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The greatest revolution of 20th century is Computer and Computer Science. The world has developed far away and the biggest credit for it goes to Computer and its related science. As we live in a digital age, most industries rely on data and software programmes. Computer Science impacts everything, from scientific research to health development, transport, banking, communications, almost everywhere. Even objects like microwave ovens, fridges, or door locks are now connected to our Wi-Fi networks and personal assistants. Technology has made the world faster, better, and more connected. We are here thanks to the brilliant minds of Computer Science graduates, who take their passion for technology and use it to create gadgets and computer programmes which help us every single day.

The constant development of technology has not happened by magic. It has required constant efforts of brilliant minds for developing the technology. We live in a digital age, and there’s no going back. As we move towards the future, technology will keep developing and help us overcome problems for which we don’t have a solution right now. So, all this development has pushed Computer Science to become most valuable academic subject nowadays.

Imagine a world without computers, it seems impossible. Our lives today are built around computers and computer science. Computers and their capabilities touch every single aspect of our lives, keeping us connected to one another, and allowing the free flow of ideas and information between people who wouldn’t otherwise be able to come together as a community. They shape our economics, making it easier to sell and purchase goods, and to create fascinating new jobs. They are the driver behind nearly every technological advancement of the last few decades.

Computers continue to advance and embed themselves in everyday life, from home to work. As computer use grows, technology skills will be necessity for the future workforce. The need for skilled technology professionals is just beginning. And these skills can be learned from a very young age.

Computer Science has always been connected with all branches of Science that discovers new things and increases the quantity of scientific data. To make tomorrow's work force competitive in an increasingly high-tech world, learning computer skills has become a priority. Understanding different dimensions of computing is part of the necessary skill set for an educated person in the 21st century. It is very difficult to survive in 21st century without any knowledge about computer and computer science. Whether one wants to be a computer scientist and discover new things about technology or not, one needs to understand basic about computer science.

Computer Science has been top ranked subject in highly ranked global institutes like Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, etc. Brilliant minds behind most successful companies like Facebook, Google, Apple, etc have built these companies with the help of Computer Science. As these start ups have brought a revolution to the world the new generation is attracted towards Computer Science and developing technology. The demand of India’s Computer Science students in western countries has been very strong. India is expected to overtake U.S. with a greater number of software developers.

Computer Science is a discipline that offers rewarding and challenging possibilities for a wide range of people regardless of their range of interests. Computer Science requires and develops capabilities in solving complex problems and improves imagination to variety of concerns. Thus, Computer Science has made a positive change to the world.

Computer Science offers many types of lucrative careers. According to the Association of Computing Machinery, Computing jobs are among the highest paid and have the highest job satisfaction. That is why the merit to get admitted in computer science is highest amongst all the academic subjects. I.T. sector in India has plenty of jobs for computer science graduates. India has one of the highest technical manpower in the world. India has become digital capabilities hub with around 75% of global digital talent present in the country. I.T industry of India is expected to grow to US $350 billion by 2025.

Learning Computer Science provides one with knowledge of problem solving and logical thinking that serves as competitive advantage to one’s career, irrespective of one’s field. Computing is a highly creative activity and supports creative work in many other fields. Use of computers is required in almost all fields. Computer Science is a field where it is impossible to predict what will happen next. That is why future of computer science has no boundaries. There are many fields under development which will be developed with the help of Computer Science. Many new inventions are going to happen in future in Computer Science. All these things lead to constant need for computer science and that has made computer science the most valuable academic subject.

Thus, all this theory proves why Computer Science is the most valuable academic subject in the world at present and will remain most valuable subject in years to come.

“There are three responses to a piece of design – yes, no, and WOW!

Wow is the one to aim for.”

- Milton Glaser

Graphic Designing is just like visual design or you can say Visual Communication. Designing plays a very imperative role in our lives as it fulfills what a person dreams about. It can portray all the things you can imagine, all you have to do is just IMAGINE and you’ll get it right in front of your eyes. Yes, Graphic design is that powerful.

Without design, our life would have been very dull and boring, design brings colors in people’s life and makes them happy and cheerful.

Design has such deep impact on our life that without it everything would feel very empty. Imagine living in a world which has no colors, no pictures, no illustrations, no message to communicate it will be very difficult to live in a world like that. With design we can relate to every picture we see, every message we read.

Graphic designing is everything that you see, even the slightest dot or a line is a part of graphic designing. It is nothing but communicating a message and making it relatable with the help of colors, shapes, pictures, typography etc. It combines color, shapes, text, pictures, illustrations e.tc and convert it into one artwork which displays a message that the person who sees it understands it well.

Don’t misconcept graphic designing as just creating beautiful artworks and something which is pleasing to a person’s eyes. Graphic designing is lot more than this. If a person sees a design and says yes it’s very good but I can’t understand the meaning behind it then that is bad design because if you can’t explain the meaning of a design then creating beautiful artworks is of no use because you are not able to make it meaningful. A design which is both appealing and meaningful is what a good design is.

So, always aim for creating meaningful designs and not just beautiful artwork.

GRAPHICS are visual presentations on anything that you can see or touch whether it’s a wall, a cloth, a paper, a rock or any surface,

DESIGN is to draw something which is pleasing to a person’s eyes.

Graphic designing on a whole is a process of combining typography, photography and illustration in order to communicate a message which is easy to comprehend.

Elements of graphic designing

Elements of graphic designing are very important and it should not be underrated as it’s the base on which the work is done.

So, the elements of graphic designing are:

• Point
• Line
• Shape
• Pattern
• Texture
• Space
• Size
• Typography
• Color
• Image

Point or a Dot: Points are the building blocks of graphic designing. It is the coordinate without any dimensions. It is also the simplest element of graphic design. It is a point which creates attention in a design

Line: Line is a continuous series of points adjacent to each other. It is also called a connection between two points. It can be used for creating emphasis on one particular word or sentence, to create different patterns, or to connect two or more points. Types of lines can be horizontal, vertical, diagonal, curvy, zigzag etc.

Shape: It is a 2-D or 3-D area that stands out from the rest. It can be a geometric figure like rectangle, square, triangle, rhombus, circle, ellipse e.tc. It can also be used to communicate messages like a square shape depicts stability, honesty, while a triangle depicts the body and mind connection, creativity and harmony.

Pattern: Repeated decorative design. It can also be called a sequence of shapes. It’s a form of surface that is structured in a way that creates regular and consistent form of shapes.

