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The scientific method is the method used by scientists as an investigation technique. This is used by many researchers to investigate the natural and physical phenomena in this world we live in. When the scientist is in the process of creating a theory, however human errors are going to corrupt the end results. This error is due to the setting of the human personal and cultural beliefs that will interfere with the ending interpretations of the set hypothesis, To fix the mistakes of the developed theory; the scientific method procedures are developed with the integration of decisive factor and standard procedures. The person certified to carry out the scientific methods in forensics is known as a forensic examiner. A forensic examiner is very skilled with the knowledge on how to apply the scientific methods to come up with professional conclusions that are free of flaws.
Get original essayA scientific examiner helps in reducing the human aspects of prejudice and bias during the consideration of the set theories and hypothesis. For many years, the scientific method was not used in forensic science because it was argued that forensic science deals with past events and the past events possess qualities that the scientific methods and its procedures could not handle. The qualities of these recent events are that past events cannot be observed due to their executed nature. Past events cannot be predicted or deduced from physical evidence and could not be subjected under scientific experiments. However, under careful consideration and slight modifications, the scientific methods are now used in forensic science and incorporated into the criminal investigation science (Becker, 2009).
The first step in the scientific method is the observation and description of a phenomenon or a group of phenomena. The forensic examiner starts with the task of analyzing the crime scene and observing all of the evidence that is left at the crime scene. If it’s a murder investigation, the first step would be to investigate the cause of death and determine where the shooting was conducted and where the victim had been killed. If the crime involved a weapon or a dangerous object, then the forensic examiner will request officers to try and locate the location of the gun. Other observations of the phenomena that are evident at the scene of the crime could help put up a strong case in a court of law. The observations are crucial because observations could end up in determining whether the suspects are to go scot-free or be charged. This is the legal system that deals with proof and evidence, not mere theories (Miller, 2003). Forensic examiners must present to the courts the proof of what they have discovered, some forensic examiners are summoned to testify in court to identified what they observe during the investigation. The forensic examiner will provide pictures, graphs, and written reports to the courts .
The second step in the scientific method in forensic science is the formulation of logical hypothesis or hypotheses to explain the phenomena (Science Buddies, 2010). The forensic examiner has to formulate a logical and reasonable hypothesis that could explain the phenomena. This is performed through the framing of valid questions that would highlight or state on the current situation. The forensic examiner could also formulate a theory that could give possible explanations for what happened at the crime scene. The potential theories in a firearm case would be to have a theory of the type of gun that could have fired the bullet found at the crime scene, the possible location of the actual scene of the crime if the victim’s body had been moved. The observations stage and the building of a hypothesis forms an intricate cause and effect connection, with the observation being the effect and the hypothesis and or theory being the most probable cause to the effect. If the victim was murdered, they must find every theory on where the victim was shot, their theory must fall in line with the same theory the detectives have. If the detective theory doesn’t match the theory of the forensic examiner, the evidence must be able to proof their theory.
The next step that the forensic examiner would follow would be the use of the hypothesis to predict the existence of other phenomena, or to predict quantitatively the results of new observations (Science Buddies, 2010). The forensic examiner has the task of conducting a study on background information concerning the given case. Naturally, there is bound to be a research or several that is similar or related to the case in question. The forensic examiner has the task of coming up with a literature review of the on previous research that other scientists had conducted in the past that had relations with this particular case. It is not prudent for any research to start from scratch, as it would lead to a lot of time wasting. This is through the investigation and justification of facts that had already been dealt with before. Humans have a pattern when researching on human activities. The research on another related case could provide great insight on the case. drug related cases might have many similarities, however the detective and the forensic examiner must have a hypothesis that the victim is a drug dealer or was a by stander. The victim’s criminal record will be able to let the forensic examiner and detective know if this case was drug related. If they have determine it was drug related they must investigate if there victim had any rival gangs or enemies.
The next step that the forensic examiner would follow would be the performance of experimental tests of the predictions by several independent experimenters (Science Buddies, 2010). This step tends to justify or give evidence to the hypothesis or theories that had been forwarded. The results of the experiments could end up either approving or disapproving. This phenomenon highlights the need for the setting up of several separate and independent experimenters. This is to avoid the experts’ bias and prejudice from being reflected on the results. If the forensic expert who made up the hypothesis and possible theories were left to conduct the experiments alone, then he or she would be biased into proving the set hypothesis and theories rather than disapproving them. A control group ought to be set to compare or contrast with the results obtained in the experiments. This would help in the ascertainment of the results of the experiments to be true and not prejudiced. Forensics involves the application of scientific methodology in the legal field. Forensics involves the careful examination of a scene of a crime and extracting all the relevant evidence that could be used in a court of law to either implicate or exonerate a particular suspect from a case. This highlights the importance of forensic science in the world and the legal system in particular. There is, therefore, the need for the establishment of a detailed procedure that is to dictate the procedures followed in the observation of crime scenes and the analysis of forensic evidence and technology. This is to ensure that the results obtained are credible and are free of bias and prejudice.
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Get custom essayThe efficiency of the system also dictates the duration of the legal case and as it goes justice delayed is justice denied. There is also the need for competent forensic experts who can follow the set guidelines professionally and apply intelligent reasoning. The scientific method is incorporated into forensic science and criminology to come with factual conclusions through the careful observation of the evidence. The findings are mostly used in a court of law to aide in the exoneration of a suspect or his sentencing. The observations are later documented and stored for future reference purposes (Faigman, Kaye, Saks & Sanders, 1997).forensic helps all cases in court determine who is guilty and not guilty, however it is a tool not used in many countries that lack the ability to make cases. A lot of people go to jail without a fair trial, some people are found guilty just by eye witness statements. In the past 20 years forensic science have set a lot of people free who were convicted of a crime they never committed after they used DNA to identify they were not the suspects at all.
The main objective of the article is to orient the possibilities of using statistical methods both in education and in research in the areas of Social Work. Social Work and related research, such as Psychiatric Social Work, Medical Social Work, Community Development, Empowerment of rural women, Child rights, Trafficking of Women and Children and others, do require the use of statistical methods & techniques. In professional disciplines like Social Work, students are expected to be able to understand and apply basic statistical concepts, also practice in further projects. Social Workers use statistics for research and analysis of the project’s data in developmental projects, in writing proposals and impact / evaluation studies. Sometimes the research they need to do is a program analysis to determine how effective a Social Work program they have established is. Social Workers do other kinds of social research depending on the issues & problems.
Get original essaySociology and Social Work are the study of human society and social interactions. It is a vast field of study and includes a multitude of different fields. In this context, we need to explore the utilization of statistical models and methods in each of these areas. However, as social work profession deals with personal, group and community problems and issues of human attitude & behavior, it is not always possible to quantify and mathematically represent the parameters involved in these studies. Social work study and research involve extensive use of statistical analysis. For example; Regression models are typically used to study the relationships between various social parameters to conclude how or why a social phenomenon occurs. Mathematical models in Social work research used to study social phenomena, which are used to study the attitude and behavior of two individuals, forming the basis for social conventions. It is also used to study the racial separation in the population with the help of Schelling method, which examines the individual choices and behaviors that lead to shared combination.
Learning Statistics within Social Work Education: There are many benefits to a statistics course offered within the discipline. When social work students have a statistics instructor who is also a social worker, they have an opportunity to see a member of their profession who is comfortable, confident, and competent with this material.
Students may also be more likely to view the material as relevant. Unlike a service course, a statistics course offered within professional education would likely use examples from empirical studies that are related to practice. Moran (2005) noted that often statistics courses are taught differently from the core courses within the discipline. As Moran stated that Statistics could be taught in ways that are similar to other professional courses, such as emphasizing how statistics could be used to advocate for clients, analyze social justice issues, or “utilizing (students) own ideas as the medium for analyses throughout the course”. The similarities and overlap in method and content could help students see that statistics are indeed important and relevant to the rest of the curriculum.
In a professional discipline, the most important motivator to learn is a relevant connection to the field. This article describes the attitudes, levels of anxiety and confidence, and ability of students who took an accelerated brief, non-credit bearing statistics course within their Davis & Mirick / Teaching Statistics for social work graduate program compared to students who took a full semester, for credit course.
Feelings and Attitudes towards statistics: In this review, overall, there were no differences in students’ feelings and attitudes towards statistics based on the type of course taken. There was no significant association between feelings or attitudes towards statistics or statistical ability and the type of statistics course nor were there any significant differences in students’ ability to apply statistical concepts. Students who took the accelerated, non-credit statistics course were equally able to use statistics, and no more anxious or less confident because they spent less time in a statistics course. In fact, students in the non credit course were no more likely to support the lack of depth of the course as a barrier to their learning than those who took the full credit course, suggesting that students do not perceive the shorter length of the course as detrimental to their learning.
