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A network is a collection of computers, servers, mainframes, network devices and peripherals connected to one another to allow the sharing of data. Below are some of the commonly used network devices.

Bridge A network bridge joins two different computer networks using the same protocol to enable them to work as a single network. Bridges are used with local area networks (LANs) to extend their reach to cover larger physical areas. Apart from building up larger areas, bridges are also used to segment larger networks into smaller ones. The bridge archives this by placing itself between the two portions of two physical networks and controlling the flow of data between them. It has the capacity to block the incoming flow of data as well. There are 3 types of bridges;

Transparent Bridge: This device is invisible to other devices on the network. It only blocks or forwards data as per the protocol set.

Translational Bridge: This device supports conversion. It converts the data format of one networking to another and has the capability of connecting two different networks.

Source Route Bridge: This device is set in the path which the packet takes through the network is implanted within the packet. It is mainly used in Token ring networks which is seldom used these days. Source-route bridge—Source-route bridges were designed by IBM for use on Token Ring networks. The source-route bridge derives its name from the fact that the entire route of the frame is embedded within the frame. This allows the bridge to make specific decisions about how the frame should be forwarded through the network.

The diminishing popularity of Token Ring makes the chances that you’ll work with a source-route bridge very slim.

A router is a device that joins several computer networks together via wired or wireless connections. It routes data from a LAN to another network connection. A router allows only authorized machines to connect to other computer systems. Most routers have the capability to keep the log files about the local network activity.

A digital subscriber line (DSL) modem enables the computer to connect to the Internet via an Internet Service Provider. DSL offers a substantial increase in Internet performance compared to a dial-up connection.

A switch is a device that is used to network many computers together. Switches have many Ethernet ports that can connect to computers, cables or DSL modems and other switches. High-end switches have more than 50 ports and are often are rack mounted.

Switches can limit the traffic to and from each port so that each device connected to the switch has a sufficient amount of bandwidth. However, switches do not have the ability to provide firewall and logging capabilities.

Network Interface Cards (NICs) are hardware devices that connect a computer to the network. They are installed on the mother board and have the capability to develop a physical connection between the network and the computer. Computer data is translated into electrical signals send to the network via Network Interface Cards.

The wired NIC uses cables and connectors as a medium to transfer data, whereas in the wireless card, the connection is made using antenna that employs radio wave technology. All modern laptop computers incorporated wireless NIC in addition to the wired adapter.

Network Interface card is one of the main computer network components, comes with different speeds, 10Mbps, 100Mbps, and 1000Mbps, so on. The standard network cards are built with Gigabit (1000Mbps) connection speed. It also supports to connect slower speeds such as 10Mbps and 100Mbps. However, the speed of the card depends on the speed of the LAN.

A hub is the most basic networking device. It connects multiple computers or network devices to form a single network segment to allow computers to communicate directly with each other. It has several Ethernet ports that are used to connect two or more network devices together. Each computer or device connected to the hub can communicate with any other device connected to one of the hub’s Ethernet ports. There are three basic types of hubs; Passive hub: It has no power supply, thus does not provide any processing or regeneration of data. It only shares physical media.

Active hub: It has power supply, thus has the ability to regenerate data before being retransmitted and it strengthens the signals in case of disturbance.

Intelligent hub: An intelligent hub functions as an active hub. It is stackable and can join one or more hubs together to extend the number of ports. They have a microprocessor chip and have the capability to perform diagnostics in which is useful in troubleshooting. It can be remotely managed.

Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. Conclusion
3. References

Introduction

This essay explores the idea that communication is a mirror into who you are, focusing on self-concept and the challenges of navigating through one's own self-concept. The essay will argue that communication is influenced by cultural background and personal experiences, and that understanding one's point of view is essential for effective communication. We will reflect on their own challenges in communication and the importance of avoiding assumptions about others. Richard West and Lynn H. Turner in their book Understanding Interpersonal Communication second edition. Also, explores the challenges experienced by the scholar as it feels personally comforted with the new learning; the impact the communication style has and the way the scholar builds and maintains meaningful relationships, along with the ability the scholar has to apply the new skill to the day-to-day relationships. This paper will argue that communication is a mirror into who we are. The way people see and connect is influenced by the cultural background and many complexities of being a human being. This difficulty is expressed by each communication style as well as the relationships a person will build in their lifetime. As the subject of communication is extensive this paper has focused on self-concept and the experience of the scholar has as it navigates through the own self-concepts this is supported by what West & Turner say “Our self-concept often changes as we grow older. Sometimes we want to change the way we see ourselves but we’re not sure we can. By taking a calculated risk, you may ?nd that the way you see yourself—and, in turn, the way you see others—can change dramatically.” (West & Turner, 2011, p. 73) this theory will be explored in each paragraph as the scholar changes her perceptions of herself as consequents the way she sees others.

Before arguing that communication is a mirror into who we are. It is fundamental to define key learning that assists with the argument presented in this paper West & Turner define “interpersonal communication as the process of message transaction between people to create and sustain shared meaning” (West & Turner, 2011, p. 10). Human being around the world are expressing themselves with each other for the solid purpose of communication; the complexity that takes in creating a shared meaning urgent us to understand that meaning is affected by a variety of areas cultural background, family dynamics, memories, values, gender, and a person’s experiences, along with many other things (West & Turner, 2011, p. 11). This paper will focus on a person’s self-concept which is created by self-esteem and self–awareness. Self-concept explains that our communication reflexes a person’s inner being just like a mirror does reflect the objective in front of the mirror. “Self-awareness is our understanding of who we are” (West & Turner, 2011); and “Self-esteem is an evaluation of who we perceive ourselves to be” (West & Turner, 2011); as communication occurs each individual is processing the message through the self-concept and responding under the own parameters of understanding, for this reason, is essential to understand our point of view to ensure we are not communicating from our point of view only without taking in consideration those whom we are communicating with.