Texture: A rough surface which feels the same when you touch it. It can be a 3-dimensional feel or any illusion of a surface. It can be rough, bumpy, scratchy, smooth etc.

Space: The empty area around or between any element is called space. It can be used to define a separation between two elements. If it is used wisely it creates the design very soothing and gives it a clean look.

Size: It is how big or small your element is and how much area that element is taking. It creates an organized look for example in a paragraph heading size is double the content size and the heading automatically takes the viewer’s attention.

Typography: It is an art of creating the text in such a manner that it appears very appealing and beautiful. It defines how a word is visually seen. The process of arranging, combining the letters, numbers or symbols.

Color: It is very important element in a design as it makes a design much more attractive, because without colors a viewer does not feel connected with the design. Colors are also used to show emotions and create importance.

Image: It is representation of a person or an art. Every picture has its own story. Likewise, in graphic design every picture tells a story which makes it easier for a viewer to comprehend.

Basic terms in graphic designing

Image modes:

• Raster images: Are also called bitmap images which are made up of small sized pixels. The entire grid of pixels creates the whole image. The pieces of pixels creates a mosaic like structure when we scale up these images, it gets blur and distorted. These types of raster images are generally used in digital like in a photograph or collages. There are different types of raster images like jpeg, png, gif etc. The software for raster images is Adobe Photoshop. Photoshop is called a raster software so if you edit an image in Photoshop and if you will scale up that image, the image will pixelate it will get blurry.
• Vector images: Unlike raster images, vector images are not made up of pixels rather they are composed of paths each with mathematical formula that tells how the path will be shown. These types of images do not get pixelated when scaled up as it does not have any pixels. The software for raster images is Adobe Illustrator or Corel Draw. Generally vector images are used in logos, illustrations, engraved artworks, signage e.tc
• Color modes:
• RGB: Red + Green+ Blue =RGB. This color mode is generally used to create digital output and is associated with electronic display like LCD, digital cameras, scanners. It is an additive color model in which these three colors are added together to create a broad range of colors.
• CMYK: Cyan + Magenta+ Yellow+ Key (black) = CMYK. This color mode is generally used for printing purposes like for magazines, newspapers, hoardings, banners etc. The black color is called key because in this color mode all the colors plates are aligned or keyed with the black key plate.
• Resolution: It is square inch area which is composed of number of rows and columns of pixels. When image is scaled up resolution will be low and when it’s not scaled up, resolution will be high. Resolution is measured in DPI and PPI
• DPI (dots per inch): Used in printing process. The more dots per inch the better will be the quality of the image. 300dpi is the standard number for print.
• PPI (pixels per inch): It is when you scale up a Photoshop image, the number of pixels per inch will increase which eventually will reduce the quality of the image.

Serif: It is a typeface that has a small spike or a small line attached at the end of each letter or symbol. Also called a serifed typeface. Examples of fonts that are serif: Times new roman, new century school book, vijaya, copperplate gothic e.tc. These types of fonts are usually used in newspapers for better readability.

Sans Serif: It is a typeface that does not have any spike or stroke at the end of letters or symbols. These fonts have less line width as compared to serif fonts. Generally used to show simplicity and minimalism. Examples of fonts that are sanserif: Arial, Lithos pro, Agency Fb, Mv Boli e.tc

Keep in mind:
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Negative space: The white space around the words and shapes in the design.

The basketball court is a place I deeply value and appreciate. I literally call this place my second home. Whenever I need to relieve stress or just play for the fun of it, it does it for me. This place varies in looks but serves the same purpose. It doesn’t matter if it’s indoors or outdoors, it’s still a ball and a dream. I’m so glad I play basketball because it has truly highlighted most of my life. Looking at me knowing I play basketball and that’s what I love, you probably assume I’ve been playing for a while and that’s all I did while I was growing up. Well actually I started off as a ballerina dancer. I danced from 2004 to 2007 at Rhythm Technique in Greenville. It wasn’t until I was about seven when I started playing basketball. My uncle, Big Trayal, played basketball for his high school and AAU in the summer. I would go to all his games to watch him put on a show. At his AAU games, I would carry around a basketball and bounce beside the bleachers while he was playing on the court. During half time, I would be the only girl out on the court, shooting the ball with two hands with my feet kicking back as rise from the floor standing literally two feet in front of the basketball. This was while they were huddling up talking about the first half and discussing what they would do better in the second half. Then I would have to go back in the bleachers sitting between my grandma and grandpa after they kick me off the court to start back warming up to get prepared for the second half. This experience is what inspired me to write my basketball court essay, in which I detail the significance of this place and how it has shaped me into the person I am today.

I basically grew up being outside playing from sun up to sun down with my siblings and cousins. We went from playing tag, swimming, playing kickball, playing basketball or any other activity that involves running or teamwork. Basketball of course were our favorite and what we played the most until somebody got mad or hurt. At my great grandmother’s house, it was a little patch of red dirt, the size of a front porch surrounded by grass, with about an 8-foot piece of wood plowed in the ground holding the wood backboard also. The wood plowed in the ground was spray painted the color of a gingerbread brown. The backboard was the color of off white and barely attached to the wood due to the basketball bouncing in the red dirt and pounding the backboard. That was our “basketball court”. My cousins, siblings and I would shoot for “captain” which means if you make the shot behind the red dirt you could chose you teammates first and get ball first. Our grandparents’ favorite line was, “Don’t take your ass out there in that red dirt!” So, we would find a way around it even if it meant shooting in the basketball from the grass or crossing people up from one end of the yard to the other pretending we still on the court.

When I was in the 4th grade, I played basketball for the Upward Stars at Brushy Creek Baptist Church. It was basically a basketball church league where every Saturday you would play a team in your age and gender group. Of course, I knew the game and I probably thought I was Maya Moore at the time, but if I compare myself to today, my game has drastically changed. After we played, our team would be rewarded 1 star to iron on our shirt we received at the beginning of the season. Our actions, attitudes, and words on game day would determine which star we would receive. Each star was a different color, and each meant something special. The color of the stars was white, blue, gold, gray and red. One star would represent one of these actions; effort, sportsmanship, offense, defense or Christlikeness. I think that’s when my journey finally launched and seen what potential I have mentally, athletically, spiritually and socially. In the 5th grade, I played basketball for an all-boys church team. We practiced at Evangelistic Temple (ET) Baptist Church every Wednesday but played a different church team every Saturday. Playing with all boys and being the only girl shaped me into the basketball player I am currently now. I was exposed to a completely different style of basketball that really improved me and helped me become a better basketball player. It made me more aggressive, faster, and more advanced than girls usually my age. I also picked up valuable skills that I would probably not learn always playing against girls.