Practices and experiences of Social Work professionals: The United States, the professional organizations and accrediting bodies emphasize the importance of research to practice, including the use of quantitative methods.
In this context, code of ethics, the National Association of Social Workers (2008) admonishes social workers to “critically examine and keep current with emerging knowledge relevant to social work and fully use evaluation and research in their professional practice”. Students develop the ability to fulfill this ethical imperative through their social work education.
In courses on research and evaluation, they receive training in qualitative and quantitative methods that are used to produce evidence-based findings for enhancing social work practice, policy, and service delivery.
Social workers need to possess statistical knowledge and skills to critically analyze the professional literature, skillfully evaluate their own practice, and best serve their clients. When graduates of social work programs develop an appreciation and understanding of basic statistical concepts, Marson (2007) suggests: “great advances in the knowledge base and the evaluation of social work practice are sure to follow”.
This hopeful perspective is tempered by Knight’s (2015) findings that, despite feeling prepared by social work education to engage in evidence-based practice, many graduates do not employ this practice behavior, avoid literature that describes research, and do not understand the discussion of statistics in research articles.
About Instructor Qualities: Instructor Qualities Instructors can engage students in ways that promote statistics learning. They can bring humor to the topic, which is especially useful in engaging students who hold negative attitudes about statistics. Connections with students outside of the classroom positively affect learning. McGrath (2014) explored the role of instructors’ office hours in student success; students who met with an instructor and engaged in self-assessment improved their performance. As Neumann, Hood stated that the classroom assessment techniques are another tool with which instructors can encourage students to assess their developing competence and offer feedback about the course. This approach provides ongoing communication between the instructor and students, which can serve to strengthen their relationship.
“Statistics is a part of scientific methodology. Each and every aspect of social work applications especially in research statistics is very much essential. It deals with the collection, coding, tabulating, classification, description and interpretation of data obtained by conducting surveys and experiments. Its essential purpose is to describe and draw inferences about numerical properties of populations”.
Statistical methods have highly significant application and practice in social work research. Functions of statistics are numerous: the methods of descriptive statistics have an important application for describing natural phenomena; inferential statistics is used for inductive reasoning about unknown properties of a larger group using the known indicators of the causes; testing of hypothesis most frequently refers to the results of one, two or more causes, on the basis of which it is possible to draw conclusions on the issue /problem of the research, by accepting or refuting an initial hypothesis; regression and correlation analysis, in the most simple case, examines the influence and dependence between two or more variables. If the relationships of a greater number of variables are examined, this is multiple regression and correlation.
The study was descriptive in nature hence; researcher has adopted descriptive research design. For this study researcher was used secondary data from journals, books, websites and experiences gained in the profession.
For a detailed analysis of a multiple regression model it is necessary to introduce partial correlations and explain the relations between variables using partial correlation coefficient; application of chi-square distribution and chi-square test is important in cases with qualitative variables for which it is known or assumed that are interrelated. Chi-square test is quite a common test based on determining the sum of the quotient of the square of the difference between the observed and expected frequencies and expected frequencies.
As professional social work researchers got an experience in using Chi-square value is having multiple applications, for instance, testing equality of distributions, independence test, contingency coefficient C, and so on; nonparametric tests for independent and dependent samples have also important application in research in social work research. These tests primarily refer to attributive variables. What should also be mentioned is the importance of nonparametric tests in application of the variance analysis method with a single factor, on the basis of ranked data.
Statistic’s methods few applications are useful for deciphering patterns among data points collected from a cohort sample. In other words, when we have collected a bunch of data from a group of people who make up the sample, statistics are used to analyze this data, to group it in various ways that show relationships between the variables the questionnaires were designed to elicit.
Ultimately, the Social Workers try to draw inferences from the patterns revealed. Research hopefully provides us with a more realistic and accurate understanding of the groups of people we work with. It considers the importance that knowledge of data analysis has for social workers and examines the attitudes of educators in the field toward statistics. Statistics help in field of social work determine what areas need more social work intervention, which interventions are the most effective, which interventions are the most cost-efficient.
A statistical analysis must be required to get any project executive to support a new initiative or other upcoming best practice. As with any high demand/ limited resources venture, also we need to focus on the areas and services that will be statistically significant.
Professional social workers use statistics to document social inequality. For example, we use the Coefficient to determine the income distribution of residents of a country, to statistically compare two nations, for example. Also use statistics to determine if there are social differences between two groups of incarcerated people, or if there’s an ethnic pattern in children that are removed from their home.
In social work research, it details both quantitative and qualitative methods and data collection, as well as suggesting the methods appropriate to particular types of studies. It also covers issues such as ethics, social issues, gender and ethnicity, and offers advice on how to write up and present your research.'
Social work research may be defined as “the study of the relationship of professional social workers with their clients, such as the individuals, groups or communities on various levels of interaction or thereby as well as their realistic relationships and functioning within the organizational structure of social agencies. It may be briefly defined as systematic investigation into the problems in the field or social work. From the theoretical point of view, social work research re-examines the special body or knowledge, concepts and theories. But from the utilitarian or practical view point, it tries to evolve a systematize theory and valid concepts, so as to understand the efficacy of different methods / interventions of research work to find out innovative interventions or alternate treatments. Therefore, it can be maintained that social work research is concerned with the problems or issues encountered by social workers. It also includes these composite questions which console the social work practitioners or planners or administrators of social work armed forces whose solution remains in research and which are agreeable to investigation.
Furthermore, one finds hardly any important disparity between the operation of the scientific methods and techniques as used by social work research, in spite of the fact that when some research designs or procedures of research are not suitable to social work research, it would appear to have been necessary to develop the tools and techniques suitable to social work research. Two main statistical methods and techniques are used in data analysis: descriptive statistics, which summarize data from a sample using indexes such as the mean or standard deviation, and inferential statistics, which draw conclusions from data that are subject to random variation (e.g., observational errors, sampling variation).
Since the idea of crunching numbers often is enough to make undergraduate and graduate students cringe, many begin to question why social workers have to take statistics to fulfill their degree requirements. When looking through typical coursework for social workers, statistics is typically the course that social work majors least want to take for a variety of reasons, many of which are rooted in popular misconceptions on the subject. However, the following is a detailed explanation on why having a firm understanding on the apparently unrelated field of statistics is such a very important tool for graduates in order to achieve career success as a social work researcher.
Although it is often mistakenly equated with mathematics, statistics is actually more about developing logical reasoning than just number crunching. While it does help to have basic math skills to be successful in statistics, most of the complex calculations in statistics are done with easy-to-use computer software. When conducting social work research with the goal of advancing the knowledge in the field, statistics is an essential tool that enables social workers to draw a story out of the mountains of statistical data unearthed. According to the definition of statistics, it is the science of collecting, analyzing, summarizing, and making inferences from data sets. Since conducting research means you have to make sense of all the data compiled, statistics are enormously important for drawing accurate conclusions about the topic being examined in the research.
Despite the fact that statistics is even more vital for those who wish to devote their career to being a quantitative social work researcher, it is still important for all social workers to have a basic understanding on statistical analysis to be successful. In the majority of Master of Social Work (MSW) degree programs, you will be required to complete a capstone project that can lead to extensive amounts of quantitative or qualitative research. Having a foundational knowledge in statistics will ensure that you have the ability to work with large data sets and make completing your capstone project infinitely easier. Once you begin practicing, possessing statistical knowledge will also help you grasp the latest empirical research findings in social work to stay up-to-date on the most effective intervention techniques as well.
Since statistics is part of virtually every accredited social work program, it is important for social work students & professionals to be well-prepared for these courses by taking an undergraduate introductory statistics course before entering the program. Not only will having an introductory statistics course on your transcript give you a leg up with the admissions committee, but it will also give you a firm foundation in descriptive statistics, normal distribution, inference testing, and correlation for having a smooth transition to more advanced statistical analyses. Also, make sure that you devote enough time to master the material by taking a statistics course with a lighter course load, so you have the best chances at understanding the time-consuming content.
Social Workers and Social Work researchers use statistics for research, primarily. Sometimes the research they need to do is a program analysis to determine how effective a social program established. Social Workers do other kinds of social research, too. They may want to sample a number of high school teenagers to learn about prevalence of drug use and what kind of drugs are being used. They might want to do research about the effectiveness of a particular mode of therapy and to do this they may ask other Social Workers to complete questionnaires.
