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‘Religion is a lot of feelings concerning the reason, nature, and inspiration driving the universe, especially while considering religion the arrangement of a superhuman association or workplaces, generally including respectful and stately observances, and routinely containing a moral code managing the lead of human endeavors’, as communicated by Webster’s promise reference. Religion is a very strong pillar of mankind. These exist from uncommonly durable as for the universe has kept individuals at social occasions. This compare and contrast essay wil be focused on Hinduism vs Buddhism.
Get original essayRegardless, an individual expected to agree to the feelings of the social occasion. Alongside these lines, individual and social events were making each other more grounded. Individuals are on the chance to pick confidence, self-conviction for themselves or to disregard it absolutely as a place of their character. Others feel that they ought to be been raised in an unimaginably unequivocal conviction and are hesitant or unfit to change over it. Both Buddhism and Hinduism are prominent religions. They are two of the most notable polytheistic religions on earth. A couple of individuals trust them to be groups of comparative religion, be that as it may, they are stirred up. Buddhism and Hinduism have a couple of comparable qualities, yet various things set them apart from each other as well. They are each their own religion in various points. Buddhism and Hinduism begin from a comparative locale, India.
Them two are revolved around nature, the things around them, be that as it may, both of them trust in a couple of hells and sky or higher and lower universes. Both of them put confidence in karma which is the impact a person’s exercises in this life will change his next life. Buddhism was an undeniably serene and calm religion. Not in the least like in Buddhism, in Hinduism, there was a rank system. It was a get-together from a social system. Hindus had gone by using a position structure, yet it was rejected in the Buddhism social order which achieved various Buddhist being specialists and craftspeople. Hindus and Buddha both had different feelings.
There were similarly two or three resemblances among Hinduism and Buddhism. For example, both of them put confidence in restoration after death and karma, which expects to keep people bound to the world through the cycle of life and destruction. Furthermore, they each had the last targets. For example, in Buddhism, the last goal was called nirvana and in Hinduism, the last target was called moksha. Each would happen after the restoration was done and the spirit and soul had a perfect appreciation. Both Buddhism and Hinduism were helped spread by people. For example, Ashoka spread Hinduism by grasping it in a way after the war, and evangelists helped spread Buddhism. Furthermore, the two religions advance quiet feelings toward each living thing.
Indeed, even people today ensure Buddhism was a request of Hinduism. This conviction isn’t satisfactory by the Buddhists who said Buddha was the first to experience Nirvana and granted the experience to other individuals and demonstrated to them the eight cover way, showing to them a way to deal with experience it as well, beginning up to the religion and causing its improvement and pervasiveness. As in numerous religious inconsistencies, there were periods of executions of Buddhists by Hindu rulers. Notwithstanding the way that regardless of their various contrasts and battles, the two religions did without a doubt sway each other from different viewpoints.
To conclude the essay, the originator of Buddhism, Buddha, was raised a Hindu himself. It would be exceptional for the two religions not to share any similitudes. Buddhists and Hindus share various comparable qualities. They moreover have a respectable measure of differentiation. There have been periods of abuse and execution, and time of amicability and perception between the two social orders. They share a history with each other, which isn’t strange since they blossomed from a comparative zone of Asia. The two religions are absolutely two separate feelings.
In contemporary society, America is metaphorically branded a “melting pot” to describe the amalgamation of different cultures and ethnicities. The diversification of society is now commonplace in the United States, as people can live anywhere and still have access to the same resources. However, this phenomenon was nowhere to be seen during the settlement of the thirteen founding colonies, in which certain areas became strongholds for different modes of society. In historical hindsight, the colonies have been categorized into three distinct regions based on their location and customs: New England, the middle and southern colonies. Because of their close geographical location but fascinating array of characteristics, the middle and southern colonies make for the most engrossing comparison. Though collectively laying the foundations for modern America, these regions consisted of significantly more differences than similarities.
Get original essayIn order to compare and contrast the two colonial regions, one must begin at the root of their disparity by considering their founders’ motivations. The rationale for the establishment of the middle colonies was primarily religiously-driven; members of minority faiths wished to escape the jurisdiction of the Church of England. A principal figure in this migration was William Penn, an aristocratic Englishman who remained adamantly loyal to the Religious Society of Friends, otherwise referred to as the Quakers. Penn recognized the religious persecution inflicted upon his peers in England, and founded Pennsylvania as a means of providing them asylum. He later assumed governmental control over Delaware, while a group of Quakers purchased the nearby colony of New Jersey. The founding of the southern colonies was mainly tied to the economic ambitions of the English aristocracy, greatly contrasting with the religious pilgrimages completed by the Quakers. In the Carolinas, eight proprietary founders planned to develop an agricultural colony that would supply the English sugar plantation in the Barbados and export other foreign products. Georgia, on the other hand, was founded on the premise of being a buffer state to shelter the Carolinas from the aggressive Spaniards inhabiting Florida. Because of the prospering tobacco industry due in part to John Rolfe, Virginia became a financial haven for aspiring Europeans. Although Maryland was not supposed to follow in these agricultural footsteps, its abundance of tobacco led to immeasurable economic gains for landowners. Not only did the motives of the colonies’ founders highlight the incongruity between the two regions, but they also prefigured their respective religious tendencies.
Emerging from their foundational motivations, the religious orientations in the two colonial regions were visibly dissimilar. The middle colonies generally developed into a Quaker sanctuary, with the notable exception of New York. Led by William Penn, the harmonious group presided over Pennsylvania and New Jersey while simultaneously exerting a strong influence in Delaware. Meanwhile, British and Dutch conflicts in New York rendered religious uniformity an impossibility, forcing many colonists to reluctantly adopt the local forms of Protestantism. Contrasting with the religious emphasis in the middle region, the southern colonies opted to mostly neglect addressing the issue. Because of the agriculturally-based societies present in this area, the Church of England faced little competition in establishing itself as the sole religious force. The royal statuses of Georgia, Virginia, and the Carolinas ensured that Anglicanism was predominant in the south. Maryland originally proved to be an outlier; it was founded by a well-known Catholic proprietor named Lord Baltimore seeking to provide refuge for those being persecuted in England. However, tensions flared between the settlers and nearby Protestants, discouraging the idea of a strictly Catholic settlement. Since religion was a nonessential facet of southern life, the colonists living in these areas were afforded religious toleration. The lack of religious uniformity in the southern colonies underscores how significantly they deviate from their middle counterparts, further highlighting the other macro differences between the regions. The respective attitudes toward religion separating the sets of colonies hint at the widespread variations in their cultures, particularly the modes of their economies.
The differentiation between the middle and southern colonies can be furthered by the drastically varying means in which they pursued financial success. In the former region, the land was characterized as much more fertile and broad than in other areas. Bread exports from the middle colonies soared, causing them to be consequentially deemed the “bread colonies.” Industry played a surprisingly prominent role in the economy, with lumber and seaports thriving due to a favorable physical environment. Because their fortunes were not dependent on plantations and slave labor, the northern colonies were arguably left in a more sustainable economic situation than those in the south. The growth of products like tobacco and rice became a staple of the southern economy, leading to an imbalanced distribution of land in which plantations became the societal norm. Alongside expansive farms, they contributed to the popularization of slavery and stunted the growth of developing cities around them. They also fostered the beginnings of class inequality, as the profiting aristocracy began to separate themselves from the rest by advancing further up the social pecking order.
