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Persepolis is a graphic and autobiographic novel written by Marjane Satrapi with the purpose of criticizing the Iranian regime and teaching her audience about the social and cultural issues of Iran. Marji’s life story is told through visual language. Satrapi chose to write a graphic novel with simple drawings because she wanted it to be accessible to anyone and because comics are easily readable, and they communicate with everyone. Marjane Satrapi uses literary devices in order to encourage the reader to feel sympathy for Marji, those literary devices being the stream of consciousness, first person narrative and flashback.
Get original essaySatrapi uses stream-of-consciousness to teach the social and cultural issues of Iran to her audience. 10-year old Marji describes how she and other girls had to wear the veil in school since 1980, one year after the Islamic Revolution. We can see that both Marji (in the first panel) and her classmates are unhappy in the school picture (in the second panel). In the last panel, Marji’s thought bubble (the one on the top of each panel) says “We don’t really like to wear the veil, especially since we don’t understand why we had to”, and we can see the girls throwing the veil around and using it for jumping the rope and for role-playing instead of wearing them, and that was a way for them to express their dislike of the mandatory veil. Satrapi addresses this through her stream-of-consciousness because the veil is a symbol of oppression towards women, as it is forced upon them by the government instead of being offered the choice to wear them. Marji explains through her inner monologue that everyone at school had to hit themselves on the first day back from summer vacation, and we can see the teacher demonstrating it and instructing the children to do it as well. Even though the children were initially confused (as seen from the question marks above their heads in the third panel), they all ended up doing it too, as seen in the fourth panel. It is one of Iran’s religious rituals and it can get brutal, and sometimes people would use chains or even knives on themselves, as it can be seen in the last two panels. Young children are instructed to harm themselves, and that is a symbol of religious oppression as it is done against their wishes. Marji is distressed when she goes out on the streets of Iran after her return from Austria. The cause of her distress is the fact that the street names were changed to the names of the martyrs, and the change overwhelmed her – in the third panel she is seen spiraling and being surrounded by the street names written in the Arabic alphabet, and the background is dark, which shows that it is a painful memory for her. In the fourth panel, Marji is drawn as a small silhouette in comparison to the ground underneath her, which is covered in the skulls of the martyrs. The illustration shows the way Marji felt when she saw those street names – “I felt as though I were walking through a cemetery”. In the next panel, she is surrounded by the skeletons of the martyrs as if she is carrying them on her back, meaning that she felt guilty for fleeing the war, while others died for the country. The martyrs are revered purely because they sacrificed their lives for Iran, which shows the importance of Islam as well as self-sacrifice in the Iranian life.
The first-person narrative in the novel shows us the story from Marji’s perspective as it is an autobiographical novel, and Marji has problems that the audience may be able to relate to. On the top left panel in Figure 1, we can see the image of 10-year old Marji, who is facing the reader because she is addressing to us directly, and the story is told from her perspective. She also clearly starts the story by saying “This is me, when I was 10 years old. This was in 1980”. Her thoughts are written in the rectangular speech/thought bubbles at the top of each panel, and it is presented differently from the rounder speech balloons of the other characters, as it can be seen in the last two panels. Thus, the reader’s attention is directed towards Marji. In Figure 4, Marji is facing the reader and showing the blunt reality of the process of her “physical metamorphosis” from the age of 15 to the age of 16, also known as puberty. Puberty is something that everyone goes through at some point in their teens, which makes it a relatable experience to anyone in the audience. Satrapi drew herself in an ugly and asymmetric manner in order to show the way she truly felt about her puberty (i.e one eye bigger than the other, one hand bigger than the other), and she also drew a giant growing out of its clothes and with its hair growing out of control to visualize her “physical metamorphosis” in the first panel. The language used throughout Persepolis is simple, short and blunt, because Satrapi mainly uses pictures to depict her thoughts. Marji is once again facing the reader and the first two rows of panels show the way Marji changes her haircut and style in the span of one week because of her low self-esteem caused by her transition to puberty. In the first panel, she has long hair, and she first cuts it on one side, and then on the other as well, and she applies hair gel on her hair as well as an eyeliner on her eyes. This is a part of Marji’s “physical metamorphosis”, and her identity is changing as well throughout her metamorphosis.
Satrapi uses flashbacks to reveal more about Marji’s life as well as to add information to the plot. As a matter of fact, the entire novel is a flashback as Satrapi is retelling the story of her life. In Figure 6, we can see a flashback to the history of Iran. In the first panel, everyone is laying down on the ground in the dark, a metaphor for the Iranians “sleeping” instead of fighting against the invaders, and the darkness shows that it was a dark time for Iran. In the second panel, there is a horizontal pattern of repetition in which we can see how Iran has been invaded along the years.
Satrapi chose to create such a flashback in order to show the audience the context of Iran’s history to better understand what is happening in the plot and to explain why the Iranians are having a revolution. In Figure 7, Marji is trying to understand what her parents are talking about. She gets confused when she hears about pilots being jailed, and then we see a flashback portraying her friend Pardisse from school, who has a father that was a pilot. There are two similar images. In the first one, we can see in the first one that Pardisse is looking and smiling at a book while the student behind her on the left is reading and the one on the right is smiling. In the second one, Pardisse is missing and the students in the back are frowning. The reader can assume that Pardisse is missing because her father was jailed. This is a personal flashback to Marji, because it is about a friend of hers and the flashback helps validate what Marji is thinking when she thinks of fighter pilots.
There is no doubt that literary devices (stream of consciousness, first person narrative and flashbacks) play an important role in Persepolis, especially in encouraging the reader to feel empathy for Marji. Through these literary devices, the audience gets to learn about the social and cultural issues of Iran and to see the story from Marji’s perspective.
The New Testament has shown to demonstrate the efforts of a young community, and the teachings of Jesus Christ our Savior, and the way He influenced the community in a significant way. The confrontation with the Jewish culture which holds true for the Judeo-Christian traditions, and the Hellenistic traditions, as seen in the Pagan Christian traditions, which was influenced by the Hellenistic Judaism models. Because of this the New Testament cannot be approached without carefully distinguishing the different cultural settings of the Christian tradition which faced the young community.
Get original essayJesus wants to remind us of Gods promise, by explaining Gods plan which is also his promise. In focus of Gods will, it can be understood that any man who abandons his wife is guilty of sin, its not so much seen as a moral dilemma as it is with the fact that it interferes with Gods plan, Gods will, and Gods promise. Thus, the focus is moved from the understanding of marriage as a natural reality, to a practice of moralities of do and don’ts, to a point where marriage is seen through the perspective as the place of man and woman apprehending the promise and the grace of God. The Gospel of Matthew reports that the disciples said to Jesus his teaching on marriage: 'If such is the case of a man with marriage out of the purely juridical significance. I will return to notice what the Gospel of Matthew after hearing his teaching on marriage if such is the case with man.
In the teachings of Jesus on divorce, Jesus, does not talk much about the law but rather focuses on the reality of marriage. The words of Jesus make it clear that divorce is against the original will of God. The will of God continues to exist and qualifies the disunion, but it can however not maintain the union beyond its breakdown.
The meaning of marriage and family in its central theological meaning consists of an ensemble of four symbols. The implications of marriage and the development of the covenant and vocation it can be seen how the primacy of the nature of communion shifts to the importance of the grace of God. The movement shifts from understanding marriage as a metaphor to the manifestation and the redemptive purpose of God and the purpose of recreating our world.
In order to understand the role of the church within the dynamics of marital communion, we have to remember the importance for perfect publicity. Second, we have to remember the importance of the churches role in the redemptive thrust of God’s grace. In relation to the communion of marriage the church must first focus on the cultivation of the perfect realm presented by God to humanity. The first action is to focus on the importance of witness and public action. And the second action that needs attention is how the natural fact of marriage can advance Gods Republic.