Statistics are useful for deciphering patterns among data points collected from a cohort sample. In other words, when you’ve collected a bunch of data from a group of people who make up your sample, statistics are used to analyze this data, to group it in various ways that show relationships between the variables the questionnaires were designed to elicit. Ultimately, Social Workers try to draw inferences from the patterns revealed. Research hopefully provides us with a more realistic and accurate understanding of the groups of people we work with.
As a current student taking statistics in social work, statistics are used by social workers, even if they are not in the process of doing research. Research and statistics inform social workers as to what are the best methods to be used, what populations are the most vulnerable, and a litany of other such questions. These become journal reports that are then scrutinized by peers. These become peer reviewed journal entries. If you are really that interested, do a Google scholar search for peer reviewed articles on any social work topic, from children, to mental health, to substance abuse, to minorities. You will find a glut of information that your local social worker will then try to implement in serving the public.
Social Workers always conduct research to try to learn the truth about social problems, what may be the real underlying causes of social problems, and to evaluate just how effective their interventions to problems are. Typically, Social Workers will use multiple question surveys which they give to a sample of people, or they use data from published tables (demographic, census, or other data). If thirty people are sampled with a ten question survey and each question on the survey is more or less answered the same, what does it mean? Before you can answer that you need to more precisely define “more or less the same. “ Statistics provides the method for doing this. Statistics gives us a number of ways to summarize the data in order to identify any patterns that may exist. Patterns help us to recognize how various social, environmental, or personal characteristics or processes may cause or influence certain social problems or how well certain interventions may elevate them. Statistics help us make sense of research
Depends on the types of research you want to do and the kind of software we can afford. If we want to conduct a pure quantitative research any software would work, but if you want to conduct a mixed research method (combining quantitative and qualitative), we would suggest to take a look at MaxQD. With regard to the affordability, to be careful and choose the software that will cost less and does utility of the packages. Data science approach involves three different domains, including programming, statistics, and a deep understanding of a specific topic. This last element involves specialized expertise, which can range from business to physics, including health care, and social services. Therefore, social work management can take advantage of data possibilities and improve interventions. Presently the specialized social workers use the following advanced software for both quantitative and qualitative data analysis;
Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS): SPSS is the most popular quantitative analysis software program used by social scientists. Made and sold by IBM, it is comprehensive, flexible, and can be used with almost any type of data file. However, it’s especially useful for analyzing large-scale survey data. This can be used to produce tabulated reports, charts, and plots of distributions and trends, as well as generate descriptive statistics such as means, medians, modes and frequencies in addition to more complex statistical analyses like regression models. Also this software provides a user interface that makes it easy and intuitive for all levels of users. Easily, perform analyses without having to write command syntax, like in other programs. It is also simple and easy to enter and edit data directly into the program. There are a few drawbacks, however, which might not make it the best program for some researchers. For example, there is a limit on the number of cases you can analyze. It is also difficult to account for weights, strata and group effects with SPSS.
STATA: This software is an interactive data analysis program that runs on a variety of platforms. It can be used for both simple and complex statistical analyses. This tool uses a point-and-click interface as well as command syntax, which makes it easy to use. This is also making it simple to generate graphs and plots of data and results. Analysis in STATA is centered on four windows: the command window, review window, result window and variable window. Analysis commands are entered into the command window and the review window records those commands. The variables window lists the variables that are available in the current data set along with the variable labels, and the results appear in the results window.
Qualitative Data Analysis Software provides a tool that helps with the qualitative research such as transcription analysis, coding and text interpretation, recursive abstraction, content analysis, and discourse analysis. CAQDAS is Computer assisted qualitative data analysis. Here there are few good qualitative data analysis tools;
Also in recent days, the Aquad, Mendeley and Transana soft ware is also good for social work research to get qualitative analysis based on our collected data and information. Nvivo is good software to use for qualitative data analysis. However you should keep in mind that the software is mostly for organizing and coding data. Therefore, it is always helpful to have a model or theory to provide a framework to your analysis.
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Get custom essayThe article states the use and importance of statistical methods in social work research. Due to the significance of statistical data analysis it is possible to apply adequate statistical methods, on which the value of acquired results and conclusions is based. We can say that presents the experience of applying statistical method in teaching social work research students. There are also some author’s results, related to applying statistical methods in the field of social work and related research. Lastly the author has focused highlights of using statistics referring to the relations of the most significant demography, socioeconomic, cultural, and ethnic and other aspects.
To what extent is Marxist criticism helpful in opening up potential meanings in 'London' by William Blake?
Get original essayBy applying a Marxist critique to William Blake’s poem ‘London’, the reader is able to gain insight into the human condition, corruption of society’s institutions and subjugation of the lower class. In attempting to understand these ideas Blake chooses to scrutinise 'the politics of class', through which he observes the 'socio-economic circumstances' of individuals, societies and ideologies. A study of the critical anthology allows us to conclude that authors are ‘constantly formed by their social contexts’ and in this respect Blake is no different, demonstrated by the impact of the French Revolution upon the poem. In ‘London’, he examines how the Government attempts to exert its influence in order to halt a similar uprising, evidenced by its control of the ‘charter’d streets’. Furthermore, as a poem written in the children’s book 'Songs of Innocence’, Blake elects to examine the world through the eyes of a child. Consequently, his vision is unfettered by societal expectation, empowering him to reveal the harsh reality of humanity. Additionally, the poem alludes to the notion that his empathy and childish naivety enables him to challenge the apparatus of power without prejudice. So, he is able to explore the difficulties of the lower class by presenting his own image of London.
When exploring social denotations within ‘London’, the concept of limitation is foregrounded in the Government’s control over the City. By describing the streets and river as ‘charter’d’, an association with legal rights and privileges, Blake shows how London is placed under the ‘legalised’ control of the aristocracy. Furthermore, Blake juxtaposes the notion of freedom and limitation within London through his description of the river, stating the ‘Thames does flow’ through the City, offering the suggestion of freedom, whilst yet submitting to being ‘charter'd’. This indicates that even the river has restrictions enforced upon it by the upper class. Therefore, Blake uses the idea of the Government’s control over nature as a means to highlight the powerlessness of the lower class.
Blake also explores the circumstances of ordinary Londoners within his poem. Through the use of anaphora, Blake’s repetition draws our attention to the imagery of 'the mind-forg'd manacles I hear’, implying they are created within the mind of the poet, not merely a physical constraint upon the Londoners. The manacles are not real, but are a metaphor to highlight the repression of the lower class, inviting the listener to observe how society has imposed its ideas and prejudices upon the poor. Like the ‘charter’d Thames’, the ‘manacles’ show us that the people have submitted to the control of the Government. This is reinforced by Bertens who states 'it is not the consciousness of men that determine their existence but their social existence that determines their consciousness'. Blake is suggesting that the people of London are unable to have autonomy, but instead they are following the intellectual and political ideas that are imposed upon them by the ruling class. This control is evidenced by the rigid structure of the poem and its alternating rhyme scheme. Thus, the mind is no longer presented as a source of freedom; rather it is used by society as a way of controlling and affirming class boundaries. Conversely, Blake’s presentation of the ‘mind-forg’d manacles’ can suggest that people are able to release themselves from this control. By showing how tyranny imposes its strength through enforcing its control over the lower class’s minds, Blake presents the notion of rebellion as a way to free minds from societal expectation. Yet, Bertens undermines this, writing that ‘minds aren’t free at all, they only think they are’.
To assist us in exploring the connotations of the human condition, Blake uses a choice of words that have great significance in how they engage the listener. Through his use of double entendre and metaphors, the speaker is able to highlight the hardships of the poor. The 'Marks of weakness, Marks of woe' ‘in every face I meet’ is presented as having both metaphorical and literal importance. We know that to mark, means either to make a scratch, or closely observe. Therefore, Blake may be observing the literal marks of age on every face, emphasising the physical hardships they endure. Alternatively, it could be suggested these marks are not physical, and by observing the people he imprints the marks upon them within his mind. Thus, Blake portrays both the physical hardship and the mental pressure society exerts upon the poor, a point that is reinforced by Bertens who states that 'the way we think and the way we experience the world around us are either wholly or largely conditioned by the way the economy is organised'. Consequently, we can understand that the lower class is unable to free themselves from the powers that supress them.
Analysis of the poem suggests that Blake uses metaphor as a tool to attack corruption within the institutions of London, primarily the Church and Royalty. By emphasising the use of child labour in the Church, a source of contention within society, Blake is able to challenge the institution and its commitment to the people. In stanza three, the speaker notes 'how the Chimney-sweepers cry, every blackening Church appals'. In a direct reference to the Church’s use of orphans in chimney sweeping, Blake raises the notion that through this practice the Church has become corrupt. The blackening of the Church is both a metaphorical and literal description, in which the 'blackening' raises awareness to its loss of innocence and purity. This proposes that the Church is dying ‘morally’ through its practice of child labour. In a literal sense, the soot from the chimneys blackens the skin of the orphans, so portraying the physical blackening of the Church.