For all the notable differences between the middle and southern colonies, they were both responsible for political advancements that changed the course of our nation. In reference to the former, William Penn notably took several political measures to instill a peaceful, cooperative attitude into the Pennsylvania colony. He bought land from local Native Americans and attempted to partly integrate them into his society, a foreshadowing of our modern efforts to ensure equality for racial and ethnic minorities. Penn’s famous Frame of Government served as the first constitution for the colony, but most importantly expressed his vehement resentment of an autocratic government. To prevent the formulation of absolutism, he implemented a checks and balances system vaguely reminiscent of that in the United States Constitution. Delaware also were subject to this system, while New Jersey devised a similar set of laws. The southern colonies were generally in accordance with this blueprint, prioritizing the best decisions for the greater good of the people. Essential strides toward our modern governmental system were taken in Virginia with the establishment of the House of Burgesses in 1619. It was the first of many miniature legislatures formed by the colonists, setting the precedent for the American valuation of democracy. During a period of religious angst between Catholics and Protestants in Maryland, the representative assembly opted to end the conflict by passing the Act of Toleration in 1649. This attitude toward serving the people was one of the few characteristics prevalent in both discussed colonial regions, which reflects how American ideals back our success as a country.
As can be seen from the compare and contrast essay, the middle colonies shared little with the southern colonies before their joint unification into the early United States. The religiously-motivated founders of the former can best be encapsulated by William Penn, who designed a colony with the sole purpose of implementing religious freedom. Conversely, the southern colonies were primarily established to enhance English profits in commercial agriculture exportation. The areas greatly differed in their overall religious orientations, with Quakers dominating the middle colonies while the Church of England blossomed in the south. Both regions discovered efficient ways of attaining wealth and success, though their strategies largely depended on the physical environment given to them. The middle colonies mainly prospered because of their extensive exportation of bread and intense focus on industry, while the southern colonies heavily emphasized an agricultural economy. Yet in an ironic manner, the regions’ shared disposition toward political progress has overcome their differences and surely influenced the foundations of the United States that exist today.
WW1 and WW2 are a huge part of modern history with over 100 nations involved and millions killed. These wars are the largest scale wars in world history which is why they are so significant for all parties involved. Often, historians look to consider which war was of higher significance. Whilst the global fatalities as well as media input often suggest that WW2 was of far greater significance, this can be very misleading as there is much more to consider than simply their numerical value. By considering other factors including most memorable battles as well as economic and social impacts, we can compare and contrast WW1 and WW2 to understand which was of greater significance. This essay will aim to come to the conclusion of whether WW2 was actually of greater significance and had a larger impact on Australia specifically, looking at Australia’s involvement in each of these wars separately before making a judgement about which had the overall greater significance for Australia. This involves analysing specific battles which had large involvement by Australians including Gallipoli in WW1 and the Pacific War in WW2, as well as the social, political and economic impacts of both wars.
Get original essayIt would be easy to assume that globally, WW2 had far larger consequences than WW1 with a much higher death toll. But in terms of Australia, involvement is arguably larger, according to statistics in WW1 than WW2, with an estimated 60, 000 Australian’s killed (as of in WW1 and just 39, 000 killed in WW2 (as of the Australian War Memorial, London).
WW1 was just the second time Australia’s military had fought as a united nation. The Bore War had been the first with 16, 000. Australia’s involvement in WW1 began in 1914 when Britain and Germany went to war. As Australia was a close ally of Britain, we soon became involved. Looking at the most significant battles in either war, Australia’s involvement in WW1 is prominently remembered by most Australian’s by the Gallipoli campaign. In 1915, a British attempt to gain a new front to attack Germany and Austria through the Dardanelles, which did not go to plan resulting in a gruesome 8-month stalemate along with thousands of deaths. This is by far the most famous, significant and most recounted battle in Australian history. But this campaign means far more to Australia than just a battle, it is what this battle represents and has come to represent for Australian culture. According to Australian War Memorial principal historian Dr Peter Stanley “Gallipoli has become a symbol of Australia's national identity”. This symbol of our identity is a result of “The Anzac Myth”, the so-called legend which distracts the Australians from the gruesome horrific times of the war and turns it into something to be celebrated. This is a major issue with how WW1 is remembered by Australian’s, but it is also what makes it so significant. So why are the Gallipoli landings, the battle which killed 11,400 Australians and injured 24,000 more, stand as a pride moment in Australian history? Well, Gallipoli is far more than just a battle, it was what it symbolised. This campaign shaped Australia’s identity and identified what it meant to be Australian. Mateship, Bravery and Compassion was what this country was built off of, as a result of this war. And whilst many historians argue that this battle should not be as significant as it is, with Marilyn Lake from the history department at La Trobe University stating that “it was untrue that Australia's national identity was formed in Gallipoli, what matters is how this campaign will forever be perceived by the public. The fact that Australia has the National Day of ANZAC to commemorate this single battle truly shows the significance of this battle and the significance it had and will continue to have on Australia’s identity.
Australia’s involvement in WW2, is less depicted and accounted although that does not retract from contribution and significance to our nation which this war had. The significance of this war is first noted as WW2 marked the first time in Australia's history that people felt directly threatened by an external aggressor. This is a fairly significant event which occurred in this war that had a large effect on Australians. After the Japanese joined WW2, they declared war with the Americans and began what would be known as the Pacific War. Australia had a large involvement in this war, committing over 500, 000 troops. During this war, weeks after the Pearl Harbour bombings, the Japanese planned to extend the battlefield to Australia, planning bombings of Brisbane and Darwin. They used the same carrier-based force they had used for Pearl Harbour to attack Darwin, which had become the home to the most functional American military base in the Pacific. 188 planes loaded with 13,000 kilograms of bombs was the initial plan of attack on Darwin. Fortunately for Darwin (who would’ve been left in fragmented pieces if this original attack had taken place) American soldiers came to the rescue and were able to reduce the amount of damage caused by the bombings. Despite their best efforts though, these bombings were still disastrous and had a dramatic effect on Australia. All in all, the official casualty figures totalled up to 243 killed with more than 300 wounded. Considered by National Geographic to be the “most significant campaign fought by Australians during World War Two” the Kokoda trail was another very important battle for Australians during World War 2 resulting in a thousand men dead. Whilst this battle does not compare to many others in terms of statistics alone, the significance comes from other aspects. This campaign involved a gruesome four-months in some of the worst conditions Australian troops have ever seen. Scarce supplies and tropical diseases include some of the issues facing troops of this campaign. The significance of this campaign for Australians is shown as the Kokoda trail walk which has become a major tourist attraction, particularly for Australians to remember and commemorate those who fought in this conflict. Overall, whilst this campaign cannot compare to the significance of Gallipoli, it plays a significant role in that it is what most Australians will remember when thinking of Australia in WW2.
Looking at the economic, social and political impacts of each of these wars more specifically, it is clear that both wars had dramatic impacts on Australia as a nation. WW1 had a damaging effect on the Australian economy. The first world war was harsh on Australia, particularly economically. “Gross domestic product declined by 9.5 percent between 1914 and 1920” according to Ian McLean of Princeton and Oxford. This was primarily caused by a loss of working men due to death and injuries from the war as well as a severe drought which reduced yearly harvests in Australia. One large negative impact of WW1 on Australia was the great depression. This would cause unemployment rates to drop even lower reaching a record high 29%. and Australia’s economy to hit an all-time low. There is a lot of evidence to support that WW1 had a majorly significant economic impact on Australia, although this impact was mostly negative. On the other hand, the economic impact after the Second world war was completely different from the first world war. Whilst the impacts of the first world war were largely negative, after and during the second world war it was the exact opposite. Australia’s economy boomed during the second world war, bringing an end to the great depression. During this time, large industries such as manufacturing of munition and aircraft becoming much more prominent and prosperous businesses. Another large impact of the second world war was immigration to Australia. According to the migration heritage centre, between 1945 and 1952 an estimated “2 million migrants came to Australia Most were assisted: The Commonwealth Government paid most of their fare to get to Australia. In return, they had to stay in Australia for at least two years and work in whatever jobs the Government gave them.” This would’ve also heavily boosted the economy as there were a lot more workers in Australia doing whatever job required of them. It is clear that both wars had very influential whilst contrasting social and economic impacts in Australia.
