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Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. The Personal Characteristics of an Effective Counselor
3. Strengths and Weaknesses
4. Models Of Counselling
5. Conclusion
6. References

Introduction

Introduction: Counseling and therapy is not about solving people’s problems but helping people to cope with living life, problems and all. Thesis statement: In the contents of this essay, I will be reflecting on the personal and effective characteristics, core competencies, personal strengths and weaknesses that I have as a future counselor. Furthermore, I will also be looking into the principles, theories, practice of counseling in South Africa and how they relate to me as an individual and a future counselor and/or psychologist.

The Personal Characteristics of an Effective Counselor

Evidence & citing: Personally, I am not the type of person to be easily influenced against my thoughts and beliefs, although I am a shy person, I speak my mind and stand up for myself when I need to do so. Topic sentence: Knowing who I am, what I want and what is most valuable to me is a characteristic that will come in handy to me as a counselor and also to my clients as well because I will not only advise them of confidence and courage but I will be practicing what I preach.

Evidence & citing: “The most powerful leadership tool you have is your own example’’ [John Wooden]. Topic sentence: By being respectful and appreciative towards myself, I display the kind of behavior I want and give out to other people, which will allow me to build a healthy and respectful relationship between me and my clients.

Being able to accept change and go out of my comfort zone in order for me to work towards becoming what I want to become will help me be able to adapt to whatever situation I face in my career path as I might have to work in different locations.

Topic sentence: My past choices and mistakes do not block my perspective on the present and the future. I acknowledge the past mistakes and use them as lessons that I apply going forward, this helps me both personally and professionally when applying the same characteristic to my clients’ situations.

Topic sentence: Being truthful, authentic and sincere is essential in counseling. Evidence & citing: The only issue with my honesty is that it is open and naked, I tell it like it is and most of the time I come across as being rude, harsh or too strict and this will disadvantage me as a counselor because clients might end up being scared to open up to me.

Putting the events of life in perspective and not taking everything personally grants me the ability to help clients see their problem in another way and enhance the chances of solving that problem.

Topic sentence: Admitting to making mistakes is not a weakness but strength because I will be able to show my clients that making mistakes is okay but admitting to them and making things right is emotionally and physically beneficial.

Topic sentence: The past and the future are unknown, what we have is the gift of the present. Evidence & citing: Counselors should be in the present in order to relate to the present problems of their clients.

Topic sentence: As a counselor, it is important to acknowledge the variety of cultures to be able to be of good help to my clients.

Evidence & citing: This helps in building a relationship between me as the counselor and the client.

Topic sentence: Communication is vital in any relationship, whether personal or professional.

Doing my job because I love it and not for any other reason will reap positive outcomes for me and my clients.

Separate personal and professional life for a healthy and balanced lifestyle.

An effective counselor ought to have the ability to exert control over their life, deal with problems effectively, and make behavioral and environmental changes rather than always adapting to circumstances.

Strengths and Weaknesses

I am a very motivated, driven, committed and hardworking person who always wants to do best. By being self-motivated, I will be a good motivation to my clients and colleagues also.

I am a shy, impatient person who gets easily annoyed. I ignore a lot of stuff to avoid conflicts. Not good at elaborating and explaining things in a way other people would understand and that’s disadvantageous because it will cause a lot of misunderstandings between me and others.

Models Of Counselling

Psychosexual development is a complex process involving genetic, hormonal and environmental factors and can be further defined by one’s gender identity, gender role and sexual orientation.11 From: Principles of gender-specific medicine [third edition]2017. Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory states that human development and human behavior are influenced by the relationship between the conscious and the unconscious aspects of our minds; these consist of three key concepts, namely the ID, the EGO and the SUPEREGO.

Oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latent stage, and the genital stage.

These are the unconscious mechanisms in our bodies that help us cope with anxiety, facing reality and prevent the ego from being overwhelmed. Ego-defense mechanisms include the following: denial, reaction formation, rationalization, identification and compensation among others.

Conclusion

Conclusion paragraph: According to Freud, the way we behave is determined by nonsensical forces, unconscious motivations and biological and instinctual drives as these evolve through key psychosexual stages in the first six years of life. The events that occur in the early stages of life are the ones that determine our personalities as adults. Our instincts also determine our survival, growth and development, not forgetting creativity. These were the characteristics, strengths and weaknesses that I have as a future counselor and they will be either good or bad for me as a future counselor.

References

1. BAWA, U., COREY, G., NICHOLAS, L.J., [2017] THEORY AND PRACTICE OF COUNSELLING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY [2nd SA ed p. 15-16]
2. BAWA, U., COREY, G., NICHOLAS, L.J., [2017] THEORY AND PRACTICE OF COUNSELLING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY [2nd SA ed Ch. 4.]
3. Du Preez, E., & Roos, V., [2008]. The development of cousellor identity – A visual expression. South African Journal of Psychology, 38[4], p.700
4. https://simplypsych.org
5. https://www.sciencedirect.com

Introduction

Should follow an “upside down” triangle format, meaning, the writer should start off broad and introduce the text and author or topic being discussed, and then get more specific to the thesis statement.

Thesis statement

Cornerstone of the essay, presenting the central argument that will be elaborated upon and supported with evidence and analysis throughout the rest of the paper.

Topic sentence

The topic sentence serves as the main point or focus of a paragraph in an essay, summarizing the key idea that will be discussed in that paragraph.

Evidence & citing

The body of each paragraph builds an argument in support of the topic sentence, citing information from sources as evidence.

Conclusion paragraph

Should follow a right side up triangle format, meaning, specifics should be mentioned first such as restating the thesis, and then get more broad aboutthe topic at hand. Lastly, leave the reader with something to think about and ponder once they are done reading.

Kinesiology is the logical investigation of human or non-human body development. Kinesiology tends to physiological, biomechanical, and mental powerful standards and components of development. Uses of kinesiology to human wellbeing include: biomechanics and orthopedics; quality and molding; sport brain research; strategies for recovery, for example, physical and word related treatment; and game and exercise. Investigations of human and creature movement incorporate measures from movement following frameworks, electrophysiology of muscle and mind action, different strategies for observing physiological capacity, and other conduct and subjective research techniques. The word originates from the Greek kín?sis, ‘development’, and – ????? – logia, ‘study’.

Kinesiology is the investigation of human and nonhuman creature body developments, execution, and capacity by applying the studies of biomechanics, life structures, physiology, brain research, and neuroscience. Utilizations of kinesiology in human-wellbeing incorporate physical training instructor, recovery, wellbeing and security, wellbeing advancement, work environments, game and exercise ventures. A four year certification in kinesiology can give solid readiness to graduate study in biomedical explore, just as in expert programs, for example, drug.

Though the expression ‘kinesiologist’ is neither an authorized or expert assignment in the United States nor most nations, people with preparing around there can show physical instruction, give counseling administrations, direct research and create approaches identified with restoration, human engine execution, ergonomics, and word related wellbeing and security. In North America, kinesiologists may concentrate to acquire a Bachelor of Science, Master of Science, or Doctorate of Philosophy degree in Kinesiology or a Bachelor of Kinesiology degree, while in Australia or New Zealand, they are frequently given an Applied Science qualification. Numerous doctoral level personnel in North American kinesiology projects got their doctoral preparing in related disciplines, for example, neuroscience, mechanical designing, brain science, and physiology.

The world’s first kinesiology office was propelled in 1967 at the University of Waterloo, Canada.

Adjustment through exercise is a key guideline of kinesiology that identifies with improved wellness in competitors just as wellbeing and health in clinical populaces. Exercise is a basic and set up intercession for some, development issue and musculoskeletal conditions because of the neuroplasticity of the cerebrum and the versatility of the musculoskeletal framework.

There are a wide range of sorts of activity intercessions that can be applied in kinesiology to athletic, typical, and clinical populaces. High-impact practice mediations help to improve cardiovascular perseverance. Anaerobic quality preparing projects can increment strong quality, power, and fit weight. Diminished danger of falls and expanded neuromuscular control can be credited to adjust intercession programs. Adaptability projects can expand utilitarian scope of movement and decrease the danger of damage. All in all, activity projects can decrease side effects of discouragement and danger of cardiovascular and metabolic illnesses. Moreover, they can improve personal satisfaction, resting propensities, and body sythesis.

The investigation of the physiological reactions to physical exercise and their remedial applications is known as exercise physiology, which is a significant territory of research inside kinesiology. Neuroplasticity is additionally a key logical rule utilized in kinesiology to depict how development and changes in the cerebrum are connected. The human mind adjusts and obtains new engine aptitudes dependent on this guideline, which incorporates both versatile and maladaptive cerebrum changes.

Late experimental proof demonstrates the noteworthy effect of physical movement on cerebrum work; for instance, more noteworthy measures of physical action are related with improved psychological capacity in more established grown-ups. The impacts of physical movement can be disseminated all through the entire cerebrum, for example, higher dark issue thickness and white issue trustworthiness after exercise preparing, or potentially on explicit mind zones, for example, more noteworthy actuation in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Neuroplasticity is additionally the fundamental component of ability procurement. For instance, after long haul preparing, piano players indicated more prominent dim issue thickness in sensorimotor cortex and white issue respectability in the inward case contrasted with non-performers.

Maladaptive versatility is characterized as neuroplasticity with negative impacts or unfavorable outcomes in conduct. Development variations from the norm may happen among people with and without cerebrum wounds because of strange rebuilding in focal sensory system. Learned non-use is a model normally observed among patients with cerebrum harm, for example, stroke. Patients with stroke figured out how to smother paretic appendage development after fruitless involvement with paretic hand use; this may cause diminished neuronal initiation at adjoining regions of the infarcted engine cortex.