The concepts taught in this unit challenge me to my core, they make me feel burnable it remained me of seeing my reflex into a mirror seeing all of my faults as well as discovering a great aspect of my selves that I have never seen before. The first challenge was to accept that I tend to assume I know about the individual character or a situation base on my self-concept. My assumption created a barrier which makes it impossible to communicate with an individual who appears to be different from me or who have defended values (West & Turner, 2011, p. 101). I never saw myself as a person who makes assumptions of other before knowing them, this revelation makes me reflect on my job as part of my occupation I am required to make basic assumptions about the scope of work in a project this does not include people and it was something I was eager to changes as I did like this flaw in my character as I never saw myself as a judgmental person. In addition, I discovered that growing up in three different countries with three different cultures and two different languages is one of the reason I did not feel below to a particular group of people or background (West & Turner, 2011, p. 100) while this has affected my self-esteem for many years was truly amazing coming to that conclusion furthermore it was clear to me that I have two different communicate styles at work I am more abstract communicator than at home without forgetting I can occasionally be a pseudo listener while all of this sound negative I can see a great opportunity to develop a better communication skill which will assist me in my new chosen profession.

Each week, as I completed a new exercise a new challenge was presented to me, I was given the ability to understand what area of my communication needs to change, and I took the opportunity of focusing on the possibility of improving my communication. The first area to develop was to stop assuming I knew people as this was my first barrio in communication (West & Turner, 2011, p. 96). I begin by asking myself, what is that person’s story? This helped me a great deal as from the minute I started to ask myself this question I recognized that my knowledge of this person was null so my communication changed, my listening improve and I approach the person with I different main set. I have to be honest from time to time I have to stop myself from assuming people, however, this concept along has changed my communication style and the interaction with people, in general, has changed. Furthermore, I am now more comfortable around people that I do not know; as I stop judging people this gives me the ability to see the person as they are. The next challenge was to pay close attention to my abstract communication style at work (West & Turner, 2011, p. 123). Being aware of the way I communicated assisted me to I started to build a new relationship with my co-workers, as our communication styles are different I am taking the time to give them more context to our discussion. One of my co-workers, in particular, is a great pseudo-listener he can be nodding, looking at you and doing all the characteristics of a great listener (West & Turner, 2011, p. 199), still, he is a pseudo-listener, as a result of my learning I ask more question as part of our discussions, I give him the opportunity to have the conversation later as it appears we are not listing to each other, and he is feeling more countable telling me if he does not require the information I have to give him I can see the benefits this has brought to our relationship.

As I take time to consider my future I reflect on the privilege that has been in takings part in this unit in professional communication as the concepts presented in this course are fundamental to my new chosen profession of counseling; through the developing and understanding of my perception of myself and others, the different types of communication verbal and nonverbal and many more including listening this new skills and understanding will enable me to assist people were they are; As I ponder further in my future I realize that the skill's development in this subject is not limited to my work life but the applications of this skills are endless this new still will continue in assisting me in building meaningful relationships with real connotations, in addition, this will assist me to have the discernment to see when my point of view could be clouding my perception of others and their point of view. In my practicing, these skills for a short period I can see the benefits in my professional and personal life as my current relationships have improved but more importantly, the perception of myself has changed to the point that I am happily looking in the mirror. This first unit of my degree has reassured me that this is the correct career path for me and this revelation I am grateful.

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Conclusion

In conclusion, this essay has discussed how communication reflects who we are, as individuals, we filter our communications through our personal beliefs and experience from our worldviews we perceive people, and we make a connection just like a mirror shows the object in from of it our communication show what is inside of us. Clearly, our self-concept changes through our internal growth the life experiences and perception of the world is different from a 10year old to a 40 year all this is a result of the physical changes as well as why we process the perception others have of us, for this reason, is important to understand your self-awareness and self-esteem (West & Turner, 2011, p. 61). Nevertheless, each individual has the own set of flaws accepting and working with them is vital for our internal growth. One suggestion is for schools to teach children about the own self-concept the fact that is flexible, that I different from person to person and the way can influence communication this could help teenagers to see themselves in a different light.

References

1. West, R., & Turner, L. (2011). Understanding interpersonal communication (2nd ed., p. 10-199). Boston: Wadsworth.

Table of contents

1. Medium of Communication
Market SquareTown SquareTown CrierOratorChief Priests/Priestesses
2. Conclusion

Before the advent of the telephone, before the mailbox, the internet and social media apps, communities in the African continent had mediums with which they interacted with each other intra and inter-community wise. The different communities had been able to evolve communication beyond the family unit, beyond the kindred unit, beyond the community as a whole. People had been able to make contact across long distances and as a result information had been spread across kingdoms divided by big rivers, thick forests or great deserts.

In a world obsessed with the social media phenomenon, it would seem as if communicating across great distances began today. Yes it is true that communication today is now instantaneous, transactions are now done in real time across great distances and people are learning about other cultures and people without leaving the comfort of their couch but this does not mean that communication across borders is a new concept.

The traditional media did not just mean word of mouth, interaction between two individuals, no. there were places for communication, tools of communication as well as times of such communication. The old world was a place of rules and every action or activity had its time and place. Nothing was done out of random need. People fixed a period where communities could align and exchange ideas and information.

Medium of Communication

Market Square

One of the most popular centers of information in the old African world was the market square. The market was a place for buying and selling but it was also a place for gossip, rumor and the exchange of information. Traders came not just with their goods but they also came with news from other communities that they had been to. They came with news about fashion, war, sickness; cures for sicknesses, deaths, etc. in this way, a community that had a big market could keep up with the affairs of the world outside their communities.

Many a war was fought over trade routes because despite the wealth that came through those routes, who ever controlled those routes, controlled the flow of information and in the ancient world; information was gold as it is today. Unlike, the present day proliferation of useless information as well as the overdose of information, information back then was priceless and carefully gathered. As a result, communities had among the traders, spies who carried secrets from other communities to their mother community. This information gave a community edge over another during negotiations or during war. This is not so much unlike the embassies of foreign nations that sit on the soil of other nations. On paper, they are there to link two sovereign nations together but in reality they are there to spy on their host country, thereby functioning as the first defense against aggression from a potential enemy nation.

Town Square

The town square was in most cases the center of the community and at any given time, any member of the community could be found there. Activities like dances, community meetings were held in such places. Before the coming of night clubs and bars, the town square was were singles met and wooed each other. It was the place where beautiful maidens showcased tgkered beauty and young men flexed their muscles in feats if strength. It was a great place for people to connect, not too different from dating apps that abound the place.