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Get custom essayIt is clear that both WW1 and WW2 were of extreme significance to Australia, but the question still arises of which was of higher significance. Considering the economic and social impacts of both wars, both wars are highly significant. From WW1 the impacts are mostly negative with the Great Depression and high unemployment rates being a side effect. In WW2 the impact was very positive with the result of the war largely benefiting Australia, boosting the economy and bringing in millions of migrants. Overall these impacts leave the argument at a level playing field. When considering the major battles of both wars, the Kokoda campaign and Pacific war had lasting effects on Australia, with the first Australian military threat from Japan being highly significant. Despite this, there is no question that the significance and influence of the ANZAC campaign in Gallipoli is far greater than any battle during WW2. For this reason, WW1 has a much higher significance for Australian’s because of the ANZAC Legend. Whether fact or fiction the ANZAC legend holds a unique place in Australian history for the role it plays in shaping Australian culture that will never be forgotten and commemorated every year on April 25.
Immediately following the Civil War, African Americans were faced with great discrimination and suffering. The newly free slaves were faced with the problem of making their stance in society that once looked at them as nothing more than property. During this period, two men became leaders of two different ideas. Booker T. Washington of Virginia and William Edward Burghardt DuBois of Massachusetts, held two very different approaches regarding the best way for African Americans to improve their situations. While their methods may have differed, both of these men had a common goal in the uplift of the black community.
Get original essayBooker T Washington was among the most important African-American leaders of his time. Born in Franklin County, Virginia in the mid-1850s, spent his early childhood in slavery. After growing up, Washington felt that a formal education was the best way to improve his living standards. Because of segregation, the availability of education for blacks in was fairly limited. In response, Washington traveled to Hampton Institute where he took industrial education. At Hampton, he focused on industrial or practical working skills as opposed to the liberal arts. Because of his experiences at Hampton, Washington went on to become an educator as well as a supporter of industrial education, founding the Tuskegee Normal and Agricultural Institute. He advocated African-American peoples advancement through learning practical skills, particularly trades and agricultural skills, rather than through university education and voting rights. He believed that African-Americans had to help themselves before whites would help them, and he thought that African-American entrepreneurship in the learning of practical skills would enhance the solidarity of their community. Rather than attacking Jim Crow head on, he believed that if African-Americans helped themselves, they would eventually advance politically and achieve civil rights. Born in 1868 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, W. E. B. DuBois grew up both free and in the North. He did not experience the harsh conditions of slavery or of southern prejudice. He grew up in a mainly white environment, attended Fisk University as an undergraduate, was the first African-American person to ever earn a doctoral degree from Harvard, and was one of the founders of the national Association for the advancement of colored people. DuBois demonstrated his political beliefs through his involvement in the Niagara Movement, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and served as editor of The Crisis, a black political magazine. He felt that blacks should educate themselves in the liberal tradition, just as whites. DuBois approach was received well by other northern freemen. Different from Booker T. Washington, he wanted African-Americans to enjoy civil rights and voting rights equal with whites in a more immediate way than what Washington called for. Du Bois thought that the African-American elite were critical in bringing about African-American equality, so Du Bois advocated advanced to education for African-Americans and not just the work related skills.
One of the biggest disagreements in ideas between the two was over the issue of black suffrage. In terms of voting, DuBois believed that campaigning for the ballot was necessary, but opposed giving the vote to the uneducated blacks. He believed that economic gains were not safe unless there was political power to protect them. Washington, on the other hand, felt that DuBois did more harm than good and served only to irritate southern whites. While there were many points of disagreement between Washington and DuBois, there were similarities in their ideas as well. Both worked against lynching and opposed racially motivated violence. While Washington may have stressed industrial education over liberal arts, he did believe that liberal arts were beneficial. Though both men can be criticized on various aspects of their approaches, both DuBois and Washington were key figures in the advancement of African Americans. Washington and DuBois were both in pursuit of racial equality, but had different ideas on how to reach it. Washington believed in economic equality, then political and social equality. While it was important to build economic stability within the African American community, voting rights were necessary to achieve political and social equality. DuBois plan encouraged political and social equality, which was essential at the time. The founding of the NAACP helped pass important laws during the movement.
Although Washington’s plan made sense and was important, W.E.B. DuBois ideas were true for many African Americans who felt the need for equal rights between races.
?The flip of the 19th century was a period in black history that carried with it major economic, cultural, and political changes. The Reconstruction era and Gilded Age had all over with rising authoritative Jim Crow laws, which made a clear division among the American population. The publishing of Booker T. Washington’s, Up from Slavery and W. E. B. Du Bois’s, The Souls of Black folks each occurred within the early 1900’s once oppression of the Negro race in America was best-known internationally. The two men’s novels are both persuasive writings that questioned the land they lived on. The similarities and differences in Washington and Du Bois’ novels will be clear through their individual composition style, belief frameworks, and life experiences.
?First, the two novels went up against a singular vogue whereas being assembled for the publication. Booker T. Washington’s story is a chronological retelling of his life from his introduction to the world as a slave in Virginia until his arrival to Virginia as a speaker. His story was written in first person and shockingly it appeared to have an overall happy mood throughout its entirety. However, there was the occasional letter inserted in the story from friends, family, or important people all of which Washington would comment on. On the other hand, there is Du Bois’s novel that is actually a collection of essays and stories he compiled during the turn of the 19th century, and rarely goes into his life before becoming an educated man. They are all reflections of his life, and the point of view jumps around from first to third in a better attempt to have the reader fully understand what it meant to be an African American during the time. Moreover, all of the chapters begin with a famous quotation and then musical lines of an African American song. The verses and songs in a way seem to sum up of the chapter before it is even read, for they can relate to each specific story Du Bois tells. Though, both of the stories display different writing techniques, they both are important primary sources about the struggles African Americans endured.
?Next, these two prominent figures of black history had their own beliefs and answers to the issues of a harsh society. Washington believed that the best interests for blacks of this time could be to obtain through education in the crafts and industrial skills. He wanted his fellow brothers and sisters to temporarily restraint the fight for political power and full civil rights, and further educates themselves of their industrial and farming skills. Then, their self-made economic security would slowly win the acceptance and respect of whites, and would break the barrier between the two races. Overall, Washington emphasized that education is the key and is how the post-slavery chains will be removed from himself and the black people. His goal was to persuade others by the example his own life. However, a completely different outlook on how to answer the race problem was given by Du Bois. Du Bois was completely against Washington’s way of solving the problem and has a whole chapter about it within his novel. He believed that the educated blacks should unite in their fight for rights, and demand them instead of accepting what they are given. For an educated man can question the institution of segregation placed upon their race. Du Bois’s goal throughout the story was making the status of the African American race in America known to all. He believed blacks possessed two identities when looking at themselves. They finally had become Americans, yet still carried with them their chained black past. Thus, it is evident that both figures knew education was the tool needed, however they both compelled separate ways of applying the learned knowledge.
?Lastly, Du Bois and Washington’s individual experiences are historical in the fight for black equality. The two men both lived satisfying lives committed to their life work and purpose of the black cause. Washington started his educational career at 16 years old at the Hampton Institute while performing janitorial duties to pay his board. Later after graduating, he returned to West Virginia and taught adults and children. He at that point left to learn at the Wayland Seminary in Washington D.C. where upon his completion joined the staff at the Hampton Institute. Years later in 1881, he was asked to be the president of the Tuskegee Institution, which promoted literacy among freed blacks. Here began the monument of his life work, for the rest of his days would be spent supporting the school. Then, the year 1895 marked a turning point in his life when he gave the Atlanta Compromise Address speech that would outline his beliefs for the rest of his days. Furthermore, in 1900 with help from T. Thomas Fortune the creation of the National Negro Business League happened with Washington the first president. He even accepts and invitation by Andrew Garrison to go to Europe and preach his words of wisdom. The book ends with a speech before a mixed crowd of black and white to the City Council of Richmond, Virginia, and Washington never feeling more hopeful for the African-American race. Like Washington, Du Bois was also a very educated man, for he attended Fisk University and was the first African American to earn a PhD from Harvard. The character of Alexander Crummel seemed to be of great inspiration to Du Bois because of the great life-long example he set. W.E.B. Du Bois was a political activist that incorporated his knowledge of sociology into his quest for changing racial policies.