There are numerous kinds of treatments that are intended to beat maladaptive versatility in center and research, for example, requirement incited development treatment, body weight bolster treadmill preparing and computer generated reality treatment. These mediations are appeared to upgrade engine work in paretic appendages and animate cortical revamping in patients with mind harm.

Engine excess is a broadly utilized idea in kinesiology and engine control which expresses that, for any assignment the human body can perform, there are successfully a boundless number of ways the sensory system could accomplish that undertaking. This excess shows up at different levels in the chain of engine execution: Kinematic repetition implies that for an ideal area of the endpoint, there are numerous arrangements of the joints that would create a similar endpoint area in space. Muscle excess implies that a similar net joint torque could be created by a wide range of relative commitments of individual muscles. Engine unit repetition implies that for a similar net muscle power could be created by a wide range of relative commitments of engine units inside that muscle. The idea of engine excess is investigated in various examinations, for the most part with the objective of portraying the general commitment of a lot of engine components in different human developments, and how these commitments can be anticipated from a far reaching hypothesis. Two unmistakable hypotheses have developed for how the sensory system arranges repetitive components: improvement and enhancement. In the disentanglement hypothesis, complex developments and muscle activities are built from more straightforward ones, regularly known as natives or cooperative energies, bringing about an easier framework for the cerebrum to control. In the improvement hypothesis, engine activities emerge from the minimization of a control parameter,

In Canada, kinesiology is an expert assignment just as a region of study. In the area of Ontario the degree has been formally characterized as, ‘the appraisal of human development and execution and its recovery and the board to keep up, restore or improve development and execution’ Kinesiologists work in an assortment of jobs as wellbeing experts. They function as restoration suppliers in medical clinics, facilities and private settings working with populaces requiring care for musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and neurological conditions. They give recovery to people harmed at work and in vehicular mishaps. Kinesiologists likewise fill in as utilitarian appraisal pros, practice advisors, ergonomists, come back to work masters, caseworkers and therapeutic legitimate evaluators. They can be found in emergency clinic, long haul care, facility, work, and network settings. Also, kinesiology is applied in territories of wellbeing and readiness for all degrees of competitors, yet more regularly found with preparing of world class competitors.

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In Canada, Kinesiology has been assigned a controlled wellbeing calling in Ontario. Kinesiology was conceded the privilege to manage in the territory of Ontario in the mid-year of 2007 and comparative proposition have been made for different areas. The College of Kinesiologists of Ontario accomplished announcement on April 1, 2013, at which time the expert title ‘Kinesiologist’ got secured by law. In Ontario just individuals from the school may consider themselves a Registered Kinesiologist. People who have earned degrees in kinesiology can work in look into, the wellness business, clinical settings, and in mechanical conditions. They additionally work in heart restoration, wellbeing and security, medical clinic and long haul care offices and network wellbeing focuses just to give some examples.

Works Cited

1. American Kinesiology Association. (n.d.). What is kinesiology? http://www.americankinesiology.org/about-kinesiology/what-is-kinesiology
2. American Society of Exercise Physiologists. (2019). About us. https://asep.org/about-us
3. Blahnik, J. A. (2013). The science of exercise. Greenwood.
4. Clark, M. A., Lucett, S. C., & Sutton, B. G. (2018). NASM essentials of personal fitness training. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
5. Foss, M. L., & Keteyian, S. J. (2019). Fox's physiological basis for exercise and sport. McGraw-Hill Education.
6. Kinesiology Network. (n.d.). Kinesiology career overview. http://www.kinesiologynetwork.com/career-overview/
7. Knudson, D. (2019). Fundamentals of biomechanics. Springer.
8. National Academy of Kinesiology. (2021). About NAK. https://www.nationalacademyofkinesiology.org/about-nak
9. Riemann, B. L., & Lephart, S. M. (2018). Introduction to the field of kinesiology. In S. M. Lephart & B. L. Riemann (Eds.), Introduction to Kinesiology: Studying Physical Activity (5th ed., pp. 1-12). Human Kinetics.
10. Rose, D. J., & Christina, R. W. (2006). A multilevel approach to the study of motor control and learning (2nd ed.). Pearson.

Equality in the Eyes of the Law

Marriage is simply not for a homosexual couple. In the Philippines, Fonbuena (2015) reported that “up to 70% of the survey respondents said they ‘strongly disagree’ with same-sex marriage being allowed in the predominantly Catholic country.” This means that majority of Filipinos believe that marriage is a union that should only be enjoyed by people engaged in a heterosexual relationship. The legislation of same-sex marriage is highly improbable due to the Philippines’ pre-dominantly Catholic background and the belief of the majority that a homosexual relationship cannot possibly accomplish the primary reason of marriage which is procreation. Marriage is defined as “a special contract of permanent union between a man and a woman entered into accordance with law for the establishment of conjugal and family life” (Family Code of the Philippines, 1987.) The law is clear that marriage is exclusively for heterosexual couples. There is no mention of gays or lesbians. Not only that, but the act also states that the marriage may be annulled if any of the party is involved in homosexuality or lesbianism. That statement alone completely erases the possibility of homosexuals to receive the marriage right. In addition, the act emphasized that “marriage is the foundation of the family and an inviolable social institution.” Two men or two women cannot perpetuate human life because of the inability of reproduction and only through the help of modern technology can a child be produced. Cytrynbaum, Grafodatskaya, and Weksberg (2013), stated that “as the rate of assisted reproduction technology (ART) and the total number of pregnancies has increased, it has become apparent that ART is associated with potential risks to the mother and fetus.” This means that though procreation is possible, risks of birth defects and genetic disorders are high. Based on the Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook, the total fertility rate of the Philippines is 3.02 children born per woman as of 2017. These statements have shown that despite the possibility of homosexuals to reproduce through ART, success rates are still low compared to when heterosexuals use the coital method and shows that the purpose of procreation in marriage cannot be easily accomplished by same-sex couples. Natural marriage provides society with the very foundation of civilization—the procreating family unit. However, legalizing same-sex marriage could weaken that as proven so in a study. Borreli (2013) reported that a research conducted by the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) suggested “that while children of LGBT parents are just as well adjusted as children with heterosexual parents, they can face some challenges.” According to psychologist Trayce Hansen (2012), same-sex marriage hurts and confuses children who are raised thinking that homosexuality is normal, and gender roles and expectations can be reversed. This threatens the institution of marriage and there may come a time when simply arguing about same-sex marriage will already be considered discrimination. In conclusion, same-sex marriage cannot fulfill the definition of marriage between a man and a woman (as defined in the Family Code) nor the purpose of procreation, and it will only serve to weaken the foundation of society and families. Hence, legalizing same-sex marriage is not necessary.

A heterosexual marriage, or a two-parent, mother-father family is for the best interest of a child. Some supporters of same-sex marriage think that all children really just need is love. But according to researches, this is not the case. There are psychological positive effects a mother and father can do to children. At the same time, the absence of either the mother or the father poses negative effects on a child. Same-sex couples can adopt children from orphanages, but is this truly for the best interest of the child? Wilcox (2005) emphasized that most fathers and mothers possess sex-specific talents related to parenting. An enumeration was included of the different unique talents of a mother which are breastfeeding, understanding, nurturing, and comforting infants and children. Mentioned also in the test is the different capabilities of fathers that are beneficial for the development of the children which are disciplining, playing, and challenging the child to embrace life’s challenges. Meyer (2007) stated that lesbians, gays, and bisexuals (LGB) have a higher prevalence of mental disorders than heterosexuals. This is due to minority stress—explaining that stigma, prejudice, and discrimination create a hostile and stressful social environment that causes mental health problems. Walton (2012) emphasized that “a parent’s stress level can affect a child’s very makeup, including his or her risk of mood disorders, addiction, and even disorders like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism.” Willis (2017) mentioned that “children and adolescents with same-sex parents are emotionally affected when they and their families are exposed to homophobia, discrimination, prejudice and social stigma.” All of these can cause stress on the part of children who grow up with same-sex parents. Confusion stems from the dilemma of either following their adopted parents who are their primary role models or trying to fit in with their friends or the people around. The rule on adoption in the Philippines states that “the best interests of the child shall be the paramount consideration in all matters relating to his care, custody and adoption.” Which leads us to think, is an environment full of discrimination for the best interest and welfare of the children? The implementing rules and regulations (IRR) of R.A. 10627 of the Philippine Constitution otherwise known as the “Anti-Bullying of 2013” included humiliation on the basis of perceived or actual sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) under bullying. However, there has been no law passed specifically for the abolition of discrimination towards the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) community. Sabillo, (2015) reported, “it showed that 85 percent of the 1,200 respondents agreed with the statement, ‘Just like me, gays and lesbians also have the right to be protected against any form of discrimination.’ Unless the discrimination towards the LGBTQ community and their true acceptance into the society comes, homosexual parents cannot give the best environment for a child’s social and psychological development. Therefore, legalizing same-sex marriage is not beneficial.