Blake also uses the poem as a way to explore the effect of the corrupt institutions upon the people of London. Bertens tells us that 'Capitalism… thrives on exploiting its labourers'. In stanza three, the speaker shows us that the Palace is no different through the exploitation of the soldiers. By applying Marxist criticism to the metaphor 'And the hapless Soldiers sigh Runs in blood down Palace walls', alternative meanings are revealed within the poem. One interpretation of this metaphor perceives the Palace as having ‘blood on its hands’ through its endeavour to maintain control. Like the orphan chimney sweeps, the soldier is a slave to an institution that is using him to do its dirty work. Alternatively, the soldier’s sighing can be seen as an expression of his discontentment in his lack of power and authority to do anything about his situation. Like the chimney sweep, he is unable to take action against the institution that controls him. Instead, he must enforce the violent demands of the Palace that ultimately ends in the blood running down the Palace walls. Bertens explains how the soldier’s 'thought is subservient to, and follows the material conditions under which it develops’. He further reinforces this point, stating that ‘all of us function as objects and become alienated from ourselves'. However, an alternative interpretation of the soldiers sigh reveals revolutionary potential in the blood on the Palace walls. This ‘graffiti’ is a sign of discontentment in which we see that the soldier’s thoughts are not subservient to the Palace demands and he is able to gain independence from the Palace.
In the last stanza, Blake uses contrast and incongruity within society to explore the worsening conditions within London. Through the speaker, the difference between fallen women and their innocent children is revealed. In a world where ‘the youthful Harlots curse blasts the new-born infants tear’, we are exposed to the disaffection of society where these fallen women are ‘attacking’ children with their curses. Either unwilling or unable to comfort these crying children, the Harlots have been labelled with societal prejudices. Blake suggests that the conditions faced by these people have caused them to decay physically, morally and spiritually. Thus, he places blame on society for pushing fallen women toward corrupt and immoral practices such as prostitution. The harlot's curse, a metaphor describing her life and fallen status, allows Blake to suggest it is society’s fault that the harlot ‘blights with plagues the Marriage hearse ’. Hence, the institution of marriage is tarnished both by the diseases her profession may bring into her marriage and also her status as a Harlot. This ‘blight’ is further explored through the semi-oxymoronic phrase ‘marriage Hearse’, which contrasts a symbol of life with death. By challenging the institution of marriage upon which society is based, the speaker presents the institution as being impure through its loss of innocence.
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Get custom essayMarxist criticism is a useful technique that allows the listener to develop meaning and is particularly relevant due to the social issues raised within Blake’s writing. His deliberate use of metaphor enables the listener to gain valuable insight into the concerns of the time and is helpful when interpreting the significance of social inequality that existed.
Researchers knew that effort intensity is a major factor in setting up an exercise program, and while studies have been conducted on land environment, such as running, field sports, etc. there are different results in aquatic environments. Fabiane Graef and Luiz Kruel wrote a review article compiled from various studies about how effort intensity differs between normal exercises and ones that take place in water. The authors made no hypothesis, yet they reviewed different works to support their study. The amount of participants in the studies is unknown, as the groups differ along with the number of studies the authors reviewed for the aquatic exercise article.
Get original essayEffort intensity is mostly determined by heart rate and subjective perception of effort, yet heart rate is the easiest to measure. In most studies, the researchers recorded changes in heart rate from exercises on land versus aquatic, and it became evident that heart rate decreases when doing exercises in water, such as swimming or running in shallow water. When the human body is free, floating and less affected by gravity, more blood is pumped and the systolic volume of the heart increases, therefore reducing heart rate. In water gymnastics, it is decreased even more because more muscles are at work in the water than on land, like when both arms and legs are used to swim, and more blood needs to be pumped to those muscles. The heart rate lowers even if a person is relaxing in the water, and there is a great amount of difference in beats per minute from relaxing in water to aquatic gymnastics. It was also found that heart rate decreases more for men than women. There were some aquatic exercises, like water cycling, that were less effective in reducing people’s heart rate dynamically.
Limitations for the study of aquatic exercises included whether the heart rate would be altered by how deep the person would be in the water, and the water’s temperature. According to the review of studies, decreased heart rate can be caused by deeper immersion in water, and by lower, colder temperatures. When the human body is within or submerged in water, hydrostatic pressure causes blood to make a venous return to the heart, thereby increasing systolic volume and decreasing the rate of beats per minute. In lower aquatic temperatures, the blood also rushes to the heart to maintain body heat, and also causes an increase in the amount of blood pumped through the heart.
As for subjective perception of effort, the Borg’s Rate of Perceived Effort Scale is a useful tool to indicate an individual’s workout intensity. The results of the scale, however, may be hindered by differentiated patterns of repetitive motor gestures, and the exercise’s duration.
The authors basically came to understand that heart rate decreased in the water, influenced by pressure and body heat, and that the rate can also be affected by immersion, temperature and body position. Subjective perceptions of effort can be used to measure effort intensity with the Borg scale, however heart rate may be more reliable.
The author’s review of aquatic exercise studies supports that exercising in water environments may be healthier than normal workout conditions. The occupation of numerous muscles and a lower heart rate results in more blood being pumped, which signifies more oxygen intake, without fatigue. Aquatic exercises can result in more efficient fat loss because the body can work harder without tiring early, unlike exercises on land.
Aquinas emphasizes that the universe is the first universe intellect. It enables man to strive towards faith. Additionally, it comes through God directly and it is complete and self-sufficient. On the other hand, Aquinas believes that we can never achieve complete or final happiness in this life. For him, final happiness consists of beatitude or supernatural union with God. Such an end lies far beyond what we through our natural human capacities can attain. For this reason, we not only need the virtues, but we also need God to transform our nature so that we might be suited to participate in divine beatitude. Thus we need God's help to restore the good of our nature and bring us into conformity with his will.
Get original essayAlso, his meta-ethical views provide an ideal background for understanding other features of his moral philosophy such as the nature of human action, virtue, natural law, and the ultimate end of human beings. While contemporary moral philosophers tend to address these subjects as discrete topics of study, Aquinas’s treatment of them yields a bracing, comprehensive view of the moral life. This paper presents these subjects in a way that illuminates their interconnected roles. Moreover, Aquinas believes that we inherited a propensity to sin from our first parent, Adam. To this end, God imbues us with his grace which comes in the form of divinely instantiated virtues and gifts.
One, Aquinas argues that everything that exists in the world is good. Everything and every person that exist have some degree of goodness. Existence things in the world include corruptible and incorruptible things. Corruptible things can be defined as items that can easily lose goodness. Incorruptible things can be defined as things cannot be made any worse. However, something can exist without any goodness at all. (Gaine 255-268)
The only remedy to this fact is to deny the existence of things that have no goodness. Additionally, goodness and being are the same. Being is almost equivalent to what is actual or existing. By contrast, evil has no actuality in its own right. Evil can be defined as the deprivation of what is actual. Also, evil loses everything even the good of existence. Goodness can be more or less but being cannot be more or less because goodness is a relative property.
On the other hand, members of the same species can enjoy different grades of maturity or completeness. As Norman Kretzmann and Eleonore Stump explain, something may be “a more or less fully developed actualized specimen” For example, a healthy adult dog is more developed that is, more actualized than a puppy, whose fledgling state prevents it from participating in those activities characteristic of more mature, nurturing their young,
The actuality referred to here is what Aquinas dogs He says: “by its substantial being, everything is said to have being simply; but by any further actuality it is said to have being relatively” . The idea of “relative being” refers to the quality that accrues when a living thing exercises its species-defining capacities and, in turn, becomes a more perfect. Again, by “more perfect” Aquinas simply means “more actual.” For “anything whatever is perfect to the extent that it is in actuality, since potentiality without actuality is imperfect.
Two, human goodness depends on performing the activities that are in accord with our human nature. It can be grouped into cognitive and appetitive nature. Cognitive helps us understand and know the good and bad. Cognitive nature can be divided into 3 major steps according to Aquinas. Paying attention to our environment norms and values. Perception which includes capturing, finding and assessing situations to determine the bad and good. Reasoning, this is including internalizing and deciding whether to do the good or bad. Appetitive nature apprehends the goodness that something has. It is the will and desire to understand the good. The will to be motivated to do good.