?In conclusion, the turn of the 19th century was a pivotal time in United States history for race relations, and out of it came two great books written by Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois. They were both viewed as prominent black figures of their time providing answers to a national race problem. However, there is a clear distinction between their styles of writing, belief systems, and life experiences. I enjoyed both novels and understand the importance they were trying to make, but Up from Slavery had a better point a view.
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The focus of this paper is the international business and entrepreneurship. The paper is aimed at conducting a comparative analysis of the entrepreneurship in Europe and in the United States. The paper will assess various factors influencing the entrepreneurship in Europe and US. In order to achieve, the paper will support the argument with facts from a comparative analysis of different industries operating in the United States and Europe. Finally, the paper will draw the conclusion based on the point made throughout the paper.
Get original essayIn the international business environment, each country, continent and region is unique in its own way. They differ in terms of opportunities, facilities, and infrastructures. When selecting the business destination for their investment, entrepreneurs consider various aspects that can contribute to the success and profitability of their business within a given country (Styles and Gray, 2006, p.11). Depending on the industry and area of specialization, the United States and the European Union have always been the target of all types of entrepreneurs. This paper therefore is intended to assess the entrepreneurship in Europe compared to the United States.
The term entrepreneurship simply means the willingness and the capacity to create, organize, develop and manage the business investments with the aim of making profits (Styles and Gray, 2006, p.14). Entrepreneurship can also be defined as starting a business or taking on risks hoping to achieve growth in the future or the commitment to turn the idea into a profitable company or business. Entrepreneurship encompasses the whole activities involved in a company’s operations from the initial stage of generating smart ideas up to the execution and marketing the business or reaching customers (Styles and Gray, 2006, p.18).
There are four types of entrepreneurship depending on the scale of their activities, the stage of their life cycle and their areas of specialization. These types of entrepreneurship are small business entrepreneurship, the scalable startup entrepreneurship, the large company entrepreneurship as well as the social entrepreneurship.
Entrepreneurs are people who possess some unique and specific characteristics that differentiate them from other people (Ahmadkhani et al., 2013, p.8). These characteristics include the creativity, innovation, perseverance, and risk taking. In addition, entrepreneurs are people who see problems as opportunities, and while other people are complaining, they seek solutions (Dahl strand and Stevenson, 2010, p.19). This means that entrepreneurs are risks takers and they have the ability to look into the future. For instance, entrepreneurs are people who are able to see the potential in things that seem to be valueless (Ahmadkhani et al., 2013, p.22). They therefore venture into the future without the fear of the uncertainty.
Becoming a successful entrepreneur is a great task as it involves a number of factors that range from the personal and individual skills and capabilities up to the industrial and business environment factors (Cumming and Li, 2013, p.5). In order to understand what it takes to become an entrepreneur in the United States and Europe, it is important to understand each on the individual level by seeking to describe the obstacles and incentives of entrepreneurship.
Being the world’s powerful economy, the United States offers unlimited opportunities and motivation to entrepreneurship (Bjerke, 2007, p.20). For example, operating in the US economy offers entrepreneurs access to the most mature venture-capital industry. In addition, the United States has enormous resources in terms of qualified and skilled human capital as well as other natural resources that are needed for business (Cumming and Li, 2013, p.9). This country is advanced in various areas of business such as the entrepreneurial culture, the business infrastructures as well as financial sector (Johnson, 2004, p.7). This facilitates the effectiveness of business transactions and enhances the financial security of entrepreneurs (Bjerke, 2007, p.24). The business environment in the US provides entrepreneurs with sufficient freedom on their business operations and the ability to run their business in ways that favour them. It is also important to mention the strong relationship between the business industries with the US universities (Cumming and Li, 2013, p.21). This enhances the access to the most recent innovation and it is logical to say that the US universities are the economic engine of this country.
The facilities offered to entrepreneurs in the United States attract thousands of entrepreneurs from around the world to invest in the country (Bjerke, 2007, p.29). For example, the US is the hub of more advanced technologies. Moreover, the immigration policy of the United States encourages entrepreneurship in many ways since it brings new talents, new minds and new innovations from around the world to the US (Johnson, 2004, p.13).
Even though the United States is a country of immense opportunities for entrepreneurship as aforementioned, there are also some drawbacks that reduce and affect the possibility of becoming successful entrepreneurs in the country (Ogbolu, Singh and Wilbon, 2015, p.35). These limitations include the cost of labour, the higher taxes, and the operating costs that are extremely high in the US compared to other countries. The higher level of competition is another big challenge that entrepreneurs are faced with in the United States (Zahra et al., 2009, p.16). The competition is a threat to entrepreneurs most particularly startups or small business that have limited resources and experience in the industry. This impairs their profitability in many ways and can result in the closure of business (Zahra et al., 2009, p.20). Other limitations are requirements related to the protection of the environment and corporate social responsibility. In the US , the trending issues of green business is changing the business environment as they are forcing companies and business people to introduce new ways of conducting their operations taking into consideration the effect of their activities on the environment (Saha and Darnton, 2005, p.54). This increases the cost of doing business in the US and it has a great role to play in the demand for products or services offered by the company to its customers.
Entrepreneurship is one of the major contributors to the European economy. The entrepreneurs in Europe are motivated by numerous opportunities and business environment that favour entrepreneurship. Various member countries of the European Union introduced motivation based policies for the entrepreneurial economy. In addition, there is a wide market of products or services in Europe that is available for all types of products (Corbetta, Minichilli and Salvato, 2013, p.20). The purchasing power of the population and the growing economy are factors influencing the entrepreneurship in Europe. There are many business opportunities in Europe that influence and attract many entrepreneurs from around the world. From the cultural industry up to the foodstuffs business opportunities, there is no doubt that the European market is one of the most promising places for successful entrepreneurship (Smallbone and Welter, 2012, p.15). The Business environment in Europe offers security for the business and there are enough infrastructures for different types of business sectors. Various policies introduced and implemented by the governments contribute significantly in protecting the interest of entrepreneurs in Europe (Corbetta, Minichilli and Salvato, 2013, p.24). It is also important to mention that there availability of highly skilled and qualified workforce enhances the possibility of doing business in Europe.
Some of the limitations to entrepreneurs in Europe include the declining economy, the aging population, the international business policy and the operating costs (Smallbone and Welter, 2012, p.17). In the European economy, it is not easy for startups to survive due to a number of reasons. Just like in the United States, the cost of operating in Europe is quite high and the requirements of starting a business are challenging. This can be a limitation to small entrepreneurs who have no sufficient capital to meet those requirements in terms of standards needed and other legal requirements. Furthermore, the costs of labour are extremely high in Europe and therefore it takes huge capitals for entrepreneurs to attract qualified employees (Corbetta, Minichilli and Salvato, 2013, p.28). It is important to note that due to the level of technology in Europe, the technical assistance is key to the successful entrepreneurship. On the other hand, the competition in European business environment is high. Even though this can enhance the quality of services and products offered by companies in Europe, it can put a lot of pressure on companies, especially when competing on prices (Smallbone and Welter, 2012, p.18). Therefore, companies that have no strong business portfolio may not survive which might be a limitation to entrepreneurship in Europe.
Before talking about the difference between industries on both sides there are some key points to consider. There is a big difference between the US Startups and Europe Startups. This is intended to demonstrate the most attractive place for entrepreneurship between the United States and Europe since access to funds is one of the major challenges of Startups (Duong, 2016, para.1). From the investors’ perspective, there exist three key differences between US and Europe star-ups.