Legalizing same-sex marriage in the Philippines is nothing but an action of making a moral wrong into a civil right that would entail critical cuts on national budget and immense changes both in the law and our country’s school curriculums. According to Global Finance (2017), Philippines ranked as the 69th poorest country out of the 189 in the world. Philippines may have beaten China in being the fastest growing economy in Asia for years now, but despite our economic growth, poverty rates are still increasing. The opposition understands that the LGBTQ community are simply asking for the equality and the marriage benefits that come with rights. However, Filipinos are not prepared nor ready to embrace marriage of the same-sex. Bagas (2017) mentioned that “If put to a popular vote, a motion for marriage equality will surely fail. A vast majority of Filipinos are still against the idea, despite the growing number of countries that have introduced civil laws on marriage and partnerships that are inclusive of LGBTs.” Elemia (2017) also mentioned that the senate of the Philippines approved of the Php 3.767-trillion 2018 national budget. However, none has mentioned any allocation towards the legislation of same-sex marriage. Instead, the budget is more focused towards the solution of the war on drugs.

Topacio (2014) mentioned that “there is, however, a middle ground wherein the law can provide a clear set of rules to govern property relations between those engaged in a same-sex relationship without having to promulgate a law regarding homosexual marriage.” Extending the provisions of Chapter 4, Conjugal Relationship of Gains of the Family Code from R.A. 386 of the Philippines to gay relationships is possible. The said provision as it now stands, states that a man and a woman who are capable of marrying each other and live exclusively with each other without the benefit of marriage can own their salaries, wages, and properties in equal shares (An Act to Ordain and Institute the Civil Code of the Philippines, 1949.) Once again, Topacio (2014) emphasized that “the reading of this law will readily reveal that it should be easy to amend so that the provisions may apply to homosexual relationships.” The article also indicated that the proposed amendment covers concerns regarding equal shares of wages or salaries, property distribution after death of either partner and legal separation or divorce. As for emergency medical decisions, these can be made by the partner through living wills and advance directives.

Hojilla (2017) mentioned that "there is no impediment against legalizing same-sex marriage in the Philippines. However, there needs to be an enabling law redefining, and changing the parties who may contract, marriage." Legalizing same-sex marriage in the Philippines may not happen in the near future, especially when there are still external factors to deal with, like those relating to code, tax, and education. The code that will be most affected by legalizing same-sex marriage is The Family Code. Cruz (2015) reported that "Belmonte also does not think a pending petition before the Supreme Court seeking to declare certain portions of the Family Code unconstitutional and allow gay marriage in the country will work. Segments of the Family Code do not meet with the idea of same-sex marriage and therefore must be reformed in order for these to be in line. The Family Code limits marriage to a man and a woman. For same-sex marriage to be legalized, this must be reformed. Another issue would be financial and tax reforms. ("3 Major Tax Implications of the Same Sex Marriage Ruling," 2015) states that "Perhaps the most obvious change for same-sex married couples living in states that didn’t recognize their marriages will be the simplification of the annual tax filing process." This could potentially increase fees and costs related to tax, and may mean higher tax liability. Lastly, educational reforms may take place, and DepEd will have to adjust the curriculum if same-sex marriage will be legalized. Walsh (2013) reported that "The issues include schools' treatment of same-sex parents and their children, the impact of the debate on gay students and on those who object to same-sex marriage on religious grounds, and the influence of the trend on the curriculum. With the current change to K-12 in the curriculum, an implication and influence such as this could greatly affect education in the Philippines.

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The opposition believes that equality is a right for all, no matter the gender. However, legalizing same-sex marriage is not the answer to equality; instead, this opposition believes that the proposed amendment to extend the provisions of Article 147 of the Family Code to certain gay relationships is the best alternative. In conclusion, the issue of legalizing same-sex marriage would only lessen the allocated funds for reforms from the country's national budget that is already focused on other government projects. Hence, same-sex marriage is definitely not practicable.

Table of contents

1. Interviewee Background
2. Future Predictions
3. Discussion

Located in Gainesville, Alachua County in Florida, the agency recommends guests to areas they should visit around the county. It gets its revenues from the taxes levied on the visitors when they stay in various establishments in the county. Regarding its contribution to the tourism sector, the agency recommends tourist destinations for visitors in Florida and Alachua County. The agency promotes and advertises tourism destinations on behalf of Alachua County for both international and local tourists. The employees of the agency work for the Alachua County and they strive to market the tourist destinations in the county to ensure that the tourist sector in Florida succeeds.

Visitors coming to watch food games at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium and other facilities are the target of Visit Gainesville in that the agency tries to convince them to stay in various facilities in the county as tourists. Business conferences also provide tourists that the agency targets in its promotional activities. People attending business or leadership conferences in Alachua County are customers of the agency in that they should pass through it for them to learn much about the conferencing facilities in the county. Cultural festivals also provide tourists that the agency serves as it tries to show them tourist destinations in Alachua.

Regarding the number of tourists, the agency serves per year, the interviewee indicated that they serve about 2.1 million tourists annually. The office of the tourism sales manager at the agency has records showing that the agency contributed about 4.9 million dollars of income to the tourism industry in the county.

Interviewee Background

The educational background of the interviewee shows that she holds a degree in hospitality from the University of Central Florida. At the college, the interviewee undertook various internships in hotels and restaurants to build her experience in tourism and hotel management. She also did an internship in catering as a way of widening her knowledge in the hotel industry. She later got a job with a restaurant as a store manager after graduation. At the agency, the interviewee, Kelly Aleman is a tourism and sales manager. One of Aleman's responsibilities is to work with event planners to convince them regarding the tourist destinations they should choose for their events. Also, she suggests venues for events for event planners. Her suggestions are based on the need to help the county earn from the tourism function of the agency. Aleman also works with hotels and advises them on the customer needs.

Concerning her journey to the current position, Aleman indicates that her qualifications as a degree holder in hospitality propelled her to the position. She also indicates that her vast experience in managing restaurants has been part of this journey. Her love for working with groups also has contributed to her being appointed to the current position. She gained her experience from internships and working with restaurants and as such as part of the journey to her position. The journey has not been easy in that she has to attend meetings, wake up early and meet organizational and personal goals.

Future Predictions

Aleman predicts an upsurge in the number of tourists that will need the services of the agency and recommends that the establishment enhances its accommodation facilities to cater for more customers. Also, Aleman predicts that the establishment will need to increase its managerial positions to cater for future needs. Aleman predicts an increase in the number of tourists in Alachua County and the need for the county to invest in accommodation to cater for the increase.

Discussion

The interview revealed that tourism can only succeed with the support of promotion and marketing. As Xiao (2012) indicates, marketing that aims at promoting tourism activities in a county or state should be undertaken by a professional body. The interview proved this fact because the agency is a professional body that can promote tourism on behalf of Alachua County. The agency understands the needs of the tourists, and as such, it can work with the facilities that serve tourists to ensure that they offer excellent services that will attract additional tourists to the county.

Also, the interview revealed that tourism covers hotel and restaurants, accommodation and attraction sites. These factors are the focus of the agencies in charge of promoting tourism in a State. The agencies should as well advise the potential tourists on the available means of transport from one destination to another as Xiao (2012) suggests. Interestingly, the interviewee did not reveal the agency’s involvement in advising tourists on the means of travel within the county. Regarding accommodation, the interviewee explained that the agency works with hotels and event organizers to advise them on the accommodation standards that tourists want.

Although the interview helped to discover that the county government of Alachua county takes part in tourism of Florida, it did not reveal much about the government involvements beyond the collection of revenue. Also, the interviewee did not highlight the environmental considerations that the agency makes to ensure that tourism in the county contributes to the sustainability of the environment. In tourism and tourism training, the expectation is that a tourist agency explains their commitment to connecting various cultures in their promotion of tourism (Xiao, 2012). The interview found that this expectation is not given priority by the agency at Gainesville.

Table of contents

1. Introduction
2. Abortion Laws and Regulations
3. Pro-choice and Pro-life arguments of abortion
4. Law and Morality
5. Conclusion

Introduction

According to natural law theorists such as John Finnis, morality and legality are not only closely intertwined but interdependent. Legal positivists such as Jeremy Bentham would categorically disagree, arguing that morality only has a coincidental impact on the legality of legislation. This in mind, approaching abortion laws presents a conflict between morality and legality, creating an inherently emotive subject in which disagreements are expected, and ultimately may not be resolved. Theories of rights have long been a discussion within jurisprudence, with the topic of abortion weighing the rights of the foetus against the rights of the woman.

This essay will firstly address the development of statutes and case law in relation to the development of women's rights and societal changes. Secondly it will attempt to reconcile some problems caused by abortion law such as the consideration of pro-life arguments to the state of the foetus having legal rights. Thirdly it will attempt to discuss the topic of when an abortion is considered immoral and how that transcends into law. Finally, it will conclude and attempt to address why cultural influences will be everchanging and thus the law.

Abortion or termination of pregnancy for the purpose of this essay will be defined as the act which a woman performs voluntarily or allows another person to terminate her pregnancy. Abortion law in the context of this essay will be the legal status which is appropriate for this act.

Abortion Laws and Regulations

Religious influence on UK law derives from the control of the old Ecclesiastical Courts which regulated abortion until the reformation. Until the Offences Against the Person Act 1828 there was no codification of abortion law, however it was considered a criminal offence punishable by death in some cases. The act was adapted and modified in 1837 and 1861, however the main concept remained the same. This is not surprising as the rights of women were extremely limited during the Victorian era with the sole role of a woman in society being a mother. Thus, the act of terminating a pregnancy was viewed as murderous and criminal. This does not mean that abortions were not carried out frequently and dangerously. As stated by Patricia Knight, 'it is always the case that when abortion is illegal, it is driven underground'. Abortion in the Victorian era was regarded in the same way as infanticide, which by today's standard is absurd.