From the abbreviated account of intellect and will provided thus far, it may appear that the intellect necessitates the will’s acts by its own evaluative portrayals of goodness. Yet Aquinas insists that no single account of the good can necessitate the will’s movement. Most goods do not have a necessary connection to happiness. That is, we do not need them in order to be happy; thus the will does not incline to them of necessity. According to Aquinas, the will does not incline necessarily to these goods, either. For in this life we cannot see God in all his goodness, and thus the connection between God, virtue, final happiness will always appear opaque. Aquinas writes: “until through the certitude of the Divine Vision the necessity of such connection be shown, the will does not adhere to God of necessity, nor to those things which are of God.
Three, Virtues. They can be defined as the behaviors showing high levels of morals in a person. They include justice, temperance, prudence, and culture. (Aroney 419-486) Justice can be defined as equality among all people. Also, there exist four types of justice. Commutative, distributive social and legal. Commutative is the principle of equality, distributive can be defined as the common welfare of sharing equally what God has created. Social states that everyone has a right to a fair say in the society and legal justice is the rightful obligations that the Government owes the citizens.
Human virtues form the soul with the habits of mind and will that support moral behavior, control passions, and avoid sin. Virtues guide our conduct according to the dictates of faith and reason, leading us toward freedom based on self-control and toward joy in living a good moral life. Compassion, responsibility, a sense of duty, self-discipline and restraint, honesty, loyalty, friendship, courage, and persistence are examples of desirable virtues for sustaining a moral life. Historically, we group the human virtues around what are called the Cardinal Virtues.
Lastly, Aquinas’s Natural Law Theory contains four different types of law: Eternal Law, Natural Law, Human Law, and Divine Law. The way to understand these four laws and how they relate to one another is via the Eternal Law, so it’s better to start thereby “Eternal Law’” Aquinas means God’s rational purpose and plan for all things. And because the Eternal Law is part of God’s mind then it has always, and will always, exist.
The Eternal Law is not simply something that God decided at some point to write. Aquinas thinks that everything has a purpose and follows a plan. He, like Aristotle, is a teleologist and believes that every object has a telos; the acorn has the telos of growing into an oak; the eye a telos of seeing; a rat of eating and reproducing. If something fulfills its purpose/plan, then it is following the Eternal Law Aquinas thinks that something is good in as far as it fulfills its purpose or plan. This fits with common sense. A good eye is one which sees well, an acorn is good if it grows into a strong oak tree.
All things considered, the universal is first in the intellect. Aquinas argues that one cannot be fully happy in this world. It can only be found if one has a supernatural union with God. Also, everything that exists in the world has its level of goodness. Incorruptible things cannot be made worse whereas corruptible things can lose goodness in them. Also, human goodness depends on performing an act that is in accord with our human nature. It can be grouped into cognitive and appetitive nature.
Virtues guide our conduct according to the dictates of faith and reason, leading us toward freedom based on self-control and toward joy in living a good moral life. He, like Aristotle, is a teleologist and believes that every object has a telos; the acorn has the telos of growing into an oak; the eye a telos of seeing; a rat of eating and reproducing. If something fulfills its purpose/plan, then it is following the Eternal Law Aquinas thinks that something is good in as far as it fulfills its purpose or plan. This fits with common sense. A good eye is one which sees well, an acorn is good if it grows into a strong oak tree.
Many questions have been asked about the Arabian Peninsula. Questions such as what is the geography of the peninsula, and how Muslims are perceived around the world. Now, those questions have been answered.
Get original essayThe Arabian Peninsula is located in Middle-East Asia. Countries considered part of the peninsula are Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. The peninsula is bounded by the Persian Gulf to the northeast, the Strait of Hormuz and Gulf of Oman to the east, the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Aden to the south, the Bab-El-Mandeb to the southwest, and the Red Sea to the west. The peninsula is also more mountainous to the south, and more desert towards the north. The Arabian Desert, also the largest desert in Asia, is divided into three key parts. An Nafud, Ad Dahna, and Rub’al Khali. An Nafud is the farthest north and is considered an era, or a large sand sheet. Ad Dahna is the longest part and most central. Finally, Rub’al Khali is known as the largest sand desert in the world, stretching to Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates. The Sarawat is the largest mountain range on the peninsula, stretching from the border of Jordan and Saudi Arabia to the Gulf of Aden in Yemen. Another mountain range, the Hejaz mountain range, runs north of the peninsula-south along the east coast of the Red Sea. This range is one of the two major mountain ranges in the Arabian Peninsula, along with the Asir mountain range. Along with that, The Najd, meaning “highland, is a vast plateau that occupies central Arabian Peninsula. The plateau stretches south and southwest to the northeast with elevations of 760-1525 m. The eastern half of the plateau is extremely fertile. Like, Mesopotamia fertile. In conclusion, the peninsula has many features geographically, and most of them contribute to the environment in a positive way.
Map of Arabian Peninsula Next, we researched the history of oil production in the Arabian Peninsula. Beginning in 1922, Ibn Saud meats New Zealand engineer Major Frank Holmes. During World War 1, rumors sparked up about oil seeps contained in the Persian Gulf region. But in 1923, the king signed a concession allowing Holmes to search for oil in Saudi Arabia. Together, Holmes and Saud created a sort of travel team to go in search of the lost treasure. They searched for 2 years, but came up with only tiny amounts. About 7 years later, companies such as SOCAL, CASOC, and the Texas Oil Company created CALTEX, an Arabian business empire, to search for large amounts of oil. Eventually, on March 1938, CALTEX strikes oil in a promising site named “Dammam No.7”. In 1943, the Arabian American Oil Company (ARAMCO), agreed to give the Arab government high amounts of free kerosene and gasoline. This created a spark of conflict between the government and citizens of Saudi Arabia. The Yom Kippur War (October 6-25, 1982), was a conflict for certain oil controls in the peninsula between Egypt/Syria and Israel. The Israel military won the war. After the war, the price of oil in the Middle East, the price of oil increased drastically, allowing the area to become very wealthy. In 1982, ARAMCO lost a lot of land, business, and other key factors of the business. 6 years later, ARAMCO was bought out by Saudi Arabia and became known as Saudi Aramco. Due to the high amounts of oil in the peninsula, constructions of pipelines became necessary. So, the Trans-Arabian Pipeline Company’s pipeline, the Tapline, was born. This pipeline greatly increased efficiency and transportation of oil, but had some short lines too. Issues of taxes and reconstruction plagued it for several years. Eventually, the pipeline was shut down in 1983.There are environmental issues all throughout the word due to oil usage. There have been a lot of oil spills in the oceans throughout the years. This caused water pollution which caused a lot of marine animals to be harmed or even die. Also some oil spills on land caused fires that eventually ruined woodlands, grasslands, etc. Construction activities that use oil, destroy the vegetation of the environments and allow erosion to happen which is a big environmental issue. Also oil wells cause air pollution which contributed to the climate change. Oil construction and wells also make noise pollution for the wildlife living there and disrupt their migration paths. In conclusion, oil usage is a big reason why the environment is damaged.
In Saudi Arabia, there is a number of rules that apply to the people who visit. One is you cannot criticize the royal family or Islam. If you do criticize them, you will get a severe punishment. Also, there is zero tolerance towards drugs. If you are drug trafficking or if you are a drug offender, you will be sentenced to death. Another rule is you cannot photograph anyone that lives there without their consent or holy sites, official buildings, or military and government institutions. Their next rule for expats is if you import, possess, manufacture, and/or consumption pork, alcohol, or drugs, you will be penalized. Another caution for outsiders of Islam is you should not get involved in public displays of affection, such as holding hands. The last rule that I will include is that homosexuality, prostitution, and adultery are illegal. You will be punished by death if you do so. Although Saudi Arabia has very strict laws, it is still has a lot of positives.
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Muslims are perceived differently all throughout the world. During my research, I found out that 72% of Hungary, 69% of Italy, 66% of Poland, 65% of Greece, 50% of Spain, 35% of Netherlands, 35% of Sweden, 29% of France, 29% of Germany, and 28% of the United Kingdom view Muslims unfavorably. You may have noticed that America isn’t shown in the studies. America has perceived Muslims differently ever since 9/11. When 9/11 happened, anyone who was Muslim or Arab was targeted as terrorists instead of America just targeting the terrorist group. The stereotypes have decreased, but the Muslim stereotypes still exist today. But not all Americans view Muslims this way. Another viewpoint is that Muslims shouldn’t be treated differently, when only one certain group of Muslims did the damage. There are a lot of different viewpoints of Muslims throughout the world, but only a small amount is good. Now that we have answered some of these questions above, you are now a tad more educated on the Arabian Peninsula.