Compared to the US startups, the new entrepreneurs in Europe have the ability to raise money than those in the United States. This is due to the fact that Europe has a great number of angels who are willing to invest in start-up unlike in the United States where entrepreneurs are struggling to raise funds or have limited funds (Duong, 2016, para.2). For example, there are different start-up capitals in Tel Aviv, London, and Berlin that possess a remarkable network of important players for a startup community. This explains that startups in Europe have many opportunities than startups in the United States.
Unlike in Europe where it is easier to source funds for startups, the United States is the best in financing the growth stage (Zahra et al., 2009, p.18). There are significant venture capitals for the growth stage of companies in the United States than in Europe. This is due to the fact that the United States is a giant market and companies require enough resources to compete. Therefore, investors are willing to invest in these small enterprises in their growth stage hoping that they may grow and become global companies (Duong, 2016, para.4). Different reports revealed that European investors focus on revenue than growth which makes it challenging for startups to get venture capitals for growth stage. This gives the US Startups the competitive advantages to dominate the global industry and to penetrate the market with ease.
Another factor that contributes to the growth of entrepreneurship in the United States than in Europe is the nature and the characteristics of the market. For example, the US market is one unique market that is easy to operate in, unlike the European market that is characterized by diversity. This diversity contributes to the slower growth speed of new businesses in Europe. Startups are faced with the necessity to build up partnerships in different countries as well as the need to translate products into several languages used in different countries of Europe is a big challenge compared to US startups (Duong, 2016, para.5). This means that in Europe, it is not easy or possible to access all countries at the same time through social networks or any other platform. Startups in Europe are also faced with the challenges of penetrating new geographic markets as it requires them to have a new experience, adapting products to the markets as well as forming partnerships (Zahra et al., 2009, p.126). These are the main differences between US startups and the European startups. In fact, the reason for slower growth pace of European startups is that there are no venture capitals for growth stage. In addition, the market structures are quite different that challenges and drawbacks in the European markets may hinder the development and growth of the startups (Duong, 2016, para.6). As a result, the fear of uncertainty in Europe leads the venture capitals to consider the revenue first than growth whereas on the other hand, the US investors are quite optimistic on the future growth and profitability than in the present and they are ready to take possible risks in taking the startup to the next step.
In comparison, the US automobile industry is miles ahead and has a cost advantage over the European industry since the later has a growing productivity and technological competence. Recently, the US suppliers have been increasing their productivity than any of its competitors (Schulz, 1997, p.6). This means that the US is ahead in all aspects such as technological and better quality process than its competitors such as Europe and Japan.
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Get custom essayGiven the findings above, there is no doubt that the United States presents more opportunities for entrepreneurs than Europe. This can be characterized by the facilities offered to startups in the US to grow and to expand unlike in Europe where there are no investors who focus on growth. In addition, there are more limitations to entrepreneurship in Europe than in the United States (Schulz, 1997, p.9). Furthermore, the comparison between automobile industries indicated that the US is miles ahead of its competitors such as Europe and Japan.
Viktor Frankl came up with a theory based off his own experiences and other prisoners in a concentration camp. Frankl took these reactions and categorized them into phases of psychological reactions. This theory is split into the three phases we know today. Phases one, two, and three reflect what is happening in the prisoners’ minds, and we are able to follow the psyche of the prisoner. In Elie Wiesel’s Night, he tells his personal account of his experience in the camps. Comparing his account with Frankl’s theory, we can see his cognitive health regressing as his story continues.
Get original essayFrankl concluded that phase one began and ended at specific points. Phase one began before the person even became a prisoner. The first distinctive symptom is shocked. Elie’s first phase began in the ghettos. Upon arriving in the ghettos, everyone was full of uncertainty and fear. The idea of Nazis taking over their town was still surreal. “Little by little life returned to ‘normal’”. Life in the ghettos would never be the same as life in Transylvania. After Wiesel and the rest of his community were taken to Birkenau, they became more hostile. Elie, however, never seemed hostile. Instead, he longed for the rest of his family. He and his father were separated from his mother and sisters during the first selection at the camps. He said, “There was no time to think, and I already felt my father's hand press against mine: we were alone”. One of the tell-tale signs of a prisoner moving from the first phase to the second is emotional death. Elie’s emotional death was the death of his god. “Where He is? There is where-hanging from the gallows”. Elie’s faith is one of the only things that connected him to his past life, and, without it, he had no reason to live other than for his father. The boy, pipel, is described in the novel as a “sad-eyed angel”. When the young boy is mentioned in the novel he is usually acquainted with god and angels, and, when he is hanged, Wiesel loses all remaining faith in his god.
After the prisoners severed all ties with their previous life, they moved into the second phase. The second stage usually starts off with a feeling of apathy, the blunting of one’s emotions. Being in the camp for more than a few days was enough time to transform the prisoner into a completely different person physically, mentally, and emotionally. On the day of Yom Kippur, Wiesel struggled with fasting. His father forbade him from fasting; since his God was dead, he had no reason to please him. “Deep inside me, I felt a great void opening”.
Wiesel no longer felt emotional or physical pain. He tells of the time Kapo was beating him, “It was over. I had not realized it...”. Since he no longer felt emotional pain, he could suppress physical pain. Because he had freedom from his suffering, he achieved negative happiness. Negative happiness was when a prisoner met the opposite requirements to be happy, for example, they had a strong relationship with depression rather than happiness. Frankl once said, “Emotion, which is suffering, ceases to be suffering as soon as we form a clear precise picture of it.”
Lastly, after the prisoners were liberated, they experienced phase three, the final phase. After their liberation, they experience their emotions in a flood of euphoria. Once they recover from their trauma, they relax. After Elie’s father died, he admitted that he could not cry or weep for him, but is, “Free at last”. In April, three months after his father’s passing, he experienced depersonalization. He lost touch with reality and has no provocation to live. His depersonalization caused him to live in a dream-like state, this can also be caused by the total relaxation period he experienced. At the end of the novel, Wiesel looked into a mirror and realized he looked like a corpse. He doesn’t even claim the reflection as his own, he describes the reflection as “he.” “From the depths of the mirror, a corpse was contemplating me. The look in his eyes as he gazed at me has never left me.”
Elie Wiesel lived through the Holocaust with great courage and perseverance. Viktor Frankl said, “He who has a why to live can bear almost any how.” Wiesel lost everything he once loved, but continued to fight. He was faced with many “how’s” and even though, in that period of time, he didn’t have his “why”, he could still handle the “hows.” Elie Wiesel defied the Nazi’s plan and lived to tell his family’s and his own stories. Wiesel validated Frankl’s theory by experiencing the three phases. Phases one, two, and three all correctly reflect how Elie survived the camps.
Throughout history, humans have needed leaders, people who have special qualities to help them through situations. Leadership goes way back to the dawn of human history, In this case, Beowulf. The tale of a Danish warrior told by Swedish Vikings. These people take charge when no one else will in dire situations. However, qualities that a leader is required to have, has changed drastically from thousands of years ago to today. Certain qualities have become void due to several things such as our environment and circumstances. Leadership today has become more about knowledge and mental strength. Whereas back in Beowulf’s era it was more about if a person could fight or not and how physically strong that individual was. But leadership has evolved since then. Making qualities that people wouldn’t have looked for at all back then like how much knowledge a person holds, very important today. What qualities were more useful back in Viking times and what qualities are more useful today. And finally, three qualities I think a leader should always have today.