At the centre of the conception of the sacraments is the action of Ritual. A sacrament can be defined as a symbolic ritual action. It can be defined as a ritual because of the fact that it has a definite pattern of action that has been established by tradition. It’s symbolic in a sense that it widens our pattern of understanding, association and our expectations. Its action because we move as well as the fact that we are being moved. Sacramental actions provide us with a pattern and the meaning of acting on the drama of birth, death, commitment, failure and renewal.
Sacramental action therefore enhances the meaning of our culture, values, and the motivation to live our life to the full glory of God. Sacraments are a action that not only brings together thoughts and emotions, but it can also bind public and people of various sizes together.
Just as the Holy Bible can first be seen as a parental covenant, so are the sacraments of the church firstly focused on parenthood, and not spousal communion. The communion of the couple is grounded in nature. The acting of their parenthood however is participated in and also formed by the community. The young are a reminder of the couple’s faith in the future, and the church as a sacrament can cultivate a more perfect publicity.
Over the last few centuries Christians have been trying to find sacramental responses to vocation first in the manistic life and then in clerical ordination. This however has been used to the constriction of the call to a wider publicity. In recent times the meaning of vocation has been rediscovered by the Christian public. In regards to the sacrament of marriage the importance of the call of the couples should increase in their pursue to joint vocation.
Sacraments are not the only actions that are available to our use in order to establish the psychological conditioning and cultural bonds that make it possible for a man and a woman to enter into communion with one another. In baptism it provides us with the understanding ourselves and the fact that we are equals in Gods public. Vocation enables us to engage as actors in response to God and ourselves, and gives us the power to live our own life and engage into the conversation of the living.
In the observation of this dynamic view we can understand the influence that the symbols have in order to fill the circle of life and how each symbol reinforces the other in its own particular way. Structure in the covenant is found through communion. Parenthood and vocation is found through the covenant. Communion is an essential aspect in the grounding of the sacraments. In turn it can create the means of communion.
In so far as we can understand the and know of the fundamental rules and customs can be derived from the Roman law: marriage was part of the Christian churches inheritance and was seen as a secular custom, it was a part of their law of nations. In the Roman law there was an agreement between the spouses and their families, and the fact that there had to be consent and an intent to marry one another. But in the twelfth century it was not a real problem if you wanted to leave the marriage. It was easier to get a separation than it was to get married. This however was not seen in a good light with the Christian emperors of the time. Divorce in principle became more difficult to achieve. As the barbarian kingdom of the west came to maturity with time, there were records of great attempts in the ninth century, that prevented kings to change wives and get divorced. But for centuries the barbarian tribes were in alliance with the Roman law, which made divorce a legal action. This was the case in even so late as the thirteenth century in surviving texts of the welsh law, that there was no moral compass to the idea and reason for wanting to divorce.
This is a good example of secular customs of canon law, there is also a great deal of evidence that even due to the fact that the church brought marriage under its courts, there are many of the older believes and practices that survived. In this long period during which the church approved of the Roman law of marriage underlines the fact that there were strong elements of the Bible and traditional practices. However, a remarkable revival happened with the cult of celibacy in the eleventh century, and the gap between sexual morals expected of laity and clergy widened.
We were given the doctrines of marriage from the Christian and the Jewish roots by the Bible, but the word does not only provide us with that information, but also prescribed stories read by the middle ages. While the Bible enlightens both the spiritual and cultural heritage as a whole civilization, the Word on marriage brings both confusion and meaning to its readers. One of the great Authors of Genesis gave us a very inspirational image within the creations of Eve where man and wife became One in flesh. This is where the confusion and meaning comes into place due to the fact that this phrase can be interpreted in the metaphorical or allegorical direction, because the union of marriage can be seen as the type of relation were Christ and the church as the authors of Ephesians said that the man is the head of the house as Christ is the head of the church, by describing men as the dominant entities of the society he also complimented man and woman as the highest union which could be imagined.
The tragic stories come from the early prophets on Hosea to cherish an unfaithful wife and the allegorical meaning of Israel as a child. The remarkable Jewish hymns from the song of Solomon and Psalm 45 came later which was admirably suitable for the medieval allegorical interpretation on the rhapsody on marriage in Ecclesiasticus. As the Word said, “what God had joined together let not put asunder”. The conscience of a husband or wife was explained in the marvelously evocative loyalty between them but will not be seen the same way in a lawcourt. If there was a witness to the marriage of a couple who can say that they were joined together by God? The medieval Church where on many grounds permitted annulment. The argument of Moses starts by the same token in common sense and human understanding but falls under the legalism it explains before the end. A husband was permitted to dismiss his wife by Deuteronomy, it did not guarantee any responsibility for her – yet, Jesus appeared to say: if she had been maidenly and after her redundancy falls into unmaidenly, the husband whom deserted her is to blame.
To some this may seem as a very harsh saying, but it’s in a different order than from the version in Matthew 19: 9 where it extends the argument with Moses to a ceremonial prohibition of divorce, except where one partner is abstinent – save for adultery. There is no doubt that Jesus set a peculiarly high store on marital loyalty, and that the medieval Church accurately described this, and proceeded to act upon it. Matthew’ s phrases a legal statement which inspired it to a ceaseless argument on the topic of divorce, its meaning and the prohibition of divorce.
In the middle of the twelfth century the pope of England was challenged with the problem of validation of the marriage of slaves. The consequences of the fall has always been accepted by the church as due to slavery and lordship, and as a part of the Roman empire. The law did not condemn slavery neither did it restrict a lord’s rights over his slaves. It has always been viewed as acceptable in the community that a slave may not be able to marry if at all, especially not without his lords’ consent. But for the English pope however marriage was seen as a Christian sacrament. They fully accepted the words of Paul’s famous words in Galatians 3:28 “There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Christ Jesus”. Just as in Christ Jesus there is neither a free man nor a slave, who may be prevented from receiving the sacraments of the Church.
In the traditions of the canonist Gratian the church fathers declared that heathen marriages are acceptable, and converted the law to prevent heathens from abandoning their spouses. A deep considered question was answered by Pope Innocent III (1198 – 1216) on the debate of heathen marriages. The first address was to an Italian bishop, in which he quoted 1 Corinthians 7: it is better for the Christian partner in a marriage to preserve the marriage ; but if the heathen partner wishes for separation, the Christian cannot be bound - he or she is free, says the pope, to marry again.
The second address was to the bishop in the holy land, in this address he hammered on the case of non-Christians who had several wives or married within a forbidden degree of some sort. According to the Apostle the marriages could all have been deemed as valid marriages, but in Christian law however only one of the marriages could have been valid. The four children that were conceived in heathendom were all legitimate. The decision was related to the doctrine of putative marriage: that a child born of parents reasonably supposed to be married could be reckoned legitimate even if the marriage was later annulled.
The marriage between Joseph and Mary is seen by most theologians as the most holy of communions. As legend has it in the stories of our Holy Bible we read that Jesus Christ was conceived by a virgin called Mary who was the wife of Joseph. But when Joseph herd of Marys pregnancy he wanted to divorce his wife Mary. He did not want to expose Mary to the public. However before Joseph could follow through with his decision to separate with his wife, Joseph had a dream that the child Mary will conceive is of the Holy Spirit. Joseph was commanded to take Mary as his wife. Joseph did as he was commanded, did not have intercourse with her until her son was born. It has been believed in the time of the fifth century and even before the fifth century that the marriage between Joseph and Mary was never consummated. The communion of Joseph and Mary is a perfect illustration of the fact that a marriage is constructed by consent and not consummation.
Although a lot of theologians and canonist agreed on the fact that the communion of Joseph and Mary was perfect in its own ways, there were other arguments that denied the union as a respectful model of the Christian marriage. According to Paul, in his very specific writings made the statement that a husband and a wife should not deny themselves from one another. Carnal union was a powerful tradition stemming from Judaism at the center of marriage.
