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The daily activities of the college based lifestyle can be challenging for many students to balance. A typical college student, like myself, can be putting up to eighty hours into work and school a week if not more. When one puts so much time into these things they can be stressed because of school work and also the hours they may be putting in at a part or full time job. The college lifestyle can be difficult to balance because of hours at work, studying for classes, familial relationships, and one’s social life.

A student can have a variety of different jobs, just like anyone else, but working at a grocery store can sometimes be easier since they can work around the days and times the students are available more easily. They can do this because they have so many people working for their company. However, a worker can easily work forty hours a week. However, working at a grocery store can be a very physical job, causing one to be more tired and less likely to be well rested. This can make it difficult for one to execute school work in a timely manner. While struggling to get school work done they may have a hard time fitting family and social time into their schedule.

While working a full time job a student can be involved in many different activities. The typical student has to work approximately thirty hours a week if not more. While working these hours a student may have encounters with many different people and things. For example, while working in a common grocery store, the typical customer service worker deals with about seventy shoppers in one four hour shift. These encounters may include many different things. Sometimes a customer may ask if we carry a certain product or if we have any in the back of the store. In many instances these items may be in the freezing cold cooler that takes your breath away, on the non-air conditioned, muggy back dock, or even outside in the sweltering heat. For example, while working a shift in the grocery department I had to stock eggs. This is a very common part of the job in grocery, but is a pain no less. Stocking eggs starts with going into the cooler and lifting the crate of eggs from the back stock cart to the floor or shelf. One may not think a crate of featherweight eggs would be heavy, but once the weight of the Styrofoam is added in along with the eggs it begins to make your muscles tense in the cool air and struggle until you reach the desired destination: the shelf. After moving the carton you often have to pull each carton of eggs out carefully to avoid a slimy, oozing mess should they be damaged from the journey to the store. This is only one of the many messes they typical under paid grocery worker may encounter. While in the cooler one may have to avoid the numerous spilled or damaged items that still need to be accounted for. Sometimes, if a worker has a very good sense of smell, like myself, they can smell the eggs that have been mashed, cracked or even dropped. Needless to say the dried, raw egg smell is not pleasant. However, this is only one of the many things a grocery clerk can encounter. While being asked to get the eggs the mother might even notice a single mother yelling for her kids to “get their asses” over to where she is as quickly as they can possibly handle. This aggressive command is actually very common in the grocery store surprisingly enough. Then after hearing the mother yell, one sees her children, as many of them as there may be, run and trip over themselves to get to there before the mother’s face turns any other shade of red. Normally most children are fairly well behaved, but there are always a few who do not want to listen their red faced mother who refuses to stop screaming at her children. This causes a mass of shoppers, customers and specifically workers, to gaze at her and wonder why the hell she brought them all to the store.

Although work is a very aggravating, annoying, time-consuming part of a student’s life, college can sometimes be a very comfortable, smooth oasis. Going to school can give an overworked student a period of down time that they would otherwise not get to enjoy. Classes are the main part of college. A student can be involved in a number of different classes, although four is usually a very common minimum. These tortuous classes typically consist of a mathematics, English, science, and computer course. Although some classes are more enjoyable than others, sitting in computer class can be monotonous. One does not usually get much mental or physical stimulation. Majority of the time the student sits there and suffers through a lecture about how to use the most basic programs known to man: Microsoft Office. However, sometimes on a fantastically irritating day the professor takes over the computer screens causing many students to turn fifty shades of pissed off. This forces the irritated, sleep deprived student to listen to what the professor is saying even if they have already been over the material a million uncomfortable, irritating times. That, however, is only one of the possibilities. In a science course, one could be talking about electrons and neurons one day and the next be trying to understand what the slimy insides of organs are made out of. In English, it could be about why a student should not procrastinate writing the inevitable paper about what you feel, see and hear in numerous different situations. Who would not love to talk about the wonders of the world of math with the lovely Mrs. Harding? This could all be happening while students are sitting in the horridly uncomfortable seats, but also in the aggravating stare of the teacher who speaks like her math filled life depends on it. The students are then forced to go into depth about things that are completely unrelated, like how the professor is going to school to be even more irritating. These are all great examples of the different parts of classes, but the best part of classes is being able to enjoy the campus. One can enjoy the cool water as it rushes over their hand if they dip it in the mossy, green pond water with the slight current pulling the water to the waterfall mechanism. They can also enjoy the warm colors of the leaves changing color in the fall while sitting outside smoking a much needed cigarette. After all of the ruckus of the day the drive home can be by far the most relaxing part of college. Students can enjoy a music filled drive home to relax from the preceding day. These drives, if you are like me, can include beautiful reservoirs, vibrantly colored trees, and many, many upsetting drivers who insist of driving like a turtle in a snow storm with no legs.

While working and going to school it can be difficult for a student to spend time with family when they barely have time to get a decent amount of sleep. When one does get to spend an extended amount of time with their family it can be filled with heated political debates, mindless television watching and delightful, mouthwatering, aromatic meals. If a family oriented person is lucky they will get to spend a holiday or two with their family. For example, Thanksgiving can be one of these holidays. A family Thanksgiving can be filled with warmly colored decorations, delicious food, and even an uneventful football game that is just in the background of a riveting conversation about how the most current presidential candidate should not even be allowed to speak. However, before the holiday the house prepping chores must be executed. The worst is always the bathroom. It is always a small space and you are constantly interrupted by the family members who insist that doing their make up in more important. They say it is even more important than the grime building on the sink from the concealer they dropped and mysteriously forgot to clean up. Eventually one can get it done and begin to enjoy the holiday with their family.

Finding a balance in college can be extremely difficult. Between work, school, and family it leaves little time for anything else. One of the hardest challenges a student faces is when and if they should go to that huge party being thrown at a friend’s house or if they should sit at home studying until their eyes start to cross from reading so much. Usually it is the latter and most social events get pushed to the side. The most difficult part of fitting a social life into the ridiculously busy life of a part time worker and full time student is finding time to simply enjoy an entertaining experience that may or may not include a pizza and season of Netflix. The worst part is finding time to go to that loud, marijuana smoke filled concert that one has been dying to go to since the beginning of time. Students make many sacrifices while in school and their social life may take the hardest hit of them all.

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Although college life can be difficult, hectic and stressful students can strive to find a balance between work, school, and play. It may include a lot of late nights, bags under their eyes and a very large, energizing dose of caffeine, but once the balance between all of these things is reached it can allow a student to step back and enjoy the little things. Sometimes it is just lying in a nice cozy bed for an extra few minutes or trying a new taco place on a lunch break. Regardless, of what balance the student finds, once they do find it, it makes college a much more enjoyable experience.

Education is one of the most important steps in our life, so, if it is so important, why does it cost so much to go to college? Students on average will pay $30,000 by the time they have graduated. College should be free because the tuition puts them in debt, makes graduates struggle to pay for college before they even get a job, and the stress of paying for college and the classes themselves can cause horrible test scores.

