concurrent with this is the rapid and efficient processing of insurance forms as New Century Health Clinic currently accepts 34 different insurance policies. Along with patient records and insurance, all aspects of the clinic's operations, including office payroll, tax reporting, and employee profit distribution will be considered. Through this preliminary report, different Information Systems will be assessed to include Electronic Data Interchange, Vertical and Horizontal Systems packages, as well as use of the Internet.

Clinic Staff Organizational Chart Duties and Responsibilities While everyone employed at New Century Health Clinic is involved in some capacity with the administration of patient records, insurance processing, and appointment processing, several members of the staff have unique responsibilities.

For example, Carla Herrera main responsibility is keeping the clinic and administrative offices stocked and organized with supplies. Tax reporting and office payroll, to include the distribution of profits among the employees, falls to Fred Brown. Lisa Sung's main responsibility is customer service to include the scheduling of appointments, making courtesy calls to remind patients of appointments, and preparing daily lists of these appointments.

All six administrative employees are involved in the preparation of the end of the month patient statements.

Proposed Information Systems Assessment New Century Health Clinic, by its very nature, is the definition of multi-tasking. As stated above, employees have very distinct responsibilities but also contribute to routine tasks done by all. Because of this, an Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) would suit this enterprise. With as many insurance companies as New Century deals with, the clinic would be able to exchange information quickly and efficiently. Inventory levels can be quickly checked and maintained using information from vendors systems. New or departing patients could have their medical history transferred from medical practitioners with an EDI as well.

Because New Century Health Clinic has a narrow focus, a vertical system would be preferred over a horizontal one. As vertical systems are designed to meet the unique requirements of specific industries, New Century could be better served by application software targeted at the medical industry. New Century's location, near a newly constructed shopping mall in a busy area, has the possibility of bringing in more patients. While a horizontal system can be customized to meet the needs of a company, growth at New Century may occur to quickly for a horizontal system to adapt.

The use of the Internet is beneficial for just about every business, and New Century Health Clinic is no different. Besides giving current and potential patients information on the clinic itself, the site could easily provide some potentially greater benefits. Information on the qualifications of the medical personnel, or new techniques offered by the clinic could be featured. A FAQ could be utilized, answering basic health care questions. Patients could be able to view their billing statements, or a general health record. E-mail could be used to remind patients of appointments, or allow them to schedule appointments. The potential of the Internet for New Century is limited only by the imagination of the people implementing it.

NEW CENTURY HEALTH CLINIC Office System Design Charles Webb COM 320 Introduction As an IT professional, New Century Health Clinic has come to me in the hopes of modernizing their office practices. The main objective here is to provide an IT solution that will not only meet their current goals, but also keep pace with any potential growth within the company. Through implementing a total solution, from installation to training, the transition to a modernized workplace will be efficient, thorough, and cost effective.

First and foremost, a complete understanding of the business processes involved in the operation of New Century Health Clinic is in order. From what tasks are redundant to those that unique to the practice. A complete understanding of the departments, processes, users, and the cross-pollinating that does or does not occur within these elements is only possible through direct contact. By interviewing the administrative employees both separate and as a group, I hope to find the things that they think will improve process flows. Employee input is crucial in the design phase, as they are the ones that will have to ultimately use the system. What the employee feels they need, the end goal of the system, is what I am ultimately after. As such, all suggestions from employees will be received openly, and carry the same weight.

Systems Request Summary Currently, all business processes within New Century Health Systems are done by hand or with a minimum of automation. Six administrative personnel handle the bulk of the work, each with specific duties. New Century currently accepts insurance benefits from 34 companies and has a patient base of 3,500 patients from 275 employers.

Under this proposal, all administrative functions will be computerized. All of the following components are proposed for New Century Health Clinic.

*For the quick exchange of information with all Insurance Companies that support it, an Electronic Data Interchange will be the foundation of the system.

*As billing and supply vendor transactions make up a large part of the administrative processes, a transaction processing system will be implemented.

*A user productivity system will also be implemented to facilitate the rapid and efficient communication between all New Century Health Clinic staff.

Findings Project Scope: The project scope is to fully integrate the administrative functions at New Century Health Clinic within an Information System.

Constraints: All administrative personnel must have the ability to process patient records, appointments, and insurance from their respective workstation. All administrative personnel must also have the ability to prepare the end of the month patient statements from their respective workstation.

Operational Feasibility: As the request for this proposal comes directly from the directing management of New Century Health Clinic, they fully support this initiative. The employees of the clinic, burdened with their current workload, are also enthusiastic about the proposed system changes.

Technical Feasibility: New Century Health Clinic currently does not have the technical expertise, nor the hardware or software, to implement the type of upgrades they desire. As the individual components for the system will be purchased off-the-shelf, this is not a concern. Training, on the other hand, is. As the majority of the software will be vendor software, training can be included in the overall budget for this project.

Economic Feasibility: Because this system does not require the hiring of outside personnel to either operate or maintain it, the costs involved are only the procurement of the hardware, software, and the instillation of the system itself.

With the expected gain of the system outweighing the cost, this proposal seems very feasible. The company as a whole fully supports this initiative, and by using off-the-shelf components, costs are minimized.

Recommendations System recommendations are as follows: *Procure a server that allows for the possibility of expansion within the Information System itself as well as that of New Century Health Clinic *Procure six individual PC's, one for each person in the administrative department *Procure a vertical software package aimed at the medical industry. For ease of use and reliability, Microsoft's Office suite will be used as productivity software, and a determination will be made, based on user input, for the transaction software.