When Augustine spoke of the good things about a marriage, Augustine made the statement that a child is the first good fruit of a marriage. In Augustine’s view it was possible to support the notion that the woman can be viewed as the temptress, and that she is inferior to the man. “If man perchance were weary of being alone, how much more suited for common life and good conversation would have been two male friends living together than a man and a woman”, According to Augustine, Eve was created to have children, but Augustine strongly disagreed with St Jerome’s statement of female wickedness. Augustine also made the statement that in his view that a carnal union after the fall cannot avoid at least some taint of cupidity, which only gets worse as passion enters the communion.
Augustine saw the difficulty in making marriage wholly indissoluble in the light of Matthew 5 : 32 and 1 Corinthians 7, but came steadily to a fairly ' strict and rigorist position ' in his later life which deeply affected his medieval successors. He accepted in principle that it was consent not consummation which made a marriage — and the prime purpose of his book was to addressed that hen all was said and the first aim of o that there was convince the ascetic nuns to whom it was address marriage was no inferior state. Yet when all was sa done his voice was heard to say that the first marriage was to have children - and so, that the something incomplete about marriage unconsumm and the book itself is deeply concerned, not to obsessed, with the sexual element in marriage.
If we look into the eleventh and twelfth centuries, we can see marriage defined under five aspects. First there is a liturgy of marriage : In the regions of England and France a complete ritual of marriage consists of the betrothal, the exchange of promises or vows, the blessing of the brides chamber. The next aspect states that the church has full jurisdiction over the marriage, they at least claim to be. The third aspect, theologians are compiling lists of the sacraments, which include the sacrament of marriage and it defines the nature of the act and its symbolism or meaning. Poets were also developing their own writings of human love and affection and the various attitudes in marriage are set in opposition to other kinds of human affection. Marriage was also the main key to the inheritance of land, estates and kingdoms in the late Middle Ages was a very rare event, and the conqueror ' seat - grandson, Henry II, built up a great empire out of the alliances of his ancestors, his wife, and his children.
In the essence of the law of marriage in the twelfth century are in the affirmation of positions have already been established in earlier times. Consent is what makes a marriage not consummation, yet the essence of a marriage consisted of children. Marriage is a sacrament, and the doctrine of these laws are largely found in the New Testament, the paradox that marriage is a holy communion but still inferior to virginity is nothing new.
If we go back and focus our attention on the seventh or eighth century, marriage was still a civil institution and one did not need blessing of any sort to be able to get married, neither was it normal occurrence for a second marriage after a spouse had passed on to the afterlife, we also do not have any records of a marriage that consisted of a complete ritual earlier than the eleventh century.
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Get custom essayThe marriage customs of the church had been inherited from Rome, and from the barbarian tribes that has also been under the influence of Rome. But the civil courts however did not intervene in the affairs of a married couple, as long as these unions did not involve legal irregularity or violent scandals. The council however did take strong actions against infanticide, abortion and contraception, adulterers and fornicators experienced a heavy penance if they broke the rules. Furthermore, a woman was prohibited to enter the church during menstruation, nor may they have entered the church for forty days after giving birth. Intercourse was prohibited during this time as well. A man may not get married to a woman that he has committed adultery with. And perhaps the most frowned upon was the idea of incest. A man did not have the right to get married to his cousin for example, and this has been the case from the sixth century onwards. A legacy has been left behind from the early middle ages that is filled with love and lust and a high on asceticism, consisted of sweet reason venom and sin, all to set aside the nature of human emotion. The aspects of the human affection can at a moment be more perverse than any other animal, and on the other hand lower than angels. Human affairs are full of paradox; and the inheritance of eleventh and twelfth century marriage was infinitely rich.
Martin Luther was the main figure who sparked a movement countering the increasing corrupt Catholic Church. While he did institute sweeping and irreversible changes across the world, Luther also wanted to keep some continuity. He condemned old practices, such as the selling of indulgences and the wealth of the clergy, and brought about radical new ideas, such as salvation by faith alone and the importance of marriage in both the community and the clergy, but also thought that the established governmental structures had to be maintained.
Get original essayMartin Luther was disgusted by the corruption he saw happening in the church. To build a lavish church in Rome, the papacy sold indulgences, which basically sped up the time that a person had to spend in Purgatory. However, previously, the indulgences were only supposed to be given out based on good works and deeds. Luther saw this scheme for what it was and it soon lead him to general criticisms of the entire Church, from the clergy to the Pope. He accused the Church of trying to avoid reform by building up “walls,” which included the papal power to summon council, the supremacy of temporal power, and the exclusivity that the clergy gave themselves to interpret the Scriptures. Luther found no scriptural basis for any of these laws. In fact he argued that the priests were no better than laypeople and the title, simply a fabrication of the Pope, and that the word of God as written in the Bible was the highest authority on all religious matters.
In addition to condemning the traditional Catholic practices, Martin Luther also came up with his own ideas of what the correct beliefs were. One of the central beliefs that he clung too was that faith alone would lead to salvation. If one “believed in [his or her] heart that Jesus is Lord and that God raised him from the dead,” then that believer would be saved. Luther’s interpretation essentially nullified the existing dogma that good deeds would lead to salvation, as the inner spiritual body in every person cannot be saved by any action done by the outer body. However, these thoughts did not mean that good works were not important, as mean actions could indicate a lack of faith on the inside. Another dramatic difference in beliefs was Luther’s praise of marriage. He stated that marriage wasn’t a sacrament and compared it to “God’s rose garden,” as evidenced by his subsequent marriage to a former nun and the birth of his six children.
Although Luther is mainly known as a revolutionary, he also advocated for continuity, especially in the established government and hierarchical social structures. When a group of peasants revolted against the lords, Luther was outraged, describing their actions as robbing like “mad dogs.” He justified his position, saying that the peasants had violated their sworn loyalty to the lords and that God had approved of this form of hierarchical structure in society, so rebellion would be an insult to God.
While Martin Luther did favor some continuity in societal structure, he is still most well known for the enormous rift that he placed in Christianity with his questions of Catholicism and radically different doctrines.
The act is a form of beneficial legislation which seeks to provide all possible benefits to working women so that they are not forced to give up their career after child birth. In pursuance of this aim, various changes have been incorporated in the act that are in line with the contemporary developments across the globe. The provision for ‘work from home’ ensures that the employee does not have to choose between her child and her work and can achieve her professional targets while simultaneously catering to the needs of her child.
Get original essayThe provision which extends the ambit of the act to adoptive and commissioning mothers is a major breakthrough that has been achieved by the legislators. This not only promotes the tendency to adopt orphaned children but also lessens the insecurities of those single mothers who are juggling to maintain their work-life balance and playing dual roles at home. Further, the women who obtain a child via surrogacy have also got an opportunity to bond with the child just like other biological mothers. The statutory obligations imposed on the employer ensure that all the requirements are fulfilled and the objects of the act are met. However, the flip side of the coin reveals some disturbing findings.
According to the reports of a staffing company TeamLease Services’ latest report which released in June, 2018, the newly introduced maternity benefits are likely to have an adverse impact on the numbers of the female workforce in India. The report estimates a net job loss of 11-18 lakh women for 2018-19. The reason behind this inconceivable outcome is this; the employers find it more cost efficient to hire male employees than comply with all the statutory requirements. Perceiving things from their point of view, hiring female employees is the ‘worst trade deal in the history of trade deals’. They have to be careful while assigning tasks to female employees which may have an impact on their pregnancy. This usually means re-allotting the task to someone else. While it may not seem to be a big deal in white collar jobs, it is very significant in the blue collar jobs. In labor intensive occupations, there is a little to do for pregnant women. Thus, to the employer, they are a liability. Therefore, he seeks to terminate their services in order to cut down the input costs. Since the statute prevents him from doing so, he decides not to appoint any female employee. So, in effect, the provisions of the Maternity Benefit Act are causing a downfall in the female employment rate. Further, the increase in the leave period is being seen as enforcement of the traditional gender roles. While women are entitled to a leave of 26 weeks, no similar provisions for ‘paternity leave’ exist in India as of now. Thus, it is being said that there is an ulterior motive behind this ‘benefit’; a motive of upholding and enforcing the traditional role of a female as a mother, wife and homemaker. While the provision for opening up a crèche at workplaces is a positive initiative, the requirement of having minimum fifty employees for it seems unreasonable.