The criminality of abortion was affirmed in the Infant Life (Preservation) Act 1929, criminalising the destruction of a child 'capble of being born alive'. In 1936 the pro-choice group 'Abortion Law Reform Association was formed, arguing that a women should have her own autonomy over the decisions regarding her body. Perhaps this was caused by the momentum created by the Suffragettes, which empowered women to consider other rights they were deprived from, apart from the right to vote. 1938 was the monumental case of R v Bourne which allowed further considerations to be taken, in this case the girl who had the abortion had been raped. Special circumstances including the health and well-being of the mother were hereby defined as reasonings for abortion to be legal, the start of the paradigm shift towards the abortion laws we have today.

In 1967 the Abortion Act was introduced by David Steel who sought to clarify the law. It allowed for legal abortion on numerous grounds with the added protection of free treatment through the NHS. However, the abortion act was limited in its freedom, defining that an abortion could not be carried out if the child was 'capable of being born alive'. A consequence of the act not defining the time limit of an abortion created room for common law interpretation through the case of C v S in 1987. This case confirmed that at the time between 19 and 22 weeks a foetus was not capable of being born alive.

In R v British Broadcasting Corporation, ex parte ProLife Alliance, Lord Justice Laws said: 'There is some evidence that many doctors maintain that the continuance of a pregnancy is always more dangerous to the physical welfare of a woman than having an abortion, a state of affairs which is said to allow a situation of de facto abortion on demand to prevail.' This emphasises the change in opinion not due to the liberation of a woman's freedom to choose but the medical view that pregnancy must be safe for the woman and not for the child. Thus, the woman's safety, both mentally and physically is paramount.

Pro-choice and Pro-life arguments of abortion

Consideration must be given to the pro-choice and pro-life arguments of abortion. Pro-life supporters argue that the foetus must be legally recognised as a person and thus not a part of the woman's body. This presents a unique conflict between the right of the woman to control her own body and the foetus' right to life. According to law a foetus is not considered a legal entity as defined by Section 23 of the OAPA 1861. An important consideration here is perhaps the woman must not only consent to the intercourse which conceived the child but also the physical and emotional toil of carrying said child.

The pro-life side of the conundrum often use the slogan of 'abortion is murder'. Analysing this slogan in both moral and legal terms determines that it is inaccurate. Murder in moral discourse is unjustified killing whereas in law there must be an actus reus and mens rea to establish whether the killing was intentional or not. However, this is the issue at the heart of the debate surrounding abortion. People who hold that in certain circumstances abortion may be moral or should be legal are saying it is justified whereas others believe the opposite. Abortion cannot amount to murder as the foetus is incapable of living without the mother's support, reliant on her health for its own. If the pregnancy was to damage the woman's mental or physical health then the foetus' health might be jeopardised.

It is a well-known argument within legal spheres that rights are assigned with duties and responsibilities therefore it is an interesting consideration that a foetus may not have the privilege of rights as it cannot physically perform duties which are bound to those rights. Some may argue that born children cannot perform duties but have the privilege of exercising rights, however those children are bound to adults who exercise parental responsibility over them. This weakens the arguments of pro-life supporters as it confirms that until a child is 18 a parent or guardian is held accountable for their actions and thus if a woman cannot consent to that burden it is within her own right to exercise her autonomy over her own body to terminate the pregnancy.

The right to life is somewhat subjective to the reading individuals choose to give it. Pro-life supporters would argue that the foetus' right to life means that there is an obligation on the woman not to harm that life. However, the interpretation of the right from the view of a pro-choice supporter would emphasise that the woman's right to determine the path of her own life is the choice of her own and no one else's. Of course, this argument has no reconciliation as both parties believe the opposite to be morally correct.

Thompson uses an analogy of a violinist whose life depends on the life of another for 9 months to argue that although the antiabortionist may argue that a foetus is a life, it cannot be sustained by itself. Using this analogy one can grant the antiabortionist's claim that a foetus is a human being and still hold that the woman has the right to refuse to be sustenance towards the foetus and therefore obtain an abortion if she chooses. However, this analogy itself is flawed due to the difference between the foetus' right to life and holding someone else responsible or obliged to sustain another's life. Furthermore, there is the argument that conception is the formation of the foetus' life and therefore it can be considered as the woman, by her own actions, assuming responsibility for the foetus. Consequentially it is also then possible to argue that the woman is able to assume responsibility for the abortion.

Simplified, the problem of reconciliation between pro-life and pro-choice supporters is whether it is more immoral to abort an unwanted pregnancy or force a woman to carry an unwanted child. It is universally agreed that murder is wrong and that controlling a woman's body is also wrong, therefore the basis of this debate is an issue of personhood. If a person has more moral value than a foetus then the closer the foetus becomes to a person, the more moral value it is deemed to have. This introduces the next problem with abortion morals and laws, the length of which a termination of pregnancy is deemed morally acceptable and thus legal.

Law and Morality

Generally, within Europe most countries have a 12 week timescale (beyond that for medical reasons), however the UK has a threshold of 24 weeks. Perhaps the morality of terminating a pregnancy past the 12 week timescale becomes questionable due to the development of a heartbeat within the foetus and therefore its development towards personhood. This is a clear example of how law and morality are closely intertwined. That which is viewed as moral may change over time which results in the change in law.

Contrast to the more reformed European legislation, American courts have a more conservative view of abortion law, perhaps due to the stronger ties towards religion which are seen there. In the monumental case of Roe v Wade it was held that the State had no right to intervene in the first 3 months of pregnancy but might do so in months 4-7 if it was to safeguard the mother's health and from month 7 the State could intervene to protect the life of the Foetus unless it would jeopardise the woman's health. Roe v Wade ruled that the Constitution of the United States protects a pregnant woman's liberty to choose to have an abortion without excessive government restriction.

The UK does not have a codified constitution but a series of constitutional statutes which have higher legal authority to regular legislation. Thus, the parallel between rights enjoyed by American citizens from the constitution and rights exercised by UK citizens under the Human Rights Act are evident. Articles 5 and 8 are notable for the individual's rights of ownership of their own body and thus the decisions surrounding their body. The Abortion Act 1967 affirms the right of a woman in the UK to have an abortion up to 24 weeks of her pregnancy.

The argument for allowing 24 weeks before termination is that there must be sufficient time for the woman to make her decision. Furthermore, the woman must establish her own safety and determine any threat to her own life because of terminating a pregnancy. As the NHS is underfunded and cuts from austerity continues, abortions are not as easily accessible as some may think and can take a few weeks from initial consultation to the termination itself, even if the woman wanted to terminate the pregnancy earlier, it sometimes is not possible.

In its recent inquiry into 'Scientific Developments Relating to the Abortion Act 1967', the UK Parliamentary Science and Technology Committee (STC) found that that while survival rates for the foetus at 24 weeks and over have improved, viability has not improved below that gestational point. The STC concluded that there is no scientific basis, on the grounds of viability, to reduce the upper time limit on abortion. Therefore, it is argued that the child could not be born alive at this point, therefore the termination is morally justified. The STC's review of the evidence also found that while foetuses have physiological reactions to stimuli, this does not indicate that pain is consciously felt, especially below 24 weeks. It further concluded that these factors may be relevant to clinical practice but do not appear to be relevant to the question of abortion law. This in mind, the argument that 24 weeks is too long before having an abortion cannot be determined on the physical pain felt by the foetus as there is scientific evidence to prove there is none.

Furthermore, the British Medical Association has called upon MPs to vote against any attempt to reduce the 24-week time limit, on the grounds that there is no 'scientific justification' for doing so. Because the law requires two doctors to permit any woman to have an abortion, the medical profession is an important influence in both abortion policy and practice: that it sees no grounds for reducing the time limit for abortion is of scientific and factual basis, therefore it can be assumed it has no cultural or political bias in its opinion. Abortion is a medical procedure therefore the advice of medical professionals should be appreciated.

Most abortions are conducted in the first 12 weeks where the foetus is attached by the placenta and umbilical cord. There is an argument that abortions conducted at this point are morally acceptable as they are definitively attached to the woman and her right to exercise autonomy over her body extends to that which is attached to her body. To the contrary of what many pro-life supporters may believe, adoption is not an alternative to abortion because it remains the woman's choice whether or not to give her child up for adoption. Statistics show that very few women who give birth choose to give up their babies.

The rights of the biological father are limited in this context as the onus of carrying the child is not on them. Pregnancy is not limited to 9 months and can have everlasting trauma on the woman carrying the child and thus the decision of whether the pregnancy should be terminated or not is the mothers. The father has no right to veto responsibility as displayed by the decision in Paton v Trustees of British Pregnancy Advisory Service 1979 with the reason being the woman is the one who carries all risk. There is also no requirement to notify the father of the woman's decision which some would argue to be sexist. However, there is no one better to understand the relationship between the mother and the father than the mother herself and it would be deemed draconian if the court had jurisdiction in this manner, respecting Article 8 of the ECHR.

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Conclusion

In conclusion, the relationship between law and morality is reactive and flexible, especially when discussing the termination of pregnancy. Specific details, such as the length of pregnancy which is deemed moral for a termination to be legal, have been developed through common law over the last 200 years. With the rise of women's rights movements globally, the conversation around abortion has changed significantly to parallel this rise with more emphasis on autonomy rather than paternalism. The role of the court is significant in 'special case'abortions as it allows flexibility to the law from more rigid statutes and case by case answers to questions regarding the safety of the woman. With Argentina legalising abortion in 2021, the rights of women are being recognised internationally although some countries are far behind in the development of these laws. Morality may be subjective but democratic society has progressed to a point of freedom of choice. If an individual is against abortion, they themselves are not forced to have one. However, it is a personal and private issue for a woman to decide to have an abortion and it should not be subject of prejudice and judgement from others.