Town Crier

The town crier was another popular medium of communication. The town crier was a traditional institution that served as the official government news monger of the community. He carried news from the government to the masses. He was basically the commissioner of information. He gave announcements for meetings as well as informed the community as to decisions reached by the governing body of the community. He was never harmed as his duty was considered a sacred one. You could hear him ring his gong deep in the night as he carried information from one part of the community to the other.

Orator

Another medium of communication that was similar to the towncrier was the orator. In the Nigerian sense, the orator was not just a man who knew how to make great speeches and manipulate words, he was also a traditional institution whose function went beyond making people laugh at parties. True, he functioned as the master of ceremonies at many a party, whether wedding, funeral or child naming but he was more than that.

The orator carried the history of his people within him. He knew the nitty gritty of his people’s language; the subtle nuances of meaning as well as the implication of proverbs. He knew the songs and most importantly, he knew the genealogy of his people. A proper orator could narrate the genealogy of a family from the beginning. not so much unlike the troubadour of Europe or the groits of eastern Africa, the orator was a man who became something more when in his official capacity. His advice and admonitions were taken seriously because he knows the history of his people and understand how the land worked. Through him, uninformed members of the community could get information as to their heritage. He kept the history of the people alive in the stories, proverbs and songs he performed during any function.

Chief Priests/Priestesses

The chief priest or priestess of a god or goddess was also a medium of communication in ancient Africa. Unlike the other mediums, who were focused on exchanging information across physical time and space, these men and women functioned as a link between the supernatural and the physical. They had the ears of the gods and functioned as the mouth piece of the gods themselves. They were feared and respected no matter how young they maybe, no matter their gender or social status. Kings bowed to their wishes and great men and women listened when they spoke.

They also carried the history of their community within them and often functioned as adjudicators in cases where no foolproof solution can be discovered. They knew every family history as they have in some cases been called at the birth or the death of a member of any given family.

Due to the respect they had, they are able to guide the community spiritually by sharing information from the gods as well as from the vast knowledge of the land they had, which was usually handed down from generation to generation among the priests and priestesses.

The drum/the fire signal are also mediums of communication across great distances but they were usually used as an emergency measure, no so much unlike the fire alarm, the police siren, the bomb siren, etc. they were used in cases of war, natural disasters, epidemics, etc. it served as a means of sending quick signals calling for help or telling a community of impending dangers.

These mediums might not stand high when compared with the present means of communication that abound the world today but they served a purpose and they never became an addiction to the community. Rather, they maintained their function to this day and their value can never be overemphasized at the times when traditional values are fading and the new freedom is turning the world in zombies who do not know that their neighbors have not picked up their paper for a week or opened the door for their poodle.

Conclusion

There are other means of communication that existed before the advent of the present day technologies and some of them are still in existence in some part of the world to this day. If you have an idea of any old medium of communication; either a place, a tool or office, do share with me on the comments section below.

Table of contents

1. McDonalds Business & Leadership Strategy
Global Shared Business ChallengeOrganization StructureMotivation and Employee PerformanceGary (2015), “Benefits of coaching include:Analyzing Behavioral IssuesTackling Behavior IssuesReinforce Positive Behaviors
2. Conclusion

Communication challenges and strategies revolve around management and how they handle employees with behavioral issues or poor work performance. My team and I sat discussed our thoughts on the case study; the following will be some thoughts we shared about companies who hire stable employees, as well as strategic solution associated with communication for their first job based on our topic on McDonalds. After taking too much time interacting with customers, colleagues, supervisors, and managers can lower the performance percentages. The paper will include a detailed analysis on how a well-structured organization is developed. Topics in the report will also cover content motivation and employee performance. Employees with behavioral issues will be discussed as well in the paper, along with how to overcome these problems. Developing a strong communication plan and creative strategies can help save a company from future issues in the future.

McDonalds Business & Leadership Strategy

“As the world’s leading foodservice retailer serving nearly 70 million customers daily in more than 100 countries, McDonald’s recognizes the importance of having good people in place in order to deliver an exceptional customer experience” (Adams & Anderson, 2016). “McDonald’s values state their belief that a team of well- trained individuals with diverse backgrounds and experiences, working together in an environment that fosters respect and drives high engagement, is essential to their continued success” (Adams & Anderson, 2016).

Global Shared Business Challenge

The Global Shared Business challenge involves selecting quality and talented employees to deliver excellent results in a fast pace work environment. McDonalds grew to become very popular because that grew from delivering amazing burgers, fries, and selling privately owned franchises as well on a global and international scale. “McDonalds has Global Shared Business services that are built upon strong partnerships, investors, and franchises” (Adams & Anderson, 2016). Recruiting quality talent proves to be a challenge in today’s society due to a lack of education, skills, training, experience, and knowledge on specific tasks that are in high demand. For example, if McDonald’s were to hire a Shift Manager or Assistant/General Manager he or she that is applying would need to have at least 1 or 3 years of management experience in order to be eligible for the position. Working in the fast-food industry requirements a special and talented individual to perform fast and work under constant pressure to deliver results with excellent customer service.

Organization Structure

Organization is the backbone to any company that has morals, goals, and policies in order to stay relevant. Leadership and management both play a huge role with organizational structure because he or she has to development successful strategies. Managers are train to keep stores running in a well-structured way by keeping track of cleanliness, neatness, organization with labels, supplies fully stocked, utility bills paid on time, employee schedules updated daily/weekly, uniforms and maintain a sales quota. Some employees within the organization may not agree to certain individuals being hired because of gender. Certain employees may think office work and desk work are specific for female or heavy equipment and lifting are for males only. Gender can be a communication issue within an organization because some employees may not agree to a certain individual being hired.

Motivation and Employee Performance

Positive reinforcement and awards to the best employees can lead to better performance along with motivating other employees to do the same. Honoring prestigious employees shows them that not only management, but the company as well appreciates their hard work and dedication to delivering quality results. Men and women who struggle to get back and forth to work every day suffer from stress that could in damage their performance. As a manager, it’s important to say things such as thank you and keep up the good work to encourage him or her to stay with the company while doing a great job. Using positive and negative examples can be used for educational purposes to lead the staff members in the right direction for greater success.