An example of social welfare legislation, this act aims at providing financial stability to those employees who are no more a part of the organization because of retirement or termination of services. The act provides for payment of gratuity to those employees who have been in the employment of the organization for a period of five years or more.
The objective behind categorizing employees into two groups: those who have served the organization for a duration of at least five years and those who haven’t is to reward the employees who have rendered their continuous services loyally to the organization. This provision has far reaching consequences in the contemporary era where organization, both government and private, are looking for such employers who remain faithful to them and continue to benefit the organization with their skills and hard work. When an employee joins an organization as a newbie, there are many things he is unaware of. There are also some skills which he learns over the course of his employment in the organization. The company may send employees to attend conferences and workshops with the hope that such training and new ideas will be used by it for the promotion of the object of the company. Thus, an organization invests heavily in its human resource. Thus, it will prove to be counter intuitive if such employees, tailored to perfection over the years by intense toil and sweat leave the parent organization for another. Hence, to prevent brain-drain, the act provides the requirement of fulfillment of five years of service to become entitled to a lump sum amount to be paid as gratuity.
Another provision of the act states that in case the number of employees falls below ten, the act would still apply to the establishment as it did before. This provision might have been introduced fearing the exercise of arbitrary powers by the employer. It is very likely that an employer may start terminating the services of his employees on flimsy grounds with the concrete aim of dropping the number of the employees below ten so as to successfully evade the law. This problem has been addressed very well by the act.
Though both the legislations have been successful to an extent, there is a common ground which both of them are missing out- the application of these provisions to the unorganized sector.
The acts provide for the areas to which these acts will extend. A brief look at the list of those establishments will bring to light the fact that these acts do not cover within their ambit, the employees of the unorganized sector. Linking this to the fact that the majority of workforce in our country is employed in the unorganized sector, we realize that these acts are nowhere near the aims that they seek to achieve.
In conclusion, it will be appropriate to say that the legislations, though made for ensuring social security, is unable to do so effectively due to its non-applicability in the unorganized sector. To ensure its complete application, efforts must be made to regularize the unorganized sector so that the goals set by the parliament can be achieved.
With respect to the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961; in its current form, it cannot be expected to increase the participation of women on the professional front. As has already been analyzed, employers choose not to employ women so as to save the cost incurred by them because of the Act. Therefore, it is suggested that the scheme of law should be rethought. Instead of creating demanding legal obligations (backed by a threat of sanction) on the employers, it would be better and far more effective if the establishments are given incentives to increase the female work force.
With respect to the Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972; it is the conviction of the author that if the purpose is to retain the employees, then the current scheme of things as laid down by the act is not sufficient. In the contemporary world, employees seek recognition appreciation in form of promotions, friendly work environment, paid holidays, etc. Thus, money consideration by way of gratuity won’t be a very attractive idea. Hence, there is a need to reconsider the provisions of the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 and the Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 in light of the modern development.
The food industry is a complex industry that supplies the foods consumed by the people of the world.Food is an essential part of our lives. The food industry is the basic and most important industry to every nation. It plays a crucial role in public health, food safety, food security, economic development, and nutrition. Many food industries depends on local agriculture or fishing.Food processing includes the methods and techniques used to transform raw ingredients into food for human consumption. Food processing takes clean, harvested or slaughtered and butchered components and uses them to produce marketable food products. There are several different ways in which food can be produced. In this example of a research paper about food industry we will analyse why measuring instruments are important in food industry, how they divided and what are their roles.
Get original essayIn the food industry, measuring instruments refer to a wide range of tools and devices used to obtain precise and reliable measurements of various parameters related to food production, processing, quality control, and safety. These instruments are designed to ensure accuracy, consistency, and adherence to standards throughout the food supply chain.
From the weekly delivery of fresh fish to the daily trip to top up fruit or vegetable stocks, every single item must undergo rigorous checks from the moment it enters your premises. Food can spend a long time in transit from the wholesaler to the door, in a wide variety of conditions. Without checks on incoming goods, food services providers risk letting poor quality goods into storage where they can impact the rest of the inventory.
Measuring food quality while it is in storage is a more long-term process than a spot check or review of incoming goods. While in refrigeration or workrooms, we need instruments and a system that allows us to check the temperature of goods at any time, from any location. If food spoils, we need to know about it immediately. At the same time, operators need to find a level of efficiency that means they are not constantly returning to the same space to check temperatures.
Despite the numerous variables involved, food preparation is a process with no margin for error. Oil temperatures, oven settings and thawing food require the utmost accuracy in terms of temperature reporting – the slightest error can result in catastrophe. It isn’t enough to have generic food thermometers. In such a competitive environment, with so little room for error, there is a need to built-for-purpose instruments that minimise inefficiency and deliver results.
Colour is an important quality attribute of food products which influences consumer’s choice. Food scientist, food processors and marketers want the food to look appealing and consistent. Food processors use color measuring devices to verify and standardize the color of ingredients so they can monitor the color of their end products and analyze color changes during processing, transportation and storage. Also to transfer color indexes into their supply chain. Colour measurement instruments are widely used in coconut oil production, desiccated coconut, chocolate, milk powder, peanut butter, tomato ketchup, orange juice, soft drinks, bakery and meat segments of food industry.
Temperature is the most important measurand in the food industry. It affects the used raw materials and must be precisely controlled as well as monitored to prevent variations in quality. The first-class systems from JUMO help with this task. It is crucial that food and beverages are produced and stored at specific temperatures to maintain their quality. To avoid blockage in the pipes even pressure flow through the process pipelines is also important. Products must be contained under certain specified conditions during transportation to distribution points and consumers.
In the food industry, pH is principally used to govern the physical and chemical reactions required to produce food and prevent the growth of pathogens. This is exemplified while producing dairy and alcoholic beverages as it involves fermentation.Useful yeasts and molds that chemically modify the input materials work optimally at specific pHs. Further, pH values must be monitored to inhibit the growth of pathogenic micro organisms that can cause food spoilage or adversely impact the taste and quality of the final product. Thus, accurate pH measurement equipment can ensure product quality and compliance with food safety regulations. Most products require a specific pH for activity or stability, especially in the food and beverage industry, cosmetic industry and pharmaceutical sector. Thus, the industrial applications of pH meters are huge, ranging from water conditioning to food production.
Measuring instrumentation is of utmost importance in the food industry. It ensures product quality, safety, and consistency, facilitates process optimization, aids in compliance with regulations, supports product development, and enhances consumer confidence. By investing in and utilizing accurate and reliable measurement instruments, the food industry can uphold the highest standards of quality, safety, and innovation.
Drought stress is one of the most threatened environmental stresses to mankind. It is the most serious stress which limits the agricultural growth and its development and further leads to a great threat to world food security. Drought stress mainly occurs in arid and semiarid regions, in the conditions of low rainfall, high and low temperature, salinity, high intensity of light. The dry spell of weather over a certain period of time may leads to the conditions of drought stress in plants which negatively affect the growth and total yield of the plants. Plants have developed different morphological, biochemical and physiological response mechanisms to cope with these environmental stresses but are different in different species of the plants. Plants response to drought stress by various mechanism like escape, avoidance, tolerance, use of growth regulators and some molecules which helps them to survive under high and low temperature. In this review, we study about the effect, mechanism and management of drought stress in plants. Here, we discuss about various morphological, physiological and biochemical mechanisms which helps to tolerate the drought stress in plants and promote them to survive under stress conditions.