In the Odyssey, Homer uses architecture and landscape as metaphors for the personalities of the people to which each respective architectural description relates. For this reason, a strong emphasis is placed on explicit details when depictions of homes, land, and interior design are mentioned. To further explore this notion, I will discuss the way in which Homer describes the architecture of Circe’s home and how that can be considered a reflection of the traits associated with Circe. In the case of Circe, Homer uses the approach of taking the reader on two journeys at once. He starts by describing her surroundings and then creates imagery of her actual home and finally takes the reader inside her house. This geographic journey mirrors the journey he takes us on of Circe’s personality as he uses the journey to show the reader her various traits. From this journey, the reader learns that Circe is alone, unpredictable, inviting, and vulnerable, among other qualities. In this paper, I intend to elaborate on the idea of taking the reader on a tour of Circe’s persona using the tour of her living space which Homer already gives us in book X.
Get original essayThe first quality of Circe’s which the reader is exposed to is her loneliness and isolation. Homer immediately reveals that Circe resides on an island that has a “beach of barren water” (X, 157-179).First of all, the idea that Circe lives on this island perpetuates the possibility of Circe suffering from loneliness as her home seems to be secluded from others. This is evidently confirmed when Circe yearns for Odysseus to stay with her and even proposes that she and Odysseus have sex, not because of the pleasure which she may feel from it, but because it may lead to the establishment of trust. Circe’s desire for Odysseus to stay and to establish a sense of trust with him echoes the idea that she is lonely and in need of company. Not just any form of company but one which she can develop a meaningful relationship with. The need to have “faith and trust” (X. 161-335) with someone she just met also proposes the notion that Circe may be paranoid about her relationships with people. This insinuates that she finds it difficult to trust others. Furthermore, Homer seems to specifically use the word barren to describe the beach because it reminds the reader that metaphorically and literally Circe may also be barren as she has no family or children of her own which only further intensifies her loneliness as well as the lack of love in her life. Circe’s personality seems to be heavily influenced by the lack of people she has in her life. Circe’s isolation is essentially the foundation for the rest of her traits.
Subsequently, Homer then explores the unpredictable and jagged nature of Circe’s persona. He does this by offering more imagery of the island. When Homer writes that Odysseus “climbed to a rocky point” (X. 156-148), the reader discovers that the island is rocky which implies that it may be difficult to navigate as rocks are usually rough and uneven. The rocky makeup of her island is a reflection of how she makes it difficult for people to figure out her true intentions which in turn also makes her difficult to navigate. This is substantiated by her initial niceness towards Odysseus’s men which is contrastingly followed by her decision to turn them into pigs with a potion. From this example, it is clear that Circe is indeed someone whose true intentions may never be known, making her personality easily categorized as questionable. In this way, the land around Circe not only provides us with imagery but helps to develop Circe as a character as she becomes more dynamic with the exhibition of different dispositions. Navigating rocky territory also requires one to be careful. In fact, one will only be able to navigate the landscape successfully if well prepared. Since Circe shows that she is a sneaky individual, this scenery mirrors her personality. This is further emphasized when Hermes givies Odysseus the herb moly as well as a strategy before he encounters Circe. This just shows that Circe is too complex for one to risk approaching while unequipped. This also underlines her wittiness.
Speaking of Circe’s questionable temperament, Circe’s deceptive behavior is elaborated on in more detail as Homer continues to provide architectural descriptions. When describing the exterior design of her house, Homer points out that her house is “put together from stones” yet also mentions that the stones are “well polished” (X. 157-210). The reason this description is essential to take a closer look at is because when one thinks about stones, one thinks about the way in which they are hard, cold, and unappealing but in the case of the stones which make up Circe’s home, they happen to be cleaned and made to look more appealing to the eye. The juxtaposition of ‘well polished’ and ‘stones’ suggests that these stones are outwardly beautiful but one must not forget that they still have the underlying qualities which make them plain and unattractive objects. The well polished stones can be compared to Circe as she seems to be very inviting and friendly on the outside but can not suppress her evil emotions on the inside. Just like the stones, it is easy to appreciate Circe upon first interaction and even forget that she is a monster. The stone metaphor reminds us that regardless of how affable she initially is, it is beyond her power to rid herself of the inherent ‘hard, cold, and unappealing’ traits which she displays throughout book X.
Without a doubt, it is admirable to observe how Circe manages to create an image of herself which at first paints her to be amiable. From the moment we are introduced to Aiaia, the reader is told that the harbor which Odysseus and his men pull into is “fit for ships to lie” (X. 156-141). As a result, when the above portrayal of the harbor is subsequently given, it is insinuated that Circe is always ready to receive guests and actually looks forward to having company. This connection can be drawn because for someone who lives away from other creatures, the idea that her harbor is perfectly suited for a ship to fit is odd. It is clear that she remains optimistic about receiving guests. Moreover, Circe’s home is said to be in an “open place” which conveys the message that Circe is a welcoming individual. Again, this is particularly bizarre because she is situated in the middle of a forest so it is as though she purposely makes the surroundings of her house look and feel open to create the impression that she is. The image of an open place triggers thoughts of airiness which is a desirable trait when referring to a place. This, in turn, creates the illusion that Circe must have appealing traits. She does not fail to emulate this as mentioned before, when she acts in a very hospitable way towards Odysseus’s men.
Despite the scene in which the reader is given a glimpse of Circe’s potential to be a decent person, Homer reels the reader back by continuing to expand on his characterization of Circe as an evil monster. The reader is told that Aiaia “lies low” (X. 157-211) and that Circe’s home is located in the midst of “undergrowth and forest” (X. 156-150). The hidden nature of her home and island highlights Circe’s secretive ways. It raises the question- what does Circe have to hide? This question is answered as it is revealed that Circe actually has a pigsty specifically for men who she usually transforms into swines using her potion which apparently no man can stand up from once it has “passed the barrier of his teeth” (X. 329). Due to the exclusivity of her location, she is able to perform all the evil deeds her heart desires without suffering any consequences as no one knows about them but her. It can be concluded that Circe is someone who likes to get away with doing whatever she wants. Accordingly, the assumption can be made that Circe is well aware of her evilness and embraces it. She even seems to take pride in it as she boldly tells Odysseus that no one else can overcome the effects of her potion.
The final evil trait of Circe’s that the reader is exposed to is her possessiveness. An important detail which is shared about Aiaia is that an “endless sea lies all in a circle around it” (X. 157-195). An island enclosed by an endless sea seems to be one which would be hard to escape from. Similarly, Circe makes it very hard for people to leave her presence. She does all that it takes to ensure that people do not have the chance to elude her. Whether she has to charm them or agree to an oath, Circe will ensure that she has the company of whom she pleases. She intentionally puts individuals in positions which make it hard for them to escape her just like the endless sea which encircles the island. Consequently, the description of an endless sea accurately depicts this trait. Also, islands are already known to be surrounded by water so the fact that Homer explicitly mentions this detail regarding Aiaia demonstrates how Homer creatively uses the landscape to reflect Circe’s attribute of being possessive.
The last stop on this tour of Circe’s traits depicts Circe’s more humanlike qualities. To explain this, Homer uses descriptions of the interior decor of Circe’s home. Therefore while Homer takes the reader inside Circe’s home, he also takes the reader inside Circe’s being. The reader finally gets a glimpse of the more intimate components of who Circe is. Circe’s bed is referred to as “beautiful” (X. 161-347) while her coverlets are described as “splendid and stained in purple” (X. 161-352), which are both very positive descriptions. The beauty of Circe’s bed, an item which is very unique to everyone and is located in one of the most private areas of a home indicates that in the depths of who Circe is, she has the ability to be a genuinely goodhearted person. This is most evident when she holds up her side of her agreement with Odysseus and finally changes his men back to humans. After the reader is exposed to all of the negative aspects of Circe’s persona, the reader finally gets a sense of Circe having an authentically appealing side to her. In addition, the aforementioned ethereal description of her coverlets also represents Circe’s gracefulness and delicacy. Splendid signifies that the coverlets are alluring while purple is usually associated with nobility and other positive attributes. Circe eventually shows typically humanlike qualities when she displays signs of fear after Odysseus pulls his sword on her. This event shows that Circe can be fragile and that even though she is evil, she still has the ability to feel non-monstrous emotions. Lastly, her gracefulness is witnessed when she notices Odysseus’s sorrow and his lack of appetite. Circe immediately seems to feel guilt and tries to alleviate his pain by changing his men back which was a rather noble and graceful gesture.