After the championship game, when I was playing church ball for ET, a middle age man name, Rick Boone, came up to me, introduced himself and asked if I played AAU for anyone. Of course, I didn’t so my response was, “No.” He was basically telling me that he has never seen a girl for one play on an all-boys basketball team and for two with that much potential at this age. He wanted me to play for his AAU team, Upper Level Pride. At first, I was timid to, but my grandmother encouraged me to go out and see how I like it. I played AAU basketball for Rick Boone every summer from the 6th grade to the 11th grade. We would practice every Monday and Wednesday to get ready for the tournament that upcoming weekend. The tournaments were local and out of town including the states, South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee and Kentucky. If they were out of town, they were more than likely exposure tournaments where you show off your skills in front of college coaches to get looks and scholarships. Playing other teams from around the world made me a better team player and individually. 7th and 8th grade, I did play middle school basketball for League Academy. It was kind of scary playing organized basketball for the first time. In the 7th grade, I earned a starter position due to hard work in practice and we lost in the 2nd round of the playoffs. I personally think we had a better team overall in 7th grade than 8th. Our team was much smaller, it’s like we only had guards and no post. That’s why I was surprised we went to the championship and won it. We also didn’t lose one game in the season, so our overall record was 15-0.

Now I have transitioned from middle school to high school basketball. The game speed is different with more intensity on the court. You are playing freshman’s, sophomores, juniors and seniors all on the same team. Freshman year after tryouts the head coach, Coach Burrow, and the two assistant coaches talked to each player individually in his office and asked them how they think they did during tryouts and if they made the team. If they did make the team they would either play JV or Varsity. Trying out freshman year with almost 60 girls, coach only filling in a few spots for Varsity were already freighting but walking into the coach office was more intimidating. When I went in a sat down on the couch, the first question he asked me was, “How you think you did during tryouts?” I responded, “I think I did good I guess” in my shakenly voice. He told I made the team and if I wanted to play JV or Varsity. I told him varsity because I wanted to get some playing time and he told me I’m most definitely not playing JV, so I have no choice to play Varsity. I knew he had very big expectations, but he was a little lenient since I was a freshman. Playing for Wade Hampton High school, I accomplished a lot of accolades. I earned a starting position freshman year in the 3rd game of the season taking a sophomore spot.

Senior year, I was awarded all region player. I was also awarded all-state player, 2x upper state champion, and 2x state runner up champions in consecutive years. I made a name for myself at Wade Hampton for basketball. My actions on the court even made colleges look at me to come play for them. I regret not playing ball at the college level. It hit me every day and hits me harder when I look at pictures from high school playing for the generals.

Putting myself on the basketball court has made me a better person individually by letting me express myself playing a game. It also has opened many opportunities and made me close to friends, more like family, I never thought I would have been to. Playing basketball is very addicting if you are playing it for fun or competitiveness. I wish I didn’t end it at high school and kept going in college. There’s not a day that goes by that I don’t reminisce about it. Basketball is my passion and the love I got for will never descend.

Table of contents

1. The Players Rules
2. Length of Game and Timing
3. Time Outs
4. Violations
5. Throw In Violation
6. Fouls

National Basketball Association, Also known as the (NBA), June 6, 1946. It makes the NBA interesting and intense.

The Players Rules

A team consists of 5 players but may start with 4 players. A team must have 4 players on the court at all times. Exception: Three players are allowed if a player cannot continue due to an injury or he/she has fouled out of the game.

When a team has forfeited, the opposing team must have at least 4 players checked in to receive a win, unless the forfeit was decided upon well before game time and both teams were notified.

Substitutions must be reported to the scorer before entering the game. Substitutes may enter the game only when the official acknowledges them. Penalty: Technical foul.

Teams must wear shirts with the same shade of color and each shirt must have a different number. The size of each number must be at least six inches.

All players must wear non-marking rubber-soled athletic shoes.

Jewelry of any kind (friendship bracelets, chains, rings or earrings) may not be worn. Penalty: Technical Foul.

Casts (plaster, metal or other hard substances in their final form) or any other item judged to be dangerous by the supervisor, official or athletic trainer may not be worn during the game. Knee braces made of hard, unyielding substances covered on both sides with all edges overlapped and any other hard substance covered with at least 1/2 inch of slow recovery rubber or similar material will be allowed.

Length of Game and Timing

There will be two twenty minute halves of continuous running time. Clock stops for time outs or official time outs (e.g. for injuries or retrieving a ball). Clock is not stopped for violations. Exception: During the last two minutes of the second half, the cl

Time Outs

Each team will have four, one minute, time outs per game with a limit of two per half. After each time out, the official should record the number of the player who called the time out and the time it was called.

Time outs may only be called by the team with possession of the ball or during a dead ball situation.

Time outs in excess of the allotted number may be requested and shall be granted during regulation playing time or during any overtime period at the expense of a technical foul. The technical foul must be given even if the official was unaware that the time out was excessive.

One time out per overtime is allowed. Time outs from regulation play do not carry over into the overtime.

Violations

Back Court: Teams will have ten seconds to cross the half-court line. Once the ball has been established across the half court line (both feet and the ball), it is a violation to cross back over into the back court. Penalty: Turnover.

Three seconds: An offensive player cannot be inside of or in contact with the free throw lane for more than three seconds while the ball is in his/her team’s front court. Penalty: Turnover.

Five Seconds: If a player is closely guarded (within six feet) in the front court and holds the ball for more than five seconds, or dribbles the ball for more than five seconds then a violation will be called. Penalty: Turnover.

Kicking: Kicking the ball is a violation only when it is an intentional act; accidentally striking the ball with the foot or leg is not a violation.

Throw In Violation

The thrower shall not leave the designated throw in spot until the ball has crossed the plane of the boundary, except on the baseline after a made basket. Penalty: Turnover.

The thrower must pass the ball into the court within five seconds of the start of a throw in. Penalty: Turnover.

The thrower may step on but not over the sideline.

The opponent of the thrower cannot reach through the throw in boundary plane and foul the thrower. Penalty: Intentional Foul.

The opponent of the thrower cannot reach through the throw in boundary plane and touch or dislodge the ball. Penalty: Technical Foul.

The opponent of the thrower cannot cross the end line or its imaginary plane. This is a delay of game. The team should be warned on the first offense and then penalized with a technical foul on each subsequent offense.