Get original essayPlants are generally exposed to various environmental stresses during varying weather and different climatic conditions under natural and agricultural influences. Various environmental stresses such as heat, cold, drought, high and low temperature, salinity, chilling, freezing, molecular stress affects the plants from seed germination to seed maturity. Water accounts for about 80-95% of the fresh biomass of the plants. It plays a very important role in most aspects of plant growth, development, metabolism, biochemical activities etc. In present scenario, water stress is a main environmental stress for the plants. Drought stress is one of the most important environmental stresses which limits the plant growth, inhibits crop production and distribution in worldwide especially in arid and semiarid areas. In the next decades, as a continuous increase in the dry periods or high temperature is going on, it is predicted that there is drastically great increase in the drought conditions (IPCC, 2007). Drought stress adversely affect the plant growth and limits its total yield potential. It inhibits the growth of the plant, decrease photosynthetic activity, damage organelle structure and function, degrade chlorophyll content, include water loss in the leaves and accelerate aging process in the early stages of the plant. Drought stress induces oxidative stresses by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the plant cells. The main target of relative oxygen species (ROS) is membrane phospholipids which prevent membrane damage and increases its permeability also influence the peroxidation of lipids (Sharma et al., 2012). Drought stress tolerance is found in almost all the plants but varies from plant to plant and species to species. The drought stress in plants can be mitigated by different strategies. Plants have various mechanism to tolerate drought stress. They ability to withstand drought up to a certain extent. Certain molecules, proteins and growth regulators serves as osmolytes to protect the structure and functioning of cellular components inside the cell membrane. Molecules like Melatonin regulates different physiological, biochemical and molecular processes in the plants and further help the plant to cope with the drought stress or to survive under drought stress conditions. Drought stress is obtained to be an ordinary loss of water, which causes stomatal closure and limits the gaseous exchange in the plant species. Dehydration is much more which can lead to degradation of metabolism and cell structure. To develop or create a new variety of crops to obtain a good productivity under water stress conditions a better understanding of plant morphological and physiological changes is required. To understand the plant response towards drought is one of the most important and fundamental part to make the plants stress tolerant. Plants can perform various mechanism like drought escape and drought avoidance and drought tolerance in response to drought stress. Drought escape is defined as the ability of the plants to complete their life cycle before the entrance of severe stress. Drought avoidance is described as maintaining high water potential in the tissue instead of soil water de?cit. Drought tolerance is the ability of the plant to perform functions in tolerance to drought stress.
Under drought stress, plants face many challenges in the physiochemical and molecular functioning of the plants which can ultimately affects the growth, development and yield quality of the plants. During drought stress, by light harvesting mechanization there is a significant decrease in the photosynthetic activity of the plants which ultimately decreases the functioning of the enzyme Rubisco. Photosynthetic performance also declined by the misfunctioning of the chloroplast structure. Drought condition also influence the carbon dioxide level in the plants which takes part in the photosynthetic electron transport generation. This results in the enhance degeneration of ROS activity which directly affect the photosynthetic apparatus and damage the apparatus so that decreases the level of photosynthesis. Due to disfunctioning of photosynthetic apparatus in drought stress, there is a decline in photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, photochemical e?ciency of PSII and photosynthetic electron transport rate. During drought or water deficit conditions, closing of stomata is regulated by the increase in the level of abscisic acid (ABA). This act as a molecule of signaling which regulates the functioning of various physiological and molecular processes. Due to drought, there is a decline in water potential and also a decrease in the relative water content of the plants. With the decrease in the water potential there is a reduction in the uptake of the many different macro and microelements, nitrogen transports and its metabolism, reduction in compounds like ammonium transporter, nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase and glutamine synthetase. During water stress at root zone there is a great decline in the growth of the root tissues which affect the nutrient uptake by the roots and their translocation to the target sites.
The drought stress affects the range of plant species from their morphological to molecular levels and inhibits growth and development of the plants. The various effects of drought stress on the plants are described as:
Drought affect the crop growth and its development in great way and limits its quality yield or yield potential. The ?rst e?ect of drought is that it imparts poor germination and poor plant stand establishment. Drought stress severely decreases germination rate and seedling stand of various crops. Cell division, elongation and maturation are the processes of overall growth of the plant. It also includes physical, chemical, genetic and molecular growth functions. The water deficit conditions i.e. drought stress affect these growth functions and leads to a great loss in the both quality as well as quantity of the produce. Under severe drought condition, by decrease in the level of water ?ow from the xylem to the elongating cells, cell elongation of higher plants can be reduced and there is a decline in the growth rate (Nonami, 1998). During grain filling stage, there is the formation of starch and carbohydrates. Due to water deficiency in grain filling stage there is reduction in synthesis of sucrose and carbohydrate and a decrease in quality yield.
The plant water relations in the plants is influenced by some factors which are named as: Relative water content, leaf water potential, stomatal resistance, rate of transpiration, leaf temperature and canopy temperature. During initial phase of wheat i.e. leaf development stage, relative water content of leaves is higher and decrease the dry matter accumulated when leaf matured (Siddique et al., 2001). wheat and rice plants having water-stress in initial stages shows lower relative water content than non-stressed plants. When these plants are opted to drought stress, they show subsequent decrease in the relative leaf water potential, relative water content and transpiration rate, and a prominent increase in the leaf temperature. A conservative in?uence of decreased stomatal conductance in non-irrigated plants was negated by a leaf-to-air vapor pressure di?erence caused by the associated higher leaf temperature. Transpiration rates also increases and occurs at high rate due to high temperature during drought stress.
Drought stress limits the availability of total nutrient uptake in the plants and there is a limited concentration of the mineral and nutrients in the crop plants. Cellular tissues get shrinked or ultimately damaged due to severe water deficit conditions. There is a limitation in the accumulation and absorption of the nutrients in the root zone and their translocation from root to shoot becomes difficult during drought stress. Limited absorption of mineral and nutrients can lead to a decline in other nutrient uptake and can reduce transpiration flow. During water deficit, transpiration occurs at high rate initially and dehydrate the cellular tissues and its components. In severe water stress condition, there is a decline in transpiration rate so that lower absorption of nutrients from root to shoot.
Drought stress mainly reduce the photosynthetic rate due to decrease in the leaf area expansion, improper photosynthesis apparatus, senescence of the leaves prematurely (Wahid and Rasul, 2005). CO? uptake can be reduced with the degradation in the opening and closing of stomata. In very severe drought conditions, photosynthetic activity is reduced by a decrease in Rubisco enzyme activity. Cellular tissues shrinkage and decrease in their structure and volume occurs due to high water stress. Drought stress causes changes in the photosynthetic functions which damages the biochemical structure and functioning of calvin cycle enzymes which are directly related with the yield reduction. Rubisco enzyme performs various functions, under water deficit or drought stress conditions it acts as oxygenase and therefore ?xation of CO2 is reduced.
When there are any stress conditions to the plants, the activation of relative oxygen species can lead to an increase in the levels of superoxide anion radicles, hydroxyl ions, hydrogen peroxide. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) causes a great damage to the normal functioning of the cells and cellular tissues and causes oxidative damage to the plants by reacting with the proteins, lipids and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
The symptoms of drought in plants vary depending on the plant species, developmental stage, growth conditions, and other environmental factors. Drought severity, drought length, soil physicochemical conditions, and plant vigor are other factors in?uencing drought symptoms in plants. Generally, drought symptoms include loss of leaf turgor, drooping, wilting, etiolation, yellowing, and premature leaf downfall. Also, some unusual symptoms include bark and twig crack, branch dieback, thinning tree and shrub canopy, necrosis, and poor and stunted growth. Finally, under extreme conditions, plant death occurs.
Plants are multicellular organisms; therefore, their responses to environmental stresses such as drought are complex. Plant resistance to environmental stress can be divided into two main strategies: avoidance and tolerance. Plant strategies can further divide into three subsections to deal with the drought i.e. escape, avoidance and tolerance.