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Get custom essayThat marks the end of the tour. Through the analysis of Circe’s living space, the reader is allowed to familiarize him/herself with Circe’s character. Since Circe evidently has trust issues and is a bit dangerous to interact with personally, the reader is able to get closer to her through other avenues such as the use of her surroundings as an extended metaphor for who she really is. After learning about Circe and her home, it can be concluded that Circe is very dynamic as she has a considerable number of contrasting qualities. A tour of the different aspects which constitute her home is definitely a potent way to reflect this facet of her character.
8086 Microprocessor is an advanced version of microprocessor 8085 that was designed by Intel in the year 1976. It consists of powerful instruction set, which provides operations like multiplication and division easily. 8086 is a 16-bit microprocessor which has 20 address lines and16 data lines that provide up to 1MB storage. It has two modes of operation: Max mode and Min mode. Max mode is suitable for a system having multiple processors and Min mode is suitable for a system having a single processor.
Get original essayMicroprocessor 8086 is divided into two different parts: BIU (Bus Interface Unit) and EU (Execution Unit).
BIU takes care of all data and address transfers on the buses for the EU like fetching instructions from the memory, sending addresses, reading as well as writing data from the ports and memory. Only the BIU has a direct connection with the System Buses and the EU and BIU are connected with the internal bus.
BIU has the following parts:
EU gives instructions to the Bus Interface Unit stating from where it has to fetch the data and decode and execute the instructions. Its function is to control the operations on data using the instruction decoder and the ALU. Execution Unit has no direct connection with the system buses, it performs operations over data through the BIU.
Parts of the Execution Unit:
ALU: ALU stands for Arithmetic and Logical Unit. It handles all the arithmetic and logical operations, like +, -, ×, /, ||, &&,! o2perations.
Flag Registers: It is a 16-bit register which behaves like a flip-flop i.e it changes its status according to the result stored in the accumulator. It has 9 flags which are divided into 2 groups: Conditional Flags and Control Flags.
Conditional Flags: They show the result of the last arithmetic and logical operation stored in the accumulator.
Control Flags: These flags control the operations of the Execution Unit.
There are 8 general purpose registers, i.e., AH, AL, BH, BL, CH, CL, DH, and DL.These registers can be used individually to store 8bit data and can be used in pairs to store 16bit data. The valid register pairs are AH and AL, BH and BL, CH and CL, and DH and DL.It is referred to the AX, BX, CX and DX respectively.
Stack pointer is a 16-bit register which holds the address from the start of the segment to the memory location, where data was most recently stored on the stack.
Cell phone usage has negative effects on your health - this is the fact that can be either a true or a false statement. Nevertheless, there is still a question that sounds like "Are cell phone really dangerous?". My purpose for this essay is to analyse both sides of the statement and make conclusions. Today’s cell phones use EHF (Extremely High Frequency) or microwaves that are a similar technology our microwave ovens are supported. As a result we tend to grew up victimization, individuals don't even consider the doable negative health consequences of victimization their mobile phone.
Get original essayWe have solely been victimization wireless communication technology for the last thirty years. There aren't massive enough studies conducted over long enough periods of your time to return to the conclusion that this technology is safe. cigaret smoking and even X-Rays wherever once thought to be safe, till enough info came to light-weight to prove the risks of victimization them. Most of the main studies are exhausted countries that have a monetary stake within the producing of cell phones. intercommunication system is one in all the most important studies ever done. It transpire over the course of 10 years and enclosed the analysis of thirteen totally different countries, comprising subjects from the age of 30-59. Even with massive studies like intercommunication system, there are on going debates concerning what the info really means that, therefore with no conclusive results the report remains unpublished. “But one factor all of them agree on is that additional analysis is required”. Another issue concerned is that the technology being employed is speedily evolving; this incarnation of the mobile phone is a smaller amount than 10 years previous. The Stewart Report from the International specialists cluster on Mobile Phones claims “New Telecommunications technologies are introduced while not full provision of data concerning their nature and without previous discussion inside the scientific community about the results for health.” The analysis is static whereas the technology is dynamic.
Using a mobile phone delayed against your ear will increase your risk of obtaining cancer or brain tumors because of the proximity of the radiations’ supply to the pinnacle and brain. There are several studies accessible that indicate a link between numerous forms of cancer and mobile phone usage. A study exhausted Sverige by Dr. Lennart Hardwell showed that the danger of acoustic tumour and brain tumor are inflated from 20% (low grade giloma) to 400% (high grade giloma) by future itinerant use (>10 years), highest risk class being ipsilateral exposure. Dr. Ronald B. Herberman, MD and Director of the University of Pittsburg Cancer Institute and UPMC Cancer Center testified before the Domestic Policy commission Oversight and Government Reform Committee “My attention was directed to an oversized body of proof, as well as professional analyses showing absorption of RF into the brain and therefore the comprehensive Bioinitiative Report, review of experimental and public health studies inform to potential adverse life effects of RF signals, as well as brain tumors, related to long-run and frequent use of cell phones command to the ear.” Dr Herberman felt powerfully enough concerning the association between inflated cancer risk and employing a mobile phone that he issued a warning to his workers including ten careful steps to scale back exposure to the RF radiation.
Sources like the North Food and Drug Administration and therefore the American Cancer Society have found mobile phone usage has not been directly connected to an inflated risk of brain, and alternative cancers. The us Food and Drug Administration is that the administrative unit answerable for evaluating and control the security of merchandise that emit radiation. These merchandise cowl medical to diversion physics. The office web site below the subject of Radiation emitting merchandise, health problems, a straightforward question is asked and answered, “Do cell phones cause a health hazard?” The solution clearly states the scientific proof has not evidenced that cell phones cause cancer or the other health problems. The yankee Cancer Society has evaluated near to thirty studies that were centered on the connection between tumors and mobile phone usage. The results of those studies are similar. “Most studies don't show a “dose-response relationship” — an inclination for the danger of brain tumors to extend with increasing mobile phone use, which might be expected if mobile phone use caused brain tumors.” Definitely these organizations are credible and don't have any monetary interest within the outcome of this polemical health topic.
Because the RF levels emitting are thus low, there's no direct link between mobile phones and health problems. consistent with the office mobile phone levels of RF are low putt them into the vary of microwaves. Microwaves turn out non-ionizing radiation, to not be confused with radiation like gamma or x-rays that will have a harmful impact on biological tissue. The Federal Communications Commission defines a biological impact as a measurable modification in an exceedingly biological system. The presence of a biological modification doesn't translate into one thing that's biologically harmful. once the biological impact “causes detectable impairment of the health of the individual or of his or her offspring” it's categorised as harmful to ones safety. These RF levels are solely at their peak once really transmission and receiving, that limits the quantity of exposure.
The office declared that no prove existed that cellular phones are dangerous, but if individuals still have apprehension there several preventive ways which will be established to additional decrease exposure to the already low level of RF energy.
Radiation protection is supported on the premise that there's no safe quantity of radiation. we must always apply this approach once brooding about however and once we use our cellular phones despite the fact that they emit non-ionizing radiation. All the negative health implications of long-run mobile phone usage are still unknown. Brain tumors take a minimum of ten to twenty years to manifest themselves. Taking a lesson instructed to United States from history with the health problems related to x-rays and cigarettes, we want to require a additional conservative approach once employing a mobile phone. Cell phones are currently rated for the way abundant specific absorbed rate per kilo (SAR) they emit. There are several sources on the net that compare the particular absorbed rate of phones from numerous makers. opt for a mobile phone model that emits an occasional quantity of radiation to start with. As shoppers we must always demand that objective studies be done over an extended amount of your time employing a variety of subjects considerably relative to the quantity of individuals victimization this technology. These studies should be conducted by specialists within the health profession conversant in finding out the mechanism of the causes of cancer. we must always pressure our lawmakers to place in situ additional rigorous needs once it involves minimizing the particular absorbed rate and improve the planning to reduce. whereas not inside the scope of this paper, i'd be negligent to not mention the importance of dominant the mobile phone usage of our children; their bodies are way more vulnerable to the results of RF radiation. The largest challenge is to form individuals perceive that nobody is asking them to prevent victimization their mobile phone. Cell phones are a useful communication technology. For your own well being which of your family please remember of the risks and the way to limit the results of them.
There has been a great deal of controversy in school districts around the world on whether or not school uniforms should be made mandatory. Though public schools started using uniforms back in the 1980s, the debate on whether they are beneficial or not started in 1994 when the use of uniforms in school started to become widespread. The district of Long Beach, California was the first in the nation to decide to make it mandatory for students enrolled in elementary and middle schools to wear uniform. They did this because gang violence was becoming increasingly apparent and the district did not want the children showing up in gang attire. Some find uniforms to be extremely beneficial to the children and atmosphere of the school but others believe there are more downsides than up. Opponents of school uniforms often mention that students are being limited on their ability to express themselves freely.