As defined by Merriam Webster, architecture the art or science of designing and creating buildings. While the word itself is narrowly defined, the art itself is broad, and the science complex. Therefore, being considered a master or impactful, is a feat that few reach. For centuries, architects were educated on what was known, continually repeating their predecessor’s mistakes and confining their designs to function. However, throughout these time periods, there were only a few intelligent and innovative individuals who have had the honor of being remembered for laying down a foundation for the future of architecture and leaving a legacy. Among these notable architects are Gustave Eiffel and Jorn Utzon who designed the Eiffel tower and Sydney Opera House respectively. These men are prime examples of innovators who’s creative genius and ability to think outside the box landed them a place in history. Still, to be considered among the greatest architects, one must shine creatively and practically. It is a combination of the two that Zaha Hadid embodies with her life’s work and the legacy she leaves behind.

Born in Baghdad, Iraq on October 31, 1950, Hadid was welcomed by two wonderful parents. Both originating from Mosul, Iraq, her parents gave her great influence at an early age. Muhammad al-Hajj Husayn Hadid, Zaha’s father, was a man of affluence who also came from wealth. He studied at the London School of Economics and after succeeding as an industrialist turned towards an interest in politics. He later became the founder of an al-Ahali group in 1932. This leftist liberal organization took aim in ensuring the democratic and civil growth within his nation flourished. This proved successful when a few years later in 1958, Muhammad and a cohort of army officers overthrew the monarch. He then established himself later becoming the Minister of Finance for the government of General Abd al-Karim Qasim. Like Muhammad, Zaha’s mother, Wajiha al-Sabunji, was also raised by a wealthy family in Mosul, Iraq. Her Influences included a wide interest in the arts. As an artist, her mother encouraged her to appreciate design, drawing, sketching, and other artistic activities. Hadid references these early experiences, coupled with travel and sightseeing to a push towards her career.

When Zaha reached a school age she was enrolled in a Catholic boarding school administered by French Roman Catholic nuns. The school was predominantly French children but during this tolerant and progressive era of Iraq, the school welcomed people of all backgrounds including Muslim and Jewish students. She began her secondary education in Switzerland and Great Britain and then continued in the Middle East, when she chose to study mathematics at the American University in Beirut between 1968 to 1971. After receiving her diploma, Zaha continued her life in London and became a British citizen. She participated in innovative and challenging experimental designs during the 1970s and 1980s through the Architectural Association. An intriguing organization that encouraged much brainstorming and thinking outside the box. As Hadid progressed closer to her graduation, she completed her final project called the Malevich’s Tektonik, leading her to the first stepping stone on a path of innovative projects and architecture.

Zaha Hadid’s ideas and style seeped from Kasimir Malevich’s idea of suprematism. Russian painter Kasimir Malevich was born in 1878 and continued his life until 1935. Malevich founded suprematism and was given credit for painting the first geometric, nonrepresentational picture. Malevich jumped into a new type of architectural visual, creating “series of three-dimensional “architektons” through the next decade.” The three-dimensional structures had unlimited imagination, ranging from airplanes, building, or even cities that soared in the sky between the Earth and the Moon. By allowing the ideas flow freely first without constricting them with gravity and physics the creative process is uninhibited. It is this way that creations of Malevich were made possible. Hadid practiced his techniques and continued it further, conceptualizing different variations of the shapeless, not recognizable to Malevich’s previous creations. “Hadid gave color to the snow-white crystalline forms originally carved in the Russian winter and took them on vacation to the tropical warmth of Oscar Niemeyer’s Brazil or Morris Lapidus’s Miami, creating a kind of poolside architecture….” Hadid received an ample amount of knowledge from Malevich and maneuvered around the nooks and un-delightfulness she saw in his technique, only to better improve the idea of Suprematist Composition. In 1976-1977, Zaha finally presented her AA thesis project, Malevich’s Tekonik, filling the Alpha Architekton of 1923 that included a 14 layer structure based around a club and pool. Her innovative research and pure ability to produce a structure described as, “long, thin white bar, encrusted with linear outcrops like the bridge of an intergalactic tanker, was given this sensuous hotel as its engine and the huge form was expertly landed on the Hungerford Bridge so that it spanned the Thames.” would lay down a higher standard for the architects of her time and our future.

Hadid’s success came from her unorthodox approach of the architectural drawings in her paintings, leaving typical outlooks like plans, elevation, and sections aside. Her paintings strayed completely from traditional styles, almost neglecting the viewers a sense of up, down, side, or front, allowing different perspectives of the people to run free. Zada did not want to stay safe or conventional, she took risk that almost certainly were to impress from some viewpoint, “…the paintings refused any typical hierarchies of scale, abandoning distinctions between furniture, buildings, cities, and landscape.” These early multi-perspective paintings were purposely made to stir up ideas, however obviously these were never the finished product or structure she was designing for. These large, open possibility artworks also served as a puzzle piece for any other design that would potentially match or fit together. Innovation and innovation could have the chance to combine as one in a sense. As time passed bye, Hadids early projects floated into one another, creating a single painting called “The World (89 Degrees) of 1983” , with individual designs becoming tectonic plates that molded into one. Similar to this, the wrinkled crust of new planets forming one structure in space is what created the term “Planetary Architecture.” Designing early projects that would stray away from shut off or an aspect of completeness allows early ideas to flow into one another, being one of the few reasons Zaha is able to innovate successfully.

As Hadid continued down her promising life, she eventually proposed an entry at the Peak Leisure Club in Hong Kong, for a mountainside club design. The large amount of 600 applicants shows sense of urgency and severity in the details that would be required to win such a competition. Hadid’s design presented a new architectural work, “Suprematist geology” which correlated between her student projects in Utopia and the Vitra Fire Station. The proposed design would cut into the mountainside, having two large beams holding studio apartments glide into the the gash, extending outside the exterior of the mountainside. The gap between the two frameworks is the centerpiece that gave Zaha freedom to play with, eventually leading to a suspended hotel with a swimming pool installed in the center of the design. The design was never actually constructed and was presented at the New York Museum of Modern Art. This distinctive approach that denied all normal architectural static designs provided Zaha Hadid with the top product out of all 600 entries, acting as a very pivotal piece of work that would put her on international levels of architecture.

In 1993, Hadid completed yet another, very large noteworthy project called the Vitra Fire Station. Around this time, there were gust of hatred drawing near Hadid that attempted to hinder her speedy success. Multiple individuals from Cardiff, UK, took act with a national funding institution called the Millennium Commission in London, aiming to postpone and cancel the Cardiff Bay Opera House Zaha had won in 1994. With 268 other entries that included 4 experienced architects, Hadid went above and beyond to ensure this competition would only challenge her to work harder. With the gradual introduction of computers, computational processes and visuals of design, fabrication, and representation, would only increase Hadid’s progress of producing more realistic visual models. Her already attained natural ability to represent realism in her paintings, allowed her to greatly expand the definition of architectural design through this technology. This is where her work started to appear less like a Suprematist imagination, and more like a new attainable practicality. The Vitra fire station became Hadid’s first built and completed project, located in Weil-am-Rhein, Germany, the station would act as a museum for the future. With her first large project successfully complete, came the joy of accomplishment and the desire to shoot for bigger stars.

Two major designs caught the attention of contractors during 1998 and 1999, potentially allowing Zaha to have projects established into the new century. The new Rosenthal Center for Contemporary Art in Cincinnati and the new Bergisel Ski-Jump in Innsbruck, Austria. Both have extraordinary aspects that would stand out to any user or individual who experiences the structure.

Inside the Rosenthal Center for Contemporary Art is the oddly yet efficient transportation of pedestrians, “Perhaps the most remarkable element in architect Zaha Hadid’s Rosenthal Center for Contemporary Art in Cincinnati is the handling of pedestrian traffic through the building.” The pathway starts with the entrance that holds the “urban carpet” of concrete which connects from the sidewalk and tilts upward towards the lobby floor to create a wall that connects from the top and bottom of the atrium. In front of the urban carpet are dark colored ramps that vary repeatedly to bring pedestrians up towards the art galleries. Hadid describes the urban carpet and ramps as a connection the structures urban setting, while interacting with the nature of the art in display, “The urban carpet and ramps are typically dynamic devices for Hadid that connect the building to its urban setting, animate one’s passage through the Center, and respond to the nature of the art displayed in the building.” Hadid stylistic approach to adding such a large ramp may have been influenced by three previous architects: Hadid admires, Le Corbusier, and Frank Lloyd Wright. Their version of the structural ramp was used to control circulation of pedestrians throughout the building, providing an intense movement of individuals throughout the ramp. The ordered movement of people provides a dynamic and interesting visual appeal to individuals on the opposite side. The Rosenthal Center has even other characteristics that provide a strong sense of originality in the design of the architectural structure. It included many intriguing items, “The Rosenthal Center has many of Hadid’s signature design elements, including loft-like gallery spaces around an eccentric core, public spaces brought into the building, and shapes extending out into the city.”, offering 11,000 square-feet of walking space. Being in the heart of Cincinnati, Hadid was limited and bounded by the different rules and space of the deep city, something many architect’s choose not to tamper with. Hadid considered this tight project as a opportunity to “…carry out her desire to provide a fluid conduit between the street and building…” which she believes is one of the main objectives of urban architecture. The Center for Contemporary Art finally opened in 2003, being Hadid’s first complete building in the United States of America while continuously receiving praise from multiple writers. Muschamp from the New York Times commented, “…the most important American building to be completed since the end of the cold war,” whilst also mentioning that the building Hadid’s ambition to insert herself into difficult situations only to overcome them shows why I believe she deserves the utmost recognition.