Get original essayLeadership thousands of years ago specifically Beowulf in this case, has changed and evolved, into something completely different. In the book, Beowulf is seen as extremely powerful meaning physically strong with “The strength of thirty men in each of his hands.” This physical strength was important for leaders to have in Viking times. People back then needed to face off foes and do a lot more physical labor than people today. Whereas people today have the technology to help with physical labor and lifting. Beowulf was also said to be very brave and courageous. A person who risked his life to help people out such as the fishermen when he killed all the sea beasts, or his kingdom taking on the dragon almost alone when all his men fled except for Wiglaf. This makes him very brave and courageous prioritizing other people’s safety before his own. People today don’t need to be as brave and courageous as there are no monsters like Grendel or a dragon terrorizing and burning down whole towns like in Beowulf for people to face. Now not that there aren’t times today that people need to be brave and fight to protect our country from things such as the wildfires in California or the whole ISIS situation in Syria, where our brave troops are fighting for our safety. However, these threats in Beowulf were much greater and with a constant war between clans, people needed to always face the fright and terror of going into battle. One last quality Beowulf had that made him a great leader is that he was very generous. One such instance of generosity Beowulf showed was to Hygelac. The gifts he received from Hrothgar for killing Grendel he offered to Hygelac as gifts making him generous and honorable.
Leadership today has evolved from what it once was and becoming something overall the same but different at the same time. Leaders today still need to be brave in the sense that they need to take risks for the people on the team. This bravery is different from back then. This bravery is not being brave against a foe in battle. It's more about taking risks for your team. Whether it be sealing a business deal that if successful would boost your business’s profits by a large margin, but in the case that a deal fails it could bankrupt your business along with your team losing their jobs. To take risks for your team is what makes a leader brave today. Another quality of a leader today is they need to have knowledge. A leader needs to know what they’re doing and how to do it. If that individual doesn’t know what they’re doing, they can’t properly lead a team in the right way. A person with more knowledge is respected more and gives out something called expert power meaning that the individual has more knowledge and experience than the rest of their team. Finally, a leader today needs to be a good speaker. If a leader cannot communicate with his or her team n what needs to be done, nothing will get done and everyone will be in disarray on what they should do. If a leader is a good speaker and can communicate than everyone will understand, exchanging information will be clear and fast, and will even make you more respectable. Take Obama, for example, he was a good speaker with lots of political correctness which helped him win the presidential election two years in a row. These are some quality’s that a leader specifically needs today.
There are so many traits that leaders can adopt. Some consist of tenaciousness, Bravery, Knowledge, Strong mentally and physically, respectable, good speaker, etc. The list goes on and on, but no individual is going to possess every one of these traits. The most important traits are mental strength/ knowledge, work ethic, and trustworthiness. Mental strength as mentioned earlier is important as the person needs to know what they’re doing. They must know what they’re doing so he or she can tell their following what to do when they don’t know what to do themselves. Work ethic is also important in a leader. Leading with example causes the individuals' followers to strive to adopt the qualities of their leader so if a work ethic doesn’t exist with that person, his or her following will not have a good ethic either. Finally, trustworthiness is an important quality to have in a leader. This quality is most important in a leader. For there to be a leader there first must be trust between everyone and that individual. Those people need to know that they can trust that person and rely on them to lead through thick and thin. They need to know that they can trust you not to screw them over for your betterment. Like in Beowulf his men trusted in him to come through and defeat the monsters. If there is no trust it becomes uneasy as they won’t know if they can rely on that person or not. These are the most important traits of a leader.
In retrospect, important leadership has changed tremendously since the time of Beowulf. In Beowulf, qualities were more physically strong and how brave you were to fight monsters. Today qualities include more of a mental strength not so much physical and whether you can work hard as well as speak and communicate. And finally, the most important traits in a leader's mental strength work ethic and trustworthiness. This world is constantly changing, evolving into something greater with each passing day. With these changes also comes with new leaders. Just like how thousands of years ago some very important qualities, have become void today. Some qualities today won’t be needed for thousands of years in the future. Thousands of years ago it was Beowulf, today it’s our world leaders, and in the future, there will be someone. Those special people with those certain qualities are what will keep us going. And what will always lead humankind in the right direction. Until the end of time.
Wherever we go outside or even stay inside home watching TV alone, our life is always open to the advertisement. Due to the several advertisements that are appearing in front of your eyes couple of times while watching TV, people might feel so bored to watch that again and again. However, even if they want to get away from the advertisement, it is inevitable. It is because in the 21st century market, even mega corporations such as Samsung and Apple cannot survive in the competition without letting consumers know their new products. However, who knows how the advertisement moves consumers’ willingness to buy their products? Are there any specific measurements or method to exactly portrays the practicality and the intensity of marketing strategy? In this project, our group mainly focused on indicating the method that could accurately measure the efficiency and intensity of marketing strategy by using formulas such as Lerner Index and Vidale and Wolfe Advertising Model. Then, we used two big sports companies, Nike and Adidas, as the model and compared its efficiency in their advertising power.
Get original essayMarketing is defined as “the management process through which goods and services move from concept to the customer” . In other words, marketing is a fundamental activity for an economy to function. Marketing is aimed to answer necessities and wants via exchange. Unlike its stereotype, marketing does not solely consist of selling. Rather, ultimate marketing is one that does not need promotion or selling.
Various variables consist a marketing environment. Laws, natural disasters, substitute good producers, etc. are among the many forces that may influence profits. The marketing mix refers to impacts that firms are able to manage in order to effectively market their products. The marketing mix is sorted into four groups named as “The Four P’s of Marketing”: Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. Product refers to the good and the price refers to the amount the good is charged for. Place is how the good will reach consumers while promotion is how awareness of the product is raised. An arguable fifth P, positioning, also exists. Positioning deals with how a product is perceived by the consumer. For example, Pizza Hut effectively manages its four P’s. Its product is pizza with moderate pricing. The place for Pizza Hut is Pizza Hut stores in over 70 countries and delivery. Promotion is diverse for this multi-national company with TV, radio, Internet, etc. all being utilized to show that Pizza Hut pizzas are safe and delicious.
Advertising is a form of promotion in marketing. It is defined as “the act of calling public attention to one’s product”. Advertising proves crucial in the survival of businesses for they have to compete for consumers. Advertising occurs in various forms. A glimpse into everyday life gives you a glimpse into the many ways companies try to reach out to you and how desperate they are to take control of their market.
Although all companies know that advertising is vital, the biggest question for companies is how to advertise efficiently. John Wanamaker famously stated, “Half the money I spend on advertising is wasted; the trouble is I don’t know which half”.
Over the years various methods have been applied to allocate the wasted half. The Dorfman-Steiner Theorem in 1954 successfully in measuring advertising intensity. This neoclassical economics theorem stated a simple equation.
A/S=e_A/e
A stands for advertising expenses whereas S means sales. e_A and e respectively denote demand elasticity with respect to advertising costs and price. Simply put, the greater the elasticity, degree of sensitivity, of the advertising elasticity of demand and the marginal cost of production is, the higher the level of advertising. This equation is also referred to as the “Dorfman-Steiner Condition”. Using the Lerner Index, we can make further conclusions about the Dorfman-Steiner Condition.
LI=(P-c)/P=1/|e_D |
The Lerner Index, as shown above, measures the market power of a company. LI stands for the value of the Lerner Index. P symbolizes the market price of a firm’s products while c is the marginal cost the firm is charged for each product. The Lerner Index has a range between 0 and 1. Higher values result in higher degrees of market power. An enterprise with a Lerner Index value of 1 would be considered a monopoly whereas an institution with a Lerner Index value close to 0 would be an extremely frail business.
Applying the Lerner Index to the Dorfman-Steiner Condition, we can also state:
A/S=e_A LI
Three conclusions can be made. First, advertising intensity and market power are confirmed to have a positive correlation. Second, firms with the ability to react quickly to sales due to advertising will have more intense advertising. Finally, if both the advertising elasticity of demand and the price elasticity of demand is similar, then advertising similarity can also be expected.