First and foremost, we know that college is expensive but do you know how detrimental those expenses are. In addition here is a quote from Allison Hochman, “Most students graduate with a massive amount of debt. For example, in the U.S., the average student debt per person is $31,172. When students graduate with debt, they will likely continue to add to their debt with interest. As such, it can take many years before they manage to dig themselves out of debt that only seems to keep growing. In the meantime, this delays spending on such things as buying a house or a car. On the other hand, if people were to graduate without debt, that could fast track their ability to earn, save, and spend. This helps to stimulate the economy. With increases in consumer spending, there is more demand. More demand in spending also relates back to higher demand in the workforce, or more opportunities for employment” (Hochman). There should be a smooth transition from going from college to living on your own, but that is not possible if you are $30,000 in debt. Most people don’t have those years to waste to spend money on college when they have a house, a car, and maybe kids to pay for. It is just a struggle and very hard to pay for something when you barely have enough money for yourself to live on let alone to spend on that debt. However, how many places actually have free college?

Furthermore, with college being free, someone has to pay that sum of money and that goes to taxpayers. Now that seems bad, but some countries are already doing this. It’s not that bad of an idea here is an example of someone talking about the situation. “Having to pay higher taxes is fun for nobody. And so this is an argument that hits close to home for all of us. In fact, in most countries where college is free, this seems to be the case. So what’s the middle ground here? One way some of those countries have worked around this is to require college graduates who benefit from a state-funded program to serve the state or country for at least two years so they can “pay back” the country for their free education. Of course, this workforce will contribute to the economy and also pay taxes — some of which can be used for the next generation of college students. Students who fail to work in the state for the stipulated amount of time will have to pay the state or federal government back” (Farrington). If college was free and we either had to serve in the military for two years or pay it in taxes, it would benefit a lot of people. This will happen because there will be fewer families and homes struggling to pay that sum of money. And also we would also have more troops serving in the military benefiting us even more. However, with the benefit of free college tuition comes the question of how much is being saved.

Next, there is a lot of money put into colleges. But do you know the differences between how much we would spend on college if it was free? “It is estimated that even without this family income limitation, eliminating tuition for four years at all public colleges and universities for all students would cost taxpayers $79 billion a year, according to the U.S. Department of Education data. Consider, however, that the federal government spent $91 billion in 2016 on policies that subsidized college attendance. At least some of that could be used to help make public higher education institutions tuition-free in partnership with the states.”(Cottom). There can be a lot more money put towards college if we made taxpayers pay for it. It saves almost $20 billion that is a lot of money. All of that money is saved if we just made college free and added it towards taxes. But what places in America are making these moves to make college free.

In addition, there are some places that actually are taking steps to have free college. Tennessee is one place that allows 2 free years of college. “California already has taken big steps to make its community college system, the largest in the nation, tuition-free by fully funding its California Promise grant program. But community college is not yet free to all students. Tuition costs just more than $1,500 for a full course load are waived for low-income students. Colleges have to spend the Promise funds to cover tuition costs for other students so, at many colleges, students still have to pay tuition. At the state’s four-year universities, about 60% of students at the California State University and the same share of in-state undergraduates at the 10-campus University of California, attend tuition-free as well, as a result of Cal grants, federal Pell grants, and other forms of financial aid.” (Tuition-Free College Is Critical to Our Economy). These small steps could lead to better college experiences and have a lot of benefits. With California and Tennessee making these small steps it could benefit everyone for the better. If we make schools public why not college?

Finally, college is important to only a small percentage of people because not everyone goes to college.“We already offer free education to the children of the rich from kindergarten through 12th grade. A college education should similarly be available to all. Not everyone goes to college or necessarily needs to, as Buttigieg has been pointing out, but that’s the point of having a public option. It would offer a choice: Enter the workforce or get a high-quality education, regardless of financial resources.” (Covert). The percentage of people actually going to college is 41 percent which is less than half of the people who graduate high school. Why would someone want to go to 4 years of college and struggle to pay for it? Not only that but then just to be in debt when you graduate. And finally when you have a job you cannot spend that money on more important things like a car or a home because it is all being spent on college debt.

All in all, free college would be very beneficial for today’s society. Students should not pay for college because it puts them in debt, makes graduates struggle to pay for college before they even get a job, and the stress of paying for college and the classes themselves can cause horrible test scores. With college not being free it cost over $30,000 and that’s just your debt. But now with free college someone has to pay that money and that would be spread out to taxpayers. With that money going to taxpayers, the government shouldn’t need to spend $91 billion dollars and we could save $20 billion by making everyone pay taxes on it. This idea is so good there are plenty of countries that have college free and there are so far two states that are pushing for free college. And why would you take something like a college education and make people spend the next few years after graduating from college struggling to pay for anything with all of the debt they are in? That is why college should be free.

Works Cited

1. Hochman, A. (2021). The Economic Benefits of Free College Education. Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved from https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2021/03/03/economic-benefits-free-college-education-opinion
2. Farrington, R. (2018). Should College Be Free? Pros, Cons, and Alternatives. Affordable Schools Online. Retrieved from https://affordableschoolsonline.com/should-college-be-free-pros-cons-alternatives/
3. Cottom, T. M. (2017). The Case for Free College. The Century Foundation. Retrieved from https://tcf.org/content/report/case-free-college/
4. Tuition-Free College Is Critical to Our Economy. (n.d.). Campaign for Free College Tuition. Retrieved from https://www.freecollegenow.org/economy/
5. United States Department of Education. (2019). Information on College Costs. Retrieved from https://www2.ed.gov/policy/highered/leg/college/costs.html
6. Vaidya, K. (2020). Average Student Loan Debt Statistics by School by State 2020. LendEDU. Retrieved from https://lendedu.com/blog/average-student-loan-debt-statistics/
7. Baum, S., Ma, J., & Pender, M. (2019). Trends in College Pricing 2019. College Board. Retrieved from https://research.collegeboard.org/pdf/trends-college-pricing-2019-full-report.pdf
8. Davidson, A. (2020). The Student-Debt Crisis Hits Hardest at Historically Black Colleges. The New Yorker. Retrieved from https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-student-debt-crisis-hits-hardest-at-historically-black-colleges
9. The Campaign for Free College Tuition. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.freecollegenow.org/
10. Institute for College Access & Success. (n.d.). Student Debt and the Class of 2019. Retrieved from https://ticas.org/affordability-2/student-debt/student-debt-and-class-2019/

An important theme that is portrayed in the Heart of Darkness is the idea of hypocrisy. As the European countries began to colonize parts of Africa, one of the main ways to support the ventures would be through the ivory trade – something that is a staple in the business practices of the Europeans abroad.

Marlow’s journey from the edge of the African lands, through the good and bad, and into the ‘heart’ of the continent shows an increasingly honest approach to the ivory trade. The traders working under the European ‘company’ understate the magnitude of the ivory trade simply as a form of trade. Contrastingly, Kurtz is much more direct with his explanation of his trade, explaining how he acquires this ivory and materials through force and the killing of other clans that oppose him.