The plant life cycle is dependent on the plant genotype and the environmental conditions. Because of a shortened life cycle or growing seasonally and allowing plants to reproduce before the environment becomes dry, escape from drought is possible. A short life cycle leads to drought escape due to early flowering, which is considered a form of adaptation to drought by stress avoidance.
The main aim is to preserve the high-water potential in plants. The chief characteristic of this strategy is reducing water loss from plants by stomatal control of transpiration and maintaining water uptake from the soil by an extensive and proli?c root system. A deep and thick root system helps the plant to explore water from a considerable soil depth. The plants that use avoidance strategy to maintain relatively high-water potential are generally small in size.
Plants that use a tolerance strategy for drought resistance, reduce the number of leaves from the plants and area of leaves in response to water deficit conditions. Some plants are able to survive droughts because of their unique structures. These structural features include the external membrane of plants that protects them against water loss, as well as tools to help the plants absorb and store water, for example, Desert plants. Hairiness reduces the leaf temperature, while transpiration increases light re?ectance and minimizes water loss by increasing the boundary layer resistance to water vapor movement away from the leaf surface. Inter- and intracellular changes in leaves are visible.
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Get custom essayDrought stress affects the plants' physiological, biochemical and molecular functions. It causes a reduction in growth and quality yield by affecting the flowering and seed-filling phases. It is the most serious stress which limits agricultural growth and its development and further leads to a great threat to world food security. It affects the plant water relation and damages the structure and functioning of various cellular tissues of the root and shoot cells. The plant itself has some molecular or physiological mechanisms by which it can survive under environmental stress conditions. These mechanisms help plants to tolerate biotic and abiotic stresses and perform their regular functions to enhance growth and quality yield. Drought stress damages the photosynthetic apparatus and decreases the chlorophyll content so that the plant cannot synthesize its food for better development.
With the rapid changes in technology and consumer behaviour, product innovation is increasingly becoming an important concept which a business can use to keep itself competitive, drive growth and increase profits. According to Alexander et al (2010), product innovation is the introduction of a good or a service that is new or significantly improved with respect to its characteristics or intended use. It also constitutes improving the design and function of existing products as well as using new technologies, manufacturing processes and materials to differentiate a company’s products from its competitors. Developing an innovative product that is unique and different to what competition offers can lead to profit growth and a strong market position. As an automotive pioneer and member of Daimler Holding Inc, Mercedes Benz continues to have the future of its mobility through innovation. The company produce safe and superior vehicles which fascinate and delight its customers.
Get original essayThe company has currently produced the Electrical Intelligence (EQ) vehicle set to be released in 2019 which will improve the electrical mobility of a customer and offer intelligence and electricity combined. New product innovation together with an innovation culture keeps Mercedes Benz competitive and help it to maintain its position on the market.
Mercedes–Benz presented its new product brand for electrical mobility known as the EQ which stands for electric intelligence and it is derived from Mercedes’s brand values of emotion and intelligence. This new product comprises of all essential aspects that are related to customer and focuses on electrical mobility that goes beyond the value of a car itself. According to Daimiler (2018), EQ offers a comprehensive ecosystem of electrical mobility with predicts services in technologies and various innovations. With EQ, Mercedes Benz is upgrading its vehicles to the use of electricty as an alternative for fuel and provides suitable charging infrastructure for electrified vehicles. This which include wall charger that charges as quick as that one offered at home. It also offers the free charge and pay app for convenient recharging at public stations and storage units to store electricity from the photovoltaic system. These features and other interior and exterior add-ons results in a vehicle that is electrically aesthetic. The new product range of model EQ will comprise all future battery electric powered vehicles as well as associated offers from Mercedes Benz. With it, Mercedes Benz creates and transparent orientation for its customers that offers the next best customer experience. The new product demonstrates how electric vehicles will soon be able to move to the fast lane.
The concept of the vehicle is styled in a way that is similar to a sporty SUV coupe that offers customers a look ahead to a new generation of vehicles with a battery- electric powertrain. The vehicle has a dynamic exterior design that has a new electric aesthetic appeal which underlines the focuses of a powerful electric drive system. It also has two electric motors batteries whose output can be increased to up to 300kw and a permanent wheel drive system that ensures high driving dynamics. The new product has the hallmark of Mercedes Benz in terms of strength, safety, comfort, functionality and connectivity and it meets all the requirements with respect to modern and sustainable mobility. Mercedes Benz has shown its innovation by differentiating the new product EQ and other Mercedes in the fact that EQ is electrically charged and can travel a maximum of 500km.
The vehicle also offers an interior solution on the inside which includes a new interior concept. The EQ product is created by the flowing transition from a shiny black bonnet and windscreen to the dark tinted panasonic glass roof. According to Mercedes Benz (2018), the dark tinted roof is an intriguing contrast to the beam of the silver outer colour and it has hardly visible gaps and concealed windscreen wipers. The vehicle also has cameras that are in a place of side mirrors and it eliminates conventional door handles. The new EQ vehicle set to be launched in 2019 will be a combination of electricity and intelligence. According to Daimler (2018), the vehicle is characterized by modern luxury that it is evident in an all-new user interface. It combines an emotional appeal with user-friendliness and with the exception of the hallmark, the Mercedes power seat controls do away with the old use of classic switch and buttons. The vehicle has no mechanical controls but it is instead equipped with touch sensor elements. How Mercedes-Benz Operates As A Company.
The organizational culture of Mercedes-Benz is built on the premise that every year the company must provide a new innovative experience through its highly craft rated automobile experiences. This results in a culture that pushes every employee at every level to be innovative and think of a new automobile that is better than the existing ones. According to Cosgrave (2013), just like its motto, “the best or nothing’, it has become a company culture that nobody will accept anything but the best, from the employees to management. This drives innovation and helps to manifest the culture of the company into an existing product. The company has been a pioneer in the automotive industry and has given ideas to several other designs and innovations which the majority of car manufacturers are incorporating in their car models today. Since inventing the first car in 1886 the company has never stopped reinventing it, which shows how powerful product innovation at Mercedes Benz is. This aspiration has resulted in developments that have a long-lasting impact on automotive engineering. The company makes sure that a Mercedes Benz vehicle will always be ahead of its time.
The innovation culture of Mercedes pushes everyone in the company to think beyond what is currently done and to look at new possibilities in twenty to thirty years to come. This culture for innovation makes the company to stay one step ahead of its competition. The culture also allows the company to create better future automotive experiences that eventually become a trend that every standard car manufacturer will incorporate into their product range. In addition, the company has got a supportive organizational structure that fosters innovation from top to bottom. While others may criticize the organizational structure to incorporate authoritative leadership styles this has helped the company to produce new innovations throughout its history. This was supported by Cosgrave (2013), who explained that the engineers at Mercedes Benz focus on the future every day, their aim being to implement the innovative technology. Because of culture of innovation, the company has developed one groundbreaking solution after another in order to realize its vision of safe and accident-free driving. Innovative technologies such as pre-safe anticipatory occupant protection system and distinct plus adaptive cruise control are the first controls made onto the road in a Mercedes-Benz and set the new standards in vehicle safety. Furthermore, the incorporation of passive systems and intelligence combined has allowed customers to have better protection and a more comfortable ride. According to Mercedes Benz (2018) Mercedes Benz intelligent drive takes things a stage further by intelligently combining sensors with safety assistance systems. The logical culture of innovation makes the company to respond to a driver’s needs and has allows logical progress that are designed to overcome problems that are faced everyday by drivers. With Mercedes-Benz, innovation is at the core of its business, a culture of innovation makes the company to be the best in the luxury automotive industry.