The Dorfman-Steiner model showed a rough model of how advertising works. However, it was under the assumption that advertising has a constant positive effect on sales much like the linear equation suggests. This assumption is clearly not true. As most will know from personal experience, ads become ineffective after a certain period of time. These two graphs show how advertisements behave.
The graph on the left is a graph that regards the impact of advertising over time. This is called the advertising lag. The right graph is the advertising saturation graph which shows that sales level off as advertising intensity measured in gross rating points (GRP).
In 1957, Vidale and Wolfe further expand this relationship between sales and advertising. The relationship is shown in the below equation:
(s(t)) ?=?µ(1-(s(t))/M)-ks(t) (s(0)=s_0)
s(t) represents the function of sales. µ embodies the advertising budget and ? is a coefficient that measures the effect of advertising on new markets. M is the threshold of sales intensity. k is the decay constant. This equation is the direct relationship between advertising and demand.
All in all, advertising can be summed up as an action to maximize sale profits. Dorfman, Steiner, Vidale, and Wolfe bring a closer view into exactly how advertising works with profits. With this foundation, determining the winner of the World Cup advertisement battle between Nike and Adidas will be much easier.
Adidas is a German MNC (multi-national corporation) that specializes in shoes, clothing, and accessories. It is currently the second largest sportswear manufacturer worldwide, trailing Nike. Nevertheless, this company founded by Adolf Dassier has grown from a small business in 1948 into a giant group that currently owns Reebok and TaylorMade. The iconic three parallel bars have implanted themselves as the one of the best-recognized brands in the world.
The Adidas marketing strategy is successful in attracting a wide range of customers and maximizing profit. Adidas outsources its production and manages marketing domestically. Adidas cooperates with famous designers to stay ahead of the fashion curve. Additionally, Adidas has many official relationships such as being an official sponsor of FIFA. By associating their brand with major sporting events such as the World Cup and endorsements by well-known athletes, Adidas positions itself as a high quality-sporting product.
The market force of Adidas can be measured using the Lerner Index.
LI=(P-M_C)/P
There are certain variables that are impossible to measure using the Lerner Index. Adidas offers various goods and services at different prices with each type of product produced at a different marginal cost. Therefore, we found the average price of all Adidas products by using range, finding a middle price using the highest and lowest prices. The marginal cost of production is also yet to be found. Using revenue and profit we can find the marginal cost.
Quanity=Revenue/Price
Cost=Revenue-Profit
Marginal Cost˜Cost/Quanity
The revenue of Adidas Group is €3.533 billion. The value of the price that we found was nearly € 187. The amount of units that Adidas have sold during the first quarter of 2014 can be estimated to be about 18,893,000 units. The amount of profit during Adidas’s first quarter amounted to be €1,736 million. Therefore, we can find the total cost to be nearly €3,514,000,000. Dividing this value with the estimated quantity, we can predict that the marginal cost is about €186. Finally we can conclude that the Lerner Index for Adidas Group is about 0.005. Although this seems very low, this is perfectly normal for Adidas participates in a competitive market, making it impossible for extremely high market power.
With an estimate of Adidas’s market power in the world economy, we can next analyze the advertising intensity of Adidas Group.
A/S=e_A/e=e_A LI
The advertising intensity of a specific firm is measure through the Dorfman-Steiner Theorem. Adidas has reported €444 million for their sales and marketing operations budget. The overall sales, revenue, is equal to the previously stated amount of €3.533 billion. Using this ratio, we can give advertising intensity a value in numbers. That value is expressed as the number 7.9. It must be kept in mind that the Dorfman-Steiner Theorem states the optimal amount of advertising for a company. By plugging the price and sale values, we assumed that Adidas Group is invested the optimal amount of resources into their advertising sector.
The Vidale-Wolfe model also takes into consideration the amount of advertising done, expressed by the variable µ. The µ variable is equal to the 1/T_A or the inverse of the time an ad is observed. Under the postulate that all advertisement viewers will watch an advertisement from start to finish and that Adidas releases an advertisement of average length (about 30 seconds). As a result, we can define the variable µ as 1/30 or about 0.033.
(s(t)) ?=0.033?(1-(s(t))/M)-ks(t) (s(0)=s_0)
dS/dT=0.033?(1×-(s(t))/M)-ks(t)
We can approximate the derivative of the sales function. Using the latest two sales records from Adidas over time, we can approximate the derivative of the sales function. The first quarter of 2014 wielded €3,533 million in net sales for Adidas. The last quarter of 2013 had € 3,479 million in net sales for Adidas. Using the time of one quarter (3 months), we can use the difference to find the slope between these two points and consequently find the approximate derivative of the sale function.
(3,533,000,000-3,479,000,000)/7889231.5=54,000,000/7889231.5˜6.8=(s(t) ) ?
The next postulate that we can produce is related to the sales threshold. The ideal threshold that can be produced by an advertisement campaign is infinity. Therefore, we can put a limit upon the equation and send the limit to infinity, which consequently sends the fraction to 0. (Imagine the n is M)
lim-(n?8)??6.8=0.033?(1-(s(t))/M)-ks(t)?
6.8=0.033?-ks(t)
The constant k is equal to 1/T_f or the inverse of the time it takes to forget an advertisement. Using the GLP as a survey pool, the survey wielded that the average time it takes to forget an advertisement is about 3 minutes. This value is equal to 1/180 or 0.0056. Finally, we get an equation that shows the relationship between the advertising expenditures and the maximum amount of sales that can be achieved through this expenditure. Since the advertising expenditures amounts is €444 million, we can find the optimal amount of sales.
6.8=0.033?-0.0056s(t)
s(t)=(0.033(444,000,000)-6.8)/0.0056
s(t)=2,616,427,357
The maximum amount of sales that can be made by Adidas Group’s first quarter advertising campaign is 2,616 million euros. Comparing this to the actual value of sales Adidas had made and calculating it into a percentage, we can see how efficient Adidas really is in their advertising campaign.
?s(t)?_E/?s(t)?_R ×100%=(2,616,000,000)/(3,535,000,000)×100%=74%
Although the efficiency of the advertisement campaign is 74%
Nike is an American multinational corporation that makes profit mainly by selling shoes, apparels, sport equipment and accessories. The current head office of Nike Company is in Beaverton, Oregon, United States. Nike was founded in 1964 as Blue Ribbon Sports. Then, in 1971, it changed its name to the current one, Nike, Inc. Nike has signed big stars such as Michael Jordan, LeBron James, Christiano Ronaldo and Kobe Bryant as its sponsor.
The market force of Nike can also be measured using the Lerner Index.
LI=(P-M_C)/P
As we have done with Adidas, we find the price of Nike products using the range of the product prices. The average price also amounts to €187.
Quanity=Revenue/Price
Cost=Revenue-Profit
Marginal Cost˜Cost/Quanity
Using the three equations above, we can once again find the amount of units that Nike Company had sold. The revenue of Nike was €5.16 billion. Using this we find that Nike sold approximately 27.6 million units in the first quarter of 2014. The profit for Nike’s first quarter came to be €575 million. Therefore, we find that the total cost is €4.58 billion. Divided by the number of units, the marginal cost is €166. Finally, we can find the Lerner Index for Nike. The Lerner Index comes to be 0.1. Nike comes to have a much larger market force than Adidas.
The Vidale-Wolfe model can also be applied to Nike too. Through the Adidas equation, we found all the constants that are need in the Vidale-Wolfe model.
(s(t)) ?=0.033?-0.0056s(t)
Using the change in sales between the last quarter of 2013 and the first quarter of 2014, we can once again approximate the derivative of the sales function. The last quarter of 2013 had €4.9 billion in revenue where as the first quarter of 2014 had €5.2 billion in sales. Over the time of 3 months, we find the derivative of sales for Nike.
(5,200,000,000-4,900,000,000)/(7889231.5)=(300,000,000)/(7889231.5)˜38=(s(t) ) ?