Interestingly enough, the more ‘civilized’ Europeans trading in Africa also utilize this strategy to find ivory for their trade, the strategy of fear and violence upon tribes. Although the more ‘civilized’ traders see themselves as distinguished from the blunt and cutthroat Kurtz, the line between both become increasingly blurred as readers continue into the story. Although Kurtz implements violent methods and embraced this identity of a trader, other traders implemented strikingly similar methods to gather their ivory as well. For example, in the very beginning of the novel, Freselven starts beating an old native man with disregard for the outcomes of his actions. We also perceive the conditions of the company’s station, with the African slaves in chains and the French Man-o-war shelling a coast. These serve to provide a glimpse into the actions of the Europeans as colonizers in the novel.

Joseph Conrad highlights this idea of hypocrisy further by exploring the mind of Marlow himself. Whereas the company traders show racist traits and Kurtz complete madness towards the African tribes, Marlow is desensitized by all of this. Although Marlow does not understand Kurtz fully and criticizes European traders, calling them “flabby devils”, the underlying hypocrisy of Marlow is how he does not acknowledge the Africans at all. The helmsman is simply ‘a piece of machinery’.

Works Cited

1. Conrad, J. (1990). Heart of Darkness. Wordsworth Classics.
2. Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism. Pantheon Books.
3. Achebe, C. (1975). An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's "Heart of Darkness". Massachusetts Review, 18(4), 782-794.
4. Bhabha, H. K. (1986). Of mimicry and man: The ambivalence of colonial discourse. October, 28, 125-133.
5. Said, E. W. (1993). Culture and imperialism. Vintage.
6. Brantlinger, P. (1988). Rule of darkness: British literature and imperialism, 1830-1914. Cornell University Press.
7. Lukács, G. (1978). The ideology of modernism. MIT Press.
8. Pratt, M. L. (1992). Imperial eyes: Travel writing and transculturation. Routledge.
9. Quayson, A. (2000). Calibrating the African: from Joseph Conrad to Chinua Achebe. Postcolonialism: Critical Concepts in Literary and Cultural Studies, 1, 77-101.
10. Smith, C. (1999). Empire in green and white: Environmental history of settler societies in Africa. Ohio University Press.

Table of contents

1. Discovery of the New World and the European Settlements
2. Rivalries between the Two European Powers
3. Conclusion

The colonization history of America can be named as one of the most notable formations of any country across the world. Powers such as, the Great Britain, Spain and France played important roles in formation of what we call today as the powerful United states of America. Even though Portugal and Netherlands also possessed few colonies in the newly discovered wilderness, they weren’t as much as powerful as France, Spain and Britain (Sullivan, 2021). However, nowadays, the majority of people remember the English colonial endeavors above everything else (Knowledgia, 2021).

Discovery of the New World and the European Settlements

With the intention of finding new trade routes to Asia, the European kingdoms such as Portugal and Spain started sending ships on voyages during the 15th century. And the world changed forever in 1492 with the discovery of land in the Western Hemisphere by the crusader Christopher Columbus who served for the king and queen of Spain. His purpose was not to find a great republic to be found but, he ended up discovering an alien wilderness land, a new world, the North America. The coast of China and India was closed to the discovered land therefore, he called the people he encountered as Indians. In other words, the original possessors of the land were the native Indian tribes ('Britannica School', n.d.). With the discovery of the new world, other European powers, Netherlands, Portugal, France, and Britain also had a competition to conquer the land for power and wealth. Spanish colonists explored the items such as cocoa, potatoes, tobacco and etc. that are not found in Europe and also the ships carrying gold, pearls, and emeralds return to Spain, prompting many colonists to migrate to the new world. They brought crops and domestic animals in return. Beside the trading activities they also brought deadly diseases such as small pox that were previously unknown to the indigenous inhabitants, leaving them vulnerable. These illnesses swept over the continent faster than the colonists could control them, wiping out whole communities. However, in 1506 Christopher Columbus dies following his fourth voyage. After a few months, the discovered continent was named as America, in honor of the explorer Amerigo Vespucci (Geo History, 2021).

When talking about the English settlers, they were the most successful out of the other settlers in North America. Nearly majority of the 13 colonies on the Atlantic coast were created by the English, and they eventually seized control of the others ('Britannica School', n.d.). In 1600s the first permanent English settlement was established at Jamestown, Virginia. Plymouth was the second English colony which was established in 1620 and what is now called Massachusetts. Along the line the rest of the English colonies such as Maryland, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Pennsylvania were also established by Britain. As mentioned, colonies such as New York, New Jersey and Delaware which were colonized by other settlers were conquered by English in 1660s. The main Purpose of Britain to colonize the new world was not solely based on the trade routes, power and wealth. They rapidly built permanent settlements in the New World due to a different reason. For the British, religion was a major motivator. In 1620, a party of English pilgrims unintentionally sailed to Plymouth of new world to escape religious oppression. The pilgrims then made a social contract whereas every person had a role in the government, and this can be named as an example of the American self-government. Furthermore, these pilgrims thought the England church was dishonest and that in the New World, they would be allowed to worship according to their own beliefs. They were the first pilgrims to sail all the way to America and many more came after them. They were involved in shipbuilding, fishing and lumbering and also, they developed a variety of materials. Moreover, rice, tobacco and indigo were grown in colonies further south. All of this was beneficial to the Britain (Society, 2020).

However, the relations between the newly established colonies and the native Americans, on the other hand, worsened over time. Some of the issues were accidentally introduced by the colonists, such as smallpox and other illnesses carried over on the ships by the English immigrants. In addition to that, native Americans were shipped out to other countries like Canada by the colonists as a result of slave trade. Also, they were forced for conversions and mass baptisms. The native Americans were abused and treated unfairly by the colonists and as a result their faith over the colonists were shattered (Society, n.d.).

Rivalries between the Two European Powers

The rivalry between the two European powers, Britain and France was a global conflict which occurred between 1763 and 1754.This war is also known as the Seven-years’ war and the French and Indian war. By this time, British had control over the 13 colonies while French had claimed the great lakes and Canada. This conflict of The France and Britain was erupted over the question of whether the upper Ohio River valley was part of the British Empire, and so available to commerce and colonization by Virginians and Pennsylvanians, or part of the French Empire. The early armed engagements did not go well for England; the French built Fort Duquesne and frequently beat the British with the help of their Native American allies. The war was formally declared when the governor of Virginia dispatched George Washington, then 21, to warn the French to stay away from the territory what we call today as Pittsburg, but they denied. Several attempts were taken by the British to dominate the territory but things didn’t go well for them for the first few years of the war ('Seven Years’ War', 2009). However, in 1759 the tables turned in favor of the British after they finally seized Duquesne, Louisburg and Ticonderoga forts of the French. The British triumphed against the French at the Plains of Abraham near Quebec in September, and it was the largest victory of all. The next year, Montreal bowed out. Furthermore, the French and the Indian war was formally extended for three more years (Crash Course, 2013).