Mercedes segments its luxury and state of art cars using the mixture of demographics, psychographic and behavioural factors. It targets customers from the upper-class social group, professional executives and those who have an inclination towards modern technology equipped vehicles, more safety, more style and more efficiency. The company divided the market into different geographical units such as nation, regions and cities. The company’s segmentation is targeted towards countries that are wealthy and its demographics include both adults, male and female mostly who are middle-aged people. Although the company targets the young age, they are not very popular because the brand is expensive. The market has been segmented for those who want a luxury car that they can use in a day to day basis whether going to the store or work. People who buy the brand do it for many reasons which include but not limited to quality, safety, beauty, stability and speed. In overall its market is that of people who are middle-aged and earn high income.
The company uses differentiating targeting strategy to attract customers and satisfy their wants. This includes a target of young buyers who are passionate to drive cars that resonate of what they are, their fashion statement, as well as their style.
The company positions its brand through emotional appeal and create top of mind awareness which has helped it to become the best luxury car maker in the world. It has also adopted a positioning strategy as a manufacturer of highly reliable and safe automobiles, resulting in a price premium that is similar to that of other competitors such as Porsche. According to Schmidt (2012) due to its organizational culture, the company has engineered a product that a customer always imagine and it has offered exclusive new breakthrough to help make accidents less severe, less damaging and even less likely. In the mind of consumers, Mercedes Bens is an art of class luxury that is safe and dependable.
The product EQ offers appealing designs, extraordinary living pleasure, high levels of everyday suitability and maximum safety. It represents emotion and intelligence which are two Mercedes Benz brand values that comprise of all essential aspects of customer-focused wants which makes it easy and convenient for the user to drive the car. In addition, it offers others various products and services that go beyond just driving such as touch sensors. This also includes charging capacity that allows the user to charge at any public stations as well as fast charging capacity. This reliefs the user from high fuel expenses and puts the user at an advantage even in times of fuel shortages. In addition, the EQ offers a wide range of charging options such as Mercedes Benz emergency storage units with the ideal symbiosis of cordless charging via induction and wall box. According to Mercedes Benz (2018), households that have their own photovoltaic system and those which store their surplus power in a Mercedes Benz energy storage unit can benefit from a green source of power that is extensively independent of the energy market. Significantly reduced charging times are also another advantage of the product EQ as the European charging standard allows for fast charging with far greater capacity than any charging capacity at present. The new product has a planned charging capacity of up to 300 kilowatts which would enable sufficient power for 100 locally emission-free kilometres to be charged within a few minutes. Furthermore, the EQ has no driving emissions which makes the car to be environmentally sustainable, it is also mostly silent which reduces noise pollution and has maximum torque as soon as the wheels turn.
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Get custom essayIn conclusion, new product innovation together with an innovation culture keeps Mercedes Benz competitive and help it to maintain its position on the market. As an automotive pioneer, Mercedes Benz continues to have the future of its mobility through innovation. The company applies innovative and green technologies to produce safe and superior vehicles which fascinate and delight its customers. Mercedes –Benz presented its new product brand for electrical mobility known as the EQ which stands for electric intelligence and it is derived from Mercedes’s brand values of emotion and intelligence. The vehicle has a dynamic exterior design that has a new electric aesthetic appeal which underlines the focuses of a powerful electric drive system. Product innovation is important in a company because it alleviates customer points, greatly improve market share which in turn enable economies of scale and increase a company’s market power. Mercedes segments its luxury and state of art cars using the mixture of demographics, psychographic and behavioural factors. It targets customers from the upper-class social group, professional executives and those who have an inclination towards modern technology equipped vehicles, more safety, more style and more efficiency. The benefits of the new product are that the EQ has no driving emissions which makes the car to be environmentally sustainable, it is also mostly silent which reduces noise pollution and has maximum torque as soon as the wheels turn.
Mobile gaming is quite popular and it started with the first ever mobile game Tetris, this game was launched on the Hagenuk MT – 2000 phone in 1994. Although this was the first ever game it wasn’t as popular as Snake, this was the second ever game to be produced and was available on Nokia phones. in 2018 games being preloaded onto mobile devices is very rare, in fact it doesn’t happen anymore, most games are playable on smart phones and the only way to play these games is through downloading them from the store. They have also been given a new name as they are no longer called games but apps (applications).
Get original essayRange – there is a huge selection of games available on play stores and Appstores today, they have all been sorted into genres and there is a game for everybody. The game also comes with a description allowing the user to know what is included in the game and helps them decide whether the game is for them or not.
Portable – mobiles are highly portable and can be taken anywhere. They easily fit into pockets and are always accessible. Due to this they are similar to handheld consoles and can be taken and played anywhere.
Saved data – saving data on your phone is very important, it can save straight into the cloud of your device and this can be helpful. If you wanted to purchase a new device from the same company, you would be able to reload the game and transfer all of your gaming data from one device to another. This saves the user time and effort because if they weren’t to save the data they would have to start all over again.
Touch screen – with newer phones the user has touch screen built in meaning that they do not have to use buttons to navigate around the device and can simply press on what they would like to use. This is very beneficial for gaming use because it allows the user to play so many more games than what they would be able to play if they had a handset with buttons. But this is also beneficial for the creator because they can use this to create more games in different ways e. g. using the pressure plate built into iPhones for added power if the user presses down harder on the screen.
Paid apps – this is a limitation to mobile gaming because not everyone wants to pay for games, even though these may be of a smaller amount it still affects the platform as a whole.
Download size – downloading games on mobiles can result in a lot of space being taken up, most enjoyable games have complex structures which mean that the size of the application is huge, this can take a long time to download as well as taking up a lot of space within the device.
Transfer data – this is a major limitation for mobile gaming, if you were to buy a new phone but play the same game on that phone then you wouldn’t be able to transfer the data across. The only way that this is possible is if the brand of the devices are the same if not then the user needs to start the game from the beginning again.
Touchscreen difficulty – using touchscreen to game can be very difficult to use because the sensitivity may be too high or low, this can lead to the user not having as much control over the game character and lead to frustration.
Overall gameplay on mobile is as the game is, if the game is very simple and has one or a maximum of 2 things that need to be performed together then it will be fine and should be easy to play, however when it comes to games that require more skill or a higher amount of activities that needed to be completed at once it can be much more difficult because all of the controls are not mounted onto a controller and are spread across the screen making it difficult to use all of the controls at once. So overall in my opinion gaming on mobile is easy but only if you are playing simple games.
To conclude, mobile gaming right now is very popular and come companies believe that this will be the future of gaming, the reason for this is that most of the games that are available on PC and Consoles such as PlayStation are all available on mobiles for a fraction of the price. On mobiles you are paying prices under £10 whereas on consoles prices vary. However, the main issue with mobile gaming is the quality, quality lacks on mobiles and if there was another way to control the games (like maybe a controller) then it would boost the mobile gaming section immensely.
In our world, we had a lot of famous artists. Whenever people talk about painting one of the few paintings comes to their mind is the Mona Lisa or the Screaming. The painting I am going to discuss in my assignment is Mona Lisa. The historical painting was painted by no other than Leonardo da Vinci. Leonardo da Vinci was born is a Tuscan Hamlet, Vinci and died on May 2, 1519, at the age of 67 in Amboise, Kingdom of France. He considered being the greatest painter of all time. Even those he loves to draw he drew over 30 paintings but only 15 of his paintings survived over time. At the age of nine, he joined apprenticeship school and his teacher Andrea di Cione help his finish some of Leonard’s early arts. For example, “Verrocchio's Baptism of Christ”, most of the art critics agree that the angel in Verrocchio's Baptism of Christ was made by Leonardo because of the light on face and hair. Not only that, but some critics also believe that Leonardo was also drawn that background of the art. He did not only have interested in drawing or painting, apart from the art he was interested in the other area of studies like science, mathematics, and music.
Get original essayMona Lisa was also known as La Joconde or La Giocondo because many art critics believe that the Mona Lisa portrait is a portrait of Lisa Gherardini, the wife of Francesco del Giocondo. One story behind the portrait is that the couple requested the painting at their second childbirth. it has been thought that even those the portrait was painted between 1503 to 1506 but Leonard had continued working on it as late as 1517. The portrait later bought by the France King, Francois. Presently the painting is own by the French Government and the painting is in the museum in ‘Musee de Louvre. There are many theories behind the portrait some believe that the woman sitting in the painting is Leonardo himself in feminine clothing. Moreover, the painting has been reproduced many times and it can be found at almost every museum.