Hadids second project around this time was aimed to improve a previously running establishment atop Bergisel Mountain. The Ski Jump was originally constructed in 1926, serving as a hotspot for multiple Winter Olympic competitions in 1964 and 1976. There was still heavy use when it wasn’t being used for the Olympics, causing wear and tear for the many years it was being used. The original ski jump was no longer able to meet the requirements of modern day international standards, forcing the construction plans for a complete replacement. The new Bergisel Ski jump required a numerous new features to be added, including new public spaces in the facility, a new viewing terrace that included a cafe, all alongside the specialized sports program. The Austrian Ski Federation looked create something more than just a athletic structure, but to incorporate it as a new monument as well. This foreshadowed for an international design competition hosted by the Austrian Ski Federation in 1999, where Zaha Hadid placed 1st place in the competition that same year.

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Zaha, gained respect and an increased reputation from her previous designs, using any racism and sexualism faced beforehand as fuel for winning even more competitions. The new proposed ski jump was designed to blend alongside the mountain, measuring 90 meters long and about 50 meters over the peak of Bergisel Mountain. Any requirements was pushed as tightly as possible into the slimist design, molded into one mass with a ski ramp moving up the curve of the mountain. The structure is basically just a figure of a tower and bridge, or what Hadid describes as an, “Organic Hybrid”. The Ski Jumps numerous components combined as one seamless mass was not encouraged by the institution, but was simply representing the speed and slickness of Ski jumping through a flowing motion of mass aimed to express the very nature of the sport it facilitates. A tall concrete structure protruding that forms a seven-meter square platform has two base elevators elevating pedestrians from the base of the tall structure to the newly installed cafe. The cafe was located 40 meters above the tip of the mountain, giving a scenic view of the neighboring peaks, also being part of the larger space of the structure which connected to the public spaces and ski ramp as one visually. The structure as a whole provided a complete 360 view only uninterrupted by casual clouds of fog. Whilst the structure provided a modern slick design, the design was still frowned upon by locals who believed Hadid’s slick, eye catching architectural feat should not hover over their traditional city. The city of Innsbruck’s streets are plastered with buildings dating years back to its medieval origins, while scattered monuments from 1420 still stand tall across the town. As expected, the modern approach to the new ski jump overlooking the city was perceived as out of place, however construction still continued. Hadid’s monument opened to the public in 2002, establishing itself as the new center of constant activity similar to its previous edition. Whether visitors are enjoying a warm coffee 50 meters above Bergisel Mountain or athletes are skiing below the floating mass, Hadid was able to bring the future to the city of Innsbruck through an increasing skill set of strategy and design.

Works Cited

1. Hadid, Z. (2011). Zaha Hadid: Form in motion. Prestel.
2. Heynen, H. (2016). Architecture and modernity: A critique. MIT Press.
3. Kolarevic, B., & Malkawi, A. M. (Eds.). (2005). Performative architecture: Beyond instrumentality. Routledge.
4. Larice, M., & Macdonald, E. (2013). The urban design reader. Routledge.
5. Nakamura, R. (2018). Zaha Hadid and the urban environment. Routledge.
6. Picon, A. (2010). Digital culture in architecture: An introduction for the design professions. Birkhäuser.
7. Seemann, A. (Ed.). (2015). Suprematism in architecture. Jovis.
8. Sennott, R. (2019). The architecture of Zaha Hadid. The Rosen Publishing Group.
9. Steele, J. (1999). Zaha Hadid: The complete buildings and projects. Rizzoli.
10. Tzonis, A., & Lefaivre, L. (Eds.). (2004). Architecture in Europe since 1968: Memory and invention. Thames & Hudson.

In the book “Snow” by Charles Baxter, the narrator Russel went to his brother Ben’s room and Ben said that they were going to go see a car that had gone through the ice at Five Oaks Lake. Russel said that his parents wouldn’t let them so his brother, Ben lied to their parents and said that they were going to Navarre’s house. The parents were doubtful but still let them go so they head off to the lake, but before they went to the lake they went to pick up Stephanie, Ben’s girlfriend. In the story when Russel said “I want to feel cold, so cold that the cold itself became permanently interesting” I believe that statement symbolizes that he is in an awkward middle stage of leaving behind childhood but not yet being an “adult”. That shows that he is in that awkward middle stage because he feels like he is becoming a man and wants to understand why the older kids are so fixated on getting thrills so when he sticks his arm in the snow it symbolizes him going through the transformation of becoming a man, but since he is still a child and not yet a man he immediately retreats into his house warm and cozy house at the first sign of discomfort that he feels.

One instance that shows him trying to understand the significance of getting a thrill that all the older kids seek is when Stephanie said “Well, either they know or they don’t. Someone’s down there or not, right?” and Ben replied “Maybe they don’t know. Maybe there’s a dead body in the backseat of that car. Or in the trunk.” After Stephanie then replied, “Oh no,” and backed away. Ben then said “I was just teasing you,” Stephanie then replied, “Why did you lie to me?” and Ben said, “I just wanted to give you a thrill.” This part of the passage shows that he is trying to understand what the point of a thrill is because when Stephanie had asked if anyone got hurt Russell had said no because their father earlier told them that everyone had escaped the car safely but his brother said “Maybe.” implying that there is a dead body in the car. After he admitted that he was joking saying that he just wanted to give her a thrill. This confused Russel why his brother had misled her to believe that there was a dead body in the car when they had already known the truth.

Another moment of Russel trying to understand the significance of a thrill is when his brother Russel was driving on the lake and Russell thought “He was having a thrill and soon would give Stephanie another thrill by driving her home across ice that might break at any time. Thrills did it, whatever it was. Thrills that led to other thrills.”

This also really confused Russel because he couldn’t understand why they would do something in such bad judgment and things that were so obviously unsmart such as doing 360s on the ice in his car which made him believed it was might just be “ a powerful antidote for boredom.”

Lastly, another moment of Russel trying to grasp an understanding of seeking new thrills is when Stephanie asked she could get Russel’s brother’s attention and he replied “take your shoes off” so she did. He then asked “ How does it feel?” she then said “ You’ll know in a few years.” this comment of her’s is implying the things he will understand later in his teen years such as the desperation you feel during a one-sided love, or the feeling of needing to find new thrill and having bad teen judgment. But because Russel is still nearing the end of his childhood so that statement goes over his head and he doesn’t think much of it.

This has been a compilation of the reasons why I believe that when Russel said ”I want to feel cold, so cold that the cold itself became permanently interesting” it is a metaphor for Russell trying to understand the mindset of a teenager and the desire for a new thrill. 

In conclusion, I believe that when Russel stuck his hand in the snow and said ”I want to feel cold, so cold that the cold itself became permanently interesting” he was putting his best effort to emulate what he had learned from his brother about being a teen and the desired thrills.

Works Cited

1. Baxter, C. (1998). Snow: Stories of Forbidden Love. W. W. Norton & Company.
2. Charles Baxter. (n.d.). In Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved from https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/baxter-charles
3. Atkins, G. (1999). Chilled to the Bone. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/02/07/reviews/990207.07atkinst.html
4. Charles Baxter's Snow: Stories of Forbidden Love. (1999). Booklist, 95(7), 613.
5. Sandner, D. (1998). Snow. Library Journal, 123(17), 78.
6. Leicht, A. (1998). A Cold Story. The New York Times Book Review, 143(49784), 9.
7. Janssen, R. (1998). Snow: Stories of Forbidden Love. Publishers Weekly, 245(52), 48.
8. Baxter, C. (2000). The Art of Subtext: Beyond Plot. Graywolf Press.
9. Lye, J. (2003). Some Other and I: Baxter's Snow. Journal of Short Story in English, 40, 97-107.
10. Baxter, C. (2002). Burning Down the House: Essays on Fiction. Graywolf Press.

Hate is defined as an intensely hostile aversion, compounded of anger and fear (The New Webster’s). In Andrew Sullivan’s essays, he discusses a specific kind of hate: the hate crime. A hate crime is a crime motivated by racial, sexual, or other prejudice, typically one involving violence. Throughout his essays, Sullivan describes many of these prejudice terms, such as xenophobia, bigotry, and what he calls the “isms.” By examining these terms, people can understand the different types of prejudice, relate them to current events in society, and learn how to overcome the hate in our world.

In Sullivan’s essays, he mentions many types of prejudice. The New Webster’s dictionary defines xenophobia as far or dislike of strangers or foreigners, but the term is typically used for people from other countries. He also uses the term bigotry, which is a broader term that relates to someone obstinately and intolerantly devoted to his beliefs, creed, or party (The New Webster’s). Sullivan also names a group of words as the “isms.” These include sexism, racism and Anti-Semitism. Sexism is prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex (Google). Racism is prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one's own race is superior (Google). Anti-Semitism is hostility or prejudice against Jewish people (Google). Sullivan also throws homophobia; the dislike of or prejudice against homosexual people (Google). By understanding these words and what they mean, people can use them to understand the different types of hate that appear in the world today.