After the gaining the victory from the French and Indian war, Britain became an international power with a powerful fleet, which they would exploit to expand their empire throughout the world. However, the relationship between the native Americans and the English got worse when the British government decided that colonies should help them coverup the debts of the war. Taxes such stamp act and sugar act were implemented by the British with the intension of increasing their revenue. Not only that but also, they started exerting more authority over colonial administrations. But the colonies were able to view their own independence as a result of their early self-governing system. Above mentioned factors led the native Americans to the American revolution in 1775. France also helped native Americans in the revolutionary war against the British. In 1783, the American revolution came to a conclusion with the Treaty of Paris, and colonialism in America came to an end (Society, 2021).

Conclusion

To sum up everything that has been stated so far, the United States of America wouldn’t have become a powerful nation if not for the European settlers. Even though the settlers clashed in deadly warfare, they contributed a lot to develop the current united states. But the native Americans didn’t fail to stand up and fight for their own rights and free the nation from the Great Britain.

Color today is a visual communication tool. It helps us to describe what an object or even a concept is like. Today the development of the use of color is very advanced and we have even studied its effects on the physical and psychological world of people, it has also an important place in the world of Marketing, we live in a world that is aware of color. After recognizing different work art, it can be observed, that color has evolve in different ways depending on the historic and cultural context.

Through this essay, the color will be analyzed in different chapters; the colors in the actual world, and what the evoke, the color in different cultures, and finally the color on traditional Islamic architecture and color in traditional catholic architecture from the Renaissance.

Color is one of the first things we use to describe and object, still we are not fully conscious of what is it. Common meaning in people’s mind is that color is a property of material or light. Through our history we have been trying to describe this phenomenon with psychological, physical and artistic answers, to the question of color meaning, but color has been defined by scientists as the result of a series of events that lead the brain to the recognition and interpretation of light signals. This signals are perceived by different characteristics that interfere into color interpretation; hue, saturation and brightness.

In the eye the process for color perception starts when the light reaches the eye and enters through the aqueous humor, then pupil, crystalline lens and vitreous humor until it’s absorbed by the retina, which is full of brain cells divided in two types, rods which perceive the light and dark, that work as receptors and send information to the brain.

Color phenomenon has been studied for years by scientists, artists, musicians, and even writers, looking for a better understanding and classification of each of them. Goethe did color circles with 6 colors to explain the physiological complementary colors, he even produced a book of color and produced some poetry compositions base on it. Chevreul did a book that talked about the harmony and contrasts of colors, where he developed and idea of simultaneous contrasts. Munsell as a teacher in an art school, found a method for color teaching, with the right hue, value and chroma perceptions.

Today color has gained a complex definition and understanding, day by day there are more theories and the impact that new developments in science and technology and art development has given color a fuller attention. Also in the part of commerce has evolved into being very specific, to use the right colors to communicate some messages and to sell. As conclusion; color and color matches nowadays are very important to specific uses.

Color today has been studied in human behavior and also in animal behavior, some colors improve our blood pressure, and have some effects on our bodies, but as this part the psychological is also important. We begin a relationship with colors since very young ages. Rose H. Alschuler and Berta investigated and analyzed the drawings of children that blue represents self-control of emotions, red represents expression, and yellow, the dependence.

But what is the influence of color on behavior within different branches such as marketing, psychology, sociology?

It’s true that colors can be interpreted and that’s why a part of psychology is dedicated exclusively to studying color, analyzing how we perceive and how we behave in different colors, observing the variation of interpretations that are behind each culture and society. The same psychology of color has given way to new applications of color in everyday use, from marketing to art therapy, where the person associates emotions with different colors. It is proven that under warm colors such as red, orange and yellow positive reactions can relate to warmth and negative reactions to hostility or anger. On the contrary of the cold colors like green and blue that usually cause sensations of calm or sadness. The sociology of color focuses on studying colors in society and how they influence the perception of one person in relation to another.

Marketing is the set of techniques and studies to improve the sale of a product or service.

Within the techniques you can find the use of color, through the 5 senses. The color how sales technique is applied in emails, brochures, cards and even points of sale, can represent the personality of the brand or can influence the person to feel one way or another, change their mood and all this depending the context, culture and previous experiences.

It’s proven that color directly affects the customer experience; A study by The Seoul International Color Expo revealed that 92% of people consider color the most important when they buy a product, while 5% consider touch and 1% smell.

Another study, conducted by XEROX concluded that 92% of people believe that the presence of a color determines the image to impress, and 90% think that color can attract new customers.

In the world of marketing the most used and studied colors are white, black, red, blue, green, pink, orange and yellow. The emotions and sensations that they transmit are the following:

• White: Formally, white is not a color but, the presence of all frequencies of light. This 'color' makes us feel, cleanliness, purity, serenity, softness and simplicity, that's why it is used in medicine, fashion, nature.
• Black: just as white is the absence of color, nowadays it is used to transmit power, sophistication, prestige and also death from the mysterious point of view.
• Red: is related to passion and strength, as well as aggressiveness and tension.
• Blue: Color of intelligence, tranquility, confidence and efficiency, as well as symbol of the sea.
• Green: represents the ecology and transmits hope, welfare and peace.
• Pink: It symbolizes femininity and delicacy.
• Orange: It transmits optimism through enthusiasm and action.
• Yellow: It symbolizes happiness and abundance as well as envy and betrayal.

As mentioned above, color is applied in different ways according to the cultural contexts of each place, it is not the same to speak of red in Japan or red in an African country. For that a brief comparison of the color is made in some of the main cultures of the world.

American/Western Culture:

American/western culture is the more influential culture in the world, so as we are living under this culture, we are very familiarized with the meanings of these colors and how we relate to them. In general, red usually represents in American culture anger, courage, danger, desire, energy, erotic, excitement, heat, love, passion and radicalism, so all that concepts are concepts that have a lot of energy, red is related to things that are very strong. Orange then goes for “friendly”, yellow is more into strong emotions but related more to happiness, or even money, in this culture yellow stands for cowardice, energy, fun, happiness, money, peace, and repels evil. Green is for good luck (clover related), to growth and to nature, just as blue is related to the cold, the freedom, intelligence but also loyalty, rational, and unhappiness. While white makes reference to heaven, luxury, marriage, purity, truce. And black to the death, authority, evil and mourning, but as well as the style and eternity.

Japenese Culture:

Japanese culture is today the result of an historic process that begin with Asian immigration on the 19th century. Is known for the honor. In color representation red symbolizes for this culture the anger, danger, desire, excitement, love, passion, repels evil and the strength. The orange represents the warmth, balance, energy and flamboyance. The yellow stands for the courage, the cowardice, deceit, heaven, illness, and joy, but also religion, this last because their religion is Buddhism and yellow is the color of the cloths monks use. Green is for good luck, and nature, and blue is for cold, life, loyalty, money, peace and rational. White symbolize the illness, purity, respect and truce, and black represents the bad luck, evil, style and unhappiness.