Gary (2015), “Benefits of coaching include:

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• Employees will feel valued and like management wants them to succeed.
• Staff will build valuable knowledge and skills that can help them to advance in the professional world.
• Employees will feel encouraged and supported by their company and manager.
• Workers will be able to feel the pride and satisfaction that often comes with taking on new challenges.”

Analyzing Behavioral Issues

If a new employee has never had a lot of experience in a work environment they may be shy and quiet or standoffish, these are forms of nonverbal communication that are simply a nervous feeling that can be misunderstood by the existing employees to mean that this new employee is rude or stuck up. My team main points consist of accountability, agreeing with my original idea, he stated “Some of us are not comfortable in public especially when it comes to showing people their development opportunities but then they see the that there is a structure that is there to help them to encourage them to get involve in their leadership development that will became them to be a better leader”. “We achieved our five-year strategic plan in only three years, and then set in place the GSS 2020 Strategy to continue our momentum toward our vision to be a world-class shared services organization” (FCG Case Study, n.d.).

Tackling Behavior Issues

Tackling behavioral issues focuses on one problem at a time in order for them all to be resolved. When employees show signs of aggression, emotional break downs, depression, anxiety, or hostility it is important that the manager or supervisor to pull him or her to the side to investigate to determine what is the problem and how they can resolve it. Monitoring irregular behavior can help the manager determine the actions of necessary steps to fix the issue. Conducting personality/character tests, skill assessments, and critical thinking examinations can help the business determine the type of person he or she is planning to hire if placed in a stressful and fast pace environment. Hosting conventions is a great way to offer company counseling with an employee who shows signs of poor performance, warnings for tardiness, bad behavior, and conflict. “Those in the latter group often explain that they were not adequately trained to manager students with behavioral problems or they believe that teachers who are effective classroom managers are inherently talented in rectifying disciplinary issues demonstrated by children at school” (Crothers, L. M., & Kolbert, J. B. (2008). Managers should always practice what he or she teachers because it shows a strong level of influence on behavioral issues. If more managers show examples of being calm, and level headed under stress proves that he or she is a positive role model.

Reinforce Positive Behaviors

Behavioral issues are handled in in a fair and timely manner according to company procedures, and policies in the employee handbook. Employees whom have had counseling and interventions with the supervisor including manager should be monitored closely after the session. Once behavior and performance has changed over time he or she should be rewarded for their hard work and great attitude towards staff. Aggressive toward customers, clients, and co-workers should not be tolerated. Positive reinforcements be rewards such as incentives, extra hours, gift cards, free meals, discounts on shopping, and/or promotions.

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Conclusion

In conclusion, the important roles that all leaders must fill requires: motivate employee and using positive reinforcement towards all employees no matter what gender, race, ethnic background or religion. Analyzing and overcoming behavioral issues are important roles for all companies especially the fast-food industry. Monitoring poor behavioral is critical to any business because it reflects how the company is presented to the public. Managers are tasked as well with conflict management to resolve any issues employees may have with each other to maintain business standards. Being kind and appreciative toward all employees will help them perform better with higher confidence, and motivating others do good as well. Treating all people in today’s society with respect is low, and more leaders should offer diversity training in order to become effective managers to keep business production high.

The challenges to communication between hearing and deaf cultures are discussed in Mark Medoff's play "Children of a Lesser God." The play is set in a school for the deaf where the main character, James Leeds, is a hearing speech therapist who is trying to teach a deaf woman, Sarah Norman, how to speak. Through their interactions, the play highlights the difficulties of communication between hearing and non-hearing individuals, as well as the barriers that exist in society for people with disabilities.

One of the main barriers to communication in the play is the lack of understanding and acceptance of deaf culture. James, who is hearing, has a limited understanding of the deaf community and their way of life. He initially believes that teaching Sarah to speak will help her integrate into mainstream society, but he soon realizes that this is not the case. Sarah is proud of her deaf identity and does not want to be seen as "lesser" because of her disability. This clash of perspectives highlights the importance of understanding and accepting different cultures in order to facilitate effective communication.

Another barrier to communication in the play is the lack of accessibility for the deaf community. Sarah and her friends at the school for the deaf are frustrated with the lack of accommodations and accessibility in society. They are not able to participate in many activities and events because they are not designed with the needs of the deaf community in mind. This lack of accessibility further isolates the deaf community and makes it difficult for them to communicate with the hearing population.

The play also explores the barriers to communication that exist within the deaf community itself. Sarah struggles with her identity as a deaf person and feels torn between her deaf culture and the hearing world. She is frustrated with the lack of opportunities available to her as a deaf person and feels that she is not fully accepted by either culture. This inner conflict highlights the complexities and nuances of communication within marginalized communities.

Another barrier to communication in the play is the use of different languages. The deaf community uses American Sign Language (ASL) as their primary mode of communication, while the hearing population primarily uses spoken language. While James is able to communicate with Sarah using sign language, he is not fluent in it and this creates a barrier to effective communication between them. The play highlights the importance of being able to communicate in the language of the person you are trying to communicate with.

The play also deals with the struggle for equality for people with disabilities. Sarah is a proud, independent woman who is frustrated with the lack of opportunities and the discrimination that she faces as a deaf person. Through her character and the themes of the play, the playwright raises important questions about the rights of people with disabilities and the need for greater acceptance and understanding in society.

In conclusion, "Children of a Lesser God" is a play that explores the barriers to communication between deaf and hearing cultures. The play highlights the lack of understanding and acceptance of deaf culture, lack of accessibility, inner conflicts within the deaf community, language barriers, and the struggle for equality. These themes raise important questions about the need for greater acceptance and understanding in society, as well as the importance of accessibility and communication in different languages. The play is a powerful reminder of the need for empathy and understanding in order to facilitate effective communication between different cultures.

In Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary, the quest for the sublime and perfect expression seems to be trapped in the inability to successfully verbalize thoughts and interpret the words of others. The relationship between written words and how they are translated into dialogue and action is central in evaluating Emma's actions and fate, and ultimately challenges the reader to look at the intricacies of communication.

Flaubert's portrayal of Emma's reading habits provides the basic framework for evaluating the way she processes information. In the purest representation of Emma's readership, she "picked up a book, and then, dreaming between the lines let it drop on her knees."(43). Flaubert uses reading to establish Emma's short attention span to any thoughts outside of her own. The book falling towards the floor symbolically creates the space for her illusions-- notice Flaubert chooses the word "dreaming" instead of "reading," stressing her imaginative tendencies rather than those of a critical nature. In representing Emma's interpretation skills, her distortion of the material becomes a semi-conscious decision because she chooses to deviate from the original text, but at times her manipulation of words is more accurately described as misinterpretation. When Leon praises the entertainment value of the simplistic novels containing "noble characters, pure affections, and pictures of happiness," she misses his further conclusion that "since these works fail to touch the heart, they miss, it seems to me, the true end of art" (59). The subtext implies that she is incapable of distinguishing differences in the quality of expressions and understanding emotional depth because it is these same novels that she judges as the pinnacles of expression. From the outset, Flaubert acknowledges that Emma's quest is destined to failure because she is trying to imitate passion from material that lacks it initially. Ironically, Emma seems to recognize the implausibility of the ideals that guide her actions; she "detest[s] commonplace heroes and moderate feelings, as one finds them in nature (59). Flaubert seems to be asking how conscious Emma is in forming her delusions and subsequently how this relates to her accountability. Charles provides a comic foil for Emma's inability to comprehend the "undefinable sentiments of love which she [tries] to construct from the books she read[s]" (206). He may undertake more serious reading endeavors such as "La Ruche Medicale," but his more pronounced inability to interpret or even comprehend anything let alone stay awake "five minutes" demonstrates a more primitive version of Emma's delusional state of dreaming (44). The second time Charles' embarks on a "reading assignment" about how to perform surgery he can not even pronounce the scientific terminology about how to describe the medical deviations of the foot (125). Flaubert suggests that the words may run through a man's mind but to be able to understand them in a relational context, comprehension, and pronounce them, expression, represents the challenges of the interpretive process. Charles' mutilation of his patient embodies the distortion which the human mind creates in the interpretive process.

By illustrating the difficulty in translating ideas between the different mediums of writing, speech and thought, Flaubert partially exonerates human beings for the inevitable distortion. Emma expresses the incompatibility of thoughts and words in describing her conversations with Leon: "they sometimes stopped short of revealing their thoughts in full, and then sought to invent a phrase that might nevertheless express it." (168). Humanity appears doomed to live an existence in which "the human tongue is like a cracked cauldron on which we beat out tunes" (138). The incongruity of this metaphor reinforces the imperfect process of using words as the conduit for communication. Perhaps Leon's "indifference to the vibrations of love whose subtleties he could no longer distinguish" suggests that repeated exposure to highly emotional material ultimately desensitizes man's powers of interpretation (211).

Emma's appetite for "lurid novels where there would be scenes of orgies, violence, and bloodshed" (210) allows the audience to examine the consequences of exposure to extreme literature. The explosive action in fiction contrasts with the more monotonous activities of daily life, helping to explain why Emma begins to find "in adultery all the platitudes of marriage" (211). Emma seems quite capable of digesting the emotionally vacant, didactic instructions contained in her reading of fashion. Her ability to hang curtains according to the latest custom suggests that she can process clear and directive texts which allow little room for deviation from the author's intent; yet she errs in reading novels as vehicles of the same instructional purpose. Flaubert implicitly suggests that the novel as a genre can be harmful if it overwhelms the senses to the point that they are dulled both in interpretation of the written word and life. He subtly creates the space for the reader to come to this conclusion by ironically making the story of Emma's hysterics and tragedy seem uneventful, thus allowing the reader to better evaluate their use in the novel. Leon frames this issue when he asks, "Where could she [Emma] have learnt this corruption so deep and well masked as to be almost unseizable?" (201). Perhaps one might even be able to transfer some of the responsibility to novelists, the manufacturers of "this corruption" (201) that makes her insensitive to the extremes of emotion and action. Flaubert reminds us throughout that Emma makes a conscious decision to expose herself to romantic fiction. Even when she is advised to direct her attentions elsewhere when facing medical difficulties, "she prefers always sitting in her room reading (59).

As Emma derives all of her visions of an ideal world from the flat constructs of a page, the shallowness of the inspiration pervades her character. Literary imagery and cliches saturate Emma's conception of love, suggesting that her thoughts are little more than abstractions of that which she reads on the page.

Love, she thought, must come suddenly, with great outbursts and lightning -- a hurricane of the skies, which sweeps down on life, upsets everything, uproots the will like a leaf and carries away the heart in an abyss (71).

Despite Emma's search for eternal passion, the banality of her thoughts and failure to evolve beyond this dream prevent her from actually developing into a round character. Flaubert communicates to the reader by forcing him to watch Emma act out the same hopeless romantic vision with Charles, Leon, and Rodolphe and ultimately creates a scathing warning against living life through a novel. Emma's physical state during pregnancy in which she was "filling out over her uncorseted hips" (62) creates a dimensional contrast to the flatness of "her affection" for her baby which "was perhaps impaired from the start" (63). Though Emma's inability to interpret the emotional gravity of new life and the potential for new love suggests a deficit in her reading of life, Flaubert even implies her an innate disability in appropriate expression. Such a suggestion which might create sympathy for Emma, if she were not aspiring to be "the mistress of all the novels, the heroine of all the dramas, the vague she of all volumes of verse" (192). The consciousness with which she undertakes her goals creates a responsibility for her actions which an innate dullness or flatness of character can not excuse. Through letters Flaubert illustrates how Emma's literal interpretation of the novels results in a consciousness that blurs the spheres of reality and fiction. Emma writes letters which are inspired by "a phantom fashioned out of her most ardent memories, of her favorite books, her strongest desires," (211) and only in these "vague ecstasies of imaginary love" (212) is she able to find fulfillment, suggesting that Emma's happiness will always be trapped by the confines of the page and her imagination. Letters provide an interesting vehicle to explore Emma's attempt to express her herself. They represent her conscious attempt to capture the thoughts she has derived from the words of another on a page and raise an interesting question about how the ability to express emotions relates to one's ability to interpret them. Again, Flaubert holds Emma accountable for her delusions because she recognizes the "fall back to earth" (211). Her insincere motivations for writing Leon to keep "with the notion that a woman must write to her lovers" further erodes any compassionate response from the audience (211).