There is no doubt that hate crimes exist in the modern world. Congress defines the hate-crime-law as criminal offense against a person or property motivated in whole or in part by an offender's bias against a race, religion, disability, ethnic origin or sexual orientation (FBI). Advocates of the hate-crime-law, say that hate crimes are an epidemic, however, Sullivan, who is against the hate-crime-law, claims there is “no hard evidence to support that statement.” He supports this statement by showing that in 1992, there were 6,623 incidents of hate crimes in the U.S, and that in 1996, there were 8,734 incidents of hate crimes in the U.S, however, in 1996 there were 11,355 FBI agencies covering 84% of the population, but in 1992 there were only 6,181 agencies covering 51% of the population. The author admits that these numbers likely underreport the amount of hate crimes in the U.S those years, but states that they are the only reliable figures and clearly don’t show an epidemic of hate crimes. The do exist though and Sullivan names a few in his essays, such as John Williams King’s killing of James Byrd Jr. in 1997, where King tied Byrd to the back of his truck and dragged Byrd three miles until Byrd’s body split in half.

Sullivan makes an interesting point in one of his essays about where hate can come from. He says that “those who are demeaned and objectified are likely to develop an aversion to their tormentors more hateful than the prejudice they have been subjected to.” The author, being gay, admits to struggling with hate, but mentions most of it comes from other homosexuals. Another interesting point is what defines a hate crime. Does this mean that a crime that is racially motivated is more hateful than a crime lacking that? Sullivan asks this question, discussing the attacks of a mentally ill man, who ended up killing one person, and another case where a man murdered his family and several random people, killing a total of 12. Although both scenarios are heinous acts of murder, the second is a bit more frightening because of the death toll, however, only the first case where one person was killed was considered a hate crime. These thought provoking ideas provided by Sullivan invite people to think critically about hate in the world and eradicate it.

Andrew Sullivan’s main point in his essays seems to be that people should not focus so much on the label of “hate crime.” A crime that lacks the qualifications to be considered a hate crime is not always filled with less hate, as is true with the opposite. The fault lies in the fact that people have created words, like the isms, that Sullivan says are better at alleging structures of power than delineating the workings of the individual heart or mind. By better understanding these words and their prejudice, people can relate them to current events in society and learn how to prevent hate from existing in the world. Not just hate relating to that of a hate crime, but all hate, because as Sullivan puts it, “The truth is, the distinction between a crime filled with personal hate and a crime with group hate is an essentially arbitrary one.”

Indian culture is the mother of all cultures. Indian culture is 5,000 years older than any other culture. Even though India has accepted modern living styles, people still follow traditional lifestyles. Visitors to India should be aware of the traditions, beliefs, and the family orientations of people in the society.

The fabric of Indian culture is woven with many traditions. Traditional and customary practices are an important part of the culture. Indian traditions have been followed by people over many years and passed down from generation to generation. In India, it is traditional to respect parents, teachers, grandparents, and all elders. In my country, it is traditional to be truthful, honest, and helpful to each other in need. As a symbol of respect, young people touch the feet of elders every day after waking up and on special occasions. People greet each other by saying “Namaste,” while joining their hands. Namaste means hello. It is traditional to celebrate festivals in my country. All states have their own traditional festivals. The festivals are extremely traditional that all people celebrate them and religious activities with family members, friends, and neighbors. One of the biggest and most enjoyable festivals is Holi. It is the festival of colors. It is believed that on the day of Holi, people forget their past mistakes and start afresh. Each state has its own traditional language. The traditional and the national language in all of India is Hindi. All states have their own traditional and diverse dance forms. Even today, Indians follow the tradition of a joint family system in the society. People give a lot of importance to religious activities. The tradition of following religion results in people knowing about their heritage, religious backgrounds, and other spiritualities. There are a lot of rituals and religious activities under different religions, but as time passes these traditions are also modernizing, and many are vanishing. Almost every marriage in India is fixed by the elders in the family. Family members always respect the views and ideas of the bride and groom. The marriages are only fixed after the bride and groom are comfortable with each other. Numerous people around the world have a misconception that marriages in India are fixed even without asking the permission of the bride and groom. This idea is totally wrong as marriages are actually fixed after asking the opinions of the bride and groom. India is famous for its traditional architecture. The most well-known example of traditional architecture in the country is Taj Mahal, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. Each State has its own dressing style. The traditional costume of women is generally saree or salwar kameez. The traditional costume of men is dhoti-kurta or shirt-dhoti. As time has changed, many of the unwanted older traditions in the country have changed. The tradition of sati or killing of a widow was abolished by the government. Each state has its own food style. The staple food of India is wheat, which people consume as rotis/chapatis with sabzi or curry. People are addicted to spicy and tasty food like Sarson da Saag, Dal Makhani, Rajma, Choley, and many others. Indian music is called Hindustani classical music or Shastriya Sangeet, which originated in Vedic ritual chants. Indian classical music is comprised of seven notes- Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni and five half-notes mingled with the basic notes, result in 12-note scale. Many traditions in the country are proving great by time. As time changes, many traditions are also changing, and many still continuing. Although Indians are diverse in their languages, clothing style, food style, and many other styles, these traditions in the culture are believed to be the cause of uniqueness, equality, and oneness in Indians.

Indian Beliefs and Superstitions Are Passed Down From Generation to Generation

Astrology is an important part of Indian culture. Indians, especially Hindus, follow and believe in astrology. Even today, people like to fix a marriage date, enter a house, etc., by following the astrological dates and times. Though the societies are modernizing every day, people believe and follow many superstitions. Though many people do not believe in superstitions, deep inside their minds they believe and follow them. Many superstitions are believed to be good omens in the society. For example, putting kumkum in an Indian Hindu woman's forehead is believed to be a good omen. Everything has a pro and con. Even though many superstitions are believed to have good omens, many other superstitions are also believed to have bad omens. For example, when people are going outside and see a black cat going across their path, it is believed that their journey for that day will not be safe. It is so mysterious to find out that why the old, as well as the new, generations are following these superstitions. Indians believe that when people respect their elders they are showered with more blessings. Parents in India teach children from an early age to respect their elders. They teach kids that when you show respect you earn respect automatically. People maintain a tight relationship with the religion in which they believe. It is believed that Indians’ religious beliefs tie them into values. From a young age, people are taught to believe in God and walk with the religious instructions. There are plenty of religions in India. All people believe in these religions. Even though many people follow one religion, they believe, respect, and follow the concept of other religions too. Education is considered and believed to be an important part of Indian life. People believe that when they are educated, they can earn a better income and look after their family members. In many parts of the country, men once believed that girls/women were not part of their society and always wished to see them in the house at the side of the kitchen. It was believed that the birth of a girl child was not good for the family. Sex determination of a child before birth in India is believed to be punished under the law because many men in the family determine the sex of their child and abort the baby if it is a girl child. To stop an immense number of abortions in the country, the court decided to order that sex determination before birth is punishable. As India is modernizing every day, women today are holding the same positions and respect as men in the society. Women have shown that there is no difference between men and women. Cultural beliefs and religious beliefs are closely related. Another widely believed and followed phenomenon in India is the Doctrine of Karma. This doctrine preaches that every person should behave justly as every act or deed comes back in full circle in one of the birth of an individual. It is believed that the origin of Hinduism, the dominant religion, took place in India. Meditation and yoga are synonymous with India and Indian spirituality. As yoga originated in India, Indians practice yoga and meditation to rejuvenate their minds. The beliefs in Indian culture tie Indians together and bond them as one, even though they are diverse.

The family is an extremely important component of Indian culture. Families are valued highly and are a part of an individual’s life until death. Indians still follow the tradition of joint family system in the society as a part of the culture. A joint family, also known as an undivided family means that more than one generation lives together in one house. In these type of families, nearly three to four generations of people live together. People of many ages follow this tradition of joint family system. Society believes that they are responsible for looking after their family members when they are aged. The joint family system is like a ship, and the head of the family system is like the captain of the ship. In this family system, a son does not distance himself from his family after getting married. The eldest member of the family is usually the head of the joint family. The head of the family makes social and economic decisions on behalf of their family members. A joint family system has a lot of advantages. In this family system, everyone shares his/her responsibilities, so that no one is burdened. This system naturally runs on an understanding of mutual adjustment. Joint family teaches kids about values like sharing, caring, respecting, and many others. In the joint households, children play together, quarrel together, study together, and are even punished together. This system helps kids avoid the feeling of loneliness. This type of family system is a big reason for the lower number of depression rates in India. In this family system the family members support each other in their times of need. In short, the members of the joint household are each other's life support system. Discipline in a joint family is self-imposed on its members. The spirit of equality and oneness prevails in this family system. But nowadays, as a part of modern revolution and culture, people have started to stay alone and the nuclear family system has taken over in some places of the country. An important reason for the growth of the nuclear family system is the difference in professions. In search of better and better jobs, people come out of their families and end up in a place where they are getting good pay. Both types of family orientation are equally important. The feeling of togetherness and selflessness is the essence of family orientation in the society.

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In the final analysis, visitors to India should be aware of the traditions, beliefs, and the family orientations of people in the society. Although Indians are different and diverse in their customs, clothing, etc. the traditions, beliefs, and family orientation in the culture and the society hold the country in unique. Even today, Indians follow immense number of traditions and beliefs, it is surprising that these traditions are followed and passed down through generations. As the times and the generations are modernizing, many traditions and beliefs are modernized, and many are abolished or stopped. The changes in the education and the difficulty to find jobs have become the main reason for the rise of nuclear families in India. It is so surprising to find out even today, Indians follow and preserve the culture of the joint family system. This system gives each generation equal importance and teaches the younger generation many values. Even though time passes, Indians will surely protect and preserve their traditions, beliefs, and family orientation. As an unknown Indian poet once wrote, “the beauty of Indian people lies in their spirit of tolerance, give and take and a composition of cultures that can be compared to a garden of flowers of various colors and shades of which, while maintaining their own entity, lend harmony and beauty to the garden - India.”