Hindu:

The culture in India is formed by their religion, food, traditions, languages and artistic expressions that show their values.

They are used to dress in a lot of colors and color is an important element in their food, festivals, and traditions. The red symbolizes the energy, erotic, cruelty, marriage, and passion, this is why is a common color for a wedding dress. The orange the courage and desire, the yellow stands for the fun, god, illness, joy, personal power, their god and the joy is related by this color. Then the green stands for compassion, happiness, insight, religion, life and love, similar to other cultures in nature (life) but different because of the meaning of happiness that is often attached to a yellowish color in the last that were analyzed before.

The blue stands for art, creativity and gods, white is related to death, intelligence and peace. And black to evil, penance and anger.

Chinese:

Chinese culture is the culture that takes the place in a big asian piece it’s known for their variety of traditions between their villages, provinces and cities. Their culture is formed of their mythology, philosophy, music and art. In Chinese culture we see the use of red when they want to communicate success, but this color also represents the ood luck, happiness, marriage and fertility, while the orange symbolize life and family, the yellow the respect, royalty and heatlhy, and the green stands for growth, life and repels evil. The White means dead, mourning, purity and truce.

African:

The african culture really is very mixed with many traditions from many countries and tribes. But still, their culture is represented by arts, crafts, dances, music, kitchen, clothing and religion. The more common colors they use is red, green and blue. The red means anger and good luck, the green stands for life, success and represents religión, and blue is use to communicate peace and love messages.

This brief analysis offers us interesting proposals about color in each culture, among the conclusions, we can emphasize that red isn’t perceived the same but still means powerful things in China to what is perceived in America and Japan, which is more related to energy, anger, danger, and passion while in China it is grouped with fertility, good luck and happiness. On the other hand, the white color is one of the most opposed, being in the American culture something related to the sky and the lust, unlike the Japanese culture that makes more reference to the disease and respect, the Hindu to the death and intelligence and China to death. In addition, green is collectively related to life or nature.

Color In Islamic Traditional Architecture

Islamic art has been studied for many decades. There are entire books studying the spiritual meaning through their works of art. That is why it is important to understand the relationship between Islamic art and Islamic spirituality. Islamic art is directly related to Islam because it’s precisely born as an objective of communication of Islam and representation of Islamic revelation. Islamic art is represented in plastic arts, calligraphy and architecture. There are many elements used in his art such as the use of water, the influence of religion on architecture, symmetry in decoration, use of plants, calligraphic and geometric motifs.

“The earth was placed for me as a mosque and purifier” “A person of faith in a mosque is like the sun reflecting in the water” That was what Prophet Muhammad. The sacred architecture of Islam is the mosque, is designed to represent the harmony and peace in the place where God chose Muslims to worship.

The mosques are decorated with mosaics and calligraphies full of crystals and reflections that reflect the light of the sky and communicate sensations through color. The colors in Islam and their application within mosques can behave like symbols full of meaning. For example, green is the most widespread and used as the symbol of Islam because Muhammad wore a green mantle. This color for them represents hope and peace, that is why it’s very common for mosques to have this color, which is also very found in the interiors of Muslim homes. Red represents life, fascination, fire and blood. That is why carpets often have this color as a base, although the weavers add black motifs. The black in that case symbolizes sadness and pain, although within the culture it also represents the color of the devil and morbidity. The white symbolizes beauty and the feminine, besides the angels are white and also the cloth that surrounds the deceased. Yellow represents sadness, envy and death. Turquoise also symbolizes the magical and the depths of the universe. Those colors are often used on the decoration in their mosques.

Color In Catholic Church

The color is used in Catholicism since the fourth cycle, began to be used to differentiate liturgical seasons. Until then the use of 5 colors was systematized: purple, white, red, black and green. In the Catholic church, the purple represents the color of the sovereignty of Jesus and also the sin, because it is a color of lust. In white and gold, the light of day, the black, the mourning. The red color of the blood and suffering of Christ on the cross, as well as the holy spirit. Green the color of growth and blue honors the Virgin Mary.

The colors most commonly used in Christianity is blue, which represents the Virgin Mary, however, why is she representing Mary if it is likely that at that time her clothing was likely cream due to the wool material? The color blue has a very strong meaning in the beginnings of the old testament in the bible. For the people of Israel, blue meant the commandments of God. In addition, we find more references like: 'spread over [the Ark of the Covenant] to cloth all of blue' (4: 6), 'And over the table of the bread of the Presence they shall spread to cloth of blue' (4 : 7). In Eastern cultures, blue symbolized immortality, and was used for purposes of harmony as well. However, in addition to the bible the blue color has a different meaning in the Byzantine era, it represents the mystery and divinity as well as the sky, where the heaven is found. Jesus used blue to demonstrate his divinity, that is why blue is used in Christianity, to represent the sanctity of Mary and her important role.

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Christian architecture is really varied, shapes, colors, etc. In the Bible there is no indication of the form that the temples of this religion should have nor the elements that they must contain. This is why religion has transformed the age of its temples depending on the time, the country, and the artistic influence (or the way in which the church influenced the art) in those times. However, blue, that symbolizes heaven is one of the most used colors on the church, but in the other hand the liturgical times have influenced the colors that we see for some times in some churches of the religion, besides we have seen symbolized the colors that were mentioned previously in the paintings, sculptures and decorations that accompany the constructions where Christians are going to worship.

Bibliography

1. Agoston, G. A. (1987). Color theory and its application in art and design. Berlin: Springer Verlag.
2. Nasr, S. H. (1997). Islamic art and spirituality. Lahore: Suhail Academy.
3. McNamara, D. R. (2009). Catholic church architecture and the spirit of the liturgy. Chicago: Hillenbrand Books.
4. Gage, J. (2013). Color and meaning: Art, science, and symbolism. London: Thames & Hudson.
5. Popa, C. N. (2013). CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING USE AND ROLE OF COLOUR IN MARKETING. Scientific Papers Series Management , Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development,13(1). Retrieved from http://managementjournal.usamv.ro/pdf/vol.XIII/Art44.pdf
6. McCandless, D. (2018, October 15). Colours in Cultures. Retrieved from https://informationisbeautiful.net/visualizations/colours-in-cultures/
7. Kosloski, P. (2017, June 24). Why is the Blessed Virgin Mary always wearing blue? Retrieved from https://aleteia.org/2017/06/24/why-is-the-blessed-virgin-mary-always-wearing-blue/

Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. Colors in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
GoldRedGreen
3. Summary
4. Works Cited

Introduction

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is about sir Gawain, a knight of the knights of the round table, who accepts a game from a mystery man called the Green Knight who asks the knights if any knight to strike him with his axe if they will in return take a strike from him in a year and a day. Then Sir Gawain accepts the challenge, then goes through a journey with a bunch of hardships and morally incorrect temptations on his way to the green chapel where he will comply with the agreements of the Green Knight and him made.