Get original essayIn the sixties, students used clothing as a means of expression to indicate a general attitude to the world or to show they are part of a clique or following. An example of this is the Tinker v Des Moines decision where the Supreme Court defended the students’ right to wear black armbands to protest the Vietnam War in 1969. This was the start of a precedent for freedom of attire. In New York and Idaho a ban on women wearing pants was lifted and in Idaho, a ban on blue jeans was lifted as well. These cases help strengthen the trend of young people wanting to dress how they feel without any restrictions. Letting children in school dress the way they want gives them a feeling of empowerment as if the schools are sending a message that they are maturing and are becoming more self-determined. A popular message in modern times is to “be yourself” or “be unique” and uniforms put that to a halt.
Schools nowadays are trying to send the message of diversity but making school uniforms mandatory completely contradicts that. Especially while children are growing up, they need to be able to feel like they have a say in the clothes they wear to help identify with themselves. Seamus, a 16-year old transgender boy from Ireland, spoke against his school’s new uniform policy. He said “…sitting in a blouse and skirt all day made me feel insanely anxious. I was not taken seriously. This is atrocious and damaging to a young person’s mental health; that uniform nearly destroyed me.” (McGuire, Peter) Children constantly feeling like they do not belong at school is not the right way to go. If a male prefers to dress in “female fashion”, school uniforms should not limit that and vice versa. School uniform policies are unnecessarily strict on how a student should dress and promote conformity rather than individuality. Along with the lack of freedom and and individuality, school uniforms tend to be more on the expensive side. Families that are poor or financially struggling are being imposed with extraneous financial hardships.
According to a 2016 study by the National Center for Education Statistics, fifty-three percent of schools require school uniforms where three-quarters of students are eligible for free or reduced lunch, but at schools with lesser students eligible for free or reduced lunch, four percent of those schools require it. Those parents that are already struggling should not be burdened by a needless mandatory policy of uniforms. The Children’s Commission on Poverty in the UK found that over “95% of parents on low incomes reported difficulties in meeting school-related costs,” and that included school uniforms even though those students were supposedly attending tuition-free schools. (Butler, Patrick) If a school is “tuition-free”, school uniforms should not change that. Parents should not be required to pay money for their child to attend school if they do not want to. If a parent wanted to pay for their child’s education, they would send them to a private school. There have been some studies that show school uniforms have caused no change in violence at schools, and they have become a source of discontent among the students. An Associate Professor at Brock University, Tony Volk, stated, “Overall, there is no evidence in bullying literature that supports a reduction in violence due to school uniforms.”
In support of this statement, a peer-reviewed study found that the introduction of uniforms at the most violent schools has caused an increase in the number of assaults. Students start to show more rebellious behavior when given restrictions and limits. Children have a stronger urge for a sense of control and independence as they get older. Those who oppose school uniforms say that the establishment of school uniforms poses the opportunity for defiance of authority. When students do not feel content being at school, they gravitate towards avoiding their classes. This leads to an increase in absence rates, unenrollment rates, and dissatisfaction. The rates of enrollment at Washington High School in South Bend, IN, had dropped down to forty-three percent since the school introduced a school uniform policy in 2006. A recent survey at that school found that eighty two percent of the current students oppose the uniform policy. Almost an entire school being unhappy exemplifies the uselessness of uniforms.
On the other hand, there are plentiful supporters of school uniforms. A major point that those supporters allude to is that school uniforms actually do prevent crime and promote student safety. For example, just after two years of enforcing mandatory school uniforms in Long Beach, CA, reports of assault and battery in the district’s schools decreased by 34%, assault with a deadly weapon dropped by 50%, fighting incidents went down by 51%, sex offenses were cut by 74%, robbery dropped by 65%, possession of weapons (or weapon “look-alikes”) decreased by 52%, possession of drugs went down by 69%, and vandalism was lowered by 18%. (Stanley, M. Sue) Safety is a priority at school and with a safe environment, students are able to focus and put forth more effort into learning. School is not a place where students should be worried about if they will be assaulted or robbed. When students feel safe, they are more motivated to go to school and actually enjoy being there.
School uniforms may increase attendance and decrease discipline. A study done by Youngstown State University found that due to the introduction of uniforms, improvement in graduation, attendance, and behavior rates among 6 schools in Ohio went up. (Draa, Virginia) People tend to have more school pride when in uniform because it makes them feel like they are a part of a team. Uniforms become a commodity for students to look forward to every morning. Researchers at Macquarie University in Australia found that in schools across the world where uniform policies are enforced, students listen better, the noise levels decreased, and there was less of teachers waiting on children to quiet down during class. All together, the students became more disciplined and respectful. A sense of belonging causes kids to be more respectful, caring, and attentive. The perception of being an outcast can be detrimental to a child’s mental health and school uniforms prohibit that from occuring.
The Founder and Director of the Center for Parent Education at the University of North Texas, Arminta Jacobson, said that uniforms put “all kids on the same playing field in terms of their appearance. I think it probably gives them a sense of belonging and a feeling of being socially accepted.” (University of North Texas) With everyone dressed alike, peer pressure and bullying is reduced. The teasing of those with less expensive and less fashionable clothing will be reduced along with competition between clothing choices being eliminated. Nobody at school will be able to tell if a child’s family is financially struggling or stable just by their clothing. If the student is not exposed to bullying or peer pressure at school, they will feel that education is truly worthwhile. Also, some institutions have progressively adopted gender-neutral uniform rules. LGBT students are starting to become more comfortable at school because schools that have customarily conservative cultures are starting to move beyond the policies that normally follow the gender binary. All students should be able to feel comfortable in classrooms where bullying is unheard of which is why uniforms benefit schools.
The enforcement of school uniforms therefore, advances the expectation that all students will be dressed identically regardless of their stylistic preferences or socio-economic status. Students and their parents are relieved from the pressures of having to produce a new outfit each day or obtain the latest brands and fashions to gain acceptance or assimilate. School uniforms can also foster and strengthen a sense of school pride, unity and community spirit. The homogeneous nature of the garments are designed to increase solidarity based on physical appearance and diminish the potential fissioning effects of varied access to clothing and group identity-based style (Jamison, 2006). This can contribute to a climate of belongingness and fellowship amongst students.
A final reason as to why school uniforms are found to be beneficial is it regulates student dress code. Tracey Marinelli, the superintendent of the Lyndhurst school district, stated that before the introduction of a uniform policy, “Kids were spending time in the office because they were not fulfilling the dress code… That was time away from class.” (Gavin, John A.) Schools with a standard dress code have to deal with students wearing inappropriate, racist, revealing, and gang related clothing. This in turn causes unnecessary problems and takes away from class time. Prevention of gang related clothing is especially significant with school uniforms.
The main reason mandatory school uniforms were put into place in 1994 was due to the gang activity going on in Long Beach, CA. Jay Wheeler, a School Board member of Osceola County in Florida, reported that after adopting the uniform policy for only one year, the K-12 schools in the county had a decreasing rate of gang activity by forty six percent. Wheeler stated that “clothing is integral to gang culture… Imagine a U.S. Armed Forces recruiter out of uniform trying to recruit new soldiers; the success rate goes down. The same applies to gang recruitment.” (Wheeler, Jay) Less gang recruitment means less children feeling pressured to join in on the gang activity going on in the area. Also with a regulated dress code, students are more likely to focus on their education rather than the clothes they are wearing. Hillary Clinton, who happens to be a former presidential candidate and US Secretary of State advocated school uniforms as a way to help students focus on learning: “Take that [clothing choices] off the table and put the focus on school, not on what you are wearing.” (Wilson, Mike) Instead of paying attention to whether they have the same outfit on as another person, or they do not like the shirt they chose that day, students can be more concentrated on their schoolwork.
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Get custom essayResearching this topic has only made it more obvious that school uniforms are beneficial. Uniforms help avoid bullying and teasing from other students. Kids should not have to feel ashamed of the clothes they wear just because their parents cannot afford the new trends. They also should not wake up every morning stressed out about what outfit they are going to wear and if they will get teased for it. When students are free to dress however they would like, it causes problems with the administration because they tend to want to break the dress code. Ripped jeans, tank tops, shorts, and other “inappropriate” school attire causes kids to end up in the office instead of in the classroom. Mandatory school uniforms would keep students learning and help avoid any unnecessary discipline for an outfit choice. Having studied at both mandatory school uniform and standard dress coded schools has proven personally that school uniforms are the superior option. A solution to this debate would be to allow casual uniforms. Students can have the same uniform shirts but casual pants such as jeans, knee length shorts and skirts, etc. Overall, school uniforms would make school a better environment for students.