The intent of this paper is to analyze Jeffrey Dahmer's abnormalities, disorders and compulsions while giving a brief background of how his life went before, during and after his attacks, how they struggle in his own self-identity lead to the killings, dismembered bodies, and cannibalism of 17 men/boys. Using the psychoanalytic theory and Trait theory we will get into depth about his personality and see it in new perspectives while relevantly still addressing how the theory explains his personality. While bringing aspects of his conscious and unconscious self and seeing deficits in the traits of his personality. Examining him more thoroughly and his diagnosis which was concluded as borderline personality disorder since Dahmer went to extremes of abnormal behavior. Than by suggesting two therapies: Cognitive and psychoanalytic which could have helped Dahmer manage his violent thoughts which were then carried out as actions and help fulfill his life.

Jeffrey Dahmer was an American sex offendor and serial killer who ended up killing 17 boys/menbetween the years 1978 to 1991 before he got 16 lifetimes in prison, over 900 years. Dahmer was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin to mother Joyce Dahmer who was usually bedridden suffering from illnesses and father Lionel Dahmer who was still in college for a chemistry degree. At age four he had a double hernia surgery that his father says had partake in his future actions. Growing up his parents did not have a healthy marriage and constantly fought, causing “extreme tension”so bad that Dahmer would usually leave the house and run away to the river for hours at a time. At age 6, parents let Dahmer name his new baby brother, David. The family then moved to Bath, Ohio in1968. Dahmer soon became fascinated with animal bones and how they “fit together” He then started a collection of them and looked for them everywhere he went;he would dismember the bodies of roadkill and other dead animals and put them in plastic bags and jars and hide them. At age 14 is when Dahmer started having sexual fantasies that included violence and submission but rather with men. He also started drinking heavily as a teenager, only causing his violent thoughts to deepen. His grades throughout highschool were average and he was always known as a quiet and shy kid. Once Dahmer graduated highschool his parents divorced and he moved out of there house. Only weeks after moving out is when Dahmer lured in his first victim: steven hicks, they drank a few beers together but Dahmer did not allow Hicks to leave; hitting him with a dumbell then strangling him to death. After with the victim's body, Dahmer would live out his sexual fantasies soon after he would dissect the body and eventually burn the bones in acid causing little to no evidence. After his first attack, Dahmer went to Ohio State University for about 3 months before dropping out and enlisting in the army as a combat medic which soon backfired since he got kicked due to “bad behavior and drinking problem”. When he returned his father urged him to go live in Wisconsin with his grandmother, where there he was arrested a couple times for indecent exposure and masturbation in public. His second victim attack was in 1987, and soon after they became more frequent, with the same ritual and adding photography and canabillisum.It was finally July of 1991 where Dahmer got arrested by a victim who made a lucky escape. He then confessed everything to the police, showing all evidence including body parts, photography, and graves. During trial Dahmer pleaded guilty by virtue of insanity but got denied to find him guilty but the same on all counts and sentenced to 16 lifetimes of jail. On November 28, 1994, Dahmer was beaten to death by a fellow inmate and over court, his body was chosen to be cremated instead of being given to research.

Sigmund Freud, an Australian neurologist and founder of psychoanalytic theory developed the personality theory that truly explains the abnormal behaviors of Jeffrey Dahmer. The approach discusses the theory by arguing that human behavior comes as a result of interactions between the three levels of psyche: id,ego,and superego The id is the first to develop, which is also the biological component of the personality; it includes our natural instincts without thought of morally right or wrong. The id is the most selfish part of the personality, the part which only cares about satisfying oneself, the id works to the pleasure principle which is the idea that all of one's needs should be met immediately disregarding others. The second part of Freud's psychoanalytic approach is the superego, which occurs in all three levels of our consciousness. The superego is the part of someone that is always concerned about what is socially acceptable. It pushes one to obtain and maintain the ego ideal which is the view of what is right and our conscious which is the view of what is wrong. We learn what is right and wrong by our environment, parents and teachers. The last part of freud's psychoanalytic theory is the ego operates in the preconscious and conscious mind. The ego is the part of the personality that makes the decisions, where it decides whether to lean more towards the ego or id and has to face the consequences of the decision. It manages to work with the reality principle which is the realistic way to satisfy one's needs (id) while trying to still consider what is socially acceptable (superego). The trait theory is another concept that can be applied to the behavior of Jeffrey Dahmer. The trait theory defines personality to characteristics to their behavior that are common and repetitive. The trait theory claims that personality is developed by constant, pattern- like behaviors interacting with each other. Robert McCrae and Paul Costa developed the Big Five personality traits after analyzing Raymond Cattell’s theories and making it into a broad short list of categories that help explain one's personality by describing it. The five categories consist of: Openness, which is if one enjoys new experiences and ideas. Neuroticism which is a tendency to experience unpleasant emotions frequently,in other words, emotional stability. Consciousness is if the individual is careful or careless, how hard they work and how they strive or don't strive for success. Extraversion determines whether one enjoys the company of others and likes to seek stimulation and excitement. Agreeableness is the tendency to be compassionate and loving towards others, others trust and value them highly and they show the same response back.

Jeffrey Dahmer’s behaviors of personality are connected to both the psychoanalytic theory (Freud) and the Big Five trait theory (Robert McCrae and Paul Costa). Dahmer was someone who could not surpass the id, he never got to the stage of ego or superego since he only cared about pleasing and satisfying his own needs without thinking about what would be morally correct. Dahmer would feel no remorse after killing his victims but in fact, keep doing it since it was pleasurable. There was no superego or ego to prevent him from acting selfishly and think about how his actions were beyond wrong. Raping and killing his victims fulfilled him not caring whether the action was morally right or wrong. The id is consistent throughout dahmer's lifetime and is completely uninfluenced by logical reasoning when the ego cannot manage the id the person has selfishly abnormal thoughts which then get carried into action, like how Dahmer would strangle his victims and chop their bodies up with an axe and be able to go to work the next day showing no signs of remorse or guilt. Dahmer has stated that he had “sexual fantasies about having full control” when he was a teen and that one day he just decided to make those fantasies a reality. The trait theory shows a lot of dahmer's personality characteristics, even from his childhood. Dahmer was very high in openness, he was very curious and imaginative, he would further what he would do with his victims every time, it even got to a point of cannibalism, where Dahmer was curious enough to see what his victims would taste like, dahmer had the unusual idea of eating the meat of one of his victims after chopping them up, so he did. Dahmer was very low in agreeableness, he was more focused on his own needs even if it conflicted with the needs or wants of others. Dahmer would force innocent men to come back to his apartment where he would drug them, rape them and than kill them. Even as a teen classmates always described Dahmer as anti-social, non-talkative and dark; these behaviors only worsened as an adult, causing criminal mindsets which soon became action.

Therapies that would help Jeffrey Dahmer live a more fulfilled life would be cognitive behavioral therapy which helps the individual reduce their symptoms by changing the way they view expressions, emotions, and opinions. The cognitive approach would be beneficial to someone like Jeffrey Dahmer since it would completely give him new ways of thinking and acting so that he wouldn't have to compulsively attack and kill his victims. Dahmer had no sense of reality and did not see that there was a problem with his actions, the cognitive therapy would help him establish a sense of right and wrong by having realistic goals, and interpretations of a situation. The therapist will directly tell Dahmer that his actions were uncalled for and wrong, a reality check as some like to call it. Dahmer and the therapist would meet once a week for around two hours but to make the process go faster and more realistic in different environments, the therapist would give him homework like: practicing coping strategies, and rehearsing new skills; so that he can apply his new skills in natural, everyday environments. Another therapy that would help Jeffrey Dahmer would be psychodynamic therapy, which is where the individual attempts to relate their personality to the interplay of conflicting impulses within the individual, some of these are what the individual can't consciously recognize. Dahmer would be able to freely talk about his emotions, impulses, and anger while the therapist interprets all these behaviors trying to figure out where the root of the problem, a self- realization. The psychodynamic theory involves the id, ego, and superego which Dahmer had struggled with since his id would take over and do valiantly selfish acts of danger and harm others. The psychoanalytic therapist interprets the patient’s unintended choice of words that could have slipped from the past calling this a Transference. In Dahmers case, a reason why he killed the men he would have pleasures with is because his father was a homophobic and always thought that same-sex relationships were wrong. Which tends to change their perspective on how they live their lives and think before they act impulsively. 

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Jeffrey Dahmer without a doubt had abnormal behaviors, his were so extreme that he was diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. Borderline personality disorder involves behaviors that make it difficult for the individual to interact with others and insecurity and questioning oneself. Dahmer was confused in his sexuality and inner self since he was sexually attracted to men but did not identify as a homosexual, this led to unclear self-image, feelings of emptiness and anger. It got to a point of a disorder when he had violent and harmful behavior that also led to a compulsion. Dahmer couldn't stop killing, it became a force in his inner self, and became constant. Another symptom of borderline personality disorder that was undeniably present in Jeffrey Dahmer is fear of abandonment, he had an extreme urge to keep his lovers with him at all times. Dahmer would seduce his victims with a drug so that they couldn't leave him after he pleasured himself with them,then would save their bones in plastic baggies and take pictures so that they “are always with him”. The behaviors of abnormality are always distress, disability, and an increased risk of harm.