To illustrate the universal themes of his medieval tale, the Gawain Poet uses elements outside of dialogue. In particular, the subtle use of colors expresses the values that impact Sir Gawain throughout the poem. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the colors gold, red, and green are employed to symbolize prosperity, passion, and nature.

Colors in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

Gold

The color gold represents Sir Gawain’s prosperity, not of wealth, but of strong character and resolute moral fiber. Initially, gold appears in the composition when the narrator delineates, “When he was hasped in armour his harness was noble;/The least lace or loop was lustrous with gold.../And all was arrayed on red with nails of richest gold” (Stone 44). The narrator describes the armor of which King Arthur has crafted for Gawain to battle the Green Knight in. The protection is intended to reflect the knight himself, who has a heart of gold. The warrior may be youthful and inexperienced, but his willingness to sacrifice for the greater good shows itself to be a worthy skill that sets him apart of the rest. Likewise, the hue appears to reinforce Gawain’s ideals when the speaker notes, “Then they showed him the shield of shining gules,/With the Pentangle in pure gold depicted thereon”. The chronicler details the display of the shield, marked with the holy Pentangle. While most recognize money as the ultimate sign of wealth, true enlightenment stands as the indication of Sir Gawain’s affluence. By coloring the Pentangle gold, it illuminates the wealth the knight’s divine principles.The Pearl Poet seeks to proclaim that a sturdy religious backbone has an increased worth compared to one’s monetary value. Additionally, the orator attests to the warrior’s character when he observes, “Gawain was reputed good and, like gold well refined,/He was devoid of all villainy, every virtue displaying/In this field”. The narrator compares the young man to gold, explaining that both the nobleman and the rich color have a pure quality to them. Sir Gawain qualifies for the Green Knight’s quest because he retains a priceless aspect that matches none in King Arthur’s court: his virtuous, moral code. His sheer devotion the just doctrines of the world establish the patrician an asset to the noble court, which is why the king and his people heavily mourn the thought of Gawain’s death.

Red

Red exemplifies the knight’s ardor, which acts as the motivation for several of his actions. Primarily, the crimson shade appears first in the novel when the storyteller elucidates, “The fair head fell from the neck, struck the floor,/And people spurned it as it rolled around,/Blood spurted from the body, bright against the green”. The narrator depicts the beheading of the Green Knight by Sir Gawain. One of the hero’s minor flaws lies in his passionate spirit, which urges him to make rash decisions. His strong loyalty to his monarch compels him to defend King Arthur’s honor, signified by the scarlet blood that gushes from the Green Knight’s wound. The youthful fighter’s choice results in a positive outcome, but that is not always the case when he allows his fervor to control him. Consequently, the color emerges again when the speaker declares, “It was the lady, loveliest to look upon,/With chin and cheek so fair,/White ranged with rosy red”. The lady of the castle, Lady Bertilak, visits the male in his bedroom while he sleeps. Lady Bertilak serves as a symbol of temptation for Sir Gawain. His moral code restrains from acting on his desires for the seductress, but does not deter him enough from the woman’s lures to sin. Similarly, the author mentions the color red when he denotes, “She proffered him a rich ring wrought in red gold”. The matron tried offer Gawain several gifts, tokens of her affection. Yet again, the vermillion tone materializes when the knight faces a moment of enticement. His passion to live causes him to fall for the lady’s proposals to help him cheat his quest. In the end, that zeal induces him to betray his honorable principles.

Green

The reoccurrence of green throughout the tale demonstrates the role of nature in humanity. The debut of green arrives with the Green Knight when the narrator proclaims, “There heaved in at the hall door an awesome fellow.../Men gaped at the hue of him/Ingrained in garb and mien.../And all a glittering green”. The citizens of King Arthur’s court behold the Green Knight as he barges in on their dinner. The verdant shade of the antagonist evokes the image of nature and the natural world. In nature, there are obstacles that confront people at unexpected times, in similar fashion as Green Knight. Furthermore, green manifests in forms other than the jade warrior such as “a girdle green with a golden hem,/Embroidered only at the edges, with hand stitched ornament”. The temptress proffers a gift that may help Gawain escape bereavement. This situation also reflects a universal event in life, in which a person has the option to take the easy way out. When the nobleman accepts the girdle, it becomes a mark against his character and a sin he must live with for a long time. Moreover, the color green appears a final time in the story when the narrator explains:

They...parted on the cold ground

Right there.

Gawain on steed serene

Spurred to court with courage fair,

And the gallant garbed in green

To wherever he would elsewhere.

After the Green Knight reveals his identity to Sir Gawain, they both part ways and return back to their homes. The entire encounter with the warrior’s chartreuse opponent validates the ultimate truth that life is a series of tests, with each success or failure teaching a valuable lesson. Through this quest, the youth learns that he is not perfect, and that atoning for our sins is a part of nature. Truly, Sir Gawain’s journey reflects a course all humans must travel through in life themselves.

Summary

The colors golden, red, and green mirror wealth, avidity, and the natural world in the Pearl Poet’s Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. The golden color reflects Gawain’s rich moral standards which differentiate him from all others. The utilization of scarlet emphasized the manner in which passion can lead to success or ruin. The color of emerald highlights the influence of nature in the happenings of human life. Through the employment of these three colors, the Gawain Poet manages to express ubiquitous veracities about humanity and about the capacity to live freely in the world.

Works Cited

1. Stone, Brian, trans. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Classics: Penguin, 1974. Print.

The theme of color is very broad, and reaches strands out to many different emotions and feeling of Alice Walker's The Color Purple such as sadness, desire and hope. Color also is central to the society that the novel is set in – the color of your skin defines who you are. However, Walker uses the women in her vibrant novel to chart a positive outcome for young black women, making a bold statement that a woman could overcome the hurdle of color.

Our first introduction to color is through Celie; it appears that she has a complex with her identity of being a black woman, and she doesn't portray herself in an attractive light at all in the first part of the novel. This is shown through her use of her almost derogatory descriptions of her own skin color such as "I'm roasted coffee bean colour now", the use of the verb "roasted" could be seen as having negative connotations of being damaged or burnt. Furthermore, this could be interpreted as the way she sees herself as being damaged as a cause of her race, because if we look at the treatment of black people when slavery was still practised, they were treated like inanimate objects and not like human beings, and they were whipped, women were raped and often burnt. Therefore we could consider that Celie sees herself as a slave because of her colour as she is certainly treated like one growing up. Contrastingly, we meet Shug Avery in Letter 22, and she utterly embraces her sexuality, she has no problem with her own sexual identity.