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The motif of reading extends to the readers' relationship to the text of Madame Bovary; Emma can be seen as both Flaubert as an author and as a representative reader of the work. It has been documented that Flaubert would lose touch with reality just as Emma does throughout the writing of the work; he would become so involved in his heroine's plights that he often became physically ill. This strong identification with her as a character suggests Emma's battles mirror his struggle as an author. Both search for ultimate expression facing the constraints of reality within a finite combination of words. In trying to bridge the gap between romantic visions and expressing them in real life, the words or the actions are always an inferior derivative of true feeling because "the variety of feelings are all hidden within the same expressions" (138). His exploration of Emma's delusions could represent his fear that his audience is missing the message of his work, which is grounded in reality. Emma represents the innate frailties of a reader that will always distort how his message is received. Flaubert's acknowledgement of the struggle for understanding between sender and receiver as represented in Emma challenges us to evaluate her interpretive abilities and more intimately, forces us to ask questions about our own readership. Just as he holds Emma accountable for any consequences of her interpretation and expression, he seems to be asserting that both he and the audience must accept mutual responsibility for the interpretation of the text.

When people interact with the unknown they act differently than when they around the familiar, it is just the way that humanity is. However, stereotypes of different cultures have made this an effect that occurs on a larger scale. For example when a child who has grown up in a predominately black neighborhood, and hears about all of the wrongs that have been done to them by past white people, that child is being exposed to the stereotype that white people are evil and abusive. When that child encounters a white person for the first time, he or she may act hostile and loud while, with people of their own race, he or she is respectful and timid. The same can be said for a white child exposed to the negative stereotypes of black people, and meeting a black person for the first time. He or she can go on the defense around black people and look for reasons to act against that black person because he or she is looking for something which makes that person dangerous. Even outside of situations where people have been kept isolated from other cultures, and encounters an unknown culture, he or she will still act differently than somewhere they are familiar with. For example, I have always been around people of different cultures, and as a result I have always been interested in different languages and cultures. However, when I go somewhere and am surrounded by Hispanics, or whites or even Indonesians, I immediately turn into a quiet, shy, respectful ten year old child, despite the fact that I am now 18. I have entered a world different than the one that I am usually in. I am still myself in these situations, but I am a different version of myself.

In a parallel world, it would be very similar to the experience I just described. The world would still be the same, but there would be a different version of people. Those who on Earth are loud and flamboyant would be quiet and timid in a parallel world, and vice versa. People physically encounter worlds which create a different version of themselves. In the minds of the people who experience someone else’s, let’s say alter ego, will allow that alter ego to live on in their minds, so that the person they encountered has two lives. The one he or she actually lives, and the one that the people they have encountered believe he or she lives. 

Works Cited

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7. Lippmann, W. (1991). Public opinion (Vol. 6). Transaction Publishers.
8. Quist, H. (2017). LGBTQ politics, activism and identity in Asia: Implications for a growing global movement. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, 4(2), 198-209.
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10. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. Psychology of intergroup relations, 7(1), 7-24.

Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. Grammar Translation Method
3. Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)
4. Characteristics of Teaching and Learning Process
5. The way of teachers’ response to students’ error
6. Methodology
7. Bibliography:

Introduction

No need to explain why nowadays everybody wants to speak good English! But what are the most efficient methods to teach a learner in the 21st century? In this research proposal, to answer this question I refer to different methodologies of teaching a foreign language and how they impact learners’ performances. Up-to-date Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) has been compared with Grammar Translation Method (GTM). To address this topic an interview was chosen as a method of research.

Communicative Language Teaching can be described as “ an approach of teaching English as a foreign language based on communicative competences. Its main purpose is helping students to have not only implicit and explicit knowledge of grammar rules, but also have knowledge of the rules of language use.” (Swain, 1980). As far as the other method is concerned, “… GTM is applied for helping students to read and appreciate foreign language literature objectives. In the other words, the essential aim of learning a language is to be able to read literature written in the target language.” (Natsir M., January 2014).

This problem is vital in the light of recent changes made in the National Curriculum of the Kyrgyz Republic. According to the above mentioned document, the language learning outcomes shall not be restricted to acquiring language competencies only, but rather prepare global citizens who could freely integrate into the world community. Therefore, it’s crucial to be aware of which methods to choose in order to meet national standards and requirements.

In an attempt to answer the question about the most efficient methods to teach a learner in the 21st century, we are going to look at some theories on learning a foreign language proposed by different linguistic researches. Basically, we are going to refer to analysis of Grammar-translation methods and Communicative methods of teaching, and how they are applied in the English as a Foreign or Second Language classroom.

Grammar Translation Method

Before any reforms made in the language teaching field, Grammar Translation Method was the dominant method to teach Latin and Greek languages back in the nineteenth century. Durani (2016) states that “The foundation of … GTM was an effort to teach grammar and translation and achieve the objective of languages so that the learners gain some knowledge about foreign languages after studying a number of grammatical rules. The learner applies the knowledge and the text is interpreted easily.” Larsen-Freeman’s idea cited in (Durrani, August 2016) states that GTM’s key concept was the idea that “the grammar of target language can be helpful for the students and they can learn their native language well, similarly this grammar can help them speak and write better in their native language”. (Larsen-Freeman, 2000).

She also emphasizes that all the classroom activities and tasks are prepared by the teacher in order to train the learners to pass tests and examinations. (Larsen-Freeman, 2000).Howatt (1984) and Rivers (1981) cited in (Durrani, August 2016) also express the same opinion about the purpose of GTM as Larsen-Freeman (2000), they say that Grammar Translation Method is designed to teach the students to “ pass their standardized exam after the preparation of reading and writing of only classical materials”.