Fouls

A player shall be allowed 5 personal fouls per game. On the fifth personal, that player shall be removed from the game. A personal fouls is a player foul that involves illegal contact with an opponent while the ball is live.

A double foul is a situation in which two opponents commit personal fouls against each other at approximately the same time. In the case of a double foul, fouls are recorded, no free throws are awarded, and play shall resume at the point of interruption. This means the team in possession of the ball at the time of the fouls will get the ball out of bounds.

An intentional foul is a personal or technical foul that may or may not be premeditated and is solely based on the severity of the act. Intentional fouls include, but are not limited to:

1. Contact that reutilizes an opponent’s obvious competitive advantage.
2. Contact away from the play with an opponent’s who is clearly not involved in the play.
3. Contact that is not a legitimate attempt to play the ball/player specifically designed to stop the clock or keep it from starting.
4. Excessive contact with an opponent while playing the ball.

A flagrant foul may be a personal or technical foul of a violent or savage nature or a technical non-contact foul, which displays unacceptable conduct. If a flagrant foul occurs the player is ejected from the game.

When a player control (charging) foul is committed, no points can be scored.

6.6 A technical foul is a foul by a non-player, or a non-contact foul by a player; an intentional or flagrant contact foul while the ball is dead.

One technical foul against a player or coach can result in immediate ejection of that person from the game. Two technical fouls constitute immediate ejection from the game and playing area.

Dunking is legal during the game only. Dunking or touching the rim during warm ups or in a dead ball situation will result in a technical fourlock will be stopped for all dead ball situations.

2.2 When a team is shooting free throws and a time out is called, the clock will start when the ball is touched after a throw in on a made basket or when the ball is touched in bounds on a missed basket. The clock continues to run on technical fouls unless a time out has been called.

Three minute intermission between halves.

If necessary during the playoffs only, a 2 minute overtime shall be played to determine a winner. Clock stops on all dead ball situations. The overtime period will be repeated until a winner is declared. There will be a 1 minute break between each overtime. Mercy Rule: 35 point lead at or after halftime or 15 points at the 2-minute mark.

The story of Batman is one of which that throughout its many publications, has remained constant. An evil force arises in the city of Gotham; whether it be the Joker, The Riddler, Scarecrow, or even a mafia run by Carmine Falcone; Batman has always been there to save the day, however; it can be illustrated that Batman has done more harm to the city of Gotham than good. By looking at the story of Batman through the canon of his legend, and the scholarly essays of renowned Batman historians, a case will be made for both Batman being a hero, and Batman being a villain.

Let us travel back in time to the spring of 1940, when the very first Batman comics were released. The spring of 1940 until the fall of 1969 is commonly referred as the “Golden Age” of Batman comics. Batman was more of a detective back in those days than he is now. He helped the Gotham City Police Department solve cases, or even took them on by himself as a bounty hunter of sorts. In this original run, Batman fought villains such as Joker, Catwoman, Dr. Death, Dr. Doom, Hugo Strange, the Penguin, Two-Face, Scarecrow, and even fought against random gangs that terrorized the streets of Gotham. All of these villains had something in common though, they all had motives of something they wanted out of Gotham. For example, The Joker was a crazy lunatic who wanted to kill because he found it humorous, (Starlin, Jim. Batman #1) Catwoman was a thief at large, (Starlin, Jim. Batman #12) and Hugo Strange wanted to modify people genetically. (Starlin, Jim. Batman #26) These Villains and the way they acted created Batman as a hero when he stopped them, and he was. He saved the people of Gotham from what would be called “terrorists” in today’s society.

Let us fast forward to the year 2005. In 2005, film director Christopher Nolan launched a movie by the name of Batman Begins, and concurrently followed up with the films The Dark Knight in 2008, and The Dark Knight Rises in 2012. This trilogy of films retold the story of Batman, and introduced the dark character that exists in today’s view of the character. The main villain of Batman Begins is a villain known as The Scarecrow. The Scarecrow after escaping from Arkham Asylum, planned to contaminate the city’s water with a toxin that would induce fear into the people of Gotham, and drive them insane. Batman, with the help of Lucius Fox, defeats The Scarecrow and saves the people of Gotham City from his fear inducing toxin. In the movie’s sequel, The Dark Knight, the series reintroduces The Joker, and later Two-Face to the Batman narrative. In the movie, The Joker was an insane madman who wants nothing more than to strike fear into the hearts of the people of Gotham; just because he found it fun, and entertaining. Later when confronted by Batman, he threatened to keep killing people unless Batman revealed his identity as Bruce Wayne. The Joker eventually takes Harvey Dent, and Rachel hostage; two of Batman’s friends. (Unknowingly to the Joker.) Joker in turn, only gives Batman the option to save one of the hostages. Batman acts on his feelings for Rachel and goes to save her, however; it turns out that The Joker tricked Batman into going after Harvey Dent, and not Rachel. Subsequently, Rachel is blown up by bombs, and half of Harvey Dent’s face is disfigured. While in the hospital, Harvey Dent is paid a visit by The Joker and is convinced to enact revenge on Batman for the death of Rachel, his fiancée. Harvey Dent is then turned into the villain Two-Face, and goes on a killing spree, justifying it by his revenge on Batman for Rachel’s death. While these murders are going on, Batman is able to apprehend The Joker, and hands him over to police custody. Batman then eventually defeats Two-Face by tackling him off of a building, leading to his death. In The Dark Knight Rises, the main character is that of Bane, and Talia al Ghul. In the movie, Bane and Talia are part of the League of Shadows, and their goal is to eventually destroy Gotham to prove they’re much more powerful than Batman. Yes, in short; Batman defeats them, but it raises an interesting question. If Batman didn’t exist, then would the League of Shadows have descended on Gotham, killing thousands of people in the process?

Now let’s look at a Batman villain who has remained the same throughout the Batman canon: The Riddler. Riddler always came to Gotham after Batman defeated many villains, and made Batman undergo a series of trials and puzzles to prove his worth, terrorizing Gotham in the process. The Riddler only had one motive, and that was to prove he was more intelligent, more cunning, and more keen than Batman. The Riddler coincides with the point about Batman being more of a burden on Gotham City. The Riddler didn’t care if he killed anyone (which he did) or destroyed the city (which he did.) The Riddler only wanted to defeat Batman, and he didn’t care about the collateral damage. If Batman didn’t exist, then would The Riddler have terrorized the city of Gotham?