However, in Celie's naivity, when she first meets her, she described Shug as having "yellow powder caked up on her face", but underneath "her face as black as Harpo". The use of this simple sentence suggests that Shug could have a problem with her colour, the use of the preposition "on" shows us that she is trying to layer over her colour, as if to hide it and make herself lighter skinned. This brings up the discussion that black people were very aware that the lighter you were, the more respected you were, and so possibly, Shug has tried to lighten her skin in order to be more respected, whilst still singing of the hardships of black lives. Shug still spreads her message, but perhaps she is trying to appear wealthier and richer by wearing make-up to lighten her skin. Shug is a blues singer and so is a fictional representation of other black female blues artists such as Aretha Franklin and Bessie Smith, whom all sang of black hardships in order to find their own identity as a black community, something that Shug is doing herself for her race. Additionally, colour is key for Shug Avery as the colour red is prominent in all of her clothes, which is a symbol of many things. In letter 22 when she first enters the house, Celie notes that Shug "got on a red wool dress" and "red rouge" on her lips. The use of this descriptive pre-modifier symbolises Shug's open sexuality, her desires and her boldness, as it is a very vibrant and attractive colour.

Walker uses Shug as a symbol of what a black woman could be – powerful, rich and full of desire. Shug would have been a complete shock to society, as she lives her own life and isn't willing to be told what to do, a huge contrast to Celie who has always been obedient to "her place" in society because of her colour. This new colour "red" that is introduced by Shug was received by feminist and black activist readers as showing that black women could be different and didn't have to obey to social order, because Shug'r rebellion meant that she had money and power – something black women could only dream of having in the 1930s. Sofia considers colour a very personal thing, and she rebels against the white people and societal expectations, including "sassin" the Mayor's wife because she is so proud of her colour, that she refuses to be degraded by white people after her race has been oppressed for centuries. Sofia rejects the traditional role of her colour and gender, and becomes the one in charge in her household as she is not afraid to fight back. Celie tells us the story of why Sofia was sent to prison - "Sofia say she never going to be no white woman's nothing". This use of the double negative shows how passionate Sofia is about not slaving away to white people, because to her, the colour white represents oppression and evil. If Sofia would have worked for the Mayor's wife, she would have been like a slave, and after the abolition of slavery in 1865, Sofia wasn't going to obey to a modern version of slavery.

However, despite Sofia's pride of her own colour, she is imprisoned, and this shows the importance of colour in the 1930s, because the colour white would always win agains the colour black. The subject of colour is perplexing at times, especially whilst Sofia is in prison and Squeak tries to release her because a part of her extended family is white, and to Celie and the family, that means that there is a way out for Sofia. Unfortunately, it doesn't go to plan as anyone that had the colour black weaved into their skin would have been abused, just like Mary Agnes was. Before they send Squeak to the police station, Celie says "us dress Squeak like a white woman". The use of this simile shows how colour meant a different dress code, a different appearance entirely because of the huge racial divide in 1930s society in the USA. Being mixed race during the 1930s would have been very rare as interracial marriage was illegal until 1967, however due to the treatment of black women, white men, like the police officer in the novel, would rape them as punishment and impregnate them. The intertwining of races is portrayed as something so brutal, with such awful connotations of rape in the novel, therefore the mixing of colours is key to the way that Walker portrays the brutality of 1930s society.

Perhaps most importantly, the main colour is in the title - "The Colour Purple". We learn why the title is called what it is because Shug discusses her own philosophy that God is in everything, and one of those things is the colour purple - "the colour that is always a surprise to me but is in everywhere in nature". The use of the semantic field of nature here shows how the colour purple is significant in the novel because it is a representation of life, and a way of celebrating the wonders that God has created. Purple is also Walker's way of introducing Pantheism which is the belief that God is in everything, Walker own personal beliefs shine through here, therefore the colour is significant because it also acknowledges Walker's own spirituality. Here as elsewhere, colour is a key theme in the novel, as it represents history, hardships and spirituality that contribute to the formation of the black community and its identity.

Colour has a potency in every side of life. From birth to death, our life scenario covers colour notionally and perceptibly. We perceive and experience them, thus we become more aware of them. The day starts with the sunrise colour and ends with the sunset colour and in between we also witness various colours with different tones and shades in the natural environment. We design our personal environments and feel the sense of belonging with the use of our favorite and suitable colours in the design process. Each colour has its own meaning. Thus, each of them evokes different feelings. This suggests that with its potency, it may affect human beings psychologically, physiologically and behaviorally. Each colour and colour combination has its own sensation. They individually or as in relation to each other have a potential of becoming eye irritants and causing headaches. Their appropriate usage can maximize productivity and relax the whole body.

It could affect not only people’s emotions but also their brain waves, hearth rates, blood pressures and respiratory rates (Kaiser, 1984; Martinson & Bukoski, 2005), secretions of hormones, reactions to stresses, the autonomic nervous system and the cerebral cortex where emotions are located (Jin et al., 2009). In their study, Jin et al. (2009) reported that the red colour appeared to have the most effect on emotional changes and directly affected subjects’ parasympathetic nerve system activity which adjusted the blood pressure, the heart rate and the respiratory rates below the normal level. The effect of colours on physiological functions of the body has been effectively used as colour therapy in various medical fields such as depression and cancer.

There is an ancient and widespread faith in the healing power of colour (Helen, 1983). Therefore, colour is suggested to be used as a treatment tool as regard to colour healing. Colour healers believe in chakras that are evaluated as being energy centres within the human body (O’Connor, 2011). These energy centres are formed by seven chakras. If there is too much or too little energy in each chakra in other words no balance in the energy of chakras then emotional wellbeing and personality are influenced (Mahnke, 1996). Each chakra gets along with one of the spectral colours that is illustrated below and proper balance in the energy of chakras is restored through colour therapy.

• Vertex chakra (violet) stands for wisdom, and spiritual energy. It influences the pituitary gland.
• Forehead chakra (indigo) stands for intuition (third eye) and influences the pineal gland.
• Larynx chakra (blue) stands for religious inspiration, creativity, language and communication. It influences the thyroid gland.
• Heart chakra (green, pink) stands for love, sympathy and harmony. It influences the heart and the thymus gland.
• Solar plexus chakra (yellow) stands for knowledge, intellect and is also the seat of tension. It influences the solar plexus and the adrenal body.
• Spleen chakra (orange) stands for energy, and it influences the spleen and pancreas.
• Basis chakra (red) stands for life and reproduction. It influences the sex glands and sexual organs.

Kopacz (as cited in O’Connor, 2011) associated colours with body functions and dysfunctions within each chakra area, such as:

• Red: Activates the circulation system and benefits the five senses; used to treat colds, paralysis, anaemia, ailments of the bloodstream and ailments of the lung;
• Blue: Raises metabolism; is used to stabilize the heart, muscles and bloodstream; used to treat burns, skin diseases, glaucoma, measles and chicken pox, and throat problems;
• Green: Strengthens bones and muscles, disinfects bacteria and virus, and relieves tension; used to treat malaria, back problems, cancer, nervous disorders, and ulcers, and to manage heart problems and blood pressure.