In the article Grammar Translation Method (GTM) Versus Communicative Language Teaching (CLT); A Review of Literature by (Natsir M., January 2014) I came across the table by Larsen-Freeman and Anderson (2011) where they described key concepts of GTM. From the given table we can observe the following principles of GTM: grammar is taught deductively, learners are taught to translate from their mother language to target language, the lessons are more teacher-centered; there is a little peer work; there are no principles related to students’ feelings and emotions - learning is biological, the language skills that are on the spotlight are grammar, vocabulary, reading and writing; there is a great use of native language in teaching and learning process; getting the answer correctly is extremely important; and the teacher is the only source of information.Although nowadays GTM is considered to be outdated in most parts of the world, there are some countries, like Kyrgyzstan, that still use this method as a classical and traditional way of teaching a foreign language. There is a strong belief among Kyrgyz teachers that focusing mainly on grammar help learners to better understand and speak a foreign language.

Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)

After a numerous studies done by great psychologies and biologists like Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky the need for change in language teaching became crucial. Jean Piaget’s theory (1936) of cognitive development suggests that children can see and construct the model of the world by acting like small scientists: making observations and testing hypothesis. His studies prompted us that the learner is an active participant of the process and that the intelligence is not something that we are born with, but rather a trait which is gained and developed in the process.

A very good point is made by Lev Vygotsky about the fact that we should be paying more attention on the process than on the result. Piaget’s understanding of the child development can be paraphrased as biological development preceding learning.Unlike Jean Piaget (1936), the Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky declared that learners actively make meaning and their social work is fundamental to this process. Vygotsky’s theory suggests that learning precedes the development. He stated that "... human learning supposes a specific social nature and a process by which children grow in- to the intellectual life of those around them" (Vygotsky, 1978).

In support of the above-mentioned theory another research project conducted by Savignon (1972) that was cited by (Muhammad, 2016) to look for the advantages of CLT in learning a second language environment. In this research project at the University of Illinois, Savignon (1972) used the term “communicative competence to characterize the ability of language learners to interact with other speakers, to make meaning, as distinct from their ability to perform on discrete-point tests of grammatical knowledge.” (Savignon, Summer, 1991).

The participants of the study were university students that were studying French as second language and had different proficiency levels. Savignon (1972) found that the students whose lessons were conducted by instructors using the CLT methods of teaching showed better results in fluency based and accuracy based tasks. In comparison, the results of students with only a structural – based approach were worse than the previous group.Going back to Larsen-Freeman’s and Anderson’s (2011) comparative analysis of GMT vs. CLT, we can emphasize the merits of the CLT approaches:

Characteristics of Teaching and Learning Process

Everything is mostly done with communicative intentb. Students use the language through communicative activities such as game and roleplaysc. Communication is purposefuld. Using authentic materialse. Activities are often carried out by students in small groupf. Grammar is taught inductively.

Teacher is a facilitator b. Teacher sometimes becomes co-communicatorc. Students interact with one another

Motivate the studentsb.Teacher gives the opportunity to the students to express their individualityc. Students’ security is enhanced by cooperative interaction

Students’ native language is permittedb. Most of the activities are explained by using target language and native language only for certain thing

The functions are reintroduced and the more complex forms are learnedb. Students work on all four skills (listening, reading, writing and speaking) from the beginning.

The way of teachers’ response to students’ error

Error of form is tolerated during the fluency-based activitiesb. The teacher may note the learners’ error and return to the learners with accuracy-based activities.Review of the key concepts of CLT vs. GMT (Larsen-Freeman & Anderson, 2011) prompt us that communicative methods help learners master a foreign language in a relaxed and engaging environment, which allows us to shape an open-minded citizen-an independent thinker, decision-maker and a collaborator.

Methodology

To pursue the research question an in-depth one-on-one interview was conducted. The interview was held at Lingua School, where the respondent studies English. The interview guide has been developed beforehand and consisted of seventeen questions that aimed at getting information on differences in methods of teaching English at Lingua School, where the Communicative Learning Teaching (CLT) methods are applied and the respondent’s high school, where Grammar Translation Method (GTM) is used. The respondent I chose is a high school graduate from a small village Gavrilovka, that is located not far from Bishkek. The reason I chose this person to be my respondent is the fact that she is an Access Microscholarship Program alumni that had experienced CLT methods of learning English during her two year Program.

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Also, three times a week she attends Lingua School’s English language courses from September 2017, therefore she has been experiencing the methodology of CLT for nearly three years. As far as the experience in GTM methods, the respondent has studied English at public school since her third grade. At first, the official part of the interview was conducted, where I explained my respondent her rights, the topic of the research, its goals and objectives. The informed consent was given to the respondent, where all the details about the research, ethics, the guarantee of anonymity and confidentiality were written and then, the respondent was asked to sign the consent. The interviewee was informed about the fact that her answers are going to be informed. The interview lasted for about forty eight minutes

Bibliography:

1. CASE, R., & BEREITER, C. (1984). FROM BEHAVIOURISM TO COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURISM TO COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT: STEPS IN THE EVOLUTION OF INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN. Instructional Science, 13(2), 141-158.
2. Durrani, H. (August 2016). Attitudes of Undergraduates towards Grammar Translation Method and Communicative Language Teaching in EFL Context: A Case Study of SBK Women's University Quetta, Pakistan. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, Vol. 7 No. 4.
3. Larsen-Freeman, D., & Anderson, M. (2011). Techniques & Priciples in Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4. Muhammad, Z. (2016). Pakistani Government Secondary Schools Students’ Attitudes towards Communicative Language Teaching and Grammar Translation in Quetta, Balochistan. English Language Teaching; , Vol. 9, No. 3.
5. Natsir M., S. D. (January 2014). Grammar Translation Method (GTM) Versus Communicative Language Teaching (CLT); A Review of Literature. International Journal of Education & Literacy Studies, Vol. 2 No. 1;.
6. Savignon, S. (Summer, 1991). Communicative Language Teaching: State of the Art. TESOL Quarterly, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 261-277.
7. Swain, M. (1980). Theoretical Bases of Communicative Approaches to Second Language Teaching and Testing. Applied Linguistics., Vol. 1, No 1.
8. Vygotsky, L., Cole, M., & et al., e. (1978). Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Table of contents

1. Company Profile and Characteristics
2. Organization objectives
3. Functional Structure Future Growth and Opportunities
4. International Business Management Market, Customers, Competitors

Company Profile and Characteristics

Rammal Group is one of the Lebanese leading retailers for Home Appliances. Since it was first established in 1994 as RAMMALCO, they have built a sincere reputation. In 2000, the board of directors switched the company’s name to Rammal Group with Hadi Nasrallah’s branch as its headquarters.