Editor Terrance R. Wandtke collected a series of essays of which he discussed superheroes in the modern era. Published under the title The Amazing Transforming Superhero!: Essays on the Revision of Characters in Comic Books, Wandtke brought superheroes into a new light, one of them being Batman. In Wandtke’s essay on Batman, he discussed him being known as a hero, but discussed the disadvantages he brought on Gotham as well. In his work he talked about all of Batman’s feats over the years, defeating evil forces such as Joker, Scarecrow, Mad Hatter, Killer Croc, and Penguin. Wandtke then explained on how Batman in turn burdened the people of Gotham City, and caused more crime to arise in the city because of people who had the intent to try and defeat Batman. (Pages 12-21.)

Now let’s take a look at the most recent Batman comics; The New 52 series. In the series, Batman fights against adversaries known as Talon, White Rabbit, Mr. Bloom, Mr. Bygone, Merrymaker, Eli Strange, Dollmaker, Talia al Ghul, and Heretic. Most of the villains mentioned above were simply a resurrection of the ideals of old Batman series villains. Talon was a part of the Court of the Owls, White Rabbit and Mr. Bloom were forms of a Scarecrow-esque villain - using chemicals to instil hysteria into the people of Gotham. Merrymaker led a gang. Eli Strange is the son of Doctor Strange; a former defeated Batman villain, Talia al Ghul is the ex lover of Batman, and Heretic kills Batman’s son Damian (who is also his sidekick Robin in the series.) Save for Talia and Heretic; the villains in the series largely do harm to Gotham with their only reasoning being that of their own. They didn’t exact revenge on or target Batman, instead they actually targeted the people of Gotham. Talia’s may have been a Batman villain, but she did not harm to the people of Gotham; and save for Batman’s son, Heretic didn’t kill or harm the people of Gotham. (Parsons, J. The New 52 Anthology: Batman. Pages 1-29, 40-42, 56-71.)

Whilst conducting my research; I came up with my own interpretation of Batman. What if Batman was neither hero or villain? The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines the word vigilante as “a member of a volunteer committee organized to suppress and punish crime summarily (as when the processes of law are viewed as inadequate); broadly: a self-appointed doer of justice.” In my opinion, Batman is a vigilante. After all, is it not the job of the Gotham City Police Department to apprehend people that cause harm to the city of Gotham? Batman doesn’t even consult the GCPD in most cases; he usually takes matters into his own hands. While there are canons of Batman that the GCPD does turn to Batman (see Detective Comics, and The Dark Knight for examples), typically the GCPD doesn’t turn to Batman at all.

It seems as if it’s largely up to the Batman fan to decide whether Batman is a hero, villain, or even something else. Looking at the canon of his works; the reader finds that villain such as Joker, Scarecrow, Dollmaker, and Catwoman; Batman did indeed save the people of Gotham from further harm. Looking at villains such as Two-Face, Riddler, and the League of Shadows however; it seems as if Batman caused mayhem for the people of Gotham as a side effect of being targeted by Villains. Then, there is my claim that Batman is a vigilante of sorts. In the end Gotham has always turned out alright and the people of Gotham always feel safe with Batman keeping guard over their city.

The Battle of Midway: WWIIThe Midway Battle started in June 1942, six months after the Pearl Harbor attack. The United States broke Japan’s codes and found out about their plan of ambush. The Battle of Midway was mostly fought with aircraft. The Battle of Guadalcanal and the Battle of Midway ended the threat of the Japanese invading in the Pacific. Midway was the turning point of the Pacific Campaign.

The attack of the Battle of Midway was a plan to trap the American carrier fleet. The Japanese had hoped to avenge the bombing that happened two months earlier during the Tokyo Air Raid. The Japanese wanted to get rid of the remaining U.S. Pacific Fleet. Yamamoto wanted to ambush any American carriers and ships that could interfere with the attack on Midway. “Nagumo and his stuff proceeded to yamato, here in the flagship’s staff room they heard for the first time about the proposed Midway operation… the carrier men favored it… He always game for a good fight and yearned to clear the Pacific of the American fleet” (Dillon, Goldstein, and Prance 27). He was ambushed by three U.S. carriers, Yorktown, Enterprise, and Hornet. The Battle of Midway marked a turning point of the military struggle between the two countries.

Yamamoto felt that deception would lure the U.S fleet to end them. He scattered his forces so that they would be hidden and conceal them from the Americans before the battle. Yamamoto’s supporting battleships followed Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo’s carrier force by a few hundred miles. They were intended to destroy the remaining elements of the U.S fleet that might come to Midway’s defense. Yamamoto did not know that the U.S had broken the main Japanese naval code, gaining knowledge of his plans. The Americans kept hearing that the location AF was the major point of attack. But, it was unclear where the location was. Some thought it was Midway but weren’t sure. A suggestion by a young officer helped discover the Japanese plan. They asked the base commander at Midway to say that their drinking water was running low on the radio. Soon after, The Japanese code said AF was running low on water.

On June 4, Japanese carrier aircrafts bombed the base on Midway.Long range bombers attacked the Japanese and Midway base fighters defended Midway. When the Japanese returned to their carriers, Nagumo decided to re-arm them with bombs for another strike. The American ships were detected and Nagumo changed the arms and attacked the ships. The Japanese aircraft weren’t able to attack the U.S fleet and the U.S. fleet attacked them. Suprance launched an attack against the Japanese carriers. Three Japanese carriers, the Akagi, Kaga, and Soryu were abandoned.

The remaining Japanese carriers struck Yorktown severely damaging it. “With Yorktown damaged and abandoned, full command of the battle — and ultimate credit for its victory — passed from Admiral Fletcher into the hands of Admiral Spruance. Aircraft from the Enterprise in turn attacked the Hiryu and set her ablaze, and damaged the destroyer Isokaze. After this, Spruance, in concert with the forces on Midway, launched attacks that crippled and destroyed the Japanese cruisers Mogami and Mikuma” (Naval Academy 1).