*Train one person from the administrative department to act as a systems manager Action Plan The first part of this action plan entails meeting with the end users of the system. This meeting will accomplish two things: understand the problems currently being faced by the employees of New Century and realize the solutions that need to be implemented. An underlying purpose of this meeting would be to assuage any fears or hesitation that the employees may have in conjunction with this change. By giving the employees as much ownership in the process as possible, the system will not only meets their needs, but the transition will be readily accepted.

Secondly, after meeting with the employees, the scope of the project along with any constraints not already identified by this proposal would be discussed with management. A secondary purpose to this meeting is to finalize my working plan and to set timeline goals.

During the implementation phase of the project, each member of the administrative department would be polled to determine if the project is still going to meet their needs, and to assess any changes that may be needed as a result. Any benefits found for the company would be documented, and the integration of each end users requirements will be fine-tuned. From this, a cost-analysis can be formed.

Finally, the results found will be presented to management, along with any recommendations.

Time and Cost Benefits Once the action plan has been approved and is in place, constant communication between the end users and myself will be maintained. This will include any timelines and costs: Estimated Project Completion: 120 days Cost Estimate: One Server = $3,000.00 6 PC's ($1500.00 apiece) = $9,000.00 System Software = $15,000.00 Staff Training (estimated) = $3,000.00 Estimated Total Cost = $30,000 Expected Benefits Tangible Benefits (estimated): Salary Savings from not having to hire additional personnel = $55,000.00 Gaines in office productivity = $35,000.00 Additional revenue from patients attracted by website =$100,000.00 Savings from increased efficiency with office/clinic stock = $20,000.00 Savings from insurance billing mistakes = $45,000.00 Total Savings/Additional Revenue = $255,000.00 Cost of System Implementation = $30,000.00 Minus Tangible Benefits -$255,000.00 Total Savings/Additional Revenue = $225,000.00 Intangible Benefits: Increased exposure to New Century Health Clinic through the website. Increased efficiency of all office processes. Increased patient satisfaction through greater ownership in the health care process such as making/checking on appointments, web-based billing/payment, and a decrease in billing error.

Timeline: Expected benefits are estimated to be seen 12-18 months after implementation.

Appendix Conducted interviews with Anita Davenport, Fred Brown, Susan Gifford, Tom Capaletti, Lisa Sung, and Carla Herrera.

Reviewed California Building Codes in regards to the possibility of altering the buildings structure to accommodate system implementation.

Reviewed Insurance Industry Standards on what must be included in a patient's billing statement.

Keep in mind:
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Reviewed AMA guidelines on what credentials must be posted on any informational web-site for individual M..D.'s, as well as any disclaimers that must be posted along with general medical advice.

Tertullian was a Christian theologian and a foremost critic of Rome’s efforts to persecute Christians. Tertullian lived in a time where Christians were commonly persecuted by the Romans simply for not conforming to the “norms” of the empire. Tertullian believes Christians should denounce Greek and Roman traditions because; he views Roman leaders as tyrannical, a Roman law exists that forces gods to be “approved” by the senate, and he believes the Romans allow their women to behave in an unfit manner.

One reason why Tertullian believes Christians should denounce Greek and Roman tradition is he views Roman leaders as tyrannical. One example of this from the text is when he states “your sentences, "It is not lawful for you to exist," and with unhesitating rigour you enjoin this to be carried out, you exhibit the violence and unjust domination of mere tyranny”. (Tertullian 3) This shows how appalled Tertullian was by the actions of the Romans towards his fellow Christians. Tertullian also goes on to say “Nay, a law lies under strong suspicions which does not care to have itself tried and approved: it is a positively wicked law, if, unproved, it tyrannizes over men.” (Tertullian 3) Speaking about the Roman law which disallows Christians from appealing the crimes levied against them. These examples show how Tertullian believed the Roman leaders to be tyrannical and therefore not something to emulate.

Another reason for Tertullian’s belief that Christians should denounce Roman tradition is the roman law that no god should be consecrated by the emperor till first approved by the senate. Tertullian finds this unsatisfactory because he believes it takes away from the divinity of a god for it to have to be “approved”. He even goes as far as to say “among you divinity is allotted at the judgment of human beings. Unless gods give satisfaction to men, there will be no deification for them”. (Tertullian 4) This statement shows how appalled Tertullian is by this idea that a god should have to be “approved” by certain people. This law is one example of how Tertullian believes Christians should denounce Roman traditions.

The third reason why Tertullian believes Christians should denounce rather than adopt Greek and Roman tradition is that he believes the Romans allow their women to behave in a manner in which he deems inappropriate. For example in Tertullian’s Apology, he states “Now, women have every member of the body heavy laden with gold; wine-bibbing is so common among them, that the kiss is never offered with their will; and as for divorce, they long for it as though it were the natural consequence of marriage”. (Tertullian 6) Obviously as a Christian, Tertullian would view these actions by any women but especially married women to be extremely offensive. Another example of Tertullian’s distaste on this matter is when he states “I see now no difference between the dress of matrons and prostitutes”. (Tertullian 6). By Tertullian calling “respectable” Roman women prostitutes he is showing his absolute disdain for the Roman people and therefore showing his resistance to the Christians adopting their traditions. These are the reasons why Tertullian believes the Christians should denounce Greek and Roman traditions.