After several years of success and hard work, Rammal Group was able to open its second branch in Jnah in 2009. Within a year the company was able to enlarge it’s market to Gallery Semaan Crossroad as a new major store in 2010, this jump pushed the company to reach Tyr Jal-al-Baher at Centre Samhat to accomplish its fourth branch in 2011. After being nominated the best seller of the year in 2014, the dream didn’t stop and they further extended To Bir Hassan and Baalbeck ending 2017-beginning 2018 as Rammal group with 6 branches. Rammal Group is the exclusive representative of “General Tech” in the MENA region, giving the company a competitive advantage in Air conditioners wholesalers in the country.

The company provides its customers with the widest spectrum of products in the market, ranging from laptops, air conditioners, TV’s (all sort), gaming, all types of home appliances, mobile phones and all related products. The company’s mission and vision is being able to Create their own TV screen and lens, and being able to hit the market 2 years from now expected 2020. Their own vision is to become the leader of home appliances business in Lebanon ahead of customer satisfaction and needs, in other sense having the best quality with the lowest price.

Organization objectives

Their prime motivation is to achieve our customers loyalty and satisfaction providing the most effective sale and services for quality product. Rammal group always cherish customer satisfaction, by offering constant newly released products keeping up with the changes in lifestyles. Their main objective is to be able to target all generations and all types of customers depending on their budget. The variety the company provides attracts customers with low-wages, middle and high budgets.

The CEO Mr. Adnan Rammal adapted a simulator program brought from Canada and distributed the program to all its branches to be able to track customer needs and wants from the statics that the algorithm provides every 48 hours. All the Research and development invested in the company shows a great penetration of the market in the past few years.

Functional Structure Future Growth and Opportunities

The market of home appliances is growing rapidly with generations, there is also growing interest from private equity firm in acquiring home appliance and home automation companies, which will serve to keep investment in the industry going to the top over the next years. Since the demand of all these products is significantly increasing, the company is expanding its market to Eastern Europe in 2019 targeting Ukraine as its first investment.

The company rented a 450 m2 store located in the heart of Kiev (Khrechatic Street), with a market penetration strategy. Since these types of businesses are found rarely in such countries with low income wages and currency fluctuation. The launching of this event will take place beginning of February 2019. On the other hand, the company signed a 10 years contract with the military forces by providing General Tech Air conditions.

International Business Management Market, Customers, Competitors

The procedure by which a company's managers assess the future prospects of the firm and choose the suitable strategies to accomplish long-term targets is called strategic planning. The essential means by which the organization competes, its decision of business or businesses in which to work and the courses in which it differentiates itself from its rivals, is its strategy.

Rammal Group penetrate all the region From Hadath to Bir L Abed as a first location, South region as its second target market Tyre And Nabatieh alongside Saida and neighborhood regions, To finish with Bir Hassan branch taking Ramle L bayda, Raouche and Jneh in consideration. However, Rammal Group has 3 big competitors in the market, not taking small businesses in consideration. Khoury Home first market leader since 2015, Abed Tahan 4 times top of the list and Hkoyam Brothers.

Table of contents

1. Types of accountability
PoliticalSocialEnvironmentalAuditing
2. Difference Between Acountability and Auditing
MeaningPurposeStartsPeriod

Accounting is a specialized language of business which helps to understand economic activities. It is an act of orderly, keeping the records of the daily monetary transactions of the business, the transactions are then classified into various groups followed by summarizing in a way that can be referred at an urgent time and thereafter analyzing and understanding the results of the financial statement and the results must be communicated to the interested parties.

Accounting is governed by Accounting Standards. The main function of accounting is to provide material information related to decision making. Cost accounting, management accounting, financial accounting, are the branch of Accounting.

The objectives of accounting are as follows:

1. Proper record of transactions through Journal, Books, Ledger and Trial Balance.
2. Disclose the profitability position from the records through Income Statement.
3. Presenting the financial position through Statement of Financial Position.
4. Provide necessary information about solvency and liquidity position to interested parties.

Types of accountability

Political

It is the accountability of the government and politicians to the public bodies such as parliament. It refers to the commitment of government officials to act at the best interest of the society.

Social

D. Crowther defines social accountability as a viewpoint to reporting a firm’s activities which give an identification of socially relevant behavior. It is mostly used for corporate social responsibility (CSR) and is used in organization such as NGO.

Environmental

It is a scope that identifies resource use, measures and communicates costs of a company which may impact on the environment. Costs include are penalties and taxes, waste management costs, costs of clean up. It measures the effects of natural environment of a company in monetary terms.

Auditing

It is a logical task which examine the financial information independently to give an opinion on the True and Fair view. Here organization refers to all the units regardless of the size, structure, nature and form.

Auditing is governed by Standard on Auditing. Auditing is a paramount inspection of each transaction that is the receipts, account books and documents are verified in order to show accuracy of the financial statement. Moreover, errors and frauds, manipulation in records or misappropriation can be detected through detailed analysis.

Difference Between Acountability and Auditing

Meaning

Accounting means consistently keeping the records of the accounts of an organization and preparation of financial statements at the end of financial year.

Auditing means review of the books of account and financial statements of an organization.

Governed by

Accounting Standards

Standard on Auditing

Work performed by

Accountant

Auditor

Purpose

To show the performance, profitability and financial position of an organization.

To reveal the fact that to which extent financial statement of an organization gives true and fair view.

Starts

Accounting starts where bookkeeping ends.

Auditing starts where accounting ends.

Period

Accounting is an endless process.

Auditing is a periodic process.