Torpedo bombers became separated from the American dive-bombers and were slaughtered 36 out of 42 by getting shot down. But, they diverted Japanese defenses just in time for the dive-bombers to arrive. The Japanese carriers were caught while refueling and rearming their planes, making them especially vulnerable. The Americans sank four fleet carriers: Akagi, Kaga, Soryu, and Hiryu, with 322 aircraft and over five thousand sailors. The Japanese also lost the heavy cruiser Mikuma. The Americans lost 147 aircraft and more than three hundred seamen. After their victory, American forces retired. The Japanese, however, distraught by the loss of their carriers, had also begun a general retirement around June 4. Torpedo bombers became separated from the American dive-bombers and were slaughtered 36 out of 42 by getting shot down. But, they diverted Japanese defenses just in time for the dive-bombers to arrive. The Japanese carriers were caught while refueling and rearming their planes, making them especially vulnerable. Analysts often point to Japanese aircraft losses at Midway as eliminating the power of the Imperial Navy’s air arm. About two-thirds of air crews survived. Some historians see Midway as the turning point in the Pacific theater of the war. Midway ranks as a truly decisive battle.

The Battle of Midway brought the Pacific naval forces of Japan and the United States to approximate parity and marked a turning point of the military struggle between the two countries. Japan was destroying the United States until the Battle of Midway gave them the upper hand on the Japanese forces. “Admiral Yamamoto had predicted to his superiors that Japan would prevail for only six months to a year against the United States, after which American resources would begin to overwhelm the Japanese Navy. He had been exactly correct.” (Naval Academy 1). Japan’s motives was to gain dominant power over the Pacific Ocean and to eliminate the United States Pacific Fleet for at least a year. The Battle of Midway was the most important naval engagement of World War II because it allowed the United States to be the dominant naval power in the Pacific and it marked a turning point in World War II for the United States.

Works Cited

1. Dillon, R. H., Goldstein, D. M., & Prange, G. W. (2014). Miracle at Midway. Open Road Media.
2. Naval Academy. (n.d.). The Battle of Midway, 3-6 June 1942. Retrieved from https://www.usna.edu/History/_files/documents/midway/midwayindex.htm
3. Symonds, C. L. (2011). The Battle of Midway. Oxford University Press.
4. Parshall, J., & Tully, A. (2005). Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway. Potomac Books.
5. Lundstrom, J. B. (2006). The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway. Naval Institute Press.
6. Prados, J. (1995). Combined Fleet Decoded: The Secret History of American Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War II. Random House.
7. Smith, D. C. (2018). The Battle of Midway: The Naval Institute Guide to the US Navy's Greatest Victory. Naval Institute Press.
8. Lord, W. (2013). Incredible Victory: The Battle of Midway. Open Road Media.
9. Cressman, R. J. (1998). The Official Chronology of the US Navy in World War II. Naval Institute Press.
10. Hoyt, E. P. (2000). How They Won the War in the Pacific: Nimitz and His Admirals. Lyons Press.

In 326 BC the forces of Alexander the Great and King Porus were to clash, a battle which would decide the fate of the region Punjab. As Alexander wanted to increase his territory his eye fell on India, where he began his campaign in 327 BC. After a few decisive victories he would have to face one final opponent who would prove to be stronger and smarter than any he had ever fought.

As Alexander was marching through India King Porus had flanked him. Alexander knew that he could not leave this dangerous opponent hiding in the jungle of India and prepared for a confrontation. Alexander set up his camp near the town of Jhelum on the right banks of the river. Porus drew up on the south bank of the Jhelum River to discourage Alexander to cross the river. Both sides knew that a direct crossing of the river would cost them the war. Alexander paced up and down the river banks each night until he came up with a cunning plan.

His plan was to use a suitable crossing, about 27 km upstream of his camp. This is where he would lead his troops across. He landed on another island, causing his troops to wade across to the same island as King Porus. His plan was a classic pincer maneuver. He would eventually attack Indian cavalry flanking each side of Porus' main force from the right. To keep Porus unaware of the river’ crossing Alexander devised many traps which would keep Porus occupied. Firstly Porus was kept continuously on the move until he decided it was a bluff and relaxed. Secondly every visit to the site of the crossing, Alexander made a detour inland to stay in secrecy. Furthermore it was reported that there was an Alexander look-alike who held sway in a mock royal tent near the base.

When King Porus realised what had happened he decided to charge on Alexander’s crossed cavalry thinking he outnumbered them. The Macedonian heavy infantry phalanx were outnumbered 1:5 against the Indian infantry. The Indian infantry still suffered setbacks due to the reach of the enemy's longer sarissas and being light to unarmored on the torso. The other part of Alexander’s army crossed the river for a frontal encounter with the war elephants of Porus’ army. Alexander commenced the battle by sending his Scythian hired horse archers to shower the Indian right cavalry wing. His armored Companion Cavalry was sent to the outnumbered Indian left cavalry with him leading the charge himself. The rest of the Indian cavalry galloped to their hard pressed kinsmen on the right wing but at this moment, Coenus's cavalry contingent appeared on the Indian rear. The Indians tried to form a double phalanx, but the necessary complicated maneuvers brought even more confusion into their ranks making it easier for the Macedonian horse to conquer.

Alexander, destroying Porus' right flank circled around to Porus' left flank launching a mass attack against Porus's left flank. Alexander surmised correctly that Porus would be forced to move cavalry on the right wing across to the left. Alexander foresaw this and placed his cavalry, under the command of Coenus, opposite of them and out of sight. Their job was to break cover and follow the Indian cavalry, which forced the Indians to go forward, right into Craterus. Arrian states that 12,000 Indians and 80 elephants died in this mass pincer movement. As Porus’ defenses fell he knew the battle was lost but was determined to fight up until the bitter end. Alexander gained control of the Punjab region and added another piece to his already great empire. If you do not believe that this was a very smart and knowledgeable man I don’t know what does.

Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. Step by step application
3. Benefits of by using BB cream
4. Conclusion

Introduction

BB cream is a multipurpose cream that serves our skin from a different aspect. It is a single cream that can act as a moisturizer, sunscreen, face primers, concealer and foundation. The idea of bb cream has been developed and introduced by a German dermatologist, who made this single cream to cover all the basic purpose of skin care.

Nowadays BB cream has made its place in every beauty conscious woman’s cosmetic box. Ponds White Beauty BB cream comes in a sleek white tube with silver color metallic cap. The opening portion of the tube has an elongated nozzle so that you only get the quantity you require at a time without wasting the cream. Here I’m going to explain how to use BB cream step by step.

Step by step application

First clean your face with good quality face wash to remove all traces of dirt, pollution and make up residues accumulated on your skin.Perfectly cleansed skin creates the best base of dabbing any sort of makeup. Clear and squeaky clean skin enables the foundation or bb cream to absorb and set well.

Applying moisturizer is the key to get perfectly dewy and smooth skin prior to applying BB cream or foundation. And it ensures that BB cream does not settle into dry skin and does not look cakey and unnatural.