The physical influences of colour on human beings provoke psychological reactions and psychological manners towards colour impress bodily responses. This means colour pervades all aspects of the whole man, his body, mind, spirit, and emotion.

Many psychiatrists and psychologists have noted that reactions to colour are more impulsive and emotional (Birren, 1988). Therefore, colour can have strong influences on people’s moods and emotions. Helen (1983) explained emotional reactions to colour as:

Light of different colours entering the eye can indirectly affect the centre of the emotions in the hypothalamus, which in turn affects the pituitary gland. This ‘master’ gland controls the entire endocrine system, including the thyroid and sex glands, and so controls the hormone levels of this system and the moods consequents upon them.

In light of the given reasoned chain, medical circles are using colour as an effective method of treatment by stimulating psychological emotion with colour. The psychological responses to colour are generally studied with their qualitative descriptions in the literature such as anxiety, aggression, and happiness.

For years Americans have been celebrating Columbus Day. I grew up thinking he was a hero for discovering America. I was confused as to why instead of Columbus Day others celebrate indiginous people’s day. When I moved to out closer to the Morongo Indian rezervation I have became more knowledgable in the fact that as Americans we are not celibrating a hero but a man responsible for rasict genocide. So I did some research as to why we have a national holiday for a man who tortured, raped, murdered then robbed Native Americans of there home land. I wanted to find out the real Christopher Columbus. Why are we being taught songs glorifying this man and not being told the truth?

I for one agree with the indeginous people because I think Columbus is a fraud. He first came to Latin America in to find a new way to get to India and failed. He then landed in Latin America and knew it,and fooled his ship mates into thinking that they were in India.He would have a disaster on his hands, and he would most likely end up dead! Then went to the Native Americans who have already been living there and took their everything, their land, and then made them slaves! Unfortunately, being a slave was not the only horror that Native Americans had to deal with at the because of Columbus and his ship crew. Disease brought to the “new world” by Europeans killed many of the natives, lowering their numbers drastically.” He then elected himself ‘governor’ of the settlement their in which he did not respect or give any power to the monarchs in Spain. He put inhuman rules in place which ended up with him killing his own settlers. Queen Isabella, were so disgusted with Columbus that they Sent in a replacement for him and he came back to Spain in chains.

Giving this man a holiday is a joke! What did he do that was so heroic? Absolutely Nothing. Nothing worth applauding. We should save national holidays for people who actually deserve them. Christopher Columbus did actually navigate across the Atlantic Ocean, but he never made it to North America. You also can not discover a land where people have lived there for centuries, and he also murdered and made them slaves. Yes Columbus opened the world, connecting East and West forever, but the human suffering has real and lasting consequences for those he “discovered.” Are his achievements enough to justify having a national holiday in his honor, no. If Christopher Columbus was alive today, he would be put on trial for crimes against humanity. 

Works Cited

1. Delaney, R. (2005). Columbus and the Quest for Jerusalem. Free Press.
2. Diamond, J. (1999). Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. W. W. Norton & Company.
3. Dunbar-Ortiz, R. (2014). An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States. Beacon Press.
4. Loewen, J. W. (1996). Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong. The New Press.
5. Minnich, E. K. (1992). Transforming Knowledge. Temple University Press.
6. Morison, S. E. (1955). Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus. Little, Brown and Company.
7. Phillips, M. J. (2017). Truth of a Hopi: Stories Relating to the Origin, Myths, and Clan Histories of the Hopi. University of New Mexico Press.
8. Sale, K. (1991). The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy. Plume.
9. Stannard, D. E. (1993). American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World. Oxford University Press.
10. Zinn, H. (1980). A People's History of the United States. HarperCollins.

Comic books and graphic novels today represent a significant shift in how society is feeling. Society as a whole portends what direction we are headed. Comic book companies recognize that. The graphic novel is an extension of a comic book in that it conveys content as a whole verses segmenting it. Graphic novels are typically longer in length and cater to a more adult audience since it deals with more mature content. If there is a mini series, in either Marvel or DC comic books, or it is well liked, they are more apt to put all the parts into one main book. That book is called the graphic novel.

Adding graphic novels to the comic book forum helps boost sales and augments customer loyalty. The customer loyalty in comic books and graphic novels are paramount for the small and big comic book publishers. It is an effective means to bring in more advertising income, boost readership and maintain the level of professionalism that is required. Within the framework of comic books and graphic novels, the genre is important. You have the fictionalized version, the science fiction, science fantasy, and real life stories. If you add all those components, you get a vast network of titles to read and or collect.

The fictionalized comic book and graphic novel encompasses a great deal of books. There are literally thousands of both types out there. The independent publishers are just as good as the mainstream ones. Graphic novels and comic books offer a slew of topics to choose. You can read about real life people like Malcolm X or made up characters similar to people you meet in the street. Some people who read graphic novels and comic books read all but the super heroes. They consider it a waste of time because of the unrealistic aspect to it.

In graphic novels that are not germane to super heroes, the reader gets the sense that they could relate better to them, if portrayed with a sense of realism. The younger readers are interested in stories and artwork that are totally outside the realm of what older people are in to. That fact produces some diverse comic books and graphic novels. A great many graphic novels foretell of an impending disaster and the main figure in the story (usually a young person) is the only one to avert the destruction. There is a plethora of graphic novels with this subject matter. For the same reason, comic books for the younger crowd do an excellent service providing content that are easily assimilated into their culture.

Comic books and graphic novels are dissimilar from each other. However, the dissimilarities are not necessarily that extensive. Both are creating what the discerning reader conveys, but in a different format. The graphic novel’s name implies the content is more mature in nature. However, the differences inherent in both products produce the same result. They attract an audience. The graphic novel may be longer and have variant content than the comic book, but both grant the audience entertainment.

Works Cited

1. Gabilliet, J.-P. (2010). Of comics and men: A cultural history of American comic books. University Press of Mississippi.
2. Hatfield, C. (2005). Alternative comics: An emerging literature. University Press of Mississippi.
3. McCloud, S. (1993). Understanding comics: The invisible art. Harper Perennial.
4. Duncan, R. B., & Smith, M. J. (2010). The power of comics: History, form and culture. Continuum.
5. How to Read Superhero Comics and Why. (2019). By Geoff Klock. Routledge.
6. Williams, P. (2012). Comics, Manga, and Graphic Novels: A History of Graphic Narratives. Bloomsbury.
7. Jacobs, D. (2008). The essential guide to graphic novels. Harper Paperbacks.
8. Gravett, P. (2005). Graphic Novels: Stories to Change Your Life. Aurum Press.
9. Wolk, D. (2007). Reading Comics: How Graphic Novels Work and What They Mean. Da Capo Press.
10. Reynolds, R. (2015). Superheroes: An Analysis of Popular Culture's Modern Myths. Bloomsbury Academic.