Nike showed a explosive increase in sales with the derivative of their sales function to come to be approximated to 38. Using this we can fit the last piece of the Vidale-Wolfe puzzle in.
38=0.033?-0.0056s(t)
38=0.033(2,100,000,000)-0.0056s(t)
s(t)=(0.033(2100000000)-38)/(0.0056)=12,374,993,214
The maximum amount of sales that can be received through this advertising campaign is about €12 billion. Therefore, we can once again calculate the efficiency.
?s(t)?_E/?s(t)?_R ×100%=(5,160,000,000)/(12,000,000,000)×100%=43%
The efficiency is 43% of the first quarter 2014 Nike advertising campaign.
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Get custom essayAlthough Nike has a more commanding force in the market, Adidas spends its resources more efficiently.
“The Flea,” by John Donne and “To His Coy Mistress” by Andrew Marvell are both love poems from the 1600’s with the shared goal to court their respective ladies. Donne’s “The Flea” shows the speaker trying to woo his lady by convincing her that they have technically already engaged in sexual intercourse through a flea. The flea had bit them both, thus mingling both their bloods and stimulating the act of sex within his body – this was science’s understanding of sex at the time. In contrast, Marvell uses time as a tool in his pursuit for romantic engagement. Time is his weapon in convincing his lady that they should share their love with one another now, while they are both young and attractive. While Donne’s approach to persuade the young lady differs significantly from Marvell’s, both poems have the same aim and attempt to achieve their shared goal through the use of personification, language and form within the body of the poems. The shared theme, carpe diem (Latin for: seize the day), is the fundamental argument for both poems, as well as their most noteworthy likeness.
Get original essayPersonification is a common literary tool, which consists of giving human characteristics to a nonhuman entity. This is used in both Donne’s and Marvell’s poems in order to create vivid imagery and persuade the reader to embrace the theme of carpe diem in order to achieve their goal. In Marvell’s poem, “To His Coy Mistress,” he personifies time in an attempt to court his lady. He writes lines filled with substantial imagery to get his point across to the reader. “But at my back I always hear/ Time’s winged chariot hurrying near;” is a keen example of the use of personification in Marvell’s poem (506). The quote serves to engage the reader’s sense of sound to create a vivid and enticing image. Donne uses the same literary tool in his piece, however he chooses to personify a flea, which has bit both the speaker and his would-be-lover, rather than time. The following quote is an example of this: “This flea is you and I, and this/ Our marriage bed, and marriage temple is;” (Donne, 504). By saying that the flea is not just a flea, but also their marriage bed, Donne has effectively used personification in his poem as a tool to win his argument. While Donne personifies a flea and Marvell personifies time, both are successful in using this literary tool in their carpe diem poems.
The language, or diction, of a poem reveals what is important to the writer and sets the tone and mood of the poem. In Donne’s poem, “The Flea,” the writer chose to express his love with a brief poem, highlighting exactly what he felt was necessary to move forward with his goal. Marvell’s poem is slightly longer, but still brief enough that word choice is an important tool to keep in mind. In both poems, the word choice not only serves to set the tone but also to persuade the reader. An example of this is seen in the first two lines of Donne’s poem: “Mark but this flea, and mark in this/ How little that which thou deny’st me is;” (504). This is a good example of diction because in the first lines of the poem, the speaker is already trying to convince the reader that the act of sex is about as insignificant in size as a flea. The writer immediately captures the reader’s attention and has laid down his argument with a handful of words. Marvell also seems to be a master at word choice; by speaking of time in a romanticized way, the speaker plants his seed in the reader’s mind:
A hundred years should go to praise/ Those eyes, and on thy forehead gaze;/ Two hundred to adore each breast,/ But thirty thousand to the rest. (506). This quote is an example of Marvell’s skills as a writer. Choosing his words carefully, the speaker woos the reader by praising them and saying that their beauty is worthy of worship for not one lifetime, but for thousands of years. He then proceeds to shock his reader by saying that time is fleeting and they don’t have an eternity for him to worship her, as only a woman as beautiful as she deserves. By choosing to first say endearing words about exaggerated love and adoration, Marvell entices his reader enough to then flip his tone, seen through the following word choice: “… then worms shall try/ That longed preserved virginity,” (506). In this line, the speaker is telling the reader that if they wait any longer to engage in sexual relations, then they will surely die a virgin only to have the worms eat away at her and her maidenhead. This is a dark and even disturbing image, however it serves its purpose to shock the reader into agreeing with the speaker and his carnal wishes. Marvel and Donne both do an elegant job of choosing just the write words, at just the right moments, in order to convince their respective ladies to seize the day – and make love.
Perhaps the most undervalued literary tool, form – the form of the poem – serves to set the pace of the poem as well as aid in the reader’s reaction and interpretation. Using rhyming couplets, Donne and Marvell set quick paced poems, keeping the reader from having a moment to think of a counter argument. It also serves the speakers’ arguments to use rhyming couplets, as they are associated with flowery love poem or sonnets; like Shakespeare’s work, for example. The two poems are radically similar when it comes to their structure, each consisting of three stanzas. One recognizable difference in the structure, however, are the rhyme schemes in either poem. Donne’s rhyme scheme is AABBCCDDD for each stanza, while Marvell’s is AABBCCDDEEFF and so on for each stanza. Both are set up in three part arguments: first enamor the reader, then scare the reader into embracing your idea as their own, and concluding with a carpe diem theme to give the reader a sense of empowerment and freedom. The lines “Tis true, then learn how false, fears be;” from Donne’s poem and “Thus, though we cannot make our sun/ Stand still, yet we will make him run” from Marvell’s poem both express themes of seizing the day and not worrying about tomorrow (505, 506). Donne’s line is telling the reader that their fears are nonexistent. Marvell’s is encouraging the speaker to outrun the sun (or time) with him. This successfully sways the reader in favor of the speakers, as well as into their respective arms.
In summation, “The Flea” and “To His Coy Mistress” share similar qualities; mainly. The persuasive and alluring theme of carpe diem, also known as ‘seizing the day.’ The two love poems strategically, yet romantically, express their individual arguments through common literary tools such as those discussed earlier. We can see this through the personification of a flea as well as time, as well as carefully chosen diction or language within the body of the poems. Finally, the form and structure of the poem, which dictate things like the pace of the poem. While these tactics may seem exaggerated to the modern reader, the poems are still deemed as successful. Both writers prove to be skilled in the art of strategically romancing their respective partners. In truth, these poems show how the proper use of basic literary tools paired with an empowering theme, like carpe diem, can inspire any writer to romanticize a truthfully calculated argument.
Lanyer takes a bold step with her work as she turns societal notions about women upside down by using them in her argument about the role of women. Using irony and sarcasm in her poem, she addresses the issue of women inequality by using imagery to express women as equal to men, and sometimes even better. She asserts that Pilate ought to have listened to his wife who requested that she spared the life of Jesus. Lanyer notes that Pilate never took the advice of his wife and opted to have nothing to do with it, which was more cowardly than what the wife would have done. In today’s society, women are quick to blame men for failing to take actions in the event that things do not work out as planned.
Get original essayIn her defense of women, she notes that it was the fault of man in the story of Adam and Eve, for the fall of humankind. Her defense for women insinuates that it is the nature of women to succumb to temptation, and it is the role of men to play strong and guide women. Her defense for women in the second stanza of the poem compares to today’s stereotypes of women as the society accept women to be a weaker sex who need guidance from men. The men in contemporary society are either their marriage partners or world leaders who show the way forward on sensitive issues.
Ironically, Lanyer does not accept that women are weaker and men are stronger. She fails to see why women would put up with the guilt of being responsible for the fall of humankind. Lanyer asserts that men are easily persuaded by women, which is also witnessed in the world today. It is believed that men are lured into doing certain things through women.