Take out the pea size amount of BB cream on your clean and washed hands and only pea size cream is enough for covering your entire face. Taking the cream on your hands is necessary as the heat of the hand will let the cream melt easily and help to blend it quickly and evenly.

Apply the cream in five dots on five prominent areas like chin, forehead, cheeks and nose. One dot in the middle of forehead, one on the tip of nose, one dot on left cheek, one dot on right cheek and one dot on chin. Dab the cream onto your finger to apply on your face. Remember all dots should be equal in portion to let the cream spread evenly. Never apply bb cream in large splotches and streaks otherwise it will let your skin weighted down. You should use the cream sparsely and small amount of it will be enough for your entire face.

Use your middle and index finger to pat the BB cream into your skin. You should rub the BB cream into your skin using circular motion. In place of keeping your skin in direct touch to fingers, keep your finger up and down while rubbing. Light and smooth pressure helps cream to spread gently. Start with forehead and work your way down towards both cheeks from the middle. Next, move on to your nose and chin. Again, finish off with cheeks to get the perfect and even look.

Using your fingertips for using BB cream can invite extra oil to your skin so using sponge for applying BB cream is best to blend the cream for people with oily skin. First, spritz the makeup sponge with facial mist to let the cream spread on your face smoothly. Apply ponds BB cream in five dots.

Only make up sponge is needed to smooth the cream into your skin in place of hands. Use firm, even and outwards strokes with sponge to blend the cream into skin. Start with forehead and work your ways towards the side of forehead from the center. Next, it is time to concentrate on nose and chin. Then blend the cream gently into your both cheeks using outward strokes. Using a sponge can throw the moisture levels of your skin off, so using a moisturizing facial mist can help prevent this.

This technique is best for liquid foundation or BB cream not for balmy and thick creams. People with dry skin should never use sponge as sponge can strip the natural moisture off skin furthermore. Use firm and even outward brush to blend the cream perfectly. A stroke by brush is always a little softer than the stroke by hands. Apply five dots of BB cream to forehead, two cheeks, chin and nose in equal proportion. Start at the center of your forehead with little pressure and brush the cream out towards top and side. Next brush the BB cream on your nose up and down and on chin from side to side. Blend the cream in your cheeks till it meets the all the areas of your skin you have applied cream on.

You should always use light pressure when your use BB cream under eye areas whether you are using the cream with hands, brush or sponge. Gentle press of cream under eyes prevents the cream from settling into fine lines and wrinkles around your eyes. Strokes motion can strain your eyes muscles which is very sensitive.

Let the BB cream dry off a bit for few minutes and you may notice some imperfections which may be visible after some time. Dab some extra amount of BB cream on your minor blemishes to conceal them and create an even toned skin. Do not apply the cream in streaks or in large splotches. You should use the cream sparsely, apply a thin layer to avoid making your skin look too heavy or weighted down. By using a gentle patting pressure near your eyes, you prevent the fine lines that may show up when the dragging, stroke motion strains the skin around your eye, which is especially sensitive.

If you want your BB cream to last long then you can definitely top it off with loose or translucent powder to create a perfect look that really lasts longer. People with oily skin can use loose powder to absorb the greasiness of cream or foundation to create a shiny-free and even toned skin.

Benefits of by using BB cream

BB creams basically are foundation, moisturizer and sunscreen mixed in one tube which is one-stop-product for your daily needs. Our skin does not need much care as it’s our body sebum and natural oils that secrets from our body glands nourishes our skin. But with the growing age and as we began to go outside, dust and pollution damage our skin surface. So our skin care routine starts from here to protect it and give it a younger look forever.

• Actually BB cream can acts as a concealer and covers up the light blemishes on the skin.
• During day time it serves as a sunscreen, as it has SPF and it also gives a smooth finish on the face, so after using, face skin looks fresh and young.
• Easily blends with the skin, so does not heap upon the fine lines, and never give a white mask like look.
• Easily available in any cosmetic shop or online.
• It gives Light smell and all ingredients are mentioned clearly on the pack.
• It is so easy to carry and using only one cream completes the makeup, so it is time-saving.
• This cream helps to keep the fresh look for a long time. After travelling for a long time.
• Cream not only improves skin texture and effectively lightens skin from within but also provides Natural looking instant glow for Indian skin.
• The cream has a non-oily formula and does not feel heavy at all on face. The cream has a very nice mild fragrance.
• A potent skin lightening agent proven to reduce dark spots to reveal beautiful and flawless skin.
• It lightens skin and dark spots by inhibiting the transfer of melanin to the surface of the skin revealing a clear and translucent complexion.

Conclusion

Before you applying the ponds BB cream, you have to choose skin type, different skin types have different needs as far as cosmetics go. For the most effective experience, choose a product that is geared toward oily skin, normal skin, or dry skin, depending on which skin type applies to you. If you have oily skin, consider a BB Cream with a matte finish. Gravitate toward those containing natural plant extracts, as well. This skin type tends to be sensitive, and a BB Cream with natural extracts is less likely to cause a reaction.

If you have normal skin, consider a moisturizing BB Cream that can make your skin appear smoother. You could also look for one with a skin whitener in it if you need help balancing your skin tone. If you have dry skin, look for a BB Cream with a watery consistency instead of a thick cream, since thick creams can cause excess dryness. You should also look for moisturizing formulas.

My wedding day: essay

This is a great opportunity to share my experience of a beautiful wedding essay. Let me take you back to August 17, 1999. The weather was hot, and the anticipation was high as I prepared to walk down the aisle. As I was about to take my first step, someone walked in and delivered the news that the groom was not present. I was in disbelief. The guests were informed of the delay, and we waited patiently until the groom arrived. Eventually, he did, and the wedding ceremony finally began. Despite the unexpected delay, the wedding was a truly beautiful and memorable event. The flowers were exquisite, the music was perfect, and the love between us was palpable. Looking back on that day, I am grateful for the experience and cherish the memories.

I met my fiance in the summer downtown on the street in front of the Piggly Wiggly, a local grocery store. I was on a lunch break from work. I really don't know how we ever managed to get married; he never really asked me to marry him. We were at the movies one night, and he went to get popcorn. As he got out of the car, he took a ring out of his pocket and said, "See if this will fit you". The ring fit, so we were engaged. I wonder what would have happened if it had been too small.