The expression on Mona Lisa’s face is really attractive and unique. The background of the painting is in the landscape. Also, the background is remarkable in details, for example, the sky looks like it is time for sunset and the green trees, river, small bushes and zigzag pathway for a walk. The Mona Lisa is in the middle of the painting. Moreover, the painting uses a triangular technique or a pyramid. The two arms as the base of the triangle ant the head is the top of the triangle. The portrait shows women with a small mystery smile on her face. Whoever looks at the picture the first thing people notice is her smile and it seems like she is smiling but when the viewers look in her eyes then her smile seems like there is a mystic behind it. Another thing is to notice is that her eyes follow the visitors. Leonardo da Vinci focused dark light a lot and the white color on focus person. Even in the Mona Lisa picture, the artist focuses light on her neck, breast, hands, and face glow with similar light.
In conclusion, Mona Lisa was one of the Leonardo da Vinci amazing work. which is a mysterious feminine masterpiece to date. Currently, Mona Lisa’s picture which hangs on the walls of France’s museum. Even those Mona Lisa portraits have a lot of arguments over the identity of the woman on the painting. People from all over the world look at the mysterious smiling painting of Mona Lisa. Mona Lisa also means “Lisa, of bare eyebrow”.
Reflection
I chose the Mona Lisa’s portrait because I have heard so many times Leonardo da Vinci name on the television, in books but I did not know who he was. I always thought he is an actor but after talking the art class I fond out he is the best 14th century’s artist. The Mona Lisa picture I have seen in movies and on social media whenever I saw the picture my attention always goes to the smile. Plus, after talking the art class I can see the art in different way, such as what was the purpose behind the art and what era in made in.
As complex as they may be, Tan’s novel pays particular attention to the special connection between mothers and daughters being extremely valued and powerful. For instance, after An-mei’s mother attempts to save Popo by adding her own flesh to a Chinese soup, An-mei realizes, “This is how a daughter honors her mother. It is shou so deep it is in your bones” (Tan 48). From the relationship displayed between An-Mei’s mother and grandmother, she realizes that the connection is still strong even though Popo forbade her from coming back home and An-Mei from talking about her. Tan illustrates how no matter the countless differences and troubles a daughter and mother may have, deep down, mothers still love and care for their daughters and daughters to mothers. Moreover, Born of a Stranger, published in 2009, by Gloria Shen, describes the novel’s mother-daughter relationships, through the illustration:
Get original essayThough the mothers all have different names and individual stories, they seem interchangeable in that they all have similar personalities — strong, determined, and endowed with mysterious power — and that they all show similar concerns about their daughters’ welfare. As a result, the mothers are possessively trying to hold onto their daughters, and the daughters are battling to get away from their mothers. (Shen)
Essentially, Tan describes how the mothers’ lives, though different, all develop similar mindsets and convey their love through their life stories to help their daughters understand the meaning of their actions. The mothers want to keep their daughters close and teach them lessons from their own Chinese upbringing, but the daughters strive to be independent from their mothers. Furthermore, after the mothers find out that Jing-Mei never really knew her mother, she realizes, “They see daughters who grow impatient when their mothers talk in Chinese, who think they are stupid when they explain things in fractured English… They see daughters who will bear grandchildren born without any connecting hope passed from generation to generation”. The mothers see their own daughters reflected in Jing-mei and realize how little she knew about her own mother’s past and realize the relationships with their daughters are the same and their stories need to be told. Their individual decisions to tell the stories and their secrets and histories, is their last attempt to bridge the gap between cultures, languages and generations and restore the mother and daughter relationship. In conclusion, through their life stories of wisdom and sacrifices, Tan demonstrates the deep, valuable bond between a mother and daughter.
An-Mei Hsu reveals more about her complex relationships with her mother and daughter through the wisdom passed down from generations to generations. After An-Mei’s mother put her flesh in the soup, she advised, “You must peel off your skin, and that of your mother, and her mother before her”. An-mei says that her daughter must metaphorically peel off her own skin to see the love and influence of her mother beneath. All mothers and daughters are connected, and daughters need to honor that. But they also need to discover their individual strength separate from their mothers. Additionally, in the article, “An-Mei Hsu”, Catherine Romagnolo describes how even though An-Mei feels she is unsuccessful in raising her daughter the opposite way she was brought up, “Rose comes to better understand herself and her own desires by listening to her mother’s wisdom, and in the end, she is able to extricate herself from a loveless marriage” (Romagnolo). Basically, although An-Mei believes that she failed to raise her daughter, Rose comes to the realization of what she truly needs with the help of her mother. Ultimately, Tan presents An-Mei Hsu with great sagacity given from previous generations and her attempt to pass it on to the next to continue and build upon her mother-daughter relationship.
Tan uses jewelry and pieces of a chessboard to illustrate a deeper meaning behind the mothers’ and daughters’ lives and mindsets. For example, almost all the mothers grew up in poor families without excessive luxuries, so the jewelry illustrates a mother’s love for her daughter; after a Chinese New Year feast, Jing-Mei recalls, “my mother gave me my ‘life’s importance,’ a jade pendant on a gold chain…the whole effect looked wrong: too large, too green, too garishly ornate. I stuffed the necklace in my lacquer box and forgot about it”. Jing-Mei did not understand the jade necklace in the same way she did not understand her mother until later in life. After her mom passed away, she thinks about how her mother was the only person that could tell her about life’s importance and grief. The jade was given to Jing-Mei to not only provide a sense of positivity and protection, but it also expresses and reveals Suyuan’s love for her daughter. In addition, as Waverly lays down on her bed after finally returning home from an argument with her mother earlier that day, she imagines, “Her mother’s black men advanced across the plane, slowly menacing to each successive level as a single unit. My white pieces screamed as they scurried and fell off the board one by one”. When it comes to her relationship with her mother, the black and white chessboard pieces symbolize Waverly’s black-and-white way of thinking, for she associates her criticism with bitterness, even though that is not what Lindo Jong ultimately intends. Overall, through everyday objects, the novel displays a more meaningful understanding of the thoughts of the women.
Out of the numerous people who immigrate to America, many end up not achieving that goal they desired. Tan reveals irony through Jing-Mei Woo and her mother, Suyuan Woo. After losing everything in China and coming to America, Suyuan believed that anyone, including her daughter, could become extremely successful: “You could open a restaurant. You could work for the government and get good retirement. You could buy a house with almost no money down. You could become rich. You could become instantly famous. Suyuan believes in the hope of being and doing anything imaginable in the new country. Even though America is known as a land of new beginnings and fresh starts, her hopes are later diminished, for she later discovers that it is not as easy as she believes it to be. Suyuan loves her daughter and wants the absolute best for her such as encouraging her to become a “Chinese Shirley Temple” or a piano prodigy by sending her to a beauty training school and taking piano classes, but ultimately Jing-Mei describes, “I didn’t get straight As. I didn’t become class president. I didn’t get into Stanford. I dropped out of college”. Jing-Mei spends much of her childhood practicing to become a person her mother can be proud of, but in the end, despite all the time and effort put into classes and training, Jing-Mei falls short and believes that she is a disappointment and failure to her mother. Even though her daughter did not succeed in what she had planned, she still loved and supported her. To conclude, Suyuan’s hopes for her daughter in the new land play out in a more negative way than what she had imagined like many other immigrants.
Although separated by cultural and generational dissimilarity, Tan displays the power and value of the connection between mothers and daughters through the characterization of the women using the symbolism of jewelry and chess, and the irony of American dreams. No matter the mother-daughter troubles, a complicated, broken relationship is still a relationship that can, in time, reconnect or flourish into a greater bond.