We set our wedding day for September 6th. I had ordered my wedding gown and made some of the arrangements when my fianc wanted to chance it to August 17th. I now had to cancel the order for the gown, and go out and shop for another one. Finally, after looking all over, I found the perfect wedding gown. I got the invitations out, and all the other arrangements changed.

I awoke early Saturday morning August 17, my wedding day, or was it? I really wasn't a nervous bride. I finished packing my luggage for the honeymoon. I went to get my hair styled and do some last minute touches. All set at least that's what I thought.

My wedding was scheduled to start at 4:00 P.M. My mother, sister, and I arrived at the church. It was almost four o'clock. I was at the church waiting to walk down the aisle with my dad. Suddenly, someone came in and told me that the groom wasn't here. All the wedding party was here, but no groom. I didn't know what had happened to him. It was now time for the wedding to start, still no groom. Now, talking about a bride being nervous, I took the prize.

My mother went out and told the guests there would be a slight delay. It was now 4:30 P.M. and no groom. I was really beginning to worry. My mother said "He's not coming, he's changed his mind". By this time, I was a nervous wreck.

The groom finally arrived; he was forty-five minutes late, which seemed like an eternity. He had gotten halfway to the church and had a flat tire. He was so nervous and upset that he was late; when the minister told him to kiss the bride he started to kiss me without lifting my veil. At the reception, we gave away our top layer of the cake that we were supposed to take home.

We were now married, but we were both still nervous and upset. While I was waiting to walk down the aisle my fianc was stranded with a flat tire. Both of us were wondering what was on the others' mind. Finally, it all worked out and we were at the altar saying, "I do!" Regardless of all the mishaps that day, we have been married twenty-four years and have tow wonderful children. A wedding day is a day to remember, and, boy, do I remember mine.

Beauty, irrefutably, is a common theme throughout the Shakespearean sonnets. Generally, Shakespeare's love of beauty is expressed with regard to an undefined person, or muse. Nowhere is the beauty of Shakespeare's muse expressed more strongly than throughout his Sonnet 18. As tribute to the magnificence of his muse's beauty, which is described as more glorious than even nature's seasons, Shakespeare makes a point of supplementing this beauty by preserving and immortalizing it through the lines of Sonnet 18.

Before Shakespeare's muse, or "Dark Lady's" beauty can be immortalized, its grandeur must first be fully understood. Shakespeare wastes no time in undertaking the task conveying this beauty, and strategically does so through his first line, which he phrases as a question. "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?" It is clear that answering this question will be the Sonnet's purpose, and Shakespeare begins to do so immediately, with line 2: "Thou art more lovely and more temperate." This line not only answers the question put forth by line 1, but begins to set the poem's theme: that Shakespeare's Dark Lady is indeed more beautiful and magnificent than the seasons, namely summer. This theme also represents the thesis of the poem's rhetorical dialectic form.

Lines 3 and 4 continue along this vein of thought, as Shakespeare describes the month of May as having "Rough winds," and "summer's lease" as being "too short." The words "rough," and, "short," carry definite negative connotations, which evidence the fact that Shakespeare leans away from casting summer as being as pleasant or beautiful as his muse, and leans toward comparatively casting his muse in a more favorable light.

Following this pattern, lines 5 and 6 refer directly to the summer sun, or "eye of heaven" as sometimes "too hot," or often as having "his gold complexion dimmed." It is no coincidence that Shakespeare chooses the words, "dim," and "too hot," - which have relatively opposite denotations - to describe the sun. The sun, to Shakespeare, as is implied by this noteworthy diction, is very inconsistent. Shakespeare implies that it is too often either at one unpleasant extreme or the other.

It is this thought of inconsistency that guides the reader into Shakespeare's next two lines. Line 7 states that, "every fair from fair sometime declines;" which is to say that everything that is beautiful, or "fair," will at some point fall, or "decline," from its beauty. By comparing his muse with the season of summer, Shakespeare implies that both are beautiful, regardless of whether his Dark Lady is the more beautiful. Basically, through lines 7 and 8, Shakespeare points out the fact that no beauty is forever; and henceforth that neither the beauty of the seasons, nor the beauty of his muse can last. This thought presents the antithesis of the Sonnet's dialectic form: if Shakespeare's Dark Lady is more beautiful and magnificent than the seasons, how is it possible that they should both "By...nature's changing course," undergo a decline of beauty?

Alas, it is not possible, and such is the reason that Shakespeare chooses to supplement his Dark Lady's beauty with the immortality that is born out of the lines of his verse. Shakespeare begins introducing this immortality - the synthesis of the Sonnet's dialectic form - in line 9, at the same time creating the poem's volta, or dramatic change in tone. The tone shifts from that of one that speaks of beauty as something which will "decline," to that of one which speaks of beauty as, "eternal summer," which "shall not fade." Shakespeare describes his muse in line 10 as someone who will never "lose possession" of the "fair," or beauty, that she "ow'st," or owns. Line 11 takes things to the next step, and makes the point that Shakespeare's muse, along with her beauty, shall never die. Death is indeed portrayed as cocky or arrogant by Shakespeare - as a force that would "brag," that Shakespeare's muse, "wand'rest in his shade." This line makes a direct contrast with Shakespeare's earlier description of a sun that is "too hot," or, too bright (line 5). The beauty of Shakespeare's muse will neither shine too brightly, as the summer sun, nor be cast into the obscure shadow of death. It lies in a zone of happy medium, somewhere between light and dark, perfectly exemplifying the duality of which true beauty is composed.

The power of this beauty is derived most solely from the fact that it has been, to this day, preserved as immortal. To speak subjectively, if Sonnet 18 was anything less than timeless, the beauty of Shakespeare's muse would have, by current day, been entirely forgotten. It seems that Shakespeare knew this fact, as he expresses it through the extremely cleverly written line 12: "When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st." Through this line, Shakespeare seems to be saying that the beauty of his woman grows constantly larger, running parallel to time, forming two "eternal lines," that extend into infinity. At the same time, line 12 can be interpreted as referring to the actual composition of Sonnet 18: a series of "lines" of verse that will last in reader's minds forever.

It is this second interpretation that is most strongly supported by the Sonnet's couplet:

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

The couplet concludes sonnet 18 perfectly, with the complete synthesis of the poem's dialectic form. "As long as men are alive, and can read," Shakespeare proclaims to his muse, "they will read this poem, imagine your beauty, and henceforth preserve your immortality." One might interpret Sonnet 18's final lines as over-confident - as Shakespeare claiming that his poem will be read forever - but indeed, he has thus far turned